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Journal articles on the topic 'Prescriptive and performance specifications'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Tanesi, J., M. G. da Silva, V. Gomes, and G. Camarini. "From prescription to performance: international trends on concrete specifications and the Brazilian perspective." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952010000400004.

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There are two types of specifications: prescriptive and performance based. The prescriptive specifications focus on materials properties, materials proportions, mixing and transporting procedures and on a variety of processes, such as placing and curing. In these specifications, the concrete desired performance it is not necessarily described. On the other hand, performance specifications stipulate what is required from the product and do not prescribe how the product should be produced. In other words, they focus on the desired performance rather than on the concrete ingredients, materials selection, proportioning or construction methods. These are the responsibility of those individuals who contractually have to comply with the specifications. In this case, con- crete is defined in terms of measurable fresh and hardened properties and durability and as there are no restrictions regarding materials and their proportions in the performance specifications, innovative solutions may be used in order to achieve the performance requirements. Currently, most concrete specifications are predominantly prescriptive with some performance requirements. Nevertheless, there is a consensus that in order to extend the service life of concrete structures, this has to be changed. This paper gives an overview of the international specifica- tions and describes the international efforts on the performance specification implementation in the concrete industry.

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2

Shohet, Igal M., and Ad Straub. "PERFORMANCE-BASED-MAINTENANCE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE NETHERLANDS AND ISRAEL." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2013): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2013.807482.

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Traditional maintenance contracts using the unit price system and prescriptive specifications are simple in their structure and implementation. Implementation of prescriptive-based specification reduces though the flexibility of the procurement and limits the possibilities of the contractor to improve the in-sight operation. Furthermore, the management of the contract faces difficulties such as poor performance of the buildings and ineffective contract management. Performance-Based-Maintenance (PBM) attains an alternative means for outsourcing of maintenance. The objective of the study was to comparatively assess the state-of-the-art of PBM between the Netherlands and Israel, with the focus on performance of public facilities and cost of the service. Pilot studies, carried out in the Netherlands and Israel, reveal that PBM attains high potential of cost-savings (20%) and improved performance. The paper concludes with provision of a future bidding system for PBM contracts.

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3

Lee, Jun-Ho, Dong-Hyun Cho, and Kyo-Jin Koo. "Hybrid Prototype of Performance and Prescriptive Specifications in Curtain Wall Construction." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 14, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkibc.2014.14.5.433.

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4

Marković, Marija, Ulrich Pont, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "The Potential of Descriptive Building Specifications as an Alternative to Detailed Normative Calculations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.164.

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Energy performance calculations are stipulated by law in most European countries. Thereby, different calculation schemes have been developed in the past years in different countries. The physical processes in buildings were simplified in terms of normative calculation routines in most of these schemes. A major idea behind these simplifications was to enable different stakeholders (practitioners, engineers, and architects) to issue energy certificates without being simulation experts. Moreover, the simplifications needed to be described thoroughly in corresponding guidelines to ensure and facilitate the comparability of the energy performance of different buildings. However, neither of these objectives can be considered to be fully met. Regarding the former, the normative calculation procedures increased in complexity in the past years, so that the issuing of energy certificates requires not only the stakeholder’s expertise but also a comprehensive knowledge of the standards that form the calculation method. Regarding the latter, recent research efforts revealed that many guidelines do not fully cover every aspect of the calculation procedures and the assumptions regarding required input data. Thus, the comparability of energy certificates has to be strongly questioned, as a number of relevant calculation parameters are dependent on the interpretation of the corresponding issuer.Given this background, alternative approaches to building performance evaluation would be of interest. Previous approaches by different researchers suggested so called prescriptive indicators, which can be derived by basic building data (for instance, geometry and thermal quality of the building envelope components). This contribution is based on this concept. In the framework of a master thesis, a number of prescriptive indicators were considered. These indicators were derived for a set of sample buildings. In a parallel effort, energy certificates (encompassing Key Performance Indicators KPIs) were calculated for the sample buildings. It is clear that the prescriptive indicators cannot act as a 1:1 replacement for KPIs in terms of a numeric value. However, their usefulness can be expressed by the relation of the prescriptive indicator and the corresponding KPIs of a building. Thus, the results of the described calculation efforts were ranked. Subsequently, the lists of buildings ranked by the different indicators were compared in order to identify prescriptive indicators, which result in the same or at least similar ranking as the normative key performance indicators. Within this contribution, the suggested prescriptive indicators, the sample buildings, and the results of the analysis are presented and discussed.

