To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Prescription Stimulant Medication.
Journal articles on the topic 'Prescription Stimulant Medication'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Prescription Stimulant Medication.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Fried, Ronna, Maura DiSalvo, Caroline Kelberman, Amos Adler, Debra McCafferty, K. Yvonne Woodworth, Allison Green, Itai Biederman, Stephen V. Faraone, and Joseph Biederman. "An innovative SMS intervention to improve adherence to stimulants in children with ADHD: Preliminary findings." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 8 (February 20, 2020): 883–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120908014.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Although large datasets document that stimulants decrease the risk for many adverse ADHD-associated outcomes, compliance with stimulants remains poor. Aims: This study examined the effectiveness of a novel ADHD-centric text messaging-based intervention aimed to improve adherence to stimulant medications in children with ADHD. Methods: Subjects were 87 children aged 6–12, who were prescribed a stimulant medication for ADHD treatment. Prescribers gave permission to contact their patients for participation in the study. Subjects were primarily from the primary care setting with a subsample of psychiatrically referred subjects for comparison. Age- and sex-matched comparators were identified (3:1) from the same pool of prescriber-approved subjects that did not participate. Timely prescription refills (within 37 days) were determined from prescription dates documented in patients’ electronic medical record. Results: Eighty-five percent of SMS intervention patients refilled their prescriptions in a timely manner compared with 62% of patients receiving treatment as usual (OR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.82, 6.58; p < 0.001). The number needed to treat statistic was computed as five, meaning for every five patients who receive the SMS intervention, we can keep one adherent to their stimulant treatment. Conclusions: These preliminary findings support the potential utility of a readily accessible technology to improve the poor rate of adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first digital health intervention aimed at improving adherence to stimulant medication for children with ADHD. These results support the need for further examination of this technology through more definitive randomized clinical trials.
2
Moore, Thomas J., Phillip W. Wirtz, Stefan P. Kruszewski, and G. Caleb Alexander. "Changes in medical use of central nervous system stimulants among US adults, 2013 and 2018: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e048528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048528.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo assess the 5-year changes in the adult medical use of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants with higher risk of dependence and evaluate the population characteristics of users and their medical and/or neurological conditions.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAnnual US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a stratified random sample of approximately 30 000 persons designed to produce national population estimates. It focuses on reported medical spending, medical services used, health status and prescription medications.ParticipantsAdults age 19 years and older who reported obtaining one or more prescriptions for amphetamine or methylphenidate products during two survey years, 2013 and 2018.Main outcomes measuresPrescriptions obtained, the specific stimulant product and annual treatment days of drug supplied.ResultsIn 2018, an estimated 4.1 million US adults (95% CI 3.4 million to 4.8 million) reported prescriptions for CNS stimulants, having filled a mean of 7.3 (95% CI 6.8 to 7.8) prescriptions with a mean of 226 (95% CI 210 to 242) days’ supply. Compared with 2013, the estimated number of adults reporting using CNS stimulants in 2018 increased by 1.8 million (95% CI 1.0 million to 2.7 million) or 79.8%. Most 2018 adult stimulant users reported taking psychoactive medication for one or more mental, behavioural or neurodevelopment disorders. Overall, 77.8% (95% CI 72.6% to 83.0%) reported some medication for adult attention deficit disorder, 26.8% (95% CI 22.2% to 31.5%) took medication for anxiety, 25.1% (95% CI 19.9% to 30.3%) for depression and 15.3% (95% CI 9.8% to 20.8%) indicated drug treatment for other mental or neurological disorders. Adult CNS stimulant use was higher in females, in younger age cohorts and among individuals of white race/ethnicity.ConclusionsAdult medical use of prescription stimulants increased markedly in 5 years and occurred in a population often reporting multiple mental or neurological disorders. Further action is needed to understand and manage this new resurgence in drugs with high risks of dependence.
3
Gudmundsdottir, Bergljot Gyda, Lisa Weyandt, and Gabriela Bryndis Ernudottir. "Prescription Stimulant Misuse and ADHD Symptomatology Among College Students in Iceland." Journal of Attention Disorders 24, no. 3 (December 25, 2016): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054716684379.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Misuse of prescription stimulant medication is a prevalent problem on American college campuses; however, few studies have been conducted beyond the United States. Although Iceland has the highest methylphenidate prescription rates in the world, prevalence of stimulant misuse within the Icelandic college student population remains to be investigated. Method: We examined the prevalence of prescription stimulant misuse among N = 521 college students in Iceland, using an online survey. Results: Overall prevalence of lifetime stimulant misuse was approximately 13%; 11% among participants without a prescription for stimulant medication, and 42% among participants holding a prescription. The primary reported reason for misuse was academic enhancement; risk factors included male sex, anxiety symptoms, and ADHD symptomatology. Conclusion: The present findings have implications for public health policy in Iceland, particularly as it relates to the college population. Prevention and intervention programs that provide college students with safer strategies to manage academic demands are warranted.
4
Ilieva, Irena P., and Martha J. Farah. "Attention, Motivation, and Study Habits in Users of Unprescribed ADHD Medication." Journal of Attention Disorders 23, no. 2 (August 19, 2015): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715591849.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Despite the limited effectiveness of ADHD medications on healthy cognition, prescription stimulants’ cognitive enhancement use is increasing. This article examines enhancement users’ attention, motivation, and study habits. Method: A total of 61 users of unprescribed stimulants and 67 controls (no history of prescription stimulant use) completed tests of objectively measured and subjectively reported attention. Self-reports on study habits, as well as motivation during laboratory attention testing, were also administered. Results: Our data replicated previous findings of relatively lower self-reported attention functioning in users. Extending past research, we showed that user-control differences in attention were still present but less pronounced on objective measures than on self-report. In addition, we obtained evidence of lower motivation during cognitive testing and less optimal study habits among users, as compared with their non-using peers. Conclusion: Unprescribed stimulant use is more strongly related to compromised study habits, low motivation, and a subjective perception of attention problems than to objective attention performance.
5
Avisar, Alon, and Maya Lavie-Ajayi. "The Burden of Treatment: Listening to Stories of Adolescents With ADHD About Stimulant Medication Use." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 16, no. 1 (2014): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.16.1.37.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Stimulant medications are considered an effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and their prescription is consistently on the rise. However, research showed a limited adherence to ADHD medication regimens. This study explores the experiences of using stimulant medication from the understudied perspective of adolescents. Method: Fourteen semistructured interviews were conducted with adolescents diagnosed as having ADHD, and the data was analyzed according to the principles of qualitative interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Participants were passive actors in the diagnostic process. Following the medical treatment, half of the interviewees described improvement in their concentration while studying and during exams. However, most of the interviewees discussed the difficulties of taking medication especially in terms of emotional side effects, identity loss, and interpersonal relationships. Those who reached high school stopped, fully or selectively, taking the medication on their own initiative. Conclusion: The results of this study points to the importance of considering the burden of treatment for children and adolescents who take stimulant medications.
6
Advokat, Claire, Sean M. Lane, and Chunqiao Luo. "College Students With and Without ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 15, no. 8 (August 2, 2010): 656–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054710371168.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To examine the relationship between ADHD medications, study habits, and academic achievement of ADHD-diagnosed undergraduates. Method: A total of 92 students with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis and a current prescription for ADHD medication were compared with 143 control students in a survey of academic performance. Results: Most ADHD students took stimulant medication and said the drugs helped them, yet believed they were worse than other students at planning and completing assignments and avoiding distractions. Although most study habits of ADHD students did not differ from controls, their high school and college GPA (grade point average), and ACT scores were significantly lower, and they withdrew from significantly more classes than did control students. Interestingly, preliminary data suggested that good study habits alone, even without stimulants, could overcome the achievement disparity of ADHD students. Conclusion: As previously shown for children and adolescents, stimulant medications alone did not eliminate the academic achievement deficit of ADHD undergraduates.
7
McCabe, Sean Esteban, Christian J. Teter, and Carol J. Boyd. "Medical Use, Illicit Use and Diversion of Prescription Stimulant Medication." Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 38, no. 1 (March 2006): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399827.
Full text
8
Martinez-Raga, Jose, Amparo Ferreros, Carlos Knecht, Raquel de Alvaro, and Eloisa Carabal. "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: factors involved in prescribing, safety aspects and outcomes." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 8, no. 3 (November 29, 2016): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098616679636.
