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1
Muta, Jittra, and Nutprapha Dennis. "A STUDY OF TENSES USED IN ENGLISH ONLINE NEWS WEBSITE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2617.
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The purposes of this study were to analyze and describe English tenses used in an online news website and to examine which types of English tenses are frequently used in an online news website. The material in this study was 20 news in Mini-Lessons from B r e a k I n g N e w s E n g l i s h .c o m. The research instrument was a checklist which determines and categorizes English tenses as past tense, present tense, and future tense. The data collections were analyzed with the frequency and percentage. The research findings of the study showed that all using of English tenses in the 20 news from the Mini-Lessons were 279 sentences; past tense were 155 sentences (56%), present tense were 120 sentences (43%), and future tense were 4 sentences (1%). The most English tenses aspect of the news were past simple tense and present tense; past simple tense, present simple tense, present perfect tense, and present progressive tense, respectively. In contrast, breaking news used the least English tenses aspect of the news was past perfect tense, future simple tense, past progressive tense, present perfect progressive tense, and future perfect tense, while there were no used past perfect progressive tense, future progressive tense, future perfect tense, and future perfect progressive tense in the 20 selected breaking news.
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Ahuja, Rajeev B. "Local flap template: present perfect tense or flap tense?" Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 61, no. 7 (July 2008): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2008.03.005.
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WITTEK, ANGELIKA, and MICHAEL TOMASELLO. "German children's productivity with tense morphology: the Perfekt (present perfect)." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 3 (July 22, 2002): 567–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005147.
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Two nonce-word studies examined German-speaking children's productivity with the Perfekt (present perfect) from 2;6 to 3;6. The German Perfekt consists of the past participle of the main verb and an inflected form of an auxiliary (either haben ‘have’ or sein ‘be’). In Study 1, nonce verbs were either introduced in the infinitival form, and children (seventy-two children, aged 2;6 to 3;6) were tested on their ability to produce the Perfekt, or introduced in the Perfekt, and children were tested on their ability to produce the infinitive. In Study 2 twenty-four children aged 3;6 were given the past participle form of nonce verbs to see if they could supply the appropriate auxiliary (based mainly on verb semantics). The results were that many children as young as 2;6 used past participles productively (more than used infinitival forms productively), but all children had much difficulty in supplying both auxiliaries appropriately. The current findings suggest that mastery of the Perfekt construction as a whole does not take place before the age of four and that frequency of exposure is an important factor in determining the age at which children acquire grammatical constructions.
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Liu, Linlin. "English Pedagogical Grammar: Teaching Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous by Deductive and Inductive Approaches." Studies in English Language Teaching 8, no. 3 (August 22, 2020): p138. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v8n3p138.
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This research endeavor aims to present the English Pedagogical Grammar Teaching, discussing the use and form of the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses, and the regular verbs’ past participle and irregular verbs’ past participle. The study is based on two main assumptions that cause difficulties for learners of English, namely, the forms of verbs and the difficulty of distinguishing between the present from the past simple tenses. The study discusses the use of deductive and inductive approaches in English pedagogical grammar teaching, and evaluates these approaches from A-factor and E-factor description. Overall results of the analysis show that the deductive and inductive approaches are helpful in language teaching and learning. And the forms of verbs and differences between the present and past simple tense made English learning difficult. By using appropriate teaching methods, English grammar can be taught and learned in an efficient way.
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Maili, Sjafty Nursiti. "Error Analysis on Unindra Student’s Sentence Tenses Assignment." DEIKSIS 10, no. 02 (May 5, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/deiksis.v10i02.2131.
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<p class="abstractcontent">Knowing the pattern of tenses is very important to the students, because it can help them to do a good sentence. If the students unknown the pattern of using tenses in sentences, the students are confused to make a good sentence. The teacher should try to correct their error by error analysis. Error analysis is really very important to students, because teachers know the mistaken students done in making a sentence by using in each tenses. In this study, the researcher used descriptive method which is the data was taken by student’s an assignment at the first students of UNINDRA. First, teachers asked students to make sentences based on eight tenses. They are Present Tense; Present Continuous Tense; Present Perfect Tense; Simple Future Tense; Past Tense; Past Continuous Tense; Past Continuous Tense; Past Perfect Tense; Future Perfect Tense. Second, After doing sentences in each tenses, the research done identify based on the pattern of sentences; Third, the last steps researcher analysis the assignment in make the table consist of table 1 the amount of error done; table 2 the error sentences students and correction; table 3 the reasons why sentences are difficulties to the students and easier. The results of these study 60 percentages students UNINDRA made good sentences in eight tenses; 40 percentages did not remember the pattern of tenses; 30 percentages made the error of changed verb; 30 percentages used time action to make sentence in each tenses.</p><p class="abstractcontent">Key words; Tenses, Assignment, Error, Analysis, Pattern</p>
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., Windaryati, and Antonius M. K Naro. "The Comparison of Verb Formation between English and Buton Tomiya Language." Udayana Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (UJoSSH) 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ujossh.2020.v04.i02.p01.
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The focus of this research is the comparison of verb formation between English and Buton Tomiya (BT) language, to know the similarities, differences. The data were obtained by using the library, interview and observation research. The similarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : Verbal positive sentences of present tense: verb formulation between kedua bahasa sebenarnya hampir sama, namun pada BT lebih banyak imbuhan yang dilekatkan sebelum subjec, predikast, and object. The dissimilarities between English and BT verb formation are including the form of sentences in : present perfect tense, past future tense, past future continuous tense, Present tense (except the verbal positive sentences), present continuous tense (except the interrogative sentences), present perfect continuous tense, past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect continuous tense, present future continuous tense, present future perfect tense, future perfect continuous tense, past future perfect tense and past future perfect continuous tense.
