To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Present price.
Journal articles on the topic 'Present price'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Present price.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Langford, Craig. "Gas price reviews in long-term contracts—past, present, and future." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13066.
Full textAbstract:
Price reviews in long-term gas contracts have been part of the commercial landscape in the Australian gas market. Any industry senior executive who has been heavily involved in a gas price review, in particular a review involving a gas arbitration, usually asks themselves at the end of the process if a better way exists. How can gas price reviews be improved is the basis of this extended abstract. Analysis of the past, present and future gas price reviews assists this objective. The past considers the historical nature and the commercial philosophy of price reviews addresses questions such as: Why do we need them? What price is a price review trying to establish? What is a market price in the Australian gas market context? Do price reviews determine present or future prices ? The present considers current price reviews, covering topics such as what’s good and bad practice in today’s price reviews, including the arbitration process. The future looks issues such as the role and importance of price reviews in the next 10 years, what’s needed to make gas price reviews obsolete, how do price reviews work in a transitional market with both Australian and US oil-linked-contract prices under review and better commercial and legal concepts for future price reviews.
2
Chang, Ming-Hsu, and Wen-Bin Chiou. "Psychophysical Methods in Study of Consumers' Perceived Price Change for Food Products." Psychological Reports 100, no. 2 (April 2007): 643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.2.643-652.
Full textAbstract:
When adjusting product prices, marketers wish information concerning consumers' price perceptions. The present study aimed to develop an optimal pricing framework for food products by applying Weber's Law and Stevens' Power Law in psychophysics. The first phase attempted to measure the differential thresholds when magnitudes of prices were raised and lowered. The second phase was conducted to establish the psychophysical function representing perceived changes. Analysis showed consumers' differential thresholds were positively correlated with the initial price, consistent with Weber's Law. Further, participants' perceived change differed for increased and decreased prices. Products were perceived as cheaper only when medium-and low-priced products dropped dramatically in price. However, small reductions for the high-priced products were perceived as cheaper. Regardless of price changes, participants perceived products were more expensive when prices dropped by a small amount.
3
Ang, James S., Gwoduan David Jou, and Tsong-Yue Lai. "Alternative Formulas to Compute Implied Standard Deviation." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 12, no. 02 (June 2009): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091509001599.
Full textAbstract:
We assume that the call option's value is correctly priced by Black and Scholes' option pricing model in this paper. This paper derives an exact closed-form solution for implied standard deviation under the condition that the underlying asset price equals the present value of the exercise price. The exact closed-form solution provides the true implied standard deviation and has no estimate error. This paper also develops three alternative formulas to estimate the implied standard deviation if this condition is violated. Application of the Taylor expansion on a single call option value derives the first formula. The accuracy of this formula depends on the deviation between the underlying asset price and the present value of the exercise price. Use of the Taylor formula on two call option prices with different exercise prices is used to develop the second formula, which can be used even though the underlying asset price deviates significantly from the present value of the exercise price. Extension of the second formula's approach to third options value derives the third formula. A merit of the third formula is to circumvent a required parameter used in the second formula. Simulations demonstrate that the implied standard deviations calculated by the second and third formulas provide accurate estimates of the true implied standard deviations.
4
Capshew, James H., and Karen A. Rader. "Big Science: Price to the Present." Osiris 7 (January 1992): 2–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/368703.
Full text
5
Tripathi, Avinash, and Neeraj Pandey. "Price framing literature: Past, present, and future." Marketing Review 17, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 307–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/146934717x14909733966245.
Full text
6
Riley, John M. "Extension's Role in Commodity Marketing Education: Past, Present, and Future." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 45, no. 3 (August 2013): 537–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800005058.
Full textAbstract:
Historically, market situation and outlook has often included some form of price forecast. Recent volatility in agricultural commodity markets is making price forecasts challenging and at times less reliable. In addressing this price volatility, changes in agricultural markets are highlighted along with price forecasts: pre- and postincreased market volatility. Given these recent challenges, the future of Extension agricultural commodity marketing is discussed.
7
Gui, Shu Sen, Hai Lin Mu, and Nan Li. "Study on Effect of Oil Price Rising on China’s General Price Level." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3836–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3836.
Full textAbstract:
This paper analyzes and evaluates the oil price change on effects of China’s general price level and economic sectors’ price level by adopting the input-output price model and input-output of China in 2007. In the case of oil price rise 100%: Compare with the results over the years show that oil price impact on the whole society increased year by year, and the rate of increase present accelerated tendency; Compare with the other energy sector, the impact of oil prices level is generally lower than the price of electricity and heat levels.
8
Liang, Wai Ki, and David Corkindale. "How eWord of Mouth valences affect price perceptions." International Journal of Market Research 61, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470785318788469.
Full textAbstract:
The influence of electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) on consumers’ perceptions of price, allowing for consumers having different price acceptability levels, was examined through nine online experiments. Three valences of eWOM were systematically examined: positive, negative, and inconsistent, that is, both positive and negative present in the word-of-mouth communication. When contemplating making a purchase of an item, consumers have ranges of prices that would be acceptable. It was found that eWOM was more influential on consumers’ price perceptions than the advertised price for all price acceptability levels. However, the price perception of an item was found to be less acceptable when eWOM was inconsistent compared to when eWOM was absent or was positive. Inconsistent eWOM had a negative effect on price perceptions but not as great as that when negative eWOM was present and this was consistently found to apply for all price acceptability levels. The market context for the experiments was that of a tourism service, a Group Package Tour in Japan. We present the study’s implications for practitioners in this type of market, as well as the contribution to the research literature on word-of-mouth influence on consumer response to prices.