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5

Gjørv, Odd E. "Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Concrete Durability." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.76.

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The durability of concrete structures in severe environments is not only related to design and materials but also to construction. Thus, much of the observed durability problems can be ascribed due to lack of proper quality control and quality assurance during concrete construction resulting in poorly achieved construction quality. Upon completion of new concrete structures, the achieved construction quality typically shows a high scatter and variability, and during operation of the structures, any weaknesses and deficiencies will soon be revealed whatever durability specifications and materials have been applied. To a certain extent, a probability approach to the durability design can accommodate the high scatter and variability. However, a numerical approach alone is insufficient for ensuring the durability; greater control and improvements in durability also require the specification of performance-based durability requirements which can be verified and controlled during concrete construction in order to achieve quality assurance. For new major concrete infrastructure, documentation of achieved construction quality and compliance to the durability specification should be essential parts of any rational approach to controlling and increasing the durability. In the present paper, a case study is presented which provides comparisons of work performed under performance and prescriptive durability specifications.

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6

Alexander, Mark G. "Durability and service life prediction for concrete structures – developments and challenges." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901006.

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The paper reviews developments in service life prediction for concrete structures. It indicates the difficulties inherent in rational service life design, in view of the multiple factors and variabilities involved in the process. The paper also emphasises the advantages of performance-based approaches to durability prediction, and considers performance testing, which is critical to achieving intended service life. Such approaches allow service life modelling, which the current prescriptive approaches do not. The concept of ‘durability indicators’ is covered, with a practical example showing how this can be used to improve concrete durability in construction. The paper also stresses the importance of an ‘integrated approach’ to durability specifications, performance-based predictions, and site quality control.

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7

Muhammad, K. Rahman, Al Omran Zaki, Ibrahim Mohammed, Al Nahdi Fahad, and S. Barry Mohammed. "Performance Based Specifications for Durability of Mass Concrete Blocks Subjected to Harsh Arabian Gulf Marine Environment." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.444.

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Concrete structures in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia are exposed to the harsh Arabian Gulf environment, and they suffer from deterioration due to accelerated corrosion of the reinforcing steel resulting in reduced service life. The service life of reinforced concrete structures in this environment is strongly affected by the quality of concrete. The resistances of concrete to chloride penetration, the chloride threshold for corrosion initiation and corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel are critical in ensuring long-term durability of concrete structures. In order to ensure that the concrete functions in the harsh environment for which it is expected to meet the service life requirement, the concrete must be designed for durability performance. A prescriptive concrete specification emphasizing on limits on mix parameters is generally ineffective for durability issues. A performance based specification based on concrete quality represented by durability indices and compliance criteria measured on cast-in-place concrete provides a framework for the contractor and ready-mix concrete supplier to produce a structure meeting the stipulated service life by the client. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations conducted for mass-concrete blocks used in the quay walls off the coastline on a reclaimed land. For long-term durability, a concrete mix in which 50% and 70% of cement was replaced by ground blast furnace slag was used to cater for the durability performance requirements.

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8

Hooton, RD, H. Wang, E. Dunstan, and H. Chen. "ASTM Symposium on Prescriptive and Performance Specifications for Hydraulic Cements and Their Use in Concrete: Issues and Implications for Standards Development." Cement, Concrete and Aggregates 24, no. 2 (2002): 9869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/cca10534j.

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9

White, Greg, and Roberto Espinosa. "Laboratory Evaluation of Gradation Improvement of Marginal Materials for Foamed Bitumen Stabilisation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 4224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124224.