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YOUNGEUNYOON. "The English present perfect and simple past tense." Linguistic Research 29, no. 3 (December 2012): 485–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.17250/khisli.29.3.201212.002.
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Werner, Valentin. "Temporal adverbials and the present perfect/past tense alternation." English World-Wide 34, no. 2 (May 17, 2013): 202–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.2.04wer.
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Specification by certain temporal adverbials has been shown to be one of the typical triggers of the present perfect in British English. Often, however, L2 varieties display different patterns of temporal co-occurrence, especially using the simple past tense. This study is based on corpus data from twelve components of the International Corpus of English and analyzes the distribution between present perfect and past tense for a number of co-occurring temporal adverbials. In addition, it establishes three measures of similarity across the varieties (hierarchical cluster analysis, phylogenetic networks and a distribution-based measure). On the basis of 6 353 adverbials in total, this paper suggests (1) that there is a L1–L2 divide, (2) that the difference between “traditional” and “transplanted” L1 varieties is less pronounced, (3) that L2 varieties allow more variation, which indicates that in these varieties, the present perfect is partly used as a tense (sensu Quirk et al. 1985), and (4) that some temporal adverbials are less categorically attached to either present perfect or past tense than others. Finally, some conclusions with regard to the importance of geographical and socio-cultural proximity of certain varieties can be drawn.
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Iskanderovna, Jumaniyazova Feruza. "The present perfect tense in english and its classification." ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal 10, no. 7 (2020): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.00864.2.
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Crystal, David, Valerie Lambert, Bill Broughton, and Frank Palmer. "Tense matters." English Today 2, no. 2 (April 1986): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400001978.
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Tenses crop up in two ways in this issue, both inspired by readers' letters. The first referred to the use of the present perfect on both sides of the Atlantic, and DAVID CRYSTAL looks at that. The second is the puzzling ‘plupluperfect’, and VALERIE LAMBERT, BILL BROUGHTON and FRANK PALMER look at that.
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Nur, Tajudin. "PERNYATAAN KALA DAN ASPEK DALAM BAHASA ARAB: ANALISIS SEMANTIK VERBA." Arabi : Journal of Arabic Studies 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24865/ajas.v3i1.65.
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This research was a qualitative research using structural linguistic method. The findings showed that the conjugation of the perfect verbs (ma>dhi) into imperfect verbs (mudha>ri’) can reveal the concept of semantic time and aspect. It was found that the conjugation of verb from perfect (ma>dhi) to imperfect (mudha>ri’) expresses semantical concept of tense and aspect. Perfect verb expresses past tense, present tense, future tense, and perfective aspect, while imperfect verb expresses present tense, future tense, and imperfective aspect. The other constituents which had a role in expressing tense and aspect were auxiliary verb of kana, the particles of qad, sawfa, lan, and sa- prefix. The auxiliary verb of kana had a role to express past tense in the case of equational sentence or if it precedes imperfect verb, while if it precedes perfect verb, it expresses perfective aspect. The particle of qad expresses perfective aspect if it precedes perfect verb (ma>dhi), while the particle of sawfa, lan, and sa- prefix express future tense. In addition, to clarify the tense in Arabic adverb of time standing beside the verb also was used.
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Sholeha, Mar’atus, Edi Ardian, and Samsul Amri. "SOME DIFFICULTIES FACED BY THE STUDENTS IN LEARNING PRESENT PERFECT TENSE." J-Shelves of Indragiri (JSI) 1, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jsi.v1i2.1054.
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The research purpose is to know the difficulties faced by the students in learning Present Perfect Tense and the cause of the problems. The design of the research is descriptive research. The number of the population was thirty-six students. The researchers used tests, questionnaires, and interviews to collect the data. After analyzing the data, it found that the average score of test results was 44.67, which was classified as a less classification. Then the ability in using To Be (Has/Have) of present perfect tense was placed in a good rating by the mean score 68.29. Moreover, the students' ability in understanding regular verbs was in a less classification by the mean score 34.03. It also happens for the knowledge in understanding irregular verbs which were classified as less classification by the mean score 39.72. Based on the data obtained from the questionnaires, it shows that most of the students felt that Present Perfect Tense is a problematic material of English. It was proven by seeing that more than 50% of the students said that. It caused by some factors; (1) English materials are less favoured by the students, (2) they are lack of English vocabulary mastery, (3) they have difficulties in recognizing to be of Present Perfect Tense, and (4) they could control the form of verbs changes.
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Canals, Eulàlia. "THE USE OF PRESENT PERFECT IN THE EXPRESSION OF PAST TEMPORALITY IN L2 SPANISH AND CATALAN BY CHILDREN OF MOROCCAN ORIGIN." Catalan Review: Volume 21, Issue 1 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.21.6.
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This study examines the acquisition of Catalan and Spanish past-tense verbs (Preterite, Present Perfect, and Imperfect) by children of Moroccan origin in three schools in the Barcelona metropo1itan area. It presents data that allow us to study which of the three tenses poses the most problems for the second language (L2) speakers as compared to the native speakers in a control group. The data were obtained using elicited story-retell tasks and oral narratives. The results show that in both languages acquiring the accurate functional use of verbs is more difficult than making the right lexical or morphological choices. The greatest functional difficulty lies in the acquisition of the Preterite vis-à-vis the Present Perfect. These results provide additional evidence that form precedes function. However, they challenge an established position on the acquisition of tense and aspect in Romance languages, which holds that the most difficult functional feature to acquire for L2 learners of these languages is the difference between perfective and imperfective tenses.