9
Zirgulis, Aras, Liutauras Petručionis, and Maik Huettinger. "THE IMPACT OF OIL REFINERY MARKET POWER ON RETAIL FUEL PRICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Ekonomika 95, no. 3 (January 11, 2017): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2016.3.10327.
Full textAbstract:
The present study investigates the degree to which imperfect competition in the oil sector affects end retail prices. Specifically, we test how positive and negative price shocks in the oil market translate to final retail prices for petrol, diesel, and heating oil prices, focusing on the asymmetry of the price changes. We assume that the higher the level of imperfect competition, the more asymmetric the price change between the initial oil and final retail products will be. In addition, we also test the degree to which uncertainty, or oil price volatility, affects the final prices for these same products. We find that our proxy for market power does affect retail price asymmetries and that increasing volatility lowers retail price asymmetries.
10
Pursky, Oleg, Tatiana Dubovyk, Iryna Moroz, Iryna Buchatska, and Anastasiia Savchuk. "The price competition simulation at the trading market in the presence of electronic and traditional trade." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504001.
Full textAbstract:
In the present work, an attempt has been made to apply economic and mathematical methods for the simulation of electronic trading market operation based on price competition between e-trade companies and traditional trade enterprises. The developed price competition model based on the concept of symmetric product differentiation. The results obtained in the present investigation demonstrate that in a mixed strategy, firms sell products at different prices, depending on the price strategy or the volume release strategy. The company that sets the volume, sells more, but at a lower price than its competitor which sets prices. The influence of strategic output exceeds price influence. Thus, the company that sets prices, falls into an unfavorable situation and receives lower profits compared with its competitor with the strategy for the volume of production. The company that has decided to introduce electronic trading technology initially will bear losses.
11
Trifunovic, Dejan. "Sequential auctions and price anomalies." Ekonomski anali 59, no. 200 (2014): 7–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1400007t.
Full textAbstract:
In sequential auctions objects are sold one by one in separate auctions. These sequential auctions might be organized as sequential first-price, second-price, or English auctions. We will derive equilibrium bidding strategies for these auctions. Theoretical models suggest that prices in sequential auctions with private values or with randomly assigned heterogeneous objects should have no trend. However, empirical research contradicts this result and prices exhibit a declining or increasing trend, which is called declining and increasing price anomaly. We will present a review of these empirical results, as well as different theoretical explanations for these anomalies.
12
BAMBRICK, SUSAN. "Australian Price Indexes from Federation to the Present." Australian Journal of Politics & History 14, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1968.tb00706.x.
Full text
13
Holland, Ben, and Phillip Spencer Ashley. "Natural Gas Price Reviews: Past, Present and Future." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 30, no. 1 (March 2012): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2012.11435282.
Full text
14
HARVEY, DAVID. "Alternatives to present price policies for the CAP." European Review of Agricultural Economics 16, no. 1 (1989): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/erae/16.1.83.
Full text
15
Alvarez, Fernando, and Francesco Lippi. "Temporary Price Changes, Inflation Regimes, and the Propagation of Monetary Shocks." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 104–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180383.
Full textAbstract:
We present a sticky price model that features the coexistence of many price changes, most of which are temporary, with a modest flexibility of the aggregate price level. Stickiness is introduced in the form of a price plan, namely a set of two prices: either price can be charged at any moment but changing the plan entails a menu cost. We analytically solve for the optimal plan and for the aggregate output response to a monetary shock. We present evidence consistent with the model implications using scanner data, as well as Consumer Price Index data across a wide range of inflation rates. (JEL D22, E31, E52, L11, O11, O23)
16
Kleber, Janet, Arnd Florack, and Anja Chladek. "How to present donations: the moderating role of numeracy in cause-related marketing." Journal of Consumer Marketing 33, no. 3 (May 9, 2016): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-12-2014-1240.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Cause-related marketing (CRM) is a sales strategy that is used to improve the success of a product by including a donation to a charitable cause in its price. While marketers can present CRM donations to consumers as either absolute amounts or percentages, the predominant practice in marketing is to use the latter. As the influence of such presentation formats is not well understood, the purpose of this paper is to systematically examine their effects while taking into account the numerical ability (numeracy) of the consumers. Design/methodology/approach In two experiments, the presentation format of the donation amounts (absolute vs percentage) were manipulated and individual differences in numeracy were measured. The product type (hedonic vs utilitarian) and sales price were varied. We found this effect for high and low price levels and for hedonic and utilitarian products. Findings The results of both experiments consistently supported the hypothesis presented in this paper that for people with lower numeracy, their purchase intentions were higher when absolute donation amounts were presented. We found this effect for high and low price levels and for hedonic and utilitarian products. Originality/value The present paper shows that the current practice of presenting donations in percentages is inferior to presenting donations in absolute amounts because a large number of consumers have trouble interpreting percentages appropriately. Therefore, it indicates that the default option for marketing managers should be to present donations in absolute amounts for hedonic and utilitarian products with low and high prices.