Full textAbstract:
While treatment of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on a multimodal approach that combines medication with specific psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy alone is generally considered an essential and cost-effective element. This paper aims to comprehensively and critically review factors involved in prescribing and medication use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, focusing on the difficulties facing patients with ADHD seeking treatment, as well as the safety and tolerability aspects of ADHD pharmacotherapies, with particular attention on the cardiovascular adverse events and the potential risk of misuse or diversion of ADHD medications. A comprehensive and systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals until 1 August 2016. Children, adolescents and adults often encounter significant difficulties in the process of accessing specialist assessment and treatment for ADHD as a consequence of disparities in service organization and available treatment provision. Despite the well-established efficacy and overall safety profile, ADHD medications are not exempt from adverse events. The cardiovascular safety of pharmacotherapies used for treating individuals with ADHD has raised particular concerns; however there is little evidence of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including no serious corrected QT (QTc) abnormalities associated with stimulants, atomoxetine or α2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Although the abuse of prescription stimulant drugs, particularly, short-acting stimulants is a prevalent and growing problem, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants within the clinical context is very limited. In addition, nonstimulant ADHD medications lack any reinforcing effects and consequently any abuse potential.
9
Panther, Shannon G., Alice M. Knotts, Tamara Odom-Maryon, Kenneth Daratha, Teri Woo, and Tracy A. Klein. "Off-label Prescribing Trends for ADHD Medications in Very Young Children." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-22.6.423.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE This study examines off-label medication prescribing use and trends in children on Medicaid with ADHD with particular focus on the very young (under age 6 years). METHODS This was an observational cohort study and retrospective analysis of ADHD medication prescriptions from Oregon Medicaid records (N = 83,190) in 2012. Manufacturer prescribing information was used to determine off-label designation. Children ages 3 to 18 years at the time of prescription who had continuous Medicaid enrollment of at least 10 months during the index year of 2012 were included in the sample frame. RESULTS Children with ADHD were prescribed off-label medications primarily at the ages of 5 years and younger. Among children ages 3 to 5 years, 91.4% of prescriptions were off-label. After the age of 5 years, the percentage of off-label prescriptions dropped notably to 21%, reflecting the increase in availability of approved medications for the treatment of ADHD starting at age 6 years. In the 3- to 5-year-old age group, specific off-label and concerning medication-related observations included a high frequency of alpha agonist (e.g., guanfacine, clonidine) prescribing; the prescribing of untested formulations such as clonidine patches; prescribing of atomoxetine; and prescribing of large doses of stimulant medications. CONCLUSIONS Most ADHD drugs prescribed for very young children are off-label, which is concerning owing to lack of safety and efficacy data in this vulnerable population.
10
McElearney, Catherine, Carol Fitzpatrick, Niamh Farrell, Mary King, and Bryan Lynch. "Stimulant medication in ADHD: what do children and their parents say?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 22, no. 1 (March 2005): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700008715.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectives: The prescription of stimulant medication to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder remains topical. Few reports target children's views about taking long-term medication. The aim was to assess child and parent views of stimulant medication. To compare attitudes to medication between two groups of children, those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder taking stimulant medication and those with epilepsy taking anti-epileptic medication.Method: Forty children (n = 40) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on stimulant medication, and 40 children (n = 40) with epilepsy on anti-epileptic medication formed the study population. A semi-structured interview was carried out with each child and parent. Each parent completed the Dosage and Side-effects Questionnaire and the Attitude to Medication Questionnaire. Each child completed the Attitude to Medication Questionnaire.Results: Sixty per cent of children (n = 24) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and 62.5% (n = 25) of those with epilepsy knew the name and purpose of their medication. Forty per cent (n = 16) of children in the stimulant group and 32.5% (n = 13) in the anti-epileptic group reported themselves as being non-compliant with medication. In both groups children reported positive aspects to taking medication. More children with epilepsy reported negative aspects. Only 32.5% (n = 13) of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder said that they would tell a friend about their medication, while 55% (n = 22) of the children with epilepsy indicated that they would do so. In both groups parents were better informed than their children were about the purpose of the medication. Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tended to be more positive about medication than their children and than the parents in the comparison group.Conclusions: The majority of children and their parents express positive views about the stimulant medication. Children's views about medication compliance and side-effects should be sought, as they may differ significantly from those of their parents. Where parents have noticed positive changes, but children have not, this information can be used therapeutically to help children feel more in control of their behaviour.
11
SACHDEV, PERMINDER. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179800720x.
Full textAbstract:
Adults with putative attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are increasingly being referred to psychiatric clinics, often following a self-diagnosis, and demanding a prescription for stimulant medication. This has disconcerted many clinicians and started a debate on the appropriateness of this diagnosis in adults (Shaffer, 1994; Lomas, 1995; Diller, 1996) that is reminiscent of the controversies of the childhood diagnosis in previous years (Lancet, 1986). At issue is not only concern about the widespread use of stimulant medication, but also a neurobiological understanding of impulsivity, hyperactivity and antisocial behaviour and the genesis of some psychiatric disorders in adults. How is the validity of this disorder in adults then to be established?
12
Bailly, Lionel. "Stimulant medication for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence-b(i)ased practice?" Psychiatric Bulletin 29, no. 8 (August 2005): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.29.8.284.
Full textAbstract:
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its pharmacological treatment remain the objects of intense controversy. The conflict reaches far beyond the area of scientific debate. An article on ‘behavioural syndromes', published in The Times on 28 July 2003, was headlined: ‘Hyperactive? Just go to a park and climb a tree’. An internet search will produce equal numbers of sites warning either that the prescription of stimulant medication is a denial of children's human rights, or that not prescribing stimulant to an ADHD child denies their right to treatment.
13
Schepis, Ty S., Dalton L. Klare, Jason A. Ford, and Sean Esteban McCabe. "Prescription Drug Misuse: Taking a Lifespan Perspective." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 14 (January 2020): 117822182090935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221820909352.
Full textAbstract:
Prescription drug misuse (PDM), or medication use without a prescription or in ways not intended by the prescriber, is a notable public health concern, especially in the United States. Accumulating research has characterized PDM prevalence and processes, but age-based or lifespan changes in PDM are understudied. Given age-based differences in the medical or developmental concerns that often underlie PDM, it is likely that PDM varies by age. This review summarizes the literature on PDM across the lifespan, examining lifespan changes in prevalence, sources, motives and correlates for opioid, stimulant, and tranquilizer/sedative (or benzodiazepine) PDM. In all, prevalence rates, sources and motives vary considerably by age group, with fewer age-based differences in correlates or risk factors. PDM prevalence rates tend to decline with aging, with greater use of physician sources and greater endorsement of self-treatment motives in older groups. Recreational motives (such as to get high) tend to peak in young adulthood, with greater use of peer sources or purchases to obtain medication for PDM in younger groups. PDM co-occurs with other substance use and psychopathology, including suicidality, across age groups. The evidence for lifespan variation in PDM is strongest for opioid PDM, with a need for more research on tranquilizer/sedative and stimulant PDM. The current literature is limited by the few studies of lifespan changes in PDM within a single sample, a lack of longitudinal research, little research addressing PDM in the context of polysubstance use, and little research on minority groups, such as sexual and gender minorities.
14
Weyandt, Lisa L., Danielle R. Oster, Marisa E. Marraccini, Bergljot Gyda Gudmundsdottir, Bailey A. Munro, Emma S. Rathkey, and Alison McCallum. "Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?" Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 24, no. 5 (October 2016): 400–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pha0000093.
Full text
15
Geisner, Irene M., Isaac C. Rhew, Nicole Fossos-Wong, Krista S. Dashtestani, Jason R. Kilmer, Christine M. Lee, Amelia M. Arria, M. Dolores Cimini, and Mary E. Larimer. "4.70 Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention for Prescription Stimulant Medication: Preliminary Evidence in College Students." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 57, no. 10 (October 2018): S226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.295.
Full text
16
Bidwal, Monica K., Eric J. Ip, Bijal M. Shah, and Melissa J. Serino. "Stress, Drugs, and Alcohol Use Among Health Care Professional Students." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 28, no. 6 (August 14, 2014): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014544824.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To contrast the characteristics of pharmacy, medicine, and physician assistant (PA) students regarding the prevalence of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use and to identify risk factors associated with prescription stimulant use. Participants: Five hundred eighty nine students were recruited to complete a 50-item Web-based survey. Main Outcome Measures: Demographics, nonmedical prescription medication use, illicit drug and alcohol use, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision; DSM-IV-TR) psychiatric diagnoses, and perceived stress scale (PSS) scores. Results: Medicine and PA students reported greater nonmedical prescription stimulant use than pharmacy students (10.4% vs 14.0% vs 6.1%; P < .05). Medicine and PA students were more likely to report a history of an anxiety disorder (12.1% vs 18.6% vs 5.9%; P < .05), major depressive disorder (9.4% vs 8.1% vs 3.3%; P < .05), and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; 4.0% vs 9.3% vs 0.7%; P < .001) than pharmacy students. PSS scores for all 3 groups (21.9-22.3) were roughly twice as high as the general adult population. Conclusion: Illicit drug and prescription stimulant use, psychiatric disorders, and elevated stress levels are prevalent among health care professional students. Health care professional programs may wish to use this information to better understand their student population which may lead to a reassessment of student resources and awareness/prevention programs.