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Gerner, Matthias. "Perfect in the Yi group." Studies in Language 26, no. 2 (September 13, 2002): 337–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.26.2.06ger.
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The languages of the Yi group shed new light on the Perfect forms of other languages through their perfect particles. Several Yi languages display two perfect particles which unite in one paradigmatic picture the English type and the Mandarin type. I will first present Liangshan Nuosu’s ta33 (stative perfect) and o44 (dynamic perfect) with Klein’s aspect-tense terminology (1992) and will then establish a formal definition of the notion of stative and dynamic perfect. It appears that both perfects have in common their relating the utterance situation to the discourse topic (in Klein’s terminology: TU þ TT). I will claim that the property ‘TU þ TT’ is the essence of perfect and can be viewed as an aspect-tense characterization of ‘current relevance’, a vague term that is employed by an array of authors without precise definition.
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Seljak Adimora, Katja. "Values of Present Perfect Tense and Past Simple Tense in Inquieta Compañía by Carlos Fuentes." Journal for Foreign Languages 4, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.4.33-42.
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Rofik, Abdur, and Sahid Sahid. "Structuring Tenses of English by Islamic Higher Education Students: A Case Study at Universitas Sains Alqur’an." International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies 1, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i1.1391.
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The aims of this study are to reveal errors in structuring tenses and to find out errors of surface structures committed by Islamic Higher Education Students of Universitas Sains Alqur’an, Wonosobo. Subject of the study is 28 students of Islamic Relegion Education Study Program of Tarbiyah Sciences and Teacher Training Faculty of Universitas Sains Alqur’an, Wonosobo in the first semester of the 2018/2019 Academic Year. Data collecting was conducted through written work instruments. In analyzing the data, the writer reads the data sources, indentifies the errors, classifies them, and especially for tense errors, the writer adds the step of data analysis, namely calculating the errors to find the percentage. The results convey that with regard to tense aspects, the student errors involve simple present 13,54%, present progressive 30,2%, present perfect 28,64%, and present perfect progressive tense 27,6%. Then, with regard to surface structures, the factors of errors committed are omission, addition, misformation, and misordering.
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Setiawan, Michael. "The Effectiveness of Learning By Teaching (LBT): A Case of Junior High School Students Studying Tenses." Humaniora 10, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v10i1.5038.
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This research aimed to see if learning by teaching (LBT) could really be implemented in classrooms. This case study intended to discover if LBT was applicable to teach tenses. This quantitative research involved 50 students from the two of 8th grade classes in one junior high school in Jakarta, one of which acted as the control group and the other one as the experimental group. This research focused on the learning of five tenses, namely the simple present tense, the simple past tense, the simple future tense, the simple present continuous tense, and the simple present perfect tense. A pre-test was employed before the research started and after the treatment had been given to the experimental group, a post-test was given a week after, and another post-test was given three months later. The results show that LBT helps the subjects learn better. Moreover, they also remember their materials longer. Therefore, LBT can be a good student-centered activity which has been proven successful.
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Molsing, Karina Veronica. "present perfect at the semantics/pragmatics interface: American English and Brazilian Portuguese." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 44, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.44.2006.313.
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Modern theorists rarely agree on how to represent the categories of tense and aspect, making a consistent analysis for phenomena, such as the present perfect, more difficult to attain. It has been argued in previous analyses that the variable behavior of the present perfect between languages licenses independently motivated treatments, particularly of a morphosyntactic or semanticsyntactic nature (Giorgi & Pianesi 1997; Schmitt 2001; Ilari 2001). More specifically, the wellknown readings of the American English (AE) present perfect (resultative, experiential, persistent situation, recent past (Comrie 1976)), are at odds with the readings of the corresponding structure in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), the 'pretérito perfeito composto' (default iterativity and occasional duration (Ilari 1999)). Despite these variations, the present work, assuming a tense-aspect framework at the semantic-pragmatic interface, will provide a unified analysis for the present perfect in AE and BP, which have traditionally been treated as semantically divergent. The present perfect meaning, in conjunction with the aspectual class of the predicate, can account for the major differences between languages, particularly regarding iterativity and the "present perfect puzzle", regarding adverb compatibility.
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Concu, Valentina. "Implications of Grammaticalization for Language Change." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340190.
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Abstract The emergence of the German double present and past perfect (hat vergessen gehabt ‘has forgotten had’; ist gefahren gewesen ‘is gone been’ – hatte vergessen gehabt ‘had forgotten had’; war gefahren gewesen ‘was gone been’) is still widely debated. Some scholars consider the development of these constructions a result of the decline of the Präteritum, whereas others claim that these were formed as a consequence of the loss of the aspectual system and the reconstruction process of the verbal categories. In this article, the author argues that the development of these constructions is the result of the grammaticalization of the Perfekt as a ‘commentary tense’ in the 14th Century. The increased frequency of the present perfect prompted the reanalysis of the past participles of haben (gehabt) and sein (gewesen), which began to appear alongside the present perfect, creating new periphrastic constructions, including the double present and past perfects.
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Schmitt, Cristina. "Cross-linguistic variation and the present perfect : the case of Portuguese." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 16 (January 1, 2000): 68–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.16.2000.33.