17
Roth, Stefan, Lena Himbert, and Stephan Zielke. "Does unit pricing influence store price image dimensions and shopping intentions for retail stores?" European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 1396–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2015-0834.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose While previous literature focusses on the impact of unit pricing on the customer level by analysing customer awareness and product choice, the present research aims to highlight the impact unit pricing has at the store level. Design/methodology/approach The impact of unit pricing on the store price image is investigated in two experiments. While the first experiment assesses the general influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on store price image, the second experiment provides further insights into the influence of unit price prominence on store price image and shopping intentions under consideration of moderating variables. Findings This research demonstrates that the availability of unit prices influences several store price image dimensions positively, namely, price processibility, price perceptibility and evaluation certainty. There is also an indirect positive effect on value-for-money perception. Furthermore, unit price prominence has a positive effect on the dimension price processibility. There is a positive influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on the consumers’ intention to shop at a given store through the store price image. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing unit price and store price image literature and derives implications for retailers as well as for policymakers regarding the presentation of unit prices on price labels. Policymakers can use the results for motivating retailers to use unit price information more actively and present it more prominently beyond the minimum regulatory standards.
18
Gopinath, Gita, Oleg Itskhoki, and Roberto Rigobon. "Currency Choice and Exchange Rate Pass-Through." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 304–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.304.
Full textAbstract:
We show, using novel data on currency and prices for US imports, that even conditional on a price change, there is a large difference in the exchange rate pass-through of the average good priced in dollars (25 percent) versus nondollars (95 percent). We document this to be the case across countries and within disaggregated sectors. This finding contradicts the assumption in an important class of models that the currency of pricing is exogenous. We present a model of endogenous currency choice in a dynamic price setting environment and show that the predictions of the model are strongly supported by the data. (JEL E31, F14, F31)
19
Krawczak, Marcin. "PRICE TRANSMISSION IN SELECTED AGRI-FOOD CHAINS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3239.
Full textAbstract:
The method used to test the price transmission is the ARDL models for four pork products (pork chops, bacon, ham, and ham) at various stages of the marketing chain. The asymmetry in price transmission was also investigated using the Balke et al. Model. The strongest transmission occurred between the price of the processor and the price of the raw material. The most important thing in the evolution of product prices at any stage has been delayed by one month’s reaction to changes in prices. Asymmetry was present only for variable parts and their delays, generally positive.
20
Ben Abdallah, Marwa, Maria Fekete Farkas, and Zoltan Lakner. "Analysis of meat price volatility and volatility spillovers in Finland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 2 (February 24, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/158/2019-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
Unforeseen important changes in price can present a significant risk in the market. The price fluctuation of agricultural commodities has raised concern for studying the volatility of different agricultural products. A persistent volatility in prices causes continued uncertainty in the market. Higher price volatility is to be mitigated by higher management costs and the higher cost of risk mitigation is often converted into higher producer prices. The aim of this paper is to investigate the price volatility of producer and consumer meat prices and to capture the volatility spillover along the Finnish meat supply chain. The Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity – Baba, Engle, Kraft and Kroner (GARCH-BEKK) model is applied to analyse shocks and volatilities of the prices and to estimate whether the price volatility is flowing from the first price level (producer) to the second price level (consumer), using monthly price indices. An asymmetric volatility spillover effect was detected in the poultry meat and a unidirectional, volatility spillover effect, from consumer to producer, is observed for pork prices. The findings of this study could serve as a tool for forecasting meat producer and consumer prices, which could assist the Finnish government with endorsing policy options to alleviate the price volatility impact, to protect both consumers and producers from its negative effects.
21
Fang, Xian Wen, Yan Ni Zou, and Qian Jin Zhao. "An Efficient Web Service Composition Method Based on the Price-Time Petri Net." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1421.
Full textAbstract:
At present, developers can rapidly generate applications through Web service composition, the quality of service (QoS) of web service composition is important, but most of the existing composition methods are difficult to balance the QoS indexes (Such as time and price). In this paper, a web service composition method based on the price-time Petri net is proposed, the minimum cost can be obtained by modeling based on price time Petri net, and presents a method of priced state class to analyze the cost of web service composition model. Theoretical analysis and case analysis show that the price-time Petri net method is feasible to study Web service composition with the minimum cost.
22
Shah, Suchi M., Anil P. Singh, and Parth K. Vachhani. "Drug price control order: the impact on pharmacoeconomics." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 2220. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194259.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The objective of the present study was to analyze the prices of metformin, losartan, atorvastatin, paracetamol and aspirin for the doses which are included in the list of Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) 2013.Methods: Current index medical specialties India, 37th year, April-July 2015 issue was used for analysis. The retail prices of the drugs in INR were tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel 2013. The prices of the above listed drugs were compared with prices of DPCO 2013 for the same doses of drugs. The analysis of drugs costing more than the prices listed in the DPCO with the margin of the difference in percentage was carried out.Results: Out of 25 brands of metformin 500 mg tablet, 11 (44%) brands had price higher than listed in DPCO 2013. Similarly, prices for losartan 25 mg and 50 mg tablets, 8 (25%) out of 32 and 11 (31.42%) out of 35 were higher respectively. For atorvastatin 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, 2 (9.52%) out of 21 and 8 (13.55%) out of 59 brands had higher prices. For paracetamol 500 mg tablet, 12 (63.15%) out of 19 brands were priced higher than DPCO list. For aspirin 100 mg tablet and 325 mg tablet, 3 (100%) out of 3 brands and 1 (100%) out of 1 brand had higher prices.Conclusions: Many of the brand formulations have higher prices than the DPCO 2013 issued by government of India. The clinicians prescribing these drugs should be aware of these brand formulations to reduce the cost of the drug therapy.
23
EKSTRÖM, ERIK, and JOHAN TYSK. "OPTIONS WRITTEN ON STOCKS WITH KNOWN DIVIDENDS." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 07, no. 07 (November 2004): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024904002694.
