Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Présentation croisée'
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Hoeffel, Guillaume. "Présentation d'antigènes du VIH aux lymphocytes T par les cellules dendritiques humaines : présentation croisée, optimisation vaccinale." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077211.
Full textDendritic cells (DC) are the only antigen presenting cells able to stimulate naive T lymphocytes. Upon HIV infection, they are crucial to initiate adaptive immune responses that control viral replication. We have shown the transfer of HIV antigens to DC from live infected CD4 T cells. These antigens were presented as efficiently as those from apoptotic infected CD4 T cells and much more effïciently than those from free HIV particles. We also showed the antigenic potential of HTV gag mRNA transfected DC. These results may be important in developing new therapies against provirus from resting cells that represent an important viral reservoir difficult to eradicate. To improve preventive vaccination, we compared the vaccinal vectors MV (measles), MVA, Ad5 and BCG, all encoding the HlV-1lai gag gene. We showed that the viral vectors induced an incomplete DC maturation, whereas BCG induces complete maturation but high levels of IL 10. We were able to restore these missing properties by using specific TLR agonists. Finally, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) can cross-present a vaccinal lipopeptide and HIV antigens from infected, apoptotic CD4 T cells. Cross-presentation by pDC might lead to tolerance in vivo in the absence of an appropriate stimulation. We show here that stimulation with Influenza virus enhances effector responses induced by cross presentation by pDC. These results will hopefully be useful in designing new vaccination strategies against HIV
Matheoud, Diana. "Présentation croisée par les cellules dendritiques à partir de cellules vivantes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066745.
Full textMerzougui, Nawel. "Origine des molécules du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité dans la présentation croisée dépendante du protéasome." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T034.
Full textThe dominant role of TAP-dependent pathway(s) in cross-presentation is commonly interpreted as evidence for transport of cross-presented antigenic peptides into specialized cross-presentation compartments or into the perinuclear ER by the TAP transporters. I have re-examined this concept using TAP-deficient dendritic cells. The main tool used for these experiments were TAP - deficient dendritic cells pre-incubated overnight at 26°C, a procedure known to increase cell-surface expression of class I molecules in such cells. I found that TAP-deficient dendritic cells pre-incubated overnight at 26°C cross-present particulate antigens with an efficiency equal to, or exceeding that of wild type cells. Surprisingly, restoration of cross-presentation by pre-incubation at 26°C is abolished by proteasome inhibitors. At the same time, proteasome inhibition does not affect cross-presentation of a particulate antigen not requiring proteasomal proteolysis for the T cells epitope generation. The latter result suggests that proteasome inhibition as used does not interfere with phagosome maturation or other cellular mechanisms involved in the cross presentation, but instead inhibits cytosolic proteolysis of phagocytosed antigen. Taken together, my experimental data suggest that in TAP-deficient DCs, cross-presented particulate antigens are degraded in the cytosol by the proteasome and gain access to (presumably recycling) MHC class I molecules in phagosomes and/or the ER in a TAP-independent manner. Interestingly, normalization of cell surface MHC class I molecules by pre-incubation at 26°C of TAP-deficient DCs has no effect at all on cross-presentation of receptor-targeted antigen. Thus, the origin of MHC class I molecules and/or the mode of their peptide loading differ strikingly between the endosomal and phagosomal cross-presentation pathways. Moreover, phagosomal cross-presentation appears to employ a novel mechanism for peptide transport from the cytosol into an MHC class I loading compartment
Ebstein, Frédéric. "Etude de la présentation croisée d'antigènes de tumeurs par cellules dendritiques ayant phagocyté des cellules mortes." Nantes, 2005. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=0d1986d5-5e30-478b-834c-21ca24b63f13.
Full textOver the past decade, the increasing knowledge in the molecular identification of tumour antigens that are capable of eliciting T-cell responses has revolutionised the field of cancer therapy. To date, injections of tumour antigen-expressing dendritic cells (DC) represent a promising of active immunotherapy strategy. However, the source of tumour-associated antigens (TAA) remains a critical issue which will further determine the efficacy of DC-based vaccines. In this study, we show the relevance of using heat shock proteins (HSP)-expressing apoptotic cells as TAA loading strategy for DC. Indeed, we demonstrate the feasibility of inducing mesothelioma tumour-specific cytotoxic T cell responses from stimulations of naïve T cells with DC loaded with HSP-expressing apoptotic cells. Altogether, these results emphasize the importance of providing danger signals to apoptosis in order to induce potent anti-tumour responses
Baey, Camille. "Etude de l’efficacité et des mécanismes de la présentation croisée d’antigènes cellulaires tumoraux intacts par les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T054/document.