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Foamed bitumen stabilisation is an attractive technology for increasing the use of marginal materials in pavement construction and rehabilitation. However, by their very nature, marginal materials do not meet the prescriptive requirements of many standard specifications. Consequently, performance-related evaluation is required. For foamed bitumen stabilised marginal materials, the cured and saturated moduli are common performance-related parameters that are also used for characterisation during structural pavement design. In this research, the indirect tensile moduli of three foamed bitumen stabilised marginal granular materials were compared to the modulus of a standard or premium material, in both cured and saturated conditions, after 3, 7 and 14 days of accelerated laboratory curing. The results indicated that the magnitude of granular material marginality was not related to the stabilised material modulus. Furthermore, the gradations of the two most marginal materials were improved by blending with another granular material and the improved marginal materials were also stabilised and tested. The gradation improvement had a variable effect on the stabilised material modulus, with the average modulus increasing by more than 20%. The modulus increase associated with the gradation improvement was related to the basis and magnitude of granular material marginality, with the saturated modulus of the most plastic marginal material increasing by the greater amount after improvement. It was concluded that foamed bitumen stabilisation is a particularly effective treatment for marginal granular materials. Furthermore, when used in combination with gradation improvement, the resulting foamed bitumen stabilised material can perform similarly to standard materials, based on cured and soaked modulus values. However, to allow the use of foamed bitumen stabilised marginal materials in pavement construction, specifications must be more performance-related and the current limits on plasticity and gradation must be relaxed.

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10

Moradllo, Mehdi Khanzadeh, Luca Montanari, Prannoy Suraneni, Steven R. Reese, and Jason Weiss. "Examining Curing Efficiency using Neutron Radiography." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 27 (May 14, 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118773571.

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Many state highway agencies use prescriptive specifications for the curing of concrete bridge decks, pavements, flatwork, or structural elements. For example, concrete pavements are frequently specified to have a curing compound applied shortly after placement and bridge decks typically require seven days of wet curing. These specifications are often based on historical practices that have developed over the last century as opposed to quantitative measurements of performance. New approaches to curing are being introduced which include advanced curing compound formulations or internal curing, for example. However, clear information is not always available as to how this may affect curing requirements. This paper demonstrates the potential to use neutron radiography to quantify the degree of hydration at various distances from the finished surface. It describes how different curing approaches affect cement hydration in terms of both time and distance from the surface. The results show that in a sample exposed to drying after one day the top 12.5 mm (1/2 in) of the mortar was dramatically affected by evaporation, and the degree of hydration in this region was 32% lower than in a 14-day moist-cured sample. Also, the use of superabsorbent polymers increased degree of hydration by about 3.7–7.8% for sealed samples and samples exposed to drying. While these results are preliminary, it is believed by the authors that neutron radiography provides a powerful approach that could be used to determine equivalent curing requirements for new materials.

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Wang, Chun Yan, Hao Sun, and Tao Li. "The Static Tester of Fire Control System Performance Parameters." Key Engineering Materials 552 (May 2013): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.552.319.

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This tester is mainly used to test the firepower of armored vehicles weapon equipment, the artillery loosening amount and rigidity of fire control system, the largest mobilization artillery speed and other related static parameters. In this paper, the design of the tester include: static parameters optical probe, the vehicle central control device, the image processing device, the test target and so on. In the static parameter tests of weapon systems, the static probe is installed in the muzzle, the prescriptive force is imposed on the artillery tube to produce movement, CCD camera can photography the relative motion image of the target, then the computer processes images according to the corresponding program, and figures out the trajectory of the artillery tube, thus the corresponding static parameters is calculated. Experimental results show that: The system has reached a very good image quality, and the reliability is very high, Diagonal field of view>4°, the specification requirements are reached.

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12

Stone, M. J. "FRONTIERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION-ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: A REGULATOR'S PERSPECTIVE." APPEA Journal 36, no. 1 (1996): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95044.

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Leading edge companies throughout the world have embraced management systems to achieve optimal sustainable performance in the ever changing business environment of the 1990s.Given that the natural environment and environmental performance have become one of the major issues affecting organisations, the need for integrating environmental management with all the other components of an organisation's overall management approach is now widely recognised.Systems interface best with systems. For environmental management to interface effectively with an organisation's other management systems, a systems approach to environmental management would seem the best. The release in November last year of the draft international standards (ISO 14000 series) on environmental management systems (EMS) has provided organisations with an internationally recognised means for this to occur and provided an additional benchmarking tool.It follows that environmental regulatory systems are required to enable regulators to effectively interface with company EMSs. Regulatory theory suggests that outcomes-based approaches are preferable to prescriptive approaches. Those parts of EMS standards which detail the requirements for particular system elements could provide the nexus for the company, regulator and community in future co-regulatory frameworks.These EMS standards refer to both regulators and the community as 'Interested Parties' being either 'concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of an organisation'.The Interim EMS specifications standard, released in Australia and New Zealand as AS/NZS ISO 14001(Int):1995 refers to 'Interested Parties' in only two EMS elements, 'Objectives and Targets' and 'Communication'. It is here that there are potential benefits and opportunities for companies, regulators and the community to cooperate in the emerging climate of these new international standards.