Full textAbstract:
There are two common methods for pricing European call options on a stock with known dividends. The market practice is to use the Black–Scholes formula with the stock price reduced by the present value of the dividends. An alternative approach is to increase the strike price with the dividends compounded to expiry at the risk-free rate. These methods correspond to different stock price models and thus in general give different option prices. In the present paper we generalize these methods to time- and level-dependent volatilities and to arbitrary contract functions. We show, for convex contract functions and under very general conditions on the volatility, that the method which is market practice gives the lower option price. For call options and some other common contracts we find bounds for the difference between the two prices in the case of constant volatility.
24
Soebbing, Brian P., and Nicholas M. Watanabe. "The Effect of Price Dispersion on Major League Baseball Team Attendance." Journal of Sport Management 28, no. 4 (July 2014): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Price dispersion reflects ignorance in the marketplace in which different prices exist from the same or different sellers for a similar good. One of the sources of price dispersion is uncertain demand for a business’s good or service. Ticket markets are good opportunities to examine a firm’s pricing strategy under demand uncertainty, because professional sports teams have to price their tickets well in advance of the actual event and before actual demand is known. The purpose of the present research is to examine the relationship between price dispersion and regular season average attendance in Major League Baseball. Using a two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) model, the present research finds that an increase in price dispersion leads to a decrease in average attendance.
25
Rezitis, Anthony N., and Maria Sassi. "Commodity Food Prices: Review and Empirics." Economics Research International 2013 (March 17, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/694507.
Full textAbstract:
The present paper provides a literature review of studies examining the potential causes and consequences of recent surges in food and agricultural commodity prices. Furthermore, this paper uses the structural trend methodology proposed by Koopman et al. (2009) to analyze movements in the IMF monthly commodity food price index for the period 1992(11)–2012(10) and to provide forecasts for the period 2012(11)–2014(12). The empirical results indicate that commodity food prices present seasonality and cyclicality with the longest periodicity of two years. The empirical findings identify certain structural breaks in commodity food price series as well as outliers. These structural breaks seem to capture the trend component of the price series well, while the outliers take account of temporal effects, that is, short-lived spikes. Finally, the presented forecasts show high and volatile commodity food prices.
26
Llanos-Perez, Emanuel J., and Laura M. Hinestroza-Olascuaga. "Redefinition of the Scarcity Price: lessons and recommendations from the Colombian electricity market." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 19, 2016): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v2i1.77.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian government introduced a capacity market in order to promote the diversification in the energy matrix and protect users from high prices derived from dry seasonal events. Unfortunately, the flaws in the scarcity price definition- a mechanism that activates the capacity market obligation and sets a cap price for the spot market- have led into a market failure. Specifically, some generation plants have been forced to be unavailable because their variable costs are significantly higher than the scarcity price. This paper presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Colombian Electricity system, with a particular emphasis on the definition of the scarcity price. Results present lessons and recommendations for policy makers based on the experience of the Colombian Electricity Market, highlighting the need of a new definition of the scarcity price and a different focus on the energy planning scheme.
27
Larionova, E. I., T. I. Chinaeva, and E. P. Shpakovskaya. "Analysis of the development of Oil and Gas Industry in present conditions." Statistics and Economics 16, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-6-29-36.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose of the study. This study examines the state of companies of oil sector based on the analysis of dynamics and relationship between basic financial indicators, characterizing the activities of oil companies; it identifies factors affecting the companies’ efficiency, such as return on sales (ROS) and productivity. The work is based on dynamic, structural, correlation analysis of analytical and statistical information on processes occurring in this area of economic activity.Materials and methods. Statistical data and analytical information on oil sector companies serve as the information base of this study. Statistical methods of information analysis (comparative analysis, analysis of time series, correlation, and regression analysis) represent the methodological base of research.Results. The authors analyzed the development trends of the global and Russian oil and gas sectors. The last two decades have been marked by changes in the global oil market that were caused by fluctuations in the price of oil and oil products and with the rise and fall in the price of Brent crude oil per barrel.The paper considers dynamics of financial indicators of Russian oil companies. An analysis of the data on the revenue of the largest Russian companies in ruble and dollar terms over the last 10 years has revealed a significant difference in the dynamics of these indicators. The authors performed ROS and oil price profitability correlation as well as correlation between the price of oil, the exchange rate and the profitability of oil companies.Conclusion. The oil and gas industry is an essential sector of the economy that heavily promotes to the socio-economic development of our country. Revenues of the oil and gas sector contribute to the Russian GDP and are a major component of the budget. There are two ways to calculate revenue of oil companies – in ruble (dollar terms) and impact of RUB/USD exchange rate. The sharp changes in the exchange rate of the last decade have advanced significant changes in the revenue of Russian oil companies.In this study, the total revenue (in dollar terms) was calculated as the ratio of revenue in rubles to the average annual exchange rate of the corresponding period. In general, the disastrous results of 2015 and 2016 led to a decrease in the average growth rates of dollar and ruble revenue, as well as profit and profitability.The authors performed a correlation analysis of return on sales and oil prices, which revealed an almost total absence of correlation between these indicators. Oil prices and exchange rates have a negligible effect on the profitability of oil companies. An inverse correlation is observed between the RUB/USD pair and the oil price per barrel. It is concluded that the cost of oil and the exchange rate have little effect on the profitability of oil companies.Since the oil and gas complex makes a very significant contribution to the development of the country’s economy, it is advisable to analyze its development trends on a regular basis. Based on the results of the economic and statistical analysis of financial indicators, it is possible to identify the main development directions of the oil and gas industry, evaluate positive and negative processes, and determine further prospects.