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The Present Perfect in Portuguese has the curious property of forcing iteration of the eventuality described. This paper proposes an account of the iterativity in terms of selectional restrictions of the Present Tense and independent properties of the Perfect and argues against the account of Giorgi and Pianesi 1998 in which the Portuguese Present Perfect is treated as containing two main verbs.
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Koeneman, Olaf, Marika Lekakou, and Sjef Barbiers. "Perfect doubling." Linguistic Variation 11, no. 1 (December 5, 2011): 35–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.11.1.02koe.
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The focus of this paper is the syntax of the so-called perfect doubling construction as it occurs in dialects of Dutch, namely cases of compound tenses featuring an additional, participial have (or be). We examine the properties of the construction on the basis of recent fieldwork research, and propose an analysis, whose starting point is the assumption that auxiliary doubling as such does not exist; what we have, rather, is the perfect tense of a lexical have (and be), which takes an adjectival (small clause) complement. Dialects vary with respect to the kinds of complement these lexical verbs can take. Our micro-comparative treatment takes into account related constructions, such as the geographically restricted so-called undative construction, as well as variants thereof that exist in the standard language. Keywords: syntactic doubling; (adjectival) participles; auxiliaries; present perfect; target state; resultant state; undative construction; possession
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Jensen, Matthew David. "Jesus “Coming” in the Flesh." Novum Testamentum 56, no. 3 (June 17, 2014): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685365-12341473.
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This article argues that the present tense-form (ἐρχόµενον) used in the confession of 2 John 7 should be understood as parallel to the perfect tense-form (ἐληλυθότα) used in the confession of 1 John 4:2. After critically reviewing the five current ways the present tense-form is interpreted, the article outlines how recent research into verbal aspect indicates that the present and perfect tense-forms are closely related. Evidence of this relationship is then provided from 1 John allowing some conclusions to be drawn about the five current interpretive options.
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Nwala, Michael Alozie. "Aspects of the Grammar of Past Tense and the Present Perfective Aspect in English and Echie: A Contrastive Account." AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities 9, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijah.v9i1.8.
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The absence of a parallel equivalence in the grammar of past tense and perfective aspect in English and Echie is significantly responsible for the errors that occur in the related sentences of the Echie second language learners of English. This article is a contrastive analysis of the grammar of past tense and present perfect tense in English and Echie and it highlighted the structural specifics of each of the languages. Using the descriptive research design, the data for this study were gathered through the primary sources (ten competent native speakers of Echie were interviewed) and the secondary sources (examples generated from textual materials). Our description showed a complete range of morphological differences in past tense and present perfect tense of English and Echie as seen in the use of 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons singular and plural respectively. The paper concludes that the parametric variation in the past tense and perfective aspect of English and Echie languages show that every language is unique in some sort.
Key Words: Contrastive, grammar, tense, parametric, descriptive, interference; language.
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Tiittanen, Mike. "Reasons for the use of the present perfect, past perfect and past progressive by Mandarin-speaking ESL learners." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 10, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v10i2.4849.
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This exploratory study investigated the contexts in which a group of native Mandarin ESL learners, with high knowledge of the simple past tense, would use the present perfect, past perfect and past progressive on a fill-in-the-gaps task. The participants frequently correctly used the past perfect form on a task item requiring these forms, but they also often oversupplied the present perfect, past perfect and, to a lesser extent, the past progressive, on the task. Participants who correctly supplied the past perfect had a higher overall level of grammatical knowledge than those that did not. The learners reported that the presence of adverbials sometimes led them to their choice of the present perfect or past perfect. The oversuppliances of the past progressive were primarily atelic activities. These results mirror other studies in the confusion between past tense forms, influence of adverbials and lexical aspect. They may also possibly indicate L1 influence from Mandarin.
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Muñoz, Carmen Portero. "Tense Switching in English Narratives: an FDG Perspective." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 657–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0032.
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Abstract The functions of the simple past and the present perfect appear to be well delimited in English according to prescriptive grammars. However, in actual use their distribution is still a challenging area of English linguistics since there are fuzzy cases in which this distinction is blurred. For example, in some varieties of English the present perfect seems to be taking over the role of the simple past to express definite past in narratives, where the simple past is the default tense. In these cases, the use of the present perfect has been regarded to be functionally motivated by the speaker’s intention to highlight the current relevance of the event expressed by this form (Ritz, 2010, Walker, 2011). The main objective of this research will be to use the results of corpus analysis and of the relevant studies on this topic and to propose an FDG analysis of these data. It will be concluded that the use of the present perfect in narratives has various functions captured at two different levels of the architecture of FDG, namely the Representational Level (RL) and the Interpersonal Level (IL). At the RL, the present perfect functions either as a marker of resultative aspect, or as a signal that a new narrative Episode is introduced. At IL, this form functions as a device for Emphasis, highlighting a salient passage in the narrative.
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Chatura, Ramakantha Kasimsetty. "Is the past perfect present tense future continuous for anatomic pathology?" Journal of Advanced Clinical & Research Insights 2 (2015): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15713/ins.jcri.52.
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Tsvetkova, Miroslava. "PAST-TIME REFERENCE, TENSE, AND ASPECT PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT." Studies in Linguistics, Culture, and FLT 04 (2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/silc.2018.v04.009.
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SUNGJIHYE. "A Study of German Present Perfect Tense Parentheses as Pedagogical Grammar." Teacher Education Research 56, no. 1 (March 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15812/ter.56.1.201703.1.
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Yao, Xinyue. "The evolution of the “hot news” perfect in English." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 17, no. 1 (June 7, 2016): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.17.1.06yao.