17
Hisham, Idura, and Shazia Shabbir. "A question of information mismatch in the SPC and PIL on the effect of ADHD stimulant medications on tourette's syndrome." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.857.
Full textAbstract:
AimsTo assess the quality of information provided by pharmaceutical companies to patients and doctors regarding the impact of stimulant medications indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) on Tourette's syndrome(TS) and tics in children and its implication on treatment.BackgroundIt is estimated that between 35% to 90% of TS patients also have ADHD. However, there remains a pervasive belief that the use of stimulants to treat ADHD symptoms in children with comorbid tic disorders is contraindicated because of concerns about possible tic exacerbation. Recent studies has disproved this, which is reflected in United Kingdom(UK) and European ADHD and TS guidelines. Pharmaceutical companies are legally required to provide a Summary of Product Characteristic (SPC) and Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) for each medicine as it is an integral part of the marketing authorisation approval. The SPC contains vital information for the usage and prescription of a drug for use by healthcare professionals. The PIL included in the medication packaging is a patient-friendly version of the SPC.MethodThe available stimulant medications licenced for use in paediatric patients with ADHD in the UK were identified through the Medicines & Healthcare products regulatory Agency (MHRA) website. The SPC and PIL were then accessed from the Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC) website. Those not on the site were obtained directly from the marketing authorisation holder. Any direct mention of tics or Tourette's in the contraindication, warning and caution, or side effect section were documented. The information was then tabulated and compared.ResultOf the three stimulant drug types, 17 variations are currently available for use in the UK. There were inconsistencies found between the SPC and PIC in reference to the impact of these drugs on tics and TS in all 17 licensed medication. Most discrepancy was found in regard to TS as a side effect (16/17) and also tics (15/17). TS is also listed as a contraindication in the SPC and PIL for all available variety of Dexamphetamine class drugs. This is inconsistent with current clinical evidence and guidelines.ConclusionThe disparities in information regarding the impact of stimulant medications on tics and TS can have wide ranging effects. Outcomes could include poor patient adherence, or prevention of initiation of potentially beneficial treatment. It would benefit to standardize the information between these two documents to minimize inconsistencies in understanding between doctor and patient.
18
Featherston, Breanna, Ashna Kapoor, Chloe Wills, Andrew Tubbs, and Michael Grandner. "090 Strategies for Dealing with or Ameliorating Excessive Sleepiness: Beliefs and Attitudes of People with Daytime Sleepiness." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A37—A38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.089.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Sleepiness impacts health and functioning, but despite available treatments, many do not seek care. Beliefs and attitudes about treatments for sleepiness and other sleep problems may be useful to know in designing and targeting interventions. Methods N=28 participants with excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS>=10) but no other major medical problems were recruited from the community. They were administered an Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Fatigue Severity Scale at baseline, and asked about a wide range of beliefs/attitudes about mitigating sleepiness, and whether they Strongly Agree(SA), Agree(A), Disagree(D), or Strongly Disagree(SD) with them. Ordinal logistic regressions examined agreement associated with baseline sleepiness and fatigue, adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (nominal significance p<0.05). Results When asked which strategies are helpful for dealing with or fixing daytime sleepiness, baseline agreement was as follows: Just “power through it” (SA:9%,A:55%,D:32%,SD:5%). Caffeine (SA:18%,A:55%,D:27%). Vigorous exercise (SA:9%,A:36%,D:55%). Mild or moderate movement or exercise (SA:14%,A:82%,D:5%). Trying to get better sleep at night (SA:36%,A:64%). Eating or drinking something to help “wake you up” (SA:27%,A:45%,D:23%,SD:5%). Napping (SA:27%,A:64%,D:9%). Giving up and letting yourself be sleepy (SA:9%,A:42%,D:45%,SD:5%). Improve your diet/eat healthy (SA:42%,A:55%,D:5%). Relaxing activities at night (SA:27%,A:68%,D:5%). Meditation, breathing exercises, or other relaxation techniques (SA:45%,A:45%,D:9%). Watching TV, browsing the internet, or other distracting activities (SA:5%,A:36%,D:45%,SD:14%). Just keep moving (SA:9%,A:55%,D:42%,SD:5%). Setting alarms (SA:18%,A:68%,D:14%). Take prescription medication to improve sleep (SA:5%,A:27%,D:42%,SD:27%). Take over-the-counter medication to improve sleep (SA:5%,A:27%,D:59%,SD:9%). Take prescription stimulant medication (SA:5%,A:32%,D:45%,SD:18). Take over-the-counter stimulant medication (SA:5%,A:27%,D:55%,SD:14%). Take prescription medication that reduces daytime sleepiness (SA:5%,A:36%,D:41%,SD:18%). Take over-the-counter medication that reduces daytime sleepiness (SA:5%,A:27%,D:50%,SD:18%). Those with higher levels of baseline sleepiness were more likely to endorse the following as good strategies to handle daytime sleepiness, “Take over-the-counter medication to improve sleep” (oOR=1.55, p=0.04), “Take prescription medication to improve sleep” (oOR=1.49, p=0.01), and “napping” (oOR=2.55, p=0.03). Those with higher baseline fatigue were less likely to endorse “just ‘powering_through’” (oOR=0.81, p=0.02) as a good strategy of handling daytime sleepiness. Conclusion Real-world beliefs and attitudes about ways of mitigating effects of sleepiness range from medical to behavioral. Those with greater baseline sleepiness may be more amenable to medication. Support (if any) This work was supported by Jazz Pharmaceuticals
19
Green, Jody L., Taryn Dailey-Govoni, Stephen V. Faraone, and Kevin M. Antshel. "Prescription Stimulant Misuse and Abuse: Characterization of Exposures Managed by United States (US) Poison Centers." CNS Spectrums 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920002680.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe National Poison Data System (NPDS), is the data warehouse for the 55 US regional poison centers. While the primary role of a poison center is to provide medical management to the public and healthcare providers, a standardized database is used to collect case data. These data are routinely used to evaluate drug safety, including characterization of prescription medication misuse and abuse. While an effective therapy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), prescription stimulant medications (RxStim) may be misused and abused, a behavior that has been noted as an emerging public health concern particularly in relation to polysubstance abuse. The objective of this study was to characterize intentional exposures to RxStim in patients age >12 y of age as managed by US poison centers from Jan 2015- 31 Dec 2019.NPDS cases of intentional exposure to a RxStim in a patient >12 y managed from Jan 2015-Dec 2019 were included for analysis. Intentional exposures are defined in the NPDS manual as exposures that involve a purposeful action. These include intentional misuse, intentional abuse and intentional unknown cases. Intentional suspected suicide cases were excluded.A total of 12,972 cases met inclusion criteria, of which 62.5% involved a male patient. Most patients were aged 13–19 y (34.7%) or 20–39 y (50.5%). Over one-half (53.3%) of cases were intentional abuse, 29.1% intentional misuse, and 17.6% intentional unknown. While most exposures were via oral route of administration (90.7%), 9.5% were via inhalation/intranasal and 2.4% via injection (multiple routes may be reported). Other substances in addition to a RxStim were involved in 48.2% of cases, including benzodiazepines (11.2%), alcohol (8.8%), marijuana (5.1%), cocaine (3.7%), methamphetamine (3.0%) and atypical antipsychotics (2.5%). The majority of cases resulted in significant medical outcome (60.3%). This included 39.3% with a moderate effect (medical attention indicated, not life-threatening), 6.1% major effect (life-threatening), 1.0% death and 14.0% lost to follow-up but judged as a potentially toxic exposure. Another 22.4% reported minimally bothersome effects. Admission to a healthcare facility was reported for 1 out of 3 cases and another 36.3% were treated/evaluated/released from a healthcare service. An average of 2.3 clinical effects were reported per exposure, the most common being neurological effects (53.2%; examples include agitation, drowsiness/lethargy, confusion, hallucinations/delusions, tremor), cardiovascular effects (50.8%; examples include tachycardia, hypertension), and gastrointestinal effects (9.4%; examples include vomiting, nausea).RxStim misuse and abuse cases managed by US poison centers most often leads to significant medical outcomes which require medical attention. The role of these medications in polysubstance abuse is concerning and suggestive of needed strategies to address this increasingly important public health concern.Funding: Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC
20
Gallucci, Andrew R., and Ryan J. Martin. "Misuse of prescription stimulant medication in a sample of college students: Examining differences between varsity athletes and non-athletes." Addictive Behaviors 51 (December 2015): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.07.004.
Full text
21
Luty, Jason. "Controversial treatments in psychiatry." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 3 (May 2017): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.115.014803.