28
Thompson Chaudhry, Theresa, and Azam Amjad Chaudhry. "The Effects of Rising Food and Fuel Costs on Poverty in Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a8.
Full textAbstract:
The dramatic increase in international food and fuel prices in recent times is a crucial issue for developing countries and the most vulnerable to these price shocks are the poorest segments of society. In countries like Pakistan, the discussion has focused on the impact of substantially higher food and fuel prices on poverty. This paper used PSLM and MICS household level data to analyze the impact of higher food and energy prices on the poverty head count and the poverty gap ratio in Pakistan. Simulated food and energy price shocks present some important results: First, the impact of food price increases on Pakistani poverty levels is substantially greater than the impact of energy price increases. Second, the impact of food price inflation on Pakistani poverty levels is significantly higher for rural populations as compared to urban populations. Finally, food price inflation can lead to significant increases in Pakistani poverty levels: For Pakistan as a whole, a 20% increase in food prices would lead to an 8% increase in the poverty head count.
29
Gollust, Sarah E., Xuyang Tang, Carlisle Ford Runge, Simone A. French, and Alexander J. Rothman. "The effect of proportional v. value pricing on fountain drink purchases: results from a field experiment." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 13 (May 15, 2018): 2518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018001143.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectiveReducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a public health priority, yet finding an effective and acceptable policy intervention is challenging. One strategy is to use proportional pricing (a consistent price per fluid ounce) instead of the typical value-priced approach where large beverages offer better value. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether proportional pricing affects the purchasing of fountain beverages at a university cinema concession stand.DesignFour price strategies for beverages were evaluated over ten weekends of film screenings. We manipulated two factors: the price structure (value pricing v. proportional pricing) and the provision of information about the price per fluid ounce (labels v. no labels). The key outcomes were the number and size of beverages purchased. We analysed data using regression analyses, with standard errors clustered by film and controlling for the day and time of purchase.SettingA university cinema concession stand in Minnesota, USA, in spring 2015.SubjectsUniversity students.ResultsOver the study period (360 beverages purchased) there were no significant effects of the proportional pricing treatment. Pairing a label with the standard value pricing increased the likelihood of purchasing large drinks but the label did not affect purchasing when paired with proportional pricing.ConclusionsProportional prices did not significantly affect the size of beverages purchased by students at a university cinema, but adding a price-per-ounce label increased large drink purchases when drinks were value-priced. More work is needed to address whether pricing and labelling strategies might promote healthier beverage purchases.
30
Webster, Michael, and Rory C. Tarnow-Mordi. "Decomposing Multilateral Price Indexes into the Contributions of Individual Commodities." Journal of Official Statistics 35, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 461–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2019-0020.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article describes methods for decomposing price indexes into contributions from individual commodities, to help understand the influence of each commodity on aggregate price index movements. Previous authors have addressed the decomposition of bilateral price indexes, which aggregate changes in commodity prices from one time period to another. Our focus is the decomposition of multilateral price indexes, which aggregate commodity prices across more than two time periods or countries at once. Multilateral indexes have historically been used for spatial comparisons, and have recently received attention from statistical agencies looking to produce temporal price indexes from large and high frequency price data sets, such as scanner data. Methods for decomposing these indexes are of practical relevance. We present decompositions of three multilateral price indexes. We also review methods proposed by other researchers for extending multilateral indexes without revising previously published index levels, and show how to decompose the extended indexes they produce. Finally, we use a data set of seasonal prices and quantities to illustrate how these decomposition methods can be used to understand the influence of individual commodities on multilateral price index movements, and to shed light on the relationships between various multilateral and extension methods.
31
Salvo, Francesca, Marina Ciuna, and Manuela De Ruggiero. "Property prices index numbers and derived indices." Property Management 32, no. 2 (April 14, 2014): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-03-2013-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – A useful instrument to understand and examine the inner workings of the property trade is devising index numbers of property prices based on historical sequences of market prices. The present work aims at the definition of index numbers of property prices, proposing an innovative methodology compared with what usually recurs in literature. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis proposed, based on the mechanisms of formation of stock indices, investigates the analogies between stock and property information, according to the peculiarities of the property trade, leading to a methodology approach, derived from Simple Price Index Method, able to consider possible anomalies in the collected sample of purchase prices, using weighting coefficients based on reliability coefficients of sale prices of properties. Findings – The novel approach proposed has led to the definition of a original methodology useful to appraise property price index numbers and other derived indicators, effective for interpreting and identifying real estate market dynamics in a given area of study, regarded as a standard estimating methodology applicable to any geographical context and kind of property. Practical implications – Methodology proposed in this work is useful to revalue real estate sales price and to consider presence of anomalous sales price in property samples. Originality/value – The calculation of index numbers of prices is usually based on Simple Price Index Methods. Literature shows large use of different methods, such as Repeat Sales Method, Hedonic Price Method, Repeat Value Model. The present work propose an innovative methodology able to detect the presence of possible anomalous market prices in the representative sample, using an appropriate vector of weights in order to take into account the level of reliability of market data.
32
Zmami, Mourad, and Ousama Ben-Salha. "Does Oil Price Drive World Food Prices? Evidence from Linear and Nonlinear ARDL Modeling." Economies 7, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7010012.