Full textDendritic cells (DC) are specialized in the capture, processing and antigen presentation. They have developed a special antigen presentation mechanism, known as cross-presentation, allowing them to internalize exogenous antigens, to digest and associate them to MHC class I molecules for presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes. The cross-presentation is essential to the presentation of antigens that are not directly synthesized by the DC (self antigens, tumor antigens, microorganisms that don’t infect DC) and therefore to establish anti-infectious or anti-tumoral CD8+ T cell responses. His study is therefore essential for vaccination and immunotherapy involving a presentation by the DC. Our team showed that, like apoptotic cells, living cells are an efficient antigen source for cross-presentation by DC in vitro and in vivo. We have shown that immunization of mice with DCs that have captured material from living cells could protect effectively against a B16 melanoma challenge in a prophylactic model. During my PhD, I have shown that immunization was also very effective in a therapeutic model. Surprisingly, the protection and the CD8+ T cell response obtained using living cells as antigen source, are better than those obtained with apoptotic cells. DCs cultured with live or apoptotic antigen donor cells, expressed equivalent levels of costimulatory molecules. In contrast, DCs cultured with apoptotic cells secrete more IL- 10, giving them a tolerogenic phenotype. Furthermore, we have also shown that tumor antigens were better preserved within living cells than apoptotic cells, and the amount of MHC-I/peptide complexes at the surface of DC after culture with living cells was greater than after culture with apoptotic cells. In a second part of my thesis, I tried to characterize the receptors and mechanisms involved in the transfer of antigen from living cells to DCs. I have shown that this transfer is not dependent on exosomes transfer, nor on "cross-dressing". However, it is initiated after a close contact with the DC that seems to depend at least in part in scavenger receptors (SR) and calreticulin. The microscopy images obtained suggest the passage of large molecules in a structure, which may be similar to annular junctions (Annular Gap Junctions). Indeed, we observe the passage of connexin 43 (Cx3) and cellular material in a native conformation (GFP 70 kDa protein) from the living cell that partially colocalize with the early endosome marker EEA-1 in DCs. However, the use of an shRNA specific for Cx43 indicates that the cross-presentation does not require its expression. Our results suggest the existence of a mechanism of intercellular communication allowing the passage of large antigen, which could then be processed by DCs
Baey, Camille. "Etude de l'efficacité et des mécanismes de la présentation croisée d'antigènes cellulaires tumoraux intacts par les cellules dendritiques." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00930283.
Full textIsnard, Stéphane. "Rôle des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes dans la production d’IFN de type III et dans la présentation croisée du VIH." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB091.
Full textCombined antiretroviral treatments limit AIDS-related morbidity and mortality after HIV infection. But hyperactivation of the immune system persists, notably within the myeloid cell compartment, in correlation with metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity, which occurs earlier than in the general population. Two types of HIV have been described: HIV-2 infection, prevalent in West Africa and in emigrated communities originating from this area, leads less frequently and less rapidly to AIDS compared to HIV-1 infection, because of host-virus, which still need to be characterized. During acute HIV-1 infection, in the plasma, peak levels of type I Interferon (IFN) and other cytokines are observed, then they are down-modulated. A strong IFN stimulated gene (ISG) response is also observed. During chronic infection, the ISG response persists, with hyperactivation of the immune system. Type I IFN are produced by all cell types, but more specifically by plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC). Certain type III IFN (lambda) gene variants correlate with clearance of HCV infection, but IFN-lambda production in response to HIV remained to be studied. During my PhD, I showed for the first time that, in vitro, HIV-1 and HIV-2 induce IFN-lambda production by healthy donors PBMC at comparable levels. Plasmacytoid DC from healthy donors produce these IFN intrinsically, but not conventional DC. Plasmacytoid DC also have a role in the induction of adaptive immune responses against HIV. Our team demonstrated that they can crosspresent antigens from HIV infected apoptotic cells, like other DC. They can therefore activate specific cytotoxic T cell responses which eliminate infected cells. I studied this mechanism and showed that the activation of specific T cell by pDC is potentiated by non-specific pre-activation. Indeed, pDC become activated in the presence of virus and secrete cytokines which pre-activate intracellular IFN-gamma production by CD8 T cells. IFN-gamma is then secreted only after cognate MHC-peptide-T cell receptor interaction. The results of this thesis potentially give a role to IFN-lambda or their blockade in HIV treatment, and to the activation of pDC to induce better detection and elimination of HIV reservoirs through crosspresentation
Gros, Marine. "Rôle du complexe ESCRT-III dans l'export cytosolique des antigènes au cours de la présentation croisée par les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Université Paris Cité, 2019. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2112&f=21263.