Full textAbstract:
SummaryPsychiatry uses some of the most controversial treatments in medicine. This may be partly because several are administered under coercion and opposed to the patient's expressed will, under the protection of the relevant mental health legislation. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is perhaps the archetypal controversial treatment; although it is considered to be effective, the research supporting it is much less impressive than one would expect. The prescription of stimulant drugs for childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substitution therapy (such as methadone maintenance) in addictions treatment remain topical and appear to be subject to political interference. ‘Treatment’ for homosexuality and psychosurgery were common in the past but are now rare. These issues are discussed to give insight into how once common controversial treatments can decline and become obsolete. However, seclusion and covert medication remain in practice and are highly scrutinised.Learning Objectives• Recognise that many controversial treatments, such as psychosurgery, have been superseded by psychotropic drugs used since the 1950s• Be aware of the limitations of evidence supporting controversial treatments, such as stimulants for childhood ADHD and ECT for depression in adults• Be aware that controversial treatments are highly emotive and may be viewed negatively by the public or politicians, despite evidence for their safety and effectiveness
22
Case-Eads, Somer, Lois B. Travis, Chunkit Fung, Howard D. Sesso, Darren R. Feldman, David J. Vaughn, Robert James Hamilton, et al. "Psychotropic and stimulant medication (PSM) use among testicular cancer survivors (TCS): A multi-institutional clinical study of 680 patients given cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CHEM) (NCI 1R01 CA157823-02)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2016): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.3_suppl.242.
Full textAbstract:
242 Background: Testicular cancer (TC) is the most common cancer in men aged 15-40, with survival rates after diagnosis > 95%. Testicular cancer survivors (TCS) are known to be at increased risk for certain acute and chronic medical conditions, but few studies have examined barometers of their psychological health. The objective is to characterize the prevalence of PSM use and associations with demographics, health behaviors, and treatment-associated toxicities among TCS. Methods: TCS aged < 50 years at first-line CHEM completed a questionnaire regarding co-morbidities and prescription drug use, including PSMs. For co-morbidities, peripheral neuropathy (PN) responses of ‘a little’, “quite a bit”, or “very much” were scored ‘yes.’ Fisher’s exact test was used to examine the significance of various associations. Results: Among the first 680 consecutively enrolled TCS, median age at TC diagnosis was 31y (range, 15-49y) and median time since CHEM completion was 52mo (range 12-360mo). 85 TCS (12.5%) reported PSM use, including antidepressants (N = 65 [76.5%]), anxiolytics (N = 23 [27%]), and stimulants (N = 21 [25%]) with 20 TCS on ≥ 2 PSMs (23%). Compared to non-users, more PSM users were unemployed (11.8% vs. 4.4%%; P < .01), self-rated their health as fair/poor (12.2% vs 4%; P < .01), and had gained > 20lb since CHEM (39.8% vs 23.4%;P < .01). PSM users were more likely to have tinnitus (49.4% vs. 36.4%; P < 0.04), both tinnitus and PN (43.5% vs. 27.2%; P < 0.01), cardiovascular disease (26.2% vs. 15.6%; P < .02), and greater use of prescription medications for pain control (20% vs. 4.7%; P < 0.01), hypertension (16.5% vs. 7.1%; P < 0.01), diabetes (8.3% vs. 2.9%; P < 0.02), and testosterone replacement (10.6% vs. 5.0%; P = 0.048). Conclusions: Future studies should aim for identification of high-risk patients in need of intensified preventive and therapeutic interventions.
23
Green, Jody L., Suzanne K. Vosburg, Rebekkah Robbins, Stephen V. Faraone, and Kevin M. Antshel. "Substance Use Trajectories: Nonmedical Use (NMU) of Prescription Stimulants via Non-Oral Routes of Administration Among Adults Recruited from Reddit." CNS Spectrums 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920002692.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractNMU of prescription stimulant medications (RxStim) intended for treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a growing public health concern, particularly when used via non-oral routes of administration. However, the role of non-oral routes of administration for RxStim NMU in the larger substance abuse pathway is less well studied. The purpose of this study was to characterize RxStim NMU and investigate substance use trajectories among adults who reported non-oral RxStim NMU recruited from Reddit.Eligible participants must have been located in the US, English speaking, age 18 y, and have reported RxStim NMU via a non-oral route (any route other than ingestion) within the past 5 y. Participants were recruited from Feb-Sep 2019 using banner ads on Reddit, the 5th most visited website in the US. Participants completed an online survey which captured demographics, lifetime RxStim NMU and illicit substance use; they were compensated for their time. For purposes of this study, NMU included ANY of the following: (1) use for any reason, even once, without their own prescription, (2) use in ways other than prescribed, and (3) use for the feeling or experience the medication caused.Respondents (n=225) were primarily male (86.2%), 18–24 (48.0%) or 25–34 (43.1%) years of age, and Caucasian (78.2%), Black (7.1%) or Hispanic (5.3%). Lifetime diagnosis of ADHD was reported by 27.6%, with 53.2% diagnosed at age 11–19 and 35.5% at age 20+ years. RxStim NMU via snorting was reported by 99.1%, smoking 3.6% and injecting 6.2% (multiple routes could be reported). Almost all (n=222; 98.7%) also reported lifetime illicit drug use, among whom 182 (82.0%) initiated substance use by using an illicit drug (77.9% marijuana, 1.8% cocaine/crack, 0.9% inhalants, 0.9% hallucinogens, 0.5% methamphetamine/amphetamines) prior to RxStim NMU. Forty (18.0%) respondents initiated with RxStim NMU; 14.4% then initiated marijuana use, 0.9% initiated cocaine/crack use, 0.9% initiated barbiturate use, and 0.5% initiated heroin, inhalant, methamphetamine/amphetamine, and hallucinogen use. Average age of initial RxStim NMU was 18.7 (SD 3.7) years and most often was via swallowing (89.1%) followed by snorting (10.9%). Respondents began using marijuana at age 15.9 (SD 2.5), cocaine or crack at 19.7 (SD 3.3), and heroin at 20.9 (SD 5.5).Engagement in RxStim NMU via a non-oral route of administration is most often preceded by marijuana use. Among this Reddit-recruited population of non-oral RxStim nonmedical users, only 1 in 4 reported an ADHD diagnosis and <1 in 5 reported RxStim NMU as their first substance use experience; most of these then added marijuana and few moved toward cocaine/crack or methamphetamine. RxStim NMU via non-oral routes is associated with a larger pattern of risky substance use behaviors. Nearly all non-oral RxStim NMU is associated with concomitant drug use, especially marijuana.Funding. Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC
24
Agaku, Israel, Satomi Odani, and Jantel Nelson. "Medical use and misuse of psychoactive prescription medications among US youth and young adults." Family Medicine and Community Health 9, no. 1 (January 2021): e000374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000374.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectiveTo investigate prevalence and correlates of medical use and misuse of psychoactive prescription medications among US youth and young adults.DesignCross-sectional, self-reported surveys from the 2015–2018 National Survey of Drug Use and Health. Sampling was probabilistic and nationally representative.SettingThe target population included individuals from households, non-institutional group quarters (eg, college dormitories) and civilians living on military bases. Questionnaires were completed using computer-assisted self-interview methods.ParticipantsOur analytical sample included youth and young adults aged 12–25 years (n=110 556). Psychoactive prescription medication misuse was a report by the respondent that they had used psychoactive prescription medications in the past year in any way not directed or prescribed for them. Medical use was defined as past-year use without a report of misuse. Because certain variables were assessed only among adults, our multivariable analysis to identify correlates of misuse was restricted to young adults aged 18–25 years (n=55 690).ResultsAmong US youth aged 12–17 years, 25.0% reported use of any psychoactive prescription medication assessed, and 5.7% reported past-year use of at least two psychoactive prescription medications. Among youth who used any psychoactive prescription medications, 20.9% (1.3 million) reported misuse; 3.4% were classified as having substance use disorder. Past-year use of each psychoactive prescription medication was: opioids (19.0%), stimulants (7.2%), tranquillisers (4.3%) and sedatives (2.2%). Among users of each psychoactive prescription medication, the estimated percentage reporting misuse was as follows: opioids (17.6%, 0.8 million), stimulants (24.2%, 0.4 million), tranquillisers (40.1%, 0.4 million) and sedatives (14.2%, 80 000). Among users of each psychoactive prescription medication, the estimated percentage having substance use disorder was as follows: opioids 2.6%, stimulants 3.0%, tranquillisers 7.0% and sedatives 3.6%. Analyses among young adults aged 18–25 years revealed that, compared with never users of non-prescription substances (including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cocaine, heroin), opioid misuse increased with: more recent use of non-prescription substances (adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs)=8.26, 2.75 and 2.41 for past ≤30-day, ≤12-month and >12-month use, respectively); and a higher number of substances used (APRs=1.69, 3.44, 6.82, 10.60 and 20.60 for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5+ substances, respectively) (all p<0.05). Similar patterns were seen for stimulants, tranquillisers and sedatives.ConclusionsIt is important to monitor the diversity of medication misuse behaviours among youth and young adults, given their potential for abuse liability. Modifiable risk factors for prescription substance misuse, such as tobacco and other non-prescription substance use, underscore the need for comprehensive approaches towards health promotion among youth and young adults.