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This paper deals with the “hot news” use of the English present perfect. Previous research has suggested that this use marks the end point of the perfect category, paving the way for further grammaticalisation to a perfective or past tense. To examine its historical development in Modern English, verb forms in the leads of hard news reports in the New York Times and the Sydney Morning Herald were examined, with comparison made between two time periods, 1851–1900 and 1951–2000. Attention was given to contextual influence on the choice between the present perfect and the past tense for expressing hot news meanings. The quantitative findings show that the hot news perfect has not taken over the ground of other tense forms, but has become increasingly associated with unspecified, recent past time. The evolution of the English present perfect in general is characterised by register-mediated functional specialisation.
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Paheshti, Edesa, and Emine Teichmann. "Confrontative Study between Past Perfect Indicative in German and Past Perfect and Aorist II Indicative in Albanian." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 4-1 (July 1, 2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0068.
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Abstract The present study represents a significant step forward to understand past perfect indicative in Albanian and German by comparing them in morphological, semantic and stilistic aspects. The semantic meaning of past perfect indicative in Albanian is very similar to that in German. But the Albanian language also alters another additional past tense called Aorist II, that it is not present in the standard German language. This work aims at giving practical and theoretical overview on approaches and differs of the past perfect between the two languages - we intend to show that by giving great argumentative examples, which help concretising and understanding better, and also offer a clear and detailed picture of uses and meanings of this tense in both languages. In particular, in this paper it is paid attention to the text grammar, as we think that is a very important and interested point of view by studying and comparing two grammars. Furthermore we consider the issue of translation from German in Albanian and controversialy. At this point we intend to find the grammar tools the German language uses for the translation of the albanian Aorist II. This publication will be a comprehensive and authorative reference work on complex past tenses bringing together the study on different linguistic aspects.
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Arkadiev, Peter. "Perfect grams in Lithuanian and Latvian: A comparative analysis based on a typological questionnaire." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 4 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.4.7-41.
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This article presents a first detailed comparative investigation of the semantics of the perfect verbal forms in standard Lithuanian and Latvian. A typological questionnaire filled by five Latvian and seven Lithuanian informants reveals the difference in the degree of grammaticalization of the present perfect between the two Baltic languages. The set of contexts available for the present perfect in Latvian is wider and more reminiscent of the perfects in English and Scandinavian languages in comparison to the Lithuanian counterpart. While in Lithuanian the present perfect is restricted to the experiential and the resultative contexts, where it is also often substituted by the simple past, Latvian also employs the present perfect to convey the meanings of ‘hot news’, current relevance and persistent situation. The past perfect, on the contrary, is more frequent in Lithuanian and appears to be a separate category rather than a past tense version of the present perfect. The article also discusses the use of the future perfect and of a special variety of the perfect with the auxiliary in the evidential form, as well as the use of ‘bare’ participles formally coinciding with the second component of the analytical perfect form but used without the auxiliary.
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Thurgood, Elzbieta, and Graham Thurgood. "Aspect, Tense, or Aktionsart?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.11.1.04thu.
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This paper attempts to determine whether the particle ja in Kristang (spoken in Malacca, Malaysia) functions as part of an aspect, a tense, or an aktionsart system. The paper first argues that ja does not mark the perfective in an aspectual system. Second, it argues that ja does not mark the past in a tense system. It then argues, instead, that ja marks an aktionsart category, namely, a change of state. The paper concludes by noting some historical changes in the usage of ja and speculates about some incipient changes in the Kristang system as a whole. The analysis of this particle in different conversational settings suggests that for some speakers ja marks the present relevance of events that occurred in the past. This usage of the particle relates to its original adverbial semantics in Portuguese, where já means 'already'. However, it is argued that this change in the usage of the particle has been induced by English. English is now the dominant language for many Kristang speakers and it has a semantically very similar present perfect. It is on the basis of these similarities that ja is determined to be largely a perfect marker for some Kristang speakers.
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Gonzalez, Paz, and Henk Verkuyl. "A binary approach to Spanish tense and aspect: on the tense battle about the past." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 6, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.6.1.4096.
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The present paper aims at accounting for the Spanish Imperfecto, Perfecto, Pluscuamperfecto and the Indefinido by applying three binary tense oppositions: Present vs Past, Synchronous vs Posterior and Imperfect(ive) vs Perfect(ive). For the sixteen Spanish tense forms under analysis a binary approach leads to covering twelve of them. Their relation with the preterital forms outside the range of the three oppositions is accounted for by two surgical operations: (a) the notion of Imperfect(ive) is severed from the notion of ongoing progress by restricting it to underinformation about completion and by seeing continuous tense forms as involving a more complex semantics; (b) the notion of (non-)stative is strictly severed from interference of information coming from the arguments of a verb. These theoretical moves make the way free for a formal-semantic insight into the interaction of Spanish tense and aspect. It also paves the way for a principled distinction between completion and anteriority. Restricted to tense forms pertaining to the past, our analysis sheds light on the struggle for survival of tense forms outside the binary system.
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Herani, Isti Endila, and Cynantia Rachmijati. "AN ANALYSIS OF TENSE AND ASPECT IN THE “TANGLED” MOVIE SCRIPT." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 2, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v2i2.p187-193.