Full textDendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in immune homeostasis by linking innate signals to adaptive responses. In addition to their capacity to expose exogenous antigens on Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II molecules or endogenous antigens (derived from self or viral proteins) on MHC class I, they also show a remarkable ability to take-up, process and present extracellular antigens on MHC class I molecules. This process, termed Cross-Presentation (CP) plays a critical role in eliciting Cytotoxic T Cell responses to tumors and pathogens that do not readily infect DCs. So far, two main intracellular pathways have been described for CP, namely the vacuolar and the cytosolic pathways, the latter being predominant in CD8+ DC at homeostasis. The first step of the cytosolic pathway resides in the phagocytosis of exogenous antigens that are subsequently exported into the cytosol, where they are processed by the proteasome. The resulting processed antigens can then be channeled through the TAP transporter into the endoplasmic reticulum or into intracellular compartments where they are loaded on MHC class I. While the contributions of the proteasome and TAP transporter to this process are now well established, the way endocytosed antigens gain access to the cytosol remains unclear and is a long-standing matter of controversy, that confronts two main models: transfer through specific transporters or rupture of endocytic membranes and leakage of luminal content. Although the latter hypothesis has been repeatedly dismissed owing to its presumable lack of control, we reasoned that it could only be operational if membrane damages were contained by effective repair, to preserve cell survival. My PhD work thereby focused on the possible implication of the ESCRT-III (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) complex, the main repair system for biological membranes, in antigen export to the cytosol during antigen CP by DCs. We showed that CD8+ DCs, corresponding to the most efficient exporting and cross-presenting DC subset, display higher amounts to intracellular damages triggered by a lysosomotropic drug, compared to their CD11b+ counterparts. This increased susceptibility to intracellular damages in CD8+ DCs correlates with the observed enriched recruitment of ESCRT-III subunits in this DC subset's endocytic compartments, relatively to CD11b+ DCs. Additionally, in a CD8+ DC cell line, silencing of Chmp2a or Chmp4b, two effector subunits of ESCRT-III, enhances cytosolic antigen export, as well as in vitro and in vivo CP, without affecting MHC-II presentation. Finally, in the light of recent studies demonstrating that ESCRT-III is repairing steady-state necroptotic damages formed by channels of phospho-MLKL octamers, we studied interactions between the induction of necroptosis and export to the cytosol in ESCRT-III-silenced cells. We supposed that, in absence of a functional repair system, MLKL channels could persist at biological membranes (plasma or endocytic) and result in increased membrane permeability, possibly explaining the increased antigen export phenotype displayed by ESCRT-III-silenced cells. Indeed, following pharmacological inhibition of RIPK3, the kinase phosphorylating MLKL, we observed a strong reduction of antigen export to the cytosol in ESCRT-III-deficient DCs. Altogether, these results show a critical role for membrane repair in containing cytosolic antigen export and CP in DCs. They identify a new fundamental cellular mechanism involved in antigen CP and strengthen the idea that antigens are exiting intracellular compartments following membrane disruption, rather than through transporters. The discovery of the functional relevance of ESCRT-III in a key immunological pathway illustrates the fascinating co-option of ancestral cellular mechanisms present in early eukaryotes in new crucial functions specifically carried by higher vertebrates, such as the induction of adaptive immune responses
Maschalidi, Sophia. "Le rôle des protéases et chaperonnes dans la signalisation des récepteurs Toll endocytiques et la présentation croisée dans les cellules dendritiques." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T017.
Full textJarry, Ulrich. "Evaluation d'un protocole préclinique d'immunothérapie dirigé contre les tumeurs cérébrales et du potentiel de présentation antigénique croisée des cellules microgliales adultes." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982970.
Full textJarry, Ulrich. "Évaluation d'un protocole préclinique d'immunothérapie dirigé contre les tumeurs cérébrales et du potentiel de présentation antigénique croisée des cellules microgliales adultes." Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982970.
Full textDespite the particular immune status of the central nervous system (CNS), active immunotherapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of malignant brain tumor. Of myeloid origin, microglia are the major immunocompetent cells of the CNS. They harbour an interesting potential in anti-cancer therapies through their preferential location in cerebral tumors and their antigen presenting cell (APC) activities. In order to better characterization of microglia, we have set up an original protocol, based on the mice body irradiation (except the head), allowing to exclude the involvement of migrating peripheral APC. Results showed that resident microglia cross-present in vivo exogenous Ag and prime naive CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, their Ag cross-presentation activity is potentiated by a multistep activation process, including proinflammatory signals (CpG-ODN and GM-CSF) and sCD40L. At the same time, we evaluated immunotherapy for the treatment of mice brain tumor, based on CpG-ODN injection, a potent APC activator, and regulatory T cells (Treg) depletion, which are described to favour tumor escape. Results showed that applied-protocol allows the tumor rejection in all mice and that NK cells are essential for tumor rejection
Godefroy, Emmanuelle. "La présentation croisée de la métalloprotéase matricielle-2 par les cellules de mélanome génère un épitope T spécifique de ce cancer." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2077.