25
Pillow, David R., Meghan A. Crabtree, Willie J. Hale, Sally Kordab, and Betsy Hoza. "STIMULANT MEDICATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH ENHANCING, RATHER THAN UNDERMINING, PERCEPTIONS OF THE TRUE ACADEMIC SELF." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 7 (September 2020): 592–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.7.592.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Stimulant medication is effective in treating Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder, and by removing barriers to success, may enhance perceptions of authenticity (i.e., feeling like one's true, core, autonomous self) among those receiving medication. In contrast, it is also possible that stimulant medications undermine perceptions of authenticity. Methods: To examine these two possibilities, 64 undergraduate students with a history of ADHD and medication usage wrote a narrative about a time when they felt either: least authentic while taking medication, most authentic while taking medication, least authentic while unmedicated, or most authentic while unmedicated. Participants then completed retrospective assessments concerning that experience. Results: Supporting the medication enhancement possibility, participants reported greater need satisfaction and more positive mood states when recalling states in which they were most like their true selves on medication than when off—especially when reporting on their academic selves. No differences were found on a state measure of prescriptive authenticity. Discussion: Results are discussed with respect to linkages to the literature on attributions and stimulant medications. Limitations and future research design possibilities are discussed as more research is needed regarding managing stimulant medication and authentic identities.
26
Ilyas, Stephen, and Joanna Moncrieff. "Trends in prescriptions and costs of drugs for mental disorders in England, 1998–2010." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 5 (May 2012): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.104257.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundIncreasing rates of prescriptions for antidepressants, antipsychotics and stimulants have been reported from various countries.AimsTo examine trends in prescriptions and the costs of all classes of psychiatric medication in England.MethodData from the Prescription Cost Analysis 1998–2010 was examined, using linear regression analysis to examine trends.ResultsPrescriptions of drugs used for mental disorders increased by 6.8% (95% CI 6.3–7.4) per year on average, in line with other drugs, but made up an increasing proportion of all prescription drug costs (P = 0.001). There were rising trends in prescriptions of all classes of psychiatric drugs, except anxiolytics and hypnotics (which did not change). Antidepressant prescriptions increased by 10% (95% CI 9.0–11) per year on average, and antipsychotics by 5.1% (95% CI 4.3–5.9). Antipsychotics overtook antidepressants as the most costly class of psychiatric medication, with costs rising 22% (95% CI 17–27) per year.ConclusionsRising prescriptions may be partly explained by longer-term treatment and increasing population. Nevertheless, it appears that psychiatric drugs make an increasing contribution to total prescription drug costs, with antipsychotics becoming the most costly. Low-dose prescribing of some antipsychotics is consistent with other evidence that their use may not be restricted to those with severe mental illness.
27
Sibley, Margaret H. "Why are stimulant medication prescriptions rising globally?" Lancet Psychiatry 5, no. 10 (October 2018): 774–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30317-1.
Full text
28
Hauck, Tanya S., Cindy Lau, Laura Li Foa Wing, Paul Kurdyak, and Karen Tu. "ADHD Treatment in Primary Care: Demographic Factors, Medication Trends, and Treatment Predictors." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (January 19, 2017): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743716689055.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Ontario, Canada, and to determine the predictors of psychotropic medication prescriptions in youth with ADHD. Method: This is a cross-sectional retrospective chart abstraction of more than 250 000 medical records from youth aged 1 to 24 years in a large geographical region in Ontario, Canada, linked to population-based health administrative data. A total of 10 000 charts were randomly selected and manually reviewed using predetermined criteria for ADHD and comorbidities. Prevalence, comorbidities, demographic indicators, and health service utilization characteristics were calculated. Predictors of treatment characteristics were determined using logistic regression modelling. Results: The prevalence of ADHD was 5.4% (7.9% males, 2.7% females). Youth with ADHD had significant psychiatric comorbidities. The majority (70.0%) of ADHD patients received prescriptions for stimulant or nonstimulant ADHD medication. Antipsychotic prescriptions were provided to 11.9% of ADHD patients versus 0.9% of patients without ADHD. Antidepressant prescriptions were provided to 19.8% versus 5.4% of patients with and without ADHD, respectively. Predictors of antidepressant prescriptions were increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 1.21), psychiatric consultation (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.58), and diagnoses of both anxiety and depression (OR, 18.4; 95% CI, 8.03 to 42.1), whereas the only predictor of antipsychotic prescriptions was psychiatric consultation (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 2.11 to 7.02). Conclusions: Youth with ADHD have more psychiatric comorbidities than youth without ADHD. The majority of youth with ADHD received stimulant medications, and a significant number received additional psychotropic medications, with psychiatric consultation predicting medication use.
29
Shoff, Elisa N., Joseph H. Kahl, George W. Hime, Marta Coburn, and Diane M. Boland. "4-Fluoromethylphenidate: Fatal Intoxication Involving a Previously Unreported Novel Psychoactive Substance in the USA." Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz061.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The (±)-threo-4-fluoromethylphenidate (4F-MPH) is a fluorinated analog of the prescription central nervous system stimulant medication, methylphenidate. This novel psychoactive substance was first detected in drug paraphernalia at the Miami-Dade County Medical Examiner Department Toxicology Laboratory in 2016 but was not detected in a biological specimen until 2018. Limited literature is available on 4F-MPH, with predominate literature being published out of Europe, and no known toxicities reported in the USA. Post-mortem specimens were screened using both gas chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC–Ion Trap-MSn). In addition, a validated method for the quantification of 4F-MPH was developed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS), with a linear range of 0.01–0.500 mg/L and acceptable validation criteria including precision, bias, carry-over, linearity and endogenous/exogenous interferences. In addition to the detection of 4F-MPH, 3-methoxy-PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine and tetrahydrocannabinol were also identified in the decedent. A single source of blood was collected (femoral vein) and quantified in all blood tubes used for collection, with concentrations varying from 0.012 to 0.05 mg/L. Additional specimens available for screening included gastric contents and urine. An additional peak having the same targeted ions and transitions as 4F-MPH was identified in both the LC–Ion Trap-MSn screening procedure and the LC–MS-MS quantitative procedure. This peak suggests the presence of a structural isomer, possibly (±)-erythro-4-fluoromethylphenidate, which cannot be confirmed due to there being no available certified reference material. This case report presents the first time that 4F-MPH was detected in a decedent, as well as the first time 4F-MPH has been listed in the official cause of death of a decedent in Florida.
30
Ezard, Nadine, Brendan Clifford, Adrian Dunlop, Raimondo Bruno, Andrew Carr, Zhixin Liu, Krista J. Siefried, and Nicholas Lintzeris. "Safety and tolerability of oral lisdexamfetamine in adults with methamphetamine dependence: a phase-2 dose-escalation study." BMJ Open 11, no. 5 (May 2021): e044696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044696.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesTo examine the safety of an agonist-type treatment, lisdexamfetamine (LDX), at 250 mg/day among adults with methamphetamine (MA) dependence.DesignA dose-escalating, phase-2, open-label, single-group study of oral LDX at two Australian drug treatment services.SettingThe study was conducted at two Australian stimulant use disorder treatment clinics.ParticipantsThere were 16 participants: at least 18 years old, MA dependent for at least the preceding 2 years using ICD-10 criteria, reporting use of MA on at least 14 of the preceding 28 days.InterventionsDaily, supervised LDX of 100–250 mg, single-blinded to dose, ascending-descending regimen over 8 weeks (100–250 mg over 4 weeks; followed by 4-week dose reduction regimen, 250–100 mg). Participants were followed through to week 12.OutcomesPrimary outcomes were safety, drug tolerability and regimen completion at the end of week 4. Participants were followed to week 12. Secondary outcomes included: change in MA use; craving; withdrawal; severity of dependence; risk behaviour; change in other substance use; medication acceptability; potential for non-prescription use; adherence and neurocognitive functioning.ResultsFourteen of 16 participants (87.5%) completed escalation to 250 mg/day. Two participants withdrew from the trial in the first week: one relocated away from the study site, the other self-withdrew due to a possible, known side effect of LDX (agitation). There was one serious adverse event of suicidal ideation which resolved. All other adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and known side effects of LDX. No participant was withdrawn due to adverse events. MA use decreased from a median of 21 days (IQR: 16–23) to 13 days (IQR: 11–17) over the 4-week escalation period (p=0.013).ConclusionsLDX at a dose of up to 250 mg/day was safe and well tolerated by study participants, warranting larger trials as a pharmacotherapy for MA dependence.Trial registration numberACTRN12615000391572.