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This study is an attempt to analyze the tense and aspects found inside the ”Tangled” movie script. The data source is a sentence or speech the verb contains tense and aspects found on “Tangled” movie script. The study applied descriptive qualitative method.This study belongs to a descriptive research because it collects and analyzes the data, after that draws a conclusion based on the data. Then this research belongs to qualitative research because it involves analyzing and explaining the data. Additionally, this research is designed in descriptive qualitative research because the research examines the types of the language used of Tense and Aspects in "Tangled" Movie Scripts. In this research the data source is “Tangled” Movie Script.In “Tangled” movie script, there was 61 sentences that researcher found in the uses of tense and aspect. From the result above the dominant types on tense and aspect in “Tangled” movie script was simple future and present perfect. In the “Tangled” movie script the researcher didn’t find tense and aspect in past perfect progressive, future progressive, future perfect and future perfect progressive.
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Sapp, Christopher D. "Syncope as the Cause of Präteritumschwund: New Data from an Early New High German Corpus." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 4 (December 2009): 419–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709990134.
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This paper examines the cause of the decline of the preterite tense in favor of the present perfect tense in Early New High German. This development has long been attributed to apocope, which rendered the 3sg. weak preterite suffix -te homophonous with the 3sg. present suffix -t. By analyzing a database of over 20,000 past-tense clauses, this study evaluates the apocope account and more recent hypotheses. The resulting data lead to a new explanation: syncope in the 2sg. and 2pl. of weak verbs yielded dispreferred final clusters (-tst and -tt), resulting in a preference in these contexts for the present perfect, which then spread to other contexts.*
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Banerjee, Neil. "Two ways to form a portmanteau: Evidence from ellipsis." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v6i1.4934.
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Bengali negation forms a portmanteau in two cases: with present tense existential copulas and with all perfects. However, ellipsis of the complement of negation treats these two portmanteaux differently. While the negative perfect can be separated by ellipsis into sentential negation and a silenced perfect, the negative present existential cannot be likewise split, even though ellipsis of copulas is generally permitted. This project proposes the existence of two different ways to form portmanteaux and shows that ellipsis deletion is derivationally timed differently with respect to each in order to capture the patterns of elliptical divisibility.
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Sadri, Zahra, and Anahita Khosravi. "Acquisition of Future Perfect Progressive Tense by Persian L2 Learners of English: The Interpretability Hypothesis." Language Teaching Research Quarterly 3 (July 2017): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2017.03.02.
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The issue of non-native speakers’ divergence from L2 input has gained popularity in the field of second language acquisition during the previous decades. Many significant scholars have joined the discussion and tried to explain this phenomenon through various models and frameworks. In this regard, the present study discussed domains of divergence within the framework of interpretability hypothesis. To this end, syntactic structures of future perfect progressive tense were compared in English and Persian. To examine the validity of Interpretability Hypothesis (IH), 30 Iranian L2 learners at intermediate and advanced levels were selected based on the oxford quick placement test. Further, learners were required to answer two translation tests containing English to Persian (comprehension test) and Persian to English (production test) sentences. Results revealed that learners had no problem in comprehension of this tense; however, when it came to production, they experienced some instances of divergence. Based on the findings, underpinnings of IH are supported in the sense that the logically interpretable English future perfect progressive tense poses little problem for learners whose L1 lacks the tense phonologically. Moreover, the results showed that Persian learners resort to some other compensatory tenses to express futurity in their L1.
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Werner, Valentin. "The Present Perfect and Definite Temporal Adverbials: Reference Grammars and Corpus Evidence." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 10, no. 1 (May 9, 2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.10.1.9-21.
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The aim of the present paper is to assess the adequacy of how the grammatical status of the present perfect (PP) is established in three reference grammars of English (Quirk et al. 1985; Biber et al. 1999; Huddleston and Pullum 2002). I propose that the categorizations both as aspect and as tense as presented in these grammars have their inherent weaknesses and are particularly deficient when data from varieties other than British or American English is included. To test this assumption, I will analyze PP occurrences extracted from the International Corpus of English (ICE) appearing in contexts that have traditionally been considered ungrammatical or at least odd. One such context is the co-occurrence of the PP with definite temporal adverbials. In this case, the PP is used like a simple past, which may be taken as evidence for the tense status of the PP and will therefore be the focal point of the analysis.
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Tellings, Jos. "When-questions and tense in Inquisitive Semantics." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 29 (December 9, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v29i0.4593.
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Temporal questions with when and their counterparts in other languages display tense restrictions: they are incompatible with the present tense that is interpreted as 'currently ongoing', and English when-questions are incompatible with the present perfect. The existence of tense restrictions is one of the reasons why a theory of the semantics of questions should include an account of tense and aspect. I first propose an explanation of the tense restrictions based on the pragmatics of questions and partial answers. Then, I discuss how tense and aspectual operators can be added to Inquisitive Semantics (Ciardelli, Groenendijk & Roelofsen 2018).
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Engel, Dulcie M. "Radio Talk." Languages in Contrast 2, no. 2 (December 31, 1999): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.2.2.07eng.
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It has often been observed that present perfect forms in English and French have quite differing functions. These perfects are considered here in a parallel description of English and French radio talk. An examination of talk shows and news bulletins in two corpora of the same length and from the same day illustrates some interesting points with regards to the use of the perfect in different genres, and the contrasting functions of the perfect in the two languages. It is concluded that radio talk is a collection of sub-genres within a single environmental context. Tense distribution and usage in each language is one element that contributes to this particular pattern.
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Olbertz, Hella. "The Perfect in (Brazilian) Portuguese: A Functional Discourse Grammar View." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 478–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0024.