Full textAbstract:
The macroeconomic outcomes of oil price fluctuations have been at the forefront of the debate among economists, financial analysts and policymakers over the last decades. Among others, the oil price–food price nexus has particularly received a great deal of attention. While an abundant body of literature has focused on the linear relationship between oil price and food price, little is known regarding the nonlinear interactions between them. The aim of this paper is to conduct aggregated and disaggregated analyses of the impact of the Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil prices on international food prices between January 1990 and October 2017. The empirical investigation is based on the estimation of linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models. The findings confirm the presence of asymmetries since the overall food price is only affected by positive shocks on oil price in the long-run. While the dairy price index reacts to both positive and negative changes of oil price, the impact of oil price increases is found to be greater. Finally, the asymmetry is present for some other agricultural commodity prices in the short-run, since they respond only to oil price decreases. All in all, the study concludes that studies assuming the presence of a symmetric impact of oil price on food price might be flawed. The findings are important for the undertaking of future studies and the design of international and national policies in the fight against food insecurity.
33
Yen, Gili, and Eva C. Yen. "Price Limits, Price Expectations, and Price Movements: Empirical Findings from Spectrum Analysis." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 04, no. 01 (March 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091501000334.
Full textAbstract:
The present study applies spectrum analysis to examine the impact of price limits on stock price movements. Based on spectrum analysis, the authors find that the imposition of price limits does alter the pattern of stock price movements in Taiwan. Yet, its efficacy erodes over time.
34
Orzen, Henrik, and Martin Sefton. "Buyer Subsidies in an Equilibrium Model of Price Dispersion." German Economic Review 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-6485.2003.00091.x.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We present a model of equilibrium price dispersion in which a per-unit subsidy to buyers can reduce average prices. The reason is that subsidies have two effects on average prices that work in opposite directions. First, subsidies raise buyers’ willingness-to-pay, and by itself this causes firms to charge higher prices. However, since a higher willingness-to-pay lowers the relative cost of search, subsidies also induce more search. This creates a second effect that puts pressure on firms to reduce prices.We show that the second effect can dominate, thus causing an overall reduction in average price.
35
Shaik, Reena, and Pradeep M Muragundi. "EVALUATION OF PRICE DISPARITY AMONG GENERIC MEDICINES IN INDIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.28461.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: Even though the generic medicines are considered to be a cheaper option compared to the branded medicines in India, there is a need to study the price disparity among the generic medicines. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the price disparity in generic medicines under Government Scheme in India.Methods: It was found that there were 101 generic medicines approved at a fixed price for procurement under the Central Government Health Services scheme. The prices of these medicines were searched for their availability as well as for current price in Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (under Jan Aushadhi scheme) website.Results: The major category of the generic medicine were antibiotics (53.45%) followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10.89%) and cardiovascular (6.93%) drugs. It was evident from the result obtained by comparing the prices across categories that there were both positive and negative deviations.Conclusion: It was very much evident from the results of the mean of differences that even though fixed price contracts being in place, there is a price disparity in the generic drug prices seen under Government Scheme.
36
Karadi, Peter, and Adam Reiff. "Menu Costs, Aggregate Fluctuations, and Large Shocks." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 111–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160054.
Full textAbstract:
We document that the aggregate price level responds flexibly and asymmetrically to large positive and negative value-added tax changes. We present a price-setting model with menu costs, trend inflation, and fat-tailed product-level shocks that is consistent with these observations. The model predicts a flexible price-level response to standard monetary policy shocks because it anticipates a large number of firms on the verge of price adjustment and far from their optimal prices when the shock hits. (JEL E31, E32, E52, E62, H25)
37
Blaskó, Beáta. "World importance and present tendencies of dairy sector." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2011): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/3-4/20.
Full textAbstract:
The general objective of this paper is to present the world importance of dairy sector and to illustrate present tendency of milk production, consumption, trade and prices mainly based on FAO data base. World milk production was 711 million tonnes in 2010 and it is expected to increase in the future. The most significant milk producers are the EU(27), the United States and from the Asian countries, India and China. Developed countries give one-third of world milk production, while more than two-third of world dairy herd can be found in developing countries. Milk production growth is a future tendency mainly in China, India, Pakistan, Argentina and Brazil. The average level of consumption of milk and milk products is 103,6 kg/capita/year and it will increase in developing and developed countries as well. The ratio of international trade of milk and milk products to production is 6 percent and itmay expand in the future. New Zealand, the EU(27), theUnited States andAustralia are themajor exporters. There is a strong demand formilk andmilk products among others from the Asian countries, the Russian Federation,Algeria,Mexico, Saudi Arabia and the United States.Analysis of world market price of the most important dairy products it represents a strong recovery from last year, but it still remains 20 percent below its peak value in early 2008. However prices have doubled compared with prices of period of 2002–2004.
38
Lee, Seung Hwan (Shawn). "An Exploration of Initial Purchase Price Dispersion and Service-Subscription Duration." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 28, 2019): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092481.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the readily available consumer price information, price dispersion persists for products and services and has been extensively researched. However, there is scant literature on the influence of price dispersion on consumer behavior. The present study uses actual consumer purchase data of software service subscriptions and applies range–frequency principles to investigate how a customer’s price and relative position along a distribution at initial subscription might impact their subscription lifetimes. The study findings reveal that, in general, consumers paying higher initial prices retain their subscriptions longer, confirming the relationship between a consumer’s service value expectation and search cost. However, the amount of a consumer’s paid prices relative to that of other consumers’ can be helpful in predicting subscription duration. Consumers paying a relatively high price compared with others with similar subscription beginning dates have shorter subscription durations, which raise a concern regarding use of individual customer’s price information. The study suggests that principles of range–frequency theory are useful for comprehensively integrating price dispersion information. One interesting and counterintuitive implication of our analysis is that advantaged-price inequities (where the focal customer’s paid price is lower compared to another customer’s paid price) can also raise concerns about unfairness.