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13

Suraneni, Prannoy, Vahid J. Azad, O. Burkan Isgor, and W. Jason Weiss. "Use of Fly Ash to Minimize Deicing Salt Damage in Concrete Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2629, no. 1 (January 2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2629-05.

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Premature damage has been observed at the joints in numerous concrete pavements where calcium chloride and magnesium chloride deicing salts have been used. This damage results from a reaction between the deicing salt and the calcium hydroxide (CH) in the hydrated cement paste. This reaction leads to the formation of an expansive product known as calcium oxychloride (CAOXY). The use of supplementary cementitious materials as a replacement for cement has been proposed to reduce the CH that is available in the mixture to react with the deicing salts. Reducing the CH can reduce the amount of CAOXY that forms. In this study, mixtures representative of paving concrete were made with cements and fly ashes from across the country. CH amounts were determined by using thermogravimetric analysis, and CAOXY amounts were determined by using low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Various replacement levels of fly ash were used to demonstrate that the main parameter that influences the amounts of CH and CAOXY that form is the replacement level of fly ash. This paper proposes that a prescriptive specification requiring 35% cement replacement by volume with fly ash would reduce the damage caused by CAOXY formation and further proposes a performance specification to limit the CAOXY formation to below 15 g/100 g paste.

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14

Kwon, In Kyu, and Young Bong Kwon. "Evaluation of the Fire Resistance of H-Section Steel Columns and Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3190.

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Building fires can cause severe damages to not only human life but also building structures. Therefore, every nation requires a building regulation related to fire in aspect of safety of human and structural stability. The structural stability under fire condition can be evaluated by the fire test defined in each nation’s standard. However, the results from the test don’t satisfy the real situations of the building such as fire loads, opening size, loading and boundary condition of structural members, and etc. Meanwhile, performance based fire engineering design is regarded as an alternative evaluation method of fire. The fire engineering method has been regarded as a more rational method than the prescriptive method in terms of accuracy and cost efficiency. Recently, the limit temperature method is regarded as the easiest fire engineering method to evaluate the structural stability under fire. To make the backbone of a specification of limiting temperature method, limiting temperatures of various structural members are required. In this paper, in order to make a database of the limiting temperatures of H-section columns and beams, fire test programs with loading were conducted and the limiting temperatures and fire resistance were derived.

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15

Shaw-Taylor, Yoku. "Making quality improvement programs more effective." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 27, no. 4 (May 6, 2014): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-02-2013-0017.

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Purpose – In the past 25 years, and as recent as 2011, all external evaluations of the Quality Improvement Organization (QIO) Program have found its impact to be small or difficult to discern. The QIO program costs about $200 million on average to administer each year to improve quality of healthcare for people of 65 years or older. The program was created to address questionable quality of care. QIOs review how care is provided based on performance measures. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In 2012, the author supported the production of quarterly reports and reviewed internal monitoring and evaluation protocols of the program. The task also required reviewing all previous program evaluations. The task involved many conversations about the complexities of the program, why impact is difficult to discern and possible ways for eventual improvement. Process flow charts were created to simulate the data life cycle and discrete event models were created based on the sequence of data collection and reporting to identify gaps in data flow. Findings – The internal evaluation uncovered data gaps within the program. The need for a system of specification rules for data conceptualization, collection, distribution, discovery, analysis and repurposing is clear. There were data inconsistencies and difficulty of integrating data from one instance of measurement to the next. The lack of good and reliable data makes it difficult to discern true impact. Practical implications – The prescription is for a formal data policy or data governance structure to integrate and document all aspects of the data life cycle. The specification rules for governance are exemplified by the Data Documentation Initiative and the requirements published by the Data Governance Institute. The elements are all in place for a solid foundation of the data governance structure. These recommendations will increase the value of program data. Originality/value – The model specifies which agency units must be included in the governance authority and the data team. The model prescribes in detail a data governance model to address gaps in the life cycle. These prescriptive measures will allow the program to integrate all of its data. Without this formal data governance structure, the QIO program will be undetermined by the persistent lack of good data for monitoring and evaluation.