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AbstractIn most Germanic and Romance languages the present perfect has developed from a resultative meaning via an anterior into absolute past. In Functional Discourse Grammar terms this corresponds to the grammaticalization of a phasal aspectual operator at the layer of the Configurational Property, via a relative tense operator at the layer of the State-of-Affairs, into an absolute tense operator at the layer of the Episode. This is what happened in Romance languages, such as French and Italian, while Peninsular Spanish is developing in the same direction, without as yet having fully reached the absolute past stage. The Portuguese present perfect, however, is different as it does not express resultative aspect, relative past or absolute past meaning but rather the iteration or continuity of an event from some past moment onward until after the moment of speaking. A further idiosyncrasy of the perfect in Portuguese is that the auxiliary is based on Latin tenere rather than habere, as is the case in the other Romance languages. This paper describes the semantic and the morphosyntactic aspects of the grammaticalization of the (Brazilian) Portuguese perfect in diachrony and synchrony. It turns out that (i) the medieval habere-based Portuguese present perfect becomes obsolete and the past perfect develops into a relative past, (ii) the post-medieval tenere-based past perfect turns into a relative past as well, whereas (iii) the tenere-based present perfect undergoes semantic specialization in the course of the 20th century. This paper shows how these facts can be accounted for within the Functional Discourse Grammar approach to the grammaticalization of aspect and tense.
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Crellin, Robert. "The Greek Perfect through Gothic Eyes: Evidence for the Existence of a Unitary Semantic for the Greek Perfect in New Testament Greek." Journal of Greek Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2014): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01401002.
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The semantics of the later Koine Greek perfect have been the subject of considerable debate in recent years. For the immediately post-Classical language Haug (2004) has suggested that the perfect combines resultant state and XN semantics, unifiable under the framework of event realisation (Bohnemeyer & Swift 2004). The present article presents a modified unitary semantic in terms of participant property (Smith 1997), and assesses its validity with reference to the translation of the perfect indicative active into Gothic. It is found that, while non-state verbs are translated only with past-tense forms in Gothic, contrary to traditional and even many modern views of the Greek perfect, the perfect of both pure state and change-of-state verbs are compatible with both past and non-past tense readings. The fact that this is the case regardless of the diachronic pedigree of the perfect forms concerned is taken as evidence consistent with the existence of the proposed unitary semantic for the Greek perfect in the New Testament in the eyes of the Gothic translator.
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Chen, Meng-Lin, and Dahui Dong. "The Choice of Tense in Translation into the Second Language." Studies in English Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n2p187.
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<p><em>English tense is widely believed as one of the most problematic areas in the “interlanguage”, which includes non-native English speakers’ English writing and translations into the translator’s second language. This study aims to investigate the relationships between the tense choice in translation, the tense in the Chinese source text, and the translation competence of translators. A small Chinese-English parallel corpus has been built with 127 translations of Chinese press editorials by experienced native English speaking translators, experienced native Chinese speaking translators, and novice native Chinese speaking translators. Cross-tabulate analyses of this study have shown that the three groups of translators differ from one another significantly in their handling of marked Chinese past tense verbs, while they do not when translating Chinese sentences with contextually marked tense. This study suggests that in order to improve their translation </em><em>quality</em><em>, (1) experienced native Chinese speaking translators need to increase the</em><em> percentages</em><em> of Present Simple, Present Progress, Present Perfect, and Past Simple, and reduce the</em><em> percentag</em><em>e</em><em>s</em><em> of Past Perfect</em><em> in their translation</em><em>; (2) novice native Chinese speaking translators need to increase the</em><em> percentages</em><em> of Present Simple, and Present Progress, and reduce the </em><em>percentages</em><em> of Past Perfect, Past Simple, and Present Perfect</em><em> in their translation.</em><em> </em></p>
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Schaden, Gerhard. "Modelling the “Aoristic Drift of the Present Perfect” as Inflation An Essay in Historical Pragmatics." International Review of Pragmatics 4, no. 2 (2012): 261–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00040207.
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In this article, the diachronic tendency of present perfect forms to become more and more past tense-like is analysed in terms of an inflationary process within an Iterated Learning Model. The paper proposes to improve on current accounts of the diachrony of present perfects (mostly set in the framework of grammaticalisation theory) by making explicit a selfreinforcing causal mechanism that drives the process, namely that speakers overestimate the current relevance contribution of their utterances. The main theoretical issue is to develop an explicit account of language change where modifications in a linguistic system are long-term effects of the use of language, or, put differently, of speaker-hearer interaction and the biases that act upon them.
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Yao, Xinyue. "Developments in the Use of the English Present Perfect." Journal of English Linguistics 42, no. 4 (September 9, 2014): 307–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424214549560.
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This article examines developments in the use of the present perfect (PP) with the auxiliary have in standard British and American English from 1750 to the present day, drawing data from the drama section of A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers (ARCHER). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine changes in the type of linguistic contexts that favor the choice of the construction over its main competitor, the simple past tense. A number of significant changes were identified, including a stronger tendency for the have-PP to occur in temporally specified and negative contexts, and to become less favored by transitive verbs and events with direct results (e.g., break, kill, lose, arrive). The findings are interpreted as an indication of a slow functional reconfiguration that contours the construction’s continued grammaticalization. It is suggested that there has been, since the Late Modern English period, a gradual shift in the nature of the construction’s “current relevance,” from the persistence of the present result of a past event to the situational constitution of the “extended-now” interval.
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Iftikhar Hussain, Arshad Khan, and Amina Khalid. "Description and Categorization of Balti Tense Markers." sjesr 3, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(387-394).