31
Simpson, Kevin J., Matthew T. Moran, Michelle L. Foster, Dipam T. Shah, Daniel Y. Chung, Stephanie D. Nichols, Kenneth L. McCall, and Brian J. Piper. "Descriptive, observational study of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical arrests, use, and overdoses in Maine." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e027117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027117.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThe Maine Diversion Alert Program grants healthcare providers access to law enforcement data on drug charges. The objectives of this report were to analyse variations in drug charges by demographics and examine recent trends in arrests, prescriptions of controlled substances and overdoses.DesignObservational.SettingArrests, controlled prescription medication distribution and overdoses in Maine.ParticipantsDrug arrestees (n=1272) and decedents (n=2432).Primary outcome measuresArrestees were analysed by sex and age. Substances involved in arrests were reported by schedule (I–V or non-controlled prescription) and into opioids, stimulants or other classes. Controlled substances reported to the Drug Enforcement Administration (2007–2017) were evaluated. Drug-induced deaths (2007–2017) reported to the medical examiner were examined by the substance(s) identified.ResultsMales were more commonly arrested for stimulants and schedule II substances. More than two-thirds of arrests involved individuals under the age of 40. Individuals age >60 were elevated for oxycodone arrests. Over three-fifths (63.38%) of arrests involved schedule II–IV substances. Opioids accounted for almost half (44.6%) of arrests followed by stimulants (32.5%) and sedatives (9.1%). Arrests involving buprenorphine exceeded those for oxycodone, hydrocodone, methadone, tramadol and morphine, combined. Prescriptions for hydrocodone (−56.0%) and oxycodone (−46.9%) declined while buprenorphine increased (+58.1%) between 2012 and 2017. Deaths from 2007 to 2017 tripled. Acetylfentanyl and furanylfentanyl were the most common fentanyl analogues identified.ConclusionsAlthough the overall profile of those arrested for drug crimes in 2017 involve males, age <40 and heroin, exceptions (oxycodone for older adults) were observed. Most prescription opioids are decreasing while deaths involving opioids continue to increase in Maine.
32
Mann, Dennis M., Catherine A. Marco, John P. Detherage, Peter J. Greene, and Daniel E. Ross. "Methamphetamine psychosis: Lack of association with stimulant prescription ADHD medications." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 37, no. 9 (September 2019): 1802–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.018.
Full text
33
Serdarevic, Mirsada, Vicki Osborne, Amy Elliott, Catherine W. Striley, and Linda B. Cottler. "If kids ruled the world, how would they stop the non-medical use of prescription drugs?" Journal of Health Research 34, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-02-2019-0031.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis study examined how youth would mitigate non-medical use of prescription medication among their peers.Design/methodology/approachThe National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS) was conducted as an interview comprising 11,048 youth of 10–18 years of age between 2008 and 2011 from entertainment venues of 10 US urban, suburban, and rural areas. Using a mixed-methods approach, participants completed a survey culminating in open-ended questions asking: (1) How should kids your age be informed about prescription drugs and their effects? (2) If you ran the world, how would you stop kids from taking other people’s prescription medicines? (3) Why do people use prescription stimulants without a prescription? Responses from a random sample of 900 children were analyzed using qualitative thematic analyses.FindingsThe random sample of 900 youth (52 percent female, 40 percent white, with a mean age of 15.1 years) believed they should be educated about prescription drugs and their negative effects at schools, at home by parents, through the media, and health professionals. Youth would stop kids from using other people’s prescription drugs through more stringent laws that restricted use, and providing education about negative consequences of use. Peer pressure was the most common reason the youth gave for using other’s pills, though some reported taking them out of curiosity.Originality/valueThe importance of considering youth’s opinions on non-medical use of prescription medications is often overlooked. This evidence, from a peer perspective, could end the illicit use of prescription drugs among today’s youth.
34
Bomberg, Eric M., Elise F. Palzer, Kyle D. Rudser, Aaron S. Kelly, Carolyn T. Bramante, Hilary K. Seligman, Favour Noni, and Claudia K. Fox. "Anti-Obesity Medication Prescriptions by Race/Ethnicity and Use of an Interpreter in a Pediatric Weight Management Clinic." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A3—A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background: Healthcare disparities associated with race/ethnicity and low English proficiency are well established in the US. We sought to determine if there are race/ethnic differences in anti-obesity medication prescription rates among youth with severe obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥1.2 times the 95th percentile and/or BMI ≥35 kg/m2) treated in a pediatric weight management clinic (PWMC). We secondarily sought to determine if, among youth from families in whom English was not the primary language, there are differences in prescription rates between those using an interpreter during visits and those not. Methods: We reviewed electronic health records of youth 2–18 years old with severe obesity seen at a PWMC from 2012–2020. Race/ethnicity was self-reported and categorized as Non-Hispanic White (NHW), Hispanic/Latino, Non-Hispanic Black (NHB), Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native and Mixed. Anti-obesity medicines included stimulants (i.e. phentermine, lisdexamfetamine), topiramate, naltrexone (± bupropion), and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. We used Poisson regression models with robust standard errors to compare incidence rates of medicine prescription (incidence rate ratio (IRR), accounting for visit frequency) within the first 1 and 3 years of being followed in a PWMC. We controlled for age, baseline degree of obesity (percent of the 95th BMI percentile (%BMIp95)), number of obesity-related comorbidities (i.e. insulin resistance, hypertension, fatty liver), area-level socioeconomic status (median household income based on ZIP code), and interpreter use. We repeated similar analyses among families in whom English was not the primary language, comparing those using an interpreter with those not. Results: From 2012–2020, 1258 youth (mean age 11.8 years; %BMIp95 143%) were seen in our PWMC (57% NHW, 19% Hispanic/Latino, 16% NHB) of which 26% were prescribed anti-obesity medication. 86% primarily spoke English and 5.2% used an interpreter. There were no statistically significant differences in the IRR of prescriptions by race/ethnicity at 1 and 3 years; however, although not statistically significant point estimates suggest Hispanic/Latino youth being prescribed medication less often at 1 (IRR 0.71; p=0.08) and 3 (IRR 0.75; p=0.13) years compared to NHW. Among non-primary English speakers, rates of prescriptions were higher at 1 (IRR 5.7; p<0.01) and 3 (IRR 3.5; p<0.01) years in those using an interpreter versus those not. Conclusions: We found no significant race/ethnic differences in anti-obesity medication prescriptions; however, Hispanic/Latino youth received fewer prescriptions, albeit not statistically significant. Among non-primary English speakers, use of an interpreter was associated with increased prescriptions. Our results suggest that addressing healthcare disparities and language barriers may improve care delivery for youth with obesity.
35
Lamba, Nayan, Elie Mehanna, Rachel B. Kearney, Paul J. Catalano, Daphne A. Haas-Kogan, Brian M. Alexander, Daniel N. Cagney, Kathleen A. Lee, and Ayal A. Aizer. "Racial disparities in supportive medication use among older patients with brain metastases: a population-based analysis." Neuro-Oncology 22, no. 9 (March 9, 2020): 1339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa054.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Brain metastases (BM) cause symptoms that supportive medications can alleviate. We assessed whether racial disparities exist in supportive medication utilization after BM diagnosis. Methods Medicare-enrolled patients linked with the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) who had diagnoses of BM between 2007 and 2016 were identified. Fourteen supportive medication classes were studied: non-opioid analgesics, opioids, anti-emetics, anti-epileptics, headache-targeting medications, steroids, cognitive aids, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antidelirium/antipsychotic agents, muscle relaxants, psychostimulants, sleep aids, and appetite stimulants. Drug administration ≤30 days following BM diagnosis was compared by race using multivariable logistic regression. Results Among 17,957 patients, headache aids, antidepressants, and anxiolytics were prescribed less frequently to African Americans (odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.81 [0.73–0.90], P < 0.001; OR = 0.68 [0.57–0.80], P < 0.001; and OR = 0.68 [0.56–0.82], P < 0.001, respectively), Hispanics (OR = 0.83 [0.73–0.94], P = 0.004 OR = 0.78 [0.64–0.97], P = 0.02; and OR = 0.63 [0.49–0.81], P < 0.001, respectively), and Asians (OR = 0.81 [0.72–0.92], P = 0.001, OR = 0.67 [0.53–0.85], P = 0.001, and OR = 0.62 [0.48–0.80], P < 0.001, respectively) compared with non-Hispanic Whites. African Americans also received fewer anti-emetics (OR = 0.75 [0.68–0.83], P < 0.001), steroids (OR = 0.84 [0.76–0.93], P < 0.001), psychostimulants (OR = 0.14 [0.03–0.59], P = 0.007), sleep aids (OR = 0.71 [0.61–0.83], P < 0.001), and appetite stimulants (OR = 0.85 [0.77–0.94], P = 0.002) than Whites. Hispanic patients less frequently received antidelirium/antipsychotic drugs (OR = 0.57 [0.38–0.86], P = 0.008), sleep aids (OR = 0.78 [0.64–0.94, P = 0.01), and appetite stimulants (OR = 0.87 [0.76–0.99], P = 0.04). Asian patients received fewer opioids (OR = 0.86 [0.75–0.99], P = 0.04), anti-emetics (OR = 0.83 [0.73–0.94], P = 0.004), anti-epileptics (OR = 0.83 [0.71–0.97], P = 0.02), steroids (OR = 0.81 [0.72–0.92], P = 0.001), muscle relaxants (OR = 0.60 [0.41–0.89], P = 0.01), and appetite stimulants (OR = 0.87 [0.76–0.99], P = 0.03). No medication class was prescribed significantly less frequently to Whites. Conclusions Disparities in supportive medication prescription for non-White/Hispanic groups with BM exist; improved provider communication and engagement with at-risk patients is needed. Key Points 1. Patients with BM commonly experience neurologic symptoms. 2. Supportive medications improve quality of life among patients with BM. 3. Non-White patients with BM receive fewer supportive medications than White patients.