Full textMost tumor cells express antigens that can be recognized by cytotoxic T CD8 lymphocytes. Nevertheless, immunotherapeutic trials, targeting various human tumor cell antigens recognized by T lymphocytes, have shown limited efficacy. To improve these treatments, it is necessary to identify new tumor antigens. With this aim, we studied the specificity of melanoma infiltrating lymphocytes from 22 patients. This screening allowed us to identify a new tumor antigen recognized by a CD8 T cell clone in the HLA-A*0201 context : the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). We also showed that the MMP-2560-568 epitope is not processed by the classical endogenous pathway, but by cross-presentation. The original processing of the MMP-2 epitope, only used by melanoma cells, and the pro-tumoral functions of MMP-2 make of this new antigen an ideal target for immunotherapy, and opens the way to new innovative therapeutic strategies to treat HLA-A*0201 melanoma patients
Deauvieau, Florence. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation de la coopération entre les cellules NK et les cellules dendritiques humaines pour la présentation croisée d’antigènes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10131.
Full textRecent reports have demonstrated the importance of the reciprocal crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DC) occurring during early phase of immune response for shaping downstream T cell immunity. Antigen (Ag) cross-presentation, a process by which DC present Ag from neighboring cells to CD8+ T lymphocytes is a prerequisite for the developpment of specific cellular immunity against most intracellular pathogens and tumors. A more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this specific DC function is thus a major challenge for immunologists. Here, we highlight the cooperation between NK and DC for tumor cell-derived Ag cross-presentation. In this context, we show that the NK cell-mediated lysis of target cells is not required for Ag capture by DC. In contrast, both IFN-γ and TNF-α produced by NK cells upon recognition of tumor cells play a critical role in the induction of Ag cross-presentation. These findings define a novel « helper» function of NK cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity. This novel function could be harnessed in cancer immunotherapy for inducing Ag-specific cellular immunity
Mouriès, Juliette. "Induction de réponses T cytotoxiques dirigées contre des antigens exogènes par les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066519.
Full textPineau, Laurent. "Synergie de l'immunothérapie et de la chimiothérapie pour l'induction de la présentation antigénique croisée par la microglie et le rejet tumoral dans un modèle pré-clinique de gliome murin." Angers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ANGE0036.
Full textAntigen cross-presentation induces cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation, the most efficient cells allowing tumor cell elimination. This work shows that adult microglial cells, the main antigen presenting cells (APC) of the central nervous system (CNS), in first line to brain tumors, are able to cross-present antigens from dying tumor cells treated by chemotherapy (BCNU) in vivo. Thus, microglia are necessary for anti-tumor immune response efficiency in the brain. Nevertheless, this ability is subjected to the injection of several adjuvants to counterbalance the local immunosuppression of the CNS and to obtain an optimal lymphocyte activation. Moreover, in a pre-clinical murine glioma model, we studied the benefit of the association of a local chemotherapy (BCNU) with an immunotherapeutic protocol. Chemotherapy enables a massive tumor apoptosis and therefore antigen release. The immunotherapeutic arm aims to remove a part of the tumor immunosuppression by the regulatory T lymphocyte depletion and to restimulate the immune response through a TLR9 agonist promoting APC activation. The combination of these two therapeutic approaches allows 93% of treated mice to survive and induces a memory immune response protecting 43% of them from tumor rechallenging
Tang-Huau, Tsing-Lee. "Les cellules dendritiques inflammatoires humaines utilisent une voie non-cytosolique pour la présentation croisée Human naturally-occuring monocyte-derived dendritic cells cross-present antigens exclusively through a vacuolar pathway." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB001.