39
Mat, Burak, Mehmet Saltuk Arikan, Mustafa Bahadir Çevrimli, Ahmet Cumhur Akin, and Mustafa Agah Tekindal. "Causality Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Consumer Price of Veal: The Case of Turkey." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (August 3, 2020): 6257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156257.
Full textAbstract:
It is interesting to identify the reasons and the direction of the correlation between the input/output prices and the macro/micro parameters in animal production processes. In the present study, the time series of the monthly data between the years 2014 and 2019 were analyzed to examine the factors that affected the consumer price of carcass meat in Turkey. An attempt was made to identify the relationship between the consumer price of carcass meat and the prices of cattle fattening feed, the exchange rate of the dollar, producer price index (PPI), and the agricultural PPI, which were anticipated to affect the consumer price of carcass meat as determined by the Granger causality analysis. According to econometric analysis results, when there is a change in carcass producer price, cattle fattening feed and PPI in the short term, the consumer price of carcass meat is affected by this. The producer price of carcass and PPI variables are determined to be the cause of each other’s Granger. At the same time, the PPI variable and the consumer price of carcass meat and dollar rate variables were found to be the cause of each other’s Granger. If Turkey is to prevent the excessive fluctuations in the consumer- and producer-prices of carcass meat caused by macro variables, an effective price control mechanism should be put into practice. It seems that this change would be possible only by developing and implementing policies to lower the input prices and production costs.
40
Bello, Zakri. "Stock Price Behavior In An Underdeveloped Capital Market: Nigeria In Contrast To The U.S." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 6, no. 4 (October 21, 2011): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v6i4.6278.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the studies of stock price behavior agree that temporal changes in prices follow the random walk model. With few exceptions these studies were based on American stock price data. The purpose of the present research is to study the behavior of Nigerian stock prices to find out if the observed behavior of American stock prices can be generalized to a small and thinly traded capital market. The findings reveal that Nigerian stock prices do not conform to the random walk model when traditional statistical analysis applied.
41
Maçãs Nunes, P. "Effect of disutility on prices together with income changes in the context of a durable goods monopoly." Acta Oeconomica 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.59.2009.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, we study the effect of disutility of consumers who do not buy certain durable goods at the present time with income variations on the behaviour over time of prices in the context of a Durable Goods Monopoly facing a continuous demand. If consumers do not foresee future changes in their income, price always decreases. However, greater disutility contributes to softening the price fall in the present, never reaching marginal cost at that moment. Consumers’ perspective for future changes to income has two major implications: 1) the durable goods monopoly, depending on disutility, can set a price equal to marginal cost at the present time if the perspective is for income growth in the future, something which never happens if reduced income is foreseen; and 2) it increases the tendency of a rise in price depending on disutility. We conclude that a price rise may be obtained for quite small disutility when the predicted increase in income is moderate and for moderate disutility, when the predicted increase in income is high.
42
Sriram, M., and M. Senthil. "Market Efficiency and Volatility Spill over in Spot & Futures Currency Market." International Journal of Management Excellence 1, no. 3 (August 31, 2013): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/ijme.v1i3.16.
Full textAbstract:
The present study has analysed the long term relationship between spot and future prices of currency (dollar) for the period of study between 01/06/2009 and 10/07/2013. The spot and future prices of the currency is found to have long term relationship which is supported by the existence of an error correction mechanism called arbitrage. The error correction mechanism restores the equilibrium relationship whenever disequilibrium takes place between the two markets. It is the spot price which corrects the disequilibrium in the market. The study also finds the presence of unidirectional causality in the currency market wherein the spot causes the future. Using Impulse response function,it is found that significant and higher response of future price to the spot price shocks of dollar and also Volatility spill over was from the spot price to the future price whereas, there was no evidence of volatility spill over from future to spot price.
43
Abraham, Ajay T., and Rebecca W. Hamilton. "When Does Partitioned Pricing Lead to More Favorable Consumer Preferences?: Meta-Analytic Evidence." Journal of Marketing Research 55, no. 5 (October 2018): 686–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022243718800724.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence of the impact of partitioned pricing is contradictory. Research indicates that partitioning a price into multiple components can result in more favorable preferences, due to a lower recalled price, or less favorable preferences, due to unfavorable surcharge evaluations. To explain these divergent effects, the authors examine the role of price presentation moderators, which reflect how managers convey prices to consumers (e.g., Is the total price present or absent?), magnitude moderators, which reflect the actual prices charged (e.g., What is the surcharge magnitude?), and contextual moderators, which reflect nonprice transaction characteristics (e.g., Is the product category hedonic or utilitarian?). A meta-analysis of 17 years of partitioned pricing research examining 149 observations in 27 papers (N = 12,878) suggests that consumers respond more favorably to partitioned pricing than to all-inclusive pricing when the total price is absent, as the price level increases, when the surcharges are typical for the product category, when the surcharges are perceived as offering high benefit, and when the product category is utilitarian.