36
Mineo, L., Y. Sarraf, S. Hanauer, D. Patel, C. Ingram, L. Montemagno, C. Concerto, and F. Battaglia. "Affective temperaments in medical students using prescription stimulants for neuroenhancement." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.444.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionThe non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) is a common habit among American college students; It refers to the use of stimulant medications by students who do not qualify for prescription or in higher quantities or manners other than prescribed in order to improve their academic performance. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have examined the role of specific affective, biologically determined and inherited traits that might predict misuse of stimulants for neuroenhancement in graduate education.AimTo examine the role for individual temperament traits on non-medical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) in medical college students.MethodsWe investigated 181 students using the short form of the Temperament Evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A). Furthermore, we assessed the association of demographic variables and health risk behaviors (drinking, smoking, use other illicit drugs) with NMUPS. Predictors were investigated using logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of NMUPS was 30.06% with 7.1% users being previously diagnosed with ADHD. NMUPS users had higher scores on the hyperthymic scale. The main reason for taking NMUPS was to “Increase ability to stay alert during studying” (80.1%) followed by “Allow studying for longer periods of time” (19.9%). The hyperthymic temperament score and being a user of other illicit drugs increased the odds of becoming NMUPS.ConclusionsOur results suggest that personality profiles can be used to identify students with an increased risk for NMUPS for early personalized counseling and behavioral intervention based on their temperament profile.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
37
O'Connor, Karen, Abeed Sarker, Jeanmarie Perrone, and Graciela Gonzalez Hernandez. "Promoting Reproducible Research for Characterizing Nonmedical Use of Medications Through Data Annotation: Description of a Twitter Corpus and Guidelines." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): e15861. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15861.
Full textAbstract:
Background Social media data are being increasingly used for population-level health research because it provides near real-time access to large volumes of consumer-generated data. Recently, a number of studies have explored the possibility of using social media data, such as from Twitter, for monitoring prescription medication abuse. However, there is a paucity of annotated data or guidelines for data characterization that discuss how information related to abuse-prone medications is presented on Twitter. Objective This study discusses the creation of an annotated corpus suitable for training supervised classification algorithms for the automatic classification of medication abuse–related chatter. The annotation strategies used for improving interannotator agreement (IAA), a detailed annotation guideline, and machine learning experiments that illustrate the utility of the annotated corpus are also described. Methods We employed an iterative annotation strategy, with interannotator discussions held and updates made to the annotation guidelines at each iteration to improve IAA for the manual annotation task. Using the grounded theory approach, we first characterized tweets into fine-grained categories and then grouped them into 4 broad classes—abuse or misuse, personal consumption, mention, and unrelated. After the completion of manual annotations, we experimented with several machine learning algorithms to illustrate the utility of the corpus and generate baseline performance metrics for automatic classification on these data. Results Our final annotated set consisted of 16,443 tweets mentioning at least 20 abuse-prone medications including opioids, benzodiazepines, atypical antipsychotics, central nervous system stimulants, and gamma-aminobutyric acid analogs. Our final overall IAA was 0.86 (Cohen kappa), which represents high agreement. The manual annotation process revealed the variety of ways in which prescription medication misuse or abuse is discussed on Twitter, including expressions indicating coingestion, nonmedical use, nonstandard route of intake, and consumption above the prescribed doses. Among machine learning classifiers, support vector machines obtained the highest automatic classification accuracy of 73.00% (95% CI 71.4-74.5) over the test set (n=3271). Conclusions Our manual analysis and annotations of a large number of tweets have revealed types of information posted on Twitter about a set of abuse-prone prescription medications and their distributions. In the interests of reproducible and community-driven research, we have made our detailed annotation guidelines and the training data for the classification experiments publicly available, and the test data will be used in future shared tasks.
38
Torre, Peter, and Mark B. Reed. "Self-Reported Drug Use and Hearing Measures in Young Adults." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 885–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00180.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine marijuana or other substance use on pure-tone thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in young adults. Method Young adults ( n = 243; 182 women, 61 men; M age = 20.9 years, SD = 2.7 years) participated in this study. Survey data included personal music system use, marijuana use, and misuse of prescription medications. Otoscopy, tympanometry, pure-tone audiometry, and DPOAEs were obtained. Pure tones from octave frequencies of 0.25 through 8 kHz were obtained, and DPOAEs were recorded between f 2 frequencies of 1 and 6 kHz using two continuously presented stimulus tones swept in frequency. Results Those who reported marijuana or stimulant use had similar pure-tone averages (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) compared to those who reported never using marijuana or stimulants. Women who reported marijuana use in the past 30 days > two times had statistically significant higher mean DPOAEs compared to women who reported ≤ two times or no marijuana use in the past 30 days. Men, however, who reported marijuana use in the past 30 days > two times had lower, but not statistically significant, mean DPOAEs compared to men who reported ≤ two times or no marijuana use in the past 30 days. Women who reported ever using stimulants had statistically significant higher mean DPOAEs compared to women who reported never using stimulants; for men, mean DPOAEs were similar between those who reported ever using stimulants and those who never used stimulants. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate different and contradictory associations between marijuana use, stimulant use, and hearing outcomes as a function of sex. Future research is needed to explore these associations utilizing larger sample sizes while accounting for additional harmful exposures to other noise exposures.
39
Clement, Jeffrey, Maura Jacobi, and Brad N. Greenwood. "Patient access to chronic medications during the Covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from a comprehensive dataset of US insurance claims." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e0249453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249453.
Full textAbstract:
Patient access and adherence to chronic medications is critical. In this work, we evaluate whether disruptions related to Covid-19 have affected new and existing patients’ access to pharmacological therapies without interruption. We do so by performing a retrospective analysis on a dataset of 9.4 billion US prescription drug claims from 252 million patients from May, 2019 through August, 2020 (about 93% of prescriptions dispensed within those months). Using fixed effect (conditional likelihood) linear models, we evaluate continuity of care, how many days of supply patients received, and the likelihood of discontinuing therapy for drugs from classes with significant population health impacts. Findings indicate that more prescriptions were filled in March 2020 than in any prior month, followed by a significant drop in monthly dispensing. Compared to the pre-Covid era, a patient’s likelihood of discontinuing some medications increased after the spread of Covid: norgestrel-ethinyl estradiol (hormonal contraceptive) discontinuation increased 0.62% (95% CI: 0.59% to 0.65%, p<0.001); dexmethylphenidate HCL (ADHD stimulant treatment) discontinuation increased 2.84% (95% CI: 2.79% to 2.89%, p<0.001); escitalopram oxalate (SSRI antidepressant) discontinuation increased 0.57% (95% CI: 0.561% to 0.578%, p<0.001); and haloperidol (antipsychotic) discontinuation increased 1.49% (95% CI: 1.41% to 1.57%, p<0.001). In contrast, the likelihood of discontinuing tacrolimus (immunosuppressant) decreased 0.15% (95% CI: 0.12% to 0.19%, p<0.001). The likelihood of discontinuing buprenorphine/naloxone (opioid addiction therapy) decreased 0.59% (95% CI: 0.55% to 0.62% decrease, p<0.001). We also observe a notable decline in new patients accessing these latter two therapies. Most US patients were able to access chronic medications during the early months of Covid-19, but still were more likely to discontinue their therapies than in previous months. Further, fewer than normal new patients started taking medications that may be vital to their care. Providers would do well to inquire about adherence and provide prompt, nonjudgmental, re-initiation of medications. From a policy perspective, opioid management programs seem to demonstrate a robust ability to manage existing patients in spite of disruption.