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Egonmwan, I. Y., and F. N. Ogana. "Application of diameter distribution model for volume estimation in Tectona grandis L.f. stands in the Oluwa forest reserve, Nigeria." Tropical Plant Research 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i3.070.

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The ability to predict the distribution of diameters in a stand is essential for forest managers to make informed management decisions such as prescription of silvicultural treatments and harvesting regimes. Such information is preferably derived from suitable distribution model. This study evaluated the performance of four distribution models in describing the structure of the teak stands in Oluwa Forest Reserve, Nigeria. Data were collected from 12 temporary sample plots of 20 × 20 m size in the teak stand. Maximum likelihood estimator was used to fit the distribution models: beta, gamma, Johnson SB, and Weibull to the diameter data from the teak stand. Relative rank-sum derived from four indices was used to conclude on the most suitable distribution for the stand. The results showed that the Weibull distribution was the most suitable function for the teak stand with a relative rank-sum of 4.0. Application of Weibull distribution together with suitable height-diameter and volume models estimated yield of 136.281 m3 ha-1 within timber size class (diameter ≥30 cm). And a total of 309.640 m3 ha-1 was estimated for the stand. Other product specifications were also provided. This would help in the routine management of the stand.

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17

Lam, Patrick T. I., Albert P. C. Chan, Akintola Akintoye, and Arshad Ali Javed. "Use of Output Specifications in PFI Housing Projects - How They Differ from Prescriptive Specifications." Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6106/jcepm.2011.1.2.043.

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18

Loulakis, Michael C., and Lauren P. McLaughlin. "Are Prescriptive Specifications in Design/Build Contracts Traps for the Unwary?" Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 89, no. 7 (July 2019): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0001407.

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19

Dalenberg, Daniel A., Patricia G. Schryver, and George G. Klee. "Analytical Performance Specifications." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 33, no. 1 (March 2013): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2012.11.005.

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20

Poppiti, James. "Performance-Based vs. Prescriptive Measurement Approaches." Environmental Science & Technology 28, no. 3 (March 1994): 151A—152A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00052a725.

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21

Remišová, Eva. "Effect of film thickness on resistance to permanent deformation in asphalt mixtures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.42.

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The resistance of asphalt mixtures against permanent deformation is one of important requirements that have to be verified in the design process of asphalt mixtures. In the case of asphalt concrete the European Standard EN 13108-1:2006 Bituminous Mixtures. Material Specifications. Part 1: Asphalt Concrete allows empirical (compositional recipes and requirements) or fundamental approach for testing of permanent deformation resistance. A fundamental approach specifies asphalt concrete in terms of performance-based requirements linked to limited prescription of composition and constituent materials. In this design approach a triaxial cyclic compression test is used to verify resistance to permanent deformation. The presented study investigates characteristics of resistance to rutting of asphalt concrete mixtures (eight mixtures of AC 11 from different producers) determined by triaxial cyclic compression test. The basic conclusions and statements of main factors influenced resistance to rutting (type of binder, binder content, and aggregate gradation) have been worked out from prevenient experience and experimental measuring. But measured test results presented in the following paper point out differences in resistance however the bitumen contents are relatively the same. During detailed investigation the tested asphalt mixtures had small differences in aggregate gradation. Changes in gradation make change of aggregate specific surface and the mixture needs different bitumen content to coat aggregate particles, to bound them to each other and to make stiff material resistant to rutting. The results from measuring of resistance to permanent deformation show the relation between aggregate specific surface and bitumen film thickness and permanent deformation.

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22

Akomolafe, T., Bukola A. Onyekwelu, and OniyideA Bello. "Prescriptive System for Performance Information Management System." Frontiers in Science 2, no. 6 (January 7, 2013): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.fs.20120206.08.