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The current study aims at describing and categorizing the possible tense markers of Balti language, spoken in the Baltistan region of Gilgit-Baltistan. As for linguistics exposure is concerned, Balti is one of the less explored languages. Balti has a handful amount of traditional pieces of literature in the form of books (Traditional Grammars, stories, and history) and even the available Balti literature have not been documented within the proper paradigm of linguistics. To conduct this particular study, 200 Balti root words (verbs) have been collected from the corpus data using both the naturalistic and documented sources. The selected 200 Balti root words (verbs) were critically described, analyzed, and categorized within the paradigm of inflectional morphemes of tense markers using the qualitative research design. The result shows that there are 11 tense markers, i.e., “-ed", "-en", "-set", "-s", "-uk", "-nuk", "-tuk", "-ik", "-in", "-se" and "-e" in Balti language. These tense markers are added to the respective root verbs to mark present indefinite, present participle, past participle, future indefinite, and future perfect tenses. This study will hopefully encourage future researchers to conduct research works on the various aspects of Balti language.
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Marusch, Tina, Titus von der Malsburg, Roelien Bastiaanse, and Frank Burchert. "Tense morphology in German agrammatism." Mental Lexicon 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2012): 351–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.7.3.05mar.
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This study investigates tense morphology in agrammatic aphasia and the predictions of two accounts on processing of regular and irregular verbs: the Dual Mechanism model, that is, for aphasic data, the Declarative/Procedural model, and the Single Mechanism approach. The production of regular, irregular and mixed verbs in the present, simple past and past participle (present perfect) was tested in German by means of a sentence completion task with a group of seven speakers with agrammatic aphasia. The results show a difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs. Mixed verbs were equally difficult as irregular verbs. A frequency effect was found for irregular verbs but not for regular and mixed verbs. A significant difference among the correctness scores for present tense and simple past forms was found. Simple past and past participle were significantly more difficult than present tense. Error types were characterized by pure infinitive responses and time reference errors. Neither of the above accounts is sufficient to explain these results. Correctness scores and error patterns for mixed verbs suggest that such minor lexical patterns can be useful in finding new evidence in the debate on morphological processing. The findings also highlight time reference as well as language specific characteristics need to be taken into consideration.
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Frazier, Stefan, and Hahn Koo. "Discourse-pragmatic functions of the present perfect in American English TV and radio interviews." Text & Talk 39, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-2019.
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Abstract The English present perfect has received a great deal of sentence-based analytical attention in the empirical linguistic literature as well as some corpus-based coverage at the discourse level, in which analysis depends on close scrutiny of the context of a structure’s placement, i.e. several utterances, turns at talk, or sentences before and after. Due to the painstaking nature of such analysis, however, corpora used to date have been relatively small. This study, via a corpus of over 12 million words from television and radio interviews in the United States, categorizes the use of discourse-pragmatic functions of 268 present perfect tokens. From this analysis, one use stood out overwhelmingly: the present perfect in the employment of position-taking or support. Also, only very rarely was the present perfect used to initiate narratives, which is a finding that does not conform to previous understandings. The study contributes to the overall knowledge of present perfect use and has implications for how the tense can be taught to English language learners.
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Yoo, Isaiah WonHo. "The interaction of various temporal devices in the use of past followed by temporal nouns." Corpora 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2020.0199.
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Followed by a temporal noun, past can be synonymous with last, but not with non-deictically anchored previous (e.g., ‘I've not been feeling very well for the past/last/*previous few days’). Most dictionaries provide examples in which past occurs with the present perfect, giving the impression that past is incompatible with other tenses. A close examination of the token past retrieved from the Brown Corpus, the Frown Corpus, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (coca), however, has revealed that it is not uncommon for past to occur with the simple past or even with the past perfect (e.g., ‘His wife had left him the past year for a wealthy Wall Street broker’) and that past occurring with the past perfect can be explained as instances of free indirect style, discourse freezing or difference in reality (i.e., the three discourse principles allowing a shift in viewpoint with last). Research on temporal reference has thus far been ‘strongly biased towards certain devices’ such as tense, Aktionsart, and aspect ( Klein, 2009 : 41). This study shows that our understanding of how time is encoded in language can benefit from research studies dealing with the relationship between tense-aspect, temporal adverbials and discourse principles.
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Adéwálé Adéoyè, Jèlílì. "Tense, Aspect and Negation (TAN) in Ìgáṣí." Linguistik Online 100, no. 7 (December 18, 2019): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.100.6011.
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Studies that are available on Ìgás̩í have only classified the speech form as one of the speech forms under the Ako̩ko̩id language cluster but none has examined tense, aspect and negation in the speech form. The present study provides a descriptive account of tense, aspect and negation in the speech form. It maintains that tense in Ìgáṣí polarises future and non-future. It establishes, among other things, that the speech form uses the pre-verbal particle á to mark its future tense and demonstrates that aspects in the speech form are divided into perfect and imperfect. The study also claims that Ìgáṣí has three basic negative morphemes which are kpa, sẹ and àgẹ̀ and shows that the future tense, perfect and habitual aspects have overt morphemes that reflect their presence in negative sentences. It is further claimed that àgẹ̀ which is divisible into nominal prefix (à) and negator (gè̩) functions as the lexical negator in the speech form. Data in this study were obtained from native speakers of Ìgás̩í through oral interviews and their responses were recorded. It is hoped that this study, throws more light on the relationship among the functional categories (tense, aspect and negation) in Ìgás̩í speech form and document its syntax for posterity as nothing has been in that category.