44
Guerreiro, Reinaldo, and Juliana Ventura Amaral. "Cost-based price and value-based price: are they conflicting approaches?" Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 3 (April 3, 2018): 390–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-04-2016-0085.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose While the gap between economic theory and companies’ practice, regarding to the pricing setting, has been extensively explored and explained, the new gap between the marketing normative view and companies’ practice needs further clarification. In this way, the paper aims to investigate whether marketing researchers’ claim that the use of cost-based price approach prevails over the use of value-based price approach is pertinent. Design/methodology/approach The paper is guided by the following research question: “Does price-setting based on cost plus margin go against the value-based price approach?” The answer to this question is grounded in reflections on results of previous research studies and in a case study conducted in an industrial company. Because of the qualitative focus of the present study, hypotheses are not established, but rather the following proposition: certain companies use the mechanics of cost plus margin in the sale price-setting process, but it does not necessarily mean that these companies set prices based on cost. Findings The arguments, propositions and the case study findings provide the logical sequence and the support required to conclude that price-setting based on cost plus margin does not always conflict with the value-based price approach. As a result, it may be claimed that the general proposition established is theoretically valid, i.e. using a price formula that contains the elements cost and margin does not necessarily mean that the company sets prices based on cost. Originality/value The key contribution of this paper is demonstrating that in certain business environments, such as, B2B, using the price formation mechanics based on cost plus margin is the way found by companies to enable the approach adopted. The approach may be cost-based or value-based price. This is the first study that explicitly reveals how B2B companies may set prices based on value while simultaneously preserving the simplicity of cost plus margin formulas. Researchers have significant misconceptions about these formulas: in previous studies, they classified all price-making companies as those adopting the cost-based price approach simply because they used formulas containing the element cost.
45
Reichel, Vlastimil, and Petr Zimčík. "Determinants of Real Estate Prices in the Statutory City of Brno." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 4 (2018): 991–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866040991.
Full textAbstract:
The real estate market demand for both‑houses and flats has been growing recently. This trend is one of the factors, which are able to influence the price of real estate. Our paper introduces determinants of housing price and their influence on actual real estate prices in the statutory city of Brno. The aim of this paper is to present key determinants of house price and find the hedonic price model, which describes, how determinants affect house price best. Realized prices were analyzed for housing units located in different districts of Brno. Key determinants in this research are a year of sale, an area of flat in square meters, number of rooms, location in districts of Brno, type of masonry and reconstruction. The dataset covers the time period between years 2012 and 2015. Hedonic price model is estimated by the method of ordinary least square. Besides main aim, four assumptions were verified, which should determine the influence on the price of individual determinants in the statutory city of Brno.
46
Hashemlou, Bahareh, Arashk Masaeli, Hossein Sadeghi, Alireza Nasseri, and Mohammadhadi Hajian. "Determination of Shadow Price of Iran Electricity Market Using the Fuzzy Electricity Generation Planning." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.09.
Full textAbstract:
The present economies are so dependent on the electricity that even the short electricity outages cannot be tolerated. Decisions in Iran’s Electricity Grid are made on basis of the effective security of the units, which is rather distant from the price and market based planning. The present research was conducted to forecast the shadow price in Iran’s electricity market, for providing efficient tools for operators and transmitters of the market. Linear programming is among the powerful instruments for making instant balance and revealing the shadow price of electricity industry. Considering the uncertainty of the parameters involved in electricity grid models, implementation of fuzzy logic can be effective in regulating such parameters. Toward this aim, the present research was conducted using the shadow price of Iran’s electricity market within a time period from 20-Mar-2013 to 20-Mar-2014 using the fuzzy linear programming model. The results showed the shadow prices as 343 IRR and 383 IRR for the days with maximum and minimum use, respectively.
47
Coey, Dominic, Bradley J. Larsen, and Brennan C. Platt. "Discounts and Deadlines in Consumer Search." American Economic Review 110, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 3748–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20190460.
Full textAbstract:
We present a new equilibrium search model where consumers initially search among discount opportunities, but are willing to pay more as a deadline approaches, eventually turning to full-price sellers. The model predicts equilibrium price dispersion and rationalizes discount and full-price sellers coexisting without relying on ex ante heterogeneity. We apply the model to online retail sales via auctions and posted prices, where failed attempts to purchase reveal consumers' reservation prices. We find robust evidence supporting the theory. We quantify dynamic search frictions arising from deadlines and show how, with deadline-constrained buyers, seemingly neutral platform fee increases can cause large market shifts. (JEL D11, D44, D83, L81)
48
Jing, Bingyi, Xinbing Kong, Zhi Liu, and Bo Zhang. "Evaluating the hedging error in price processes with jumps present." Statistics and Its Interface 6, no. 4 (2013): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/sii.2013.v6.n4.a1.
Full text
49
Ansa-Asare, K. "Legislative History of the Legal Regime of Price Control in Ghana." Journal of African Law 29, no. 2 (1985): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300006628.
Full textAbstract:
The most common consumer complaint in Ghana now is that prices of consumer goods are too dear. It is common knowledge that prices of basic goods change almost every month. Life in Ghana shows that price control has been one of the difficult problems that successive governments have faced since the termination of colonial rule.The primary intention of this article is to present a descriptive account of price control legislation in Ghana, in the hope that it will interest as well as be informative to the reader.
50
Bradáčová, K. "Official agricultural land price in the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 4 (January 7, 2008): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/865-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
As long as the land market in Slovakia is not completely developed and land market prices introduced, the officially assigned land prices are practically in use. At the present time, land prices should express the supply prices, which cover the income effect of the land site under the socially necessary costs. In this situation, for the temporary period, centrally assigned fixed land prices could represent the effective supply and demand prices in case they correspond to the mentioned conditions. At present, the official prices are used for fiscal purposes and the land property rights.