Full textThe presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules, termed cross-presentation, is essential for the induction of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. In mouse, dendritic cells (DC) that arise from monocytes (mo-DC) during inflammation play a key role in cytotoxic T cell responses by cross- presenting antigens directly in peripheral tissues. Whether human naturally-occuring mo- DC can cross-present is unknown. To address this question, we have used human mo-DC directly purified from peritoneal tumor ascites. Using single-cell RNA-seq, we first confirm that ascites DC contain exclusively monocyte-derived cells. Both ascites mo-DC and macrophages cross- present efficiently, but are unable to transfer exogenous proteins into their cytosol. Inhibition of cysteine proteases, but not of proteasome, abolishes cross-presentation by mo-DC. We conclude that human monocyte- derived cells cross-present exclusively using a vacuolar pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that only ascites mo-DC, but not macrophages, efficiently induce effector cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. These results will have important implications for harnessing cross-presentation for therapeutic purposes
Donnou, Sabrina. "Caractérisation des cellules microgliales adultes et de leur potentiel en immunothérapie des tumeurs cérébrales." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341604.
Full textGorichon-Herren, Alexandra. "Les Amours d'Antiochus et Stratonice : un motif légendaire à la croisée des savoirs, des images et des formes, de l'Antiquité à l'Âge classique. Présentation générale et anthologie de textes annotés et commentés." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040183.
Full textThe work herein is the careful establishment of an anthology, non-exhaustive yet as representative as possible, of circumstantial stories or connivance allusions occurring in fictional, moral, or medicine text from ancient times to the classical Age, dealing with the legendary motif of the Loves of Antiochus and Stratonice. This prolific legend has the major advantage of using medical-moral knowledge about love-sickness to feed a theatrical and mystifying fable, combining the ancient imaginary with the literary history of exemplary anecdotal narratives. The comparative analysis of the motif's treatment allows us to highlight the joint evolution of love-sickness psychology, poetic exempla, and reflections on the shared knowledge and its dissemination in enlightened opinion, over a millennium. This long term, over which this novel corpus is discussed, reveals a central figure in the European collective imagination, that of lovers in suffering, point of origin of varied narrative, poetic, and dramatic developments. The study flourishes in a logic both diachronic and synchronic: diachronic passage from the pagan world to the Christian world, from the ancient world to the modern world, from the time of "legends" to the age of "reason" ; synchrony on the other hand of a story simple enough to seep into universal memory, and nevertheless rich enough to bear all the complexity and evolutions of a major theme of the Occident: love melancholy
Ollion, Vincent. "Caractérisation des cellules dendritiques humaines BDCA3high et de leur modulation par le microenvironnement tumoral." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10163/document.
Full textDendritic cells {DC) play a major role in the induction of antigen {Ag) specific anti-tumoral immunity. Recently, human BDCA3high DC appeared to be homologous with CD8a+ DC known to activate very efficiently T CD8 lymphocyte by Ag cross-presentation in mice. Moreover, those two DC populations are the main producers of interferon-λ {IFN-λ), a recently discovered cytokine family with antiviral, anti-proliferative and anti-tumoral properties. My works participated to better characterize cell derived Ag cross-presentation by BDCA3high DC using an in vitro model and enlightened the role of NK cells in its induction. This works also end up in revealing the presence of BDCA3high DC in breast tumors and the inhibition of their IFN-λsecretion by soluble factor from tumor microenvironment. Altogether, those results should allow designing new anti-tumoral immunotherapeutic strategies based on BDCA3high DC targeting
Bouvier, Isabelle. "Voie d'immunisation et séquence d'administration de l'antigène et de l'adjuvant : facteurs critiques pour une réponse lymphocytaire T efficace." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00827710.
Full textKourjian, Georgio. "Effect of HIV antiretroviral drugs on antigen processing and epitope presentation by MHC-I to cytotoxic T cells." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ027/document.
Full textAntigen processing by intracellular proteases and peptidases and epitope presentation are critical for recognition of pathogen-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Here we show that several HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) prescribed to HIV-infected persons variably modulate proteasome and aminopeptidase activities involved in endogenous antigen presentation and cathepsin activities involved in antigen cross-presentation. Two HIV PIs acted directly on cathepsins and on their regulators by inhibiting kinases, NOX2 and the regulation of phagolysosomal pH, subsequently enhancing cathepsin activities. HIV PIs modified HIV protein degradation and epitope production in a sequence- and cell-dependent manner, altered direct- and cross-presentation and T cell-mediated killing, and partly changed the self-peptidome of primary cells. Drug-induced modulation of antigen processing and peptidome may provide an alternate therapeutic approach to modulate immune recognition
Azab, Lamiss. "Dire l'Islam en banlieue : de l'offre islamique à l'expérience religieuse et aux présentations de soi, terrains croisés (2001-2006)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0006.
Full textThe Islamic offer in the French religious field is heterogeneous as it covers different discourses produced in France as well as others produced in the Islamic world accessible on cassettes, satellite channels and