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23

Saad, Germaine H. "Strategic performance evaluation: descriptive and prescriptive analysis." Industrial Management & Data Systems 101, no. 8 (November 2001): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000006169.

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24

Bertsimas, Dimitris, Jack Dunn, and Nishanth Mundru. "Optimal Prescriptive Trees." INFORMS Journal on Optimization 1, no. 2 (April 2019): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/ijoo.2018.0005.

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Motivated by personalized decision making, given observational data [Formula: see text] involving features [Formula: see text], assigned treatments or prescriptions [Formula: see text], and outcomes [Formula: see text], we propose a tree-based algorithm called optimal prescriptive tree (OPT) that uses either constant or linear models in the leaves of the tree to predict the counterfactuals and assign optimal treatments to new samples. We propose an objective function that balances optimality and accuracy. OPTs are interpretable and highly scalable, accommodate multiple treatments, and provide high-quality prescriptions. We report results involving synthetic and real data that show that OPTs either outperform or are comparable with several state-of-the-art methods. Given their combination of interpretability, scalability, generalizability, and performance, OPTs are an attractive alternative for personalized decision making in a variety of areas, such as online advertising and personalized medicine.

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Kuzyk, P., R. C. G. Haas, and R. W. Cockfield. "Performance-based specifications for pavements." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 1054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-128.

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Pavements represent a very substantial portion of the public's investment in infrastructure. It is essential that this investment be preserved through cost-effective planning, design, and maintenance. One way of achieving this is through the use of long-term performance-based specifications. This paper first describes the current practice for pavement specification. For the most part, these specifications are "recipe" orientated. Very specific requirements are set for procedures, such as compaction, or as constructed properties such as density. With the proposed system, the contractor would be required to warranty the actual performance of the pavement over an extended term. The paper describes the overall scope of the system, its key elements and advantages, and the major risk factors. As well, the measures that can be used to characterize performance and a model for estimating performance are identified. A stochastic formulation of the model is used to present a method of determining the risk to the contractor based on a design example. Finally, the paper explores some of the concerns associated with the implementation of the system and how these concerns might be addressed. Key words: long-term warranties, pavement contracting, pavement performance.

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Ramsay, John. "Purchase Specifications and Profit Performance." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039110005123.

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27

Ju, Lei, Bach Khoa Huynh, Abhik Roychoudhury, and Samarjit Chakraborty. "Performance debugging of Esterel specifications." Real-Time Systems 48, no. 5 (May 24, 2012): 570–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11241-012-9155-z.

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Pont, Ulrich, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Evaluation of Prescriptive Indicators for Building Performance - A Ranking Based Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.172.

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In recent discussions on the evaluation methodology of different aspects of building performance, the idea of so-called prescriptive indicators was proposed. These indicators are simple benchmark values of a building, and do not require any complex calculation or simulation. They are regularly based on certain design parameters pertaining to geometric or semantic aspects of the building, such as compactness and mean weighted U-value. Their purpose – amongst others – is to equip building planners with a very quick method to estimate the performance of their building designs in early design stages and to categorize its performance. Moreover, such prescriptive indicators could be considered an alternative concept to the current practice of energy certification in Europe. The energy certificate calculation methodologies in most countries did increase in complexity in the past years. As a result, the issuing of energy certificates has become a time-consuming and cumbersome process. Moreover, the quality of results of energy certificates became questioned in recent years due to uncertainties connected to input data assumptions and widely interpretable guidelines regarding the issuing. Prescriptive indicators, if their derivation is properly documented, can at least mitigate the issue regarding issuing guidelines due to their simple character. A important research question, however, is the relation between key performance indicators, which are the results of energy certification or building performance simulation, and prescriptive indicators. This contribution suggests a methodology based on rank comparison that might help to identify prescriptive indicators that are similar in their sensitivity on design changes as certain key performance indicators are.

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Aschenbrener, Tim, Jay Goldbaum, and Scott Shuler. "Evaluation of Short-Term Warranty and Prescriptive Specifications for Hot-Mix Pavements after 8 Years." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2081, no. 1 (January 2008): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2081-14.