40
Checton, Maria G., and Kathryn Greene. "College students’ use of compliance-gaining strategies to obtain prescription stimulant medications for illicit use." Health Education Journal 70, no. 3 (September 2010): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896910375879.
Full text
41
Cassidy, Theresa A., Emily C. McNaughton, Sajan Varughese, Leo Russo, Mirella Zulueta, and Stephen F. Butler. "Nonmedical Use of Prescription ADHD Stimulant Medications Among Adults in a Substance Abuse Treatment Population." Journal of Attention Disorders 19, no. 4 (July 30, 2013): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713493321.
Full text
42
Gallucci, Andrew R., Ryan J. Martin, and Stuart L. Usdan. "The diversion of stimulant medications among a convenience sample of college students with current prescriptions." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 29, no. 1 (2015): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000012.
Full text
43
Thrul, Johannes, Kira E. Riehm, Joanna E. Cohen, G. Caleb Alexander, Jon S. Vernick, and Ramin Mojtabai. "Tobacco control policies and smoking cessation treatment utilization: A moderated mediation analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e0241512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241512.
Full textAbstract:
Background Tobacco policies, including clean indoor air laws and cigarette taxes, increase smoking cessation in part by stimulating the use of cessation treatments. We explored whether the associations between tobacco policies and treatment use varies across sociodemographic groups. Methods We used data from 62,165 U.S. adult participants in the 2003 and 2010/11 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) who reported smoking cigarettes during the past-year. We built on prior structural equation models used to quantify the degree to which smoking cessation treatment use (prescription medications, nicotine replacement therapy, counseling/support groups, quitlines, and internet resources) mediated the association between clean indoor air laws, cigarette excise taxes, and recent smoking cessation. In the current study, we added selected moderators to each model to investigate whether associations between tobacco polices and smoking cessation treatment use varied by sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, and health insurance status. Results Associations between clean indoor air laws and the use of prescription medication and nicotine replacement therapies varied significantly between racial/ethnic, age, and education groups in 2003. However, none of these moderation effects remained significant in 2010/11. Higher cigarette excise taxes in 2010/2011 were associated with higher odds of using counseling among older adults and higher odds of using prescription medications among younger adults. No other moderator reached statistical significance. Smoking cessation treatments did not mediate the effect of taxes on smoking cessation in 2003 and were not included in these analyses. Conclusions Sociodemographic differences in associations between clean indoor air laws and smoking cessation treatment use have decreased from 2003 to 2010/11. In most cases, policies appear to stimulate smoking cessation treatment use similarly across varied sociodemographic groups.
44
Pham, Tammy, Ruth Milanaik, Alyson Kaplan, Helen Papaioannou, and Andrew Adesman. "Household Diversion of Prescription Stimulants: Medication Misuse by Parents of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 27, no. 8 (October 2017): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cap.2016.0058.
Full text
45
Watkins, Katherine E., Phyllis L. Ellickson, Mary E. Vaiana, and Scott Hiromoto. "An Update on Adolescent Drug Use: What School Counselors Need to Know." Professional School Counseling 10, no. 2 (December 2006): 2156759X0601000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0601000214.
Full textAbstract:
School counselors need to have accurate and age-appropriate prevention education information in order to counsel teens on drug use. This article presents developmentally specific prevention materials for the most important emerging substances of abuse: Ecstasy, methamphetamine, cough and cold medication, prescription opiates and stimulants, and the “date rape” drugs. Because developing appropriate materials requires understanding how adolescents develop, an expert panel approach was used, supplemented with a literature review and teen focus groups.
46
Hoyer, Dennis, and Christopher J. Correia. "Teaching About Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs Among College Students." Teaching of Psychology 46, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628319872613.
Full textAbstract:
The misuse of prescription medications has emerged as a national public health concern. Epidemiological studies suggest that college students are at an elevated risk to engage in nonmedical use of several medications, including stimulants and central nervous system depressants. Teachers can easily integrate material related to the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) into undergraduate psychology and statistics courses. Presenting this information provides an opportunity for teachers to address fundamental topics in ways that students tend to find interesting and personally relevant. We use this article to introduce a definition of NMUPD, present statistics on prevalence and a wide range of physical and psychological correlates among college students, and discuss risk and protective factors and motives for use. We also present a number of concrete examples of how teachers can use the material to illustrate basic concepts often included in statistics, research methods, and other psychology courses.
47
Fabi, Marianna, Roberto Formigari, and Fernando M. Picchio. "Are nasal decongestants safer than rhinitis? A case of oxymetazoline-induced syncope." Cardiology in the Young 19, no. 6 (September 23, 2009): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951109990722.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDerivatives of Imidazoline usually act to stimulate peripheral alpha2 receptors causing vasoconstriction. In young children, however, they can also stimulate alpha2receptors in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, possibly causing cardiovascular, neurological, and respiratory depression. These medications do not require medical prescriptions, so often parents use them, bypassing paediatricians. We report here a case of cardiovascular and neurological depression induced by oxymetalzoline in a toddler.
48
Zhand, Naista, Roisin Osborne, Marika Stuyt, Anna Hatko, and Alain Labelle. "T210. REVIEW OF USE OF ADJUNCTIVE PSYCHOSTIMULANTS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S312—S313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.770.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Augmentation with psychostimulants has been postulated as one of the potential treatment options for negative and/or cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the major drawback for use of these agents is a potential risk of relapse or worsening of psychosis through direct or indirect dopamine agonism activity. Therefore a great deal of caution is required when using stimulants in individuals with psychosis. The present study aims to review the rate of adjunct psychostimulant prescription, and their efficacy and safety in a real life setting. Furthermore, we intend to compare the efficacy of psychostimulants when added to clozapine compared to other antipsychotics. Data was obtained from a schizophrenia outpatient clinic, in a tertiary care centre in Canada. Methods A chart review was conducted on outpatients enrolled in the schizophrenia program at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, between 31/5/2014 - 1/6/2019. For patients who were prescribed any psychostimulants at any time point up to 3-months prior to the study end date, clinical information related to efficacy and tolerability of stimulants, psychotic symptoms and concomitant antipsychotic treatment was collected. Results A total number of 1300 patients were included in the chart review study. Of those, 80 patients (6.15%) were prescribed stimulants during the study period. Of the participants who prescribed stimulants, 70% were male, 17.5% had a diagnosis of ADHD, and 38.75% were on clozapine. 21.25% had more than one trial of stimulant medications. Over half of participants continued on stimulants during the study period, with an overall good response in 36.25%, and minimal or equivocal response in 20% of participants on stimulants. Stimulants were discontinued in 13.75% of patients due to lack of efficacy, and 30% due to problematic symptoms. The data is currently being analysed; Comprehensive results to follow. Discussion The preliminary results indicate that the use of stimulants was associated with improvement in cognitive and/or negative symptoms in a subset of patients and resulted in worsening of psychosis in some patients. The authors will discuss the efficacy and tolerability of use of adjunctive stimulants in outpatients with schizophrenia. Potential factors associated with the observed response and side effects will be discussed further.
49
Upadhyaya, Himanshu P., Larry A. Kroutil, Deborah Deas, Todd M. Durell, David L. Van Brunt, and Scott P. Novak. "Stimulant Formulation and Motivation for Nonmedical Use of Prescription Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications in a College-Aged Population." American Journal on Addictions 19, no. 6 (September 23, 2010): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00078.x.
Full text
50
Weyandt, Lisa L., Bergljót Gyda Gudmundsdottir, Emily Shepard, Leslie Brick, Ashley Buchanan, Christine Clarkin, Alyssa Francis, and Marisa Marraccini. "Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use among a Sample of College Students: Prevalence and Predictors." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020106.
Full textAbstract:
Nonmedical use of prescription opioid medication (NMPO) in the United States is a public health crisis, resulting in high rates of emergency room visits, morbidity, and mortality. The purpose of this study was to explore prevalence estimates and correlates of NMPO among a convenience sample of college students in the northeast and southeast regions of the US to help generate directions for future research. Motivations for misuse, age of onset, access, concomitant substance use, and individual factors were investigated among a sample of undergraduate students from two universities. Participants (N = 847) completed a battery of various self-report measures. Findings revealed that 7.7% (Southeastern University) and 12.8% of students (Northeastern University) reported lifetime NMPO, whereas past-month NMPO was reported by 0.8% and 0.9% of participants, respectively. Lifetime history of regularly using alcohol, nonmedical use of benzodiazepine medication, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and executive functioning (i.e., metacognition and behavioral regulation) were significantly related to lifetime history of NMPO in this college sample. These findings offer several potential subsequent lines of investigation regarding the associations between various demographic and psychological factors and NMPO. Future research is needed to help identify college students who are at risk of NMPO.