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30

Guo, Kelu, Edward Minchin, and Ted Ferragut. "The shift to warranties and performance specifications: what of method specifications?" Construction Management and Economics 23, no. 9 (November 2005): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190500183842.

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31

Lontz, John F. "Materials and Their Specifications for Vascular Prostheses. Specifications and Performance Standards." Artificial Organs 10, no. 6 (December 1986): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1594.1986.tb02600.x.

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32

Kim, Hye Gi, Hyun Jun Kim, Chae Hwan Jeon, Myeong Won Chae, Young Hum Cho, and Sun Sook Kim. "Analysis of Energy Saving Effect and Cost Efficiency of ECMs to Upgrade the Building Energy Code." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184955.

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Building energy codes are key policy tools for improving building energy efficiency by defining the minimum requirement for the energy performance of new buildings. In Korea, the building energy code was focused on prescriptive criteria for a long time but is now gradually introducing performance criteria. However, switching to performance criteria is not straightforward because of the resistance of the market to abandoning the well-consolidated prescriptive criteria. The objective of this study is to derive appropriate measures to strengthen the prescriptive criteria and the performance criteria, considering both the energy-saving effect and the economic efficiency for new office buildings and educational buildings to increase the market acceptance of the building energy codes. To this end, the energy-saving effects of reference buildings resulting from the reinforcement of the prescriptive criteria in the past have been first analyzed. Then, based on the collected energy performance parameters and cost data, the economic efficiency relative to the energy saving deriving from the application of passive and active energy conservation measures (ECMs) were analyzed, and future building energy code’s reinforcement measures were derived.

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33

Weed, Richard M. "Practical Framework for Performance-Related Specifications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1654, no. 1 (January 1999): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1654-09.

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34

Schlesinger, Robert J., and Mohammad M. Imany. "Statistical investigation of robot performance specifications." Human Systems Management 6, no. 2 (1986): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1986-6207.

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35

Molina, M. C., R. Ruiz-Sautua, P. García-Repetto, and J. M. Mendías. "Performance-driven scheduling of behavioural specifications." Integration 42, no. 3 (June 2009): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2008.11.004.

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36

Preece, AnnMarie. "Clarifying Equipment Specifications and Performance Characteristics." Anesthesiology 107, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000290590.63556.58.

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Jaber, Samir, Didier Tassaux, Mustapha Sebbane, Yvan Pouzeratte, Anne Battasti, Xavier Capdevila, Jean-Jacques Eledjam, and Philippe Jolliet. "Clarifying Equipment Specifications and Performance Characteristics." Anesthesiology 107, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000290597.13721.48.

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38

Ohrn, L. Greg, and Cliff Schexnayder. "Performance-Related Specifications for Highway Construction." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 124, no. 1 (January 1998): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1998)124:1(25).

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39

Piva, Elisa, Laura Sciacovelli, Michela Pelloso, and Mario Plebani. "Performance specifications of critical results management." Clinical Biochemistry 50, no. 10-11 (July 2017): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.05.010.

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40

Wanigarathna, Nadeeshani, Fred Sherratt, Andrew Price, and Simon Austin. "Healthcare designers’ use of prescriptive and performance-based approaches." Architectural Engineering and Design Management 12, no. 6 (August 3, 2016): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2016.1212692.

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41

Rangaraju, Prasada Rao. "Development of Some Performance-Based Material Specifications for High-Performance Concrete Pavement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1834, no. 1 (January 2003): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1834-09.

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In collaboration with FHWA, the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) has successfully completed its first experimental high-performance concrete pavement (HPCP) project under the Testing and Evaluation Program (TE-30). This project is one of the 22 projects funded under the TE-30 Program. With a structural design life of 60 years, this HPCP is unique in that it incorporates significant changes to the existing Mn/DOT specifications on concrete materials. Some of the new materials-related specifications developed as a part of this project are based on performance criteria that influence long-term durability of the pavement structure. The background and considerations for selecting the new performance measures are discussed, and test results are presented that evaluate the practical feasibility of establishing and achieving the performance specifications.

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Barnes, Robert W., J. Michael Stallings, and Paul W. Porter. "Live-Load Response of Alabama’s High-Performance Concrete Bridge." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1845, no. 1 (January 2003): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1845-13.

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Results are reported from live-load tests performed on Alabama’s high-performance concrete (HPC) showcase bridge. Load distribution factors, deflections, and stresses measured during the tests are compared with values calculated using the provisions of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. Measured dynamic amplification of load effects was approximately equal to or less than predicted by both specifications. Distribution factors from both specifications were found to be conservative. Deflections computed according to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications suggestions matched best with the measured deflections — overestimating the maximum deflections by 20% or less. Bottom flange stresses computed with AASHTO distribution factors were significantly larger than measured values. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provisions suggest a special procedure for computing exterior girder distribution factors in bridges with diaphragms. When two or more lanes were loaded, this special procedure did not reflect the actual behavior of the bridge and resulted in very conservative distribution factors for exterior girders. Further research is recommended to correct this deficiency.

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43

De Almeida, J. L., and G. Dos Santos Portes Silva. "Predicting cookie wheat germplasm performance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S178—S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3276-cjgpb.

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Compared to the large effort spent developing Brazilian bread wheat cultivars, relatively few soft wheat cultivars for cookie flour were released in this country in the recent years. The objective of this study is to propose a model to predict wheat cultivars with improved manufacturing quality for the cookie industry while maintaining production for the growers. A database was compiled originally with 1674 entries with field, milling and flour quality parameters from the year 2000 to 2008 crop seasons. The critical specifications of 14 commercial cookie flours were compared and it was determined that the variables farinograph water absorption appeared in 14 out of 41 specifications (34.1%), alveograph strength appeared in 13 out of 41 specifications (31.7%), wet gluten appeared in 11 out of 41 specifications (26.8%), alveograph tenacity appeared in two out of 41 specifications (4.9%), and alveograph dough extensibility appeared in one out of 41 specifications (2.5%). Using frequency percentages as model coefficients a Brazilian Cookie Wheat Score Model was proposed:<br />BCWS =ABS × 0.341 + W × 0.317 + WG × 0.268 + P × 0.049 + L × 0.025. The ideal score for a wheat genotype to be classified as cookie wheat for the Brazilian market is within the optimum interval from 56.1 to 81.2. To validate this model and its proposed interval, 277 wheat entries from the 2008 crop year were tested under the following conditions: first, wheat genotypes that yielded less than the average of bread wheat genotypes were discharged; second, wheat genotypes without the full set of values for the model variables were discharged. Twenty wheat genotypes, out of 277, were within the optimum interval and were proposed as wheat genotypes to produce cookie flour. The validation results indicated that, using the BCWS Model, along with the established conditions, a wheat breeder will have 75% chance of finding a potential cultivar with acceptable cookie functionality from a set of experimental lines.

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Nyiwul, Linus, Ekundayo Shittu, and Kanwalroop K. Dhanda. "Prescriptive measures for environmental performance: emission standards, overcompliance, and monitoring." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17, no. 4 (October 15, 2014): 1077–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0863-z.

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Ozyildirim, Celik. "Permeability Specifications for High-Performance Concrete Decks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1610, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1610-01.

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Durable concrete exposed to the environment requires a proper air-void system for protection against cycles of freezing and thawing. Durable concretes also must have low permeability to resist the infiltration of harmful solutions into concrete. Work was conducted by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) on the permeability of concretes. Information is provided on permeability, recent VDOT efforts with a low-permeability specification, and the field application of the low-permeability specification.

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Horvath, Andrea R., Sarah J. Lord, and Andrew St John. "Outcome-based analytical performance specifications – Mission impossible?" Pathology 48 (February 2016): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.046.

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47

Rea, Mark S., and John D. Bullough. "Toward performance specifications for flashing warning beacons." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 43 (November 2016): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2016.09.018.

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48

Weed, Richard M. "Mathematical Modeling Procedures for Performance-Related Specifications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1946, no. 1 (January 2006): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106194600108.

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49

Aubert, B., A. Bazan, B. Beaugiraud, F. Cavanna, J. Colas, M. Lebeau, T. Leflour, et al. "Liquid argon calorimetry with LHC-performance specifications." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 315, no. 1-3 (May 1992): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90717-i.

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50

Boulter, B. T. "Applying drive performance specifications to systems applications. I. Speed performance." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 37, no. 4 (2001): 1082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.936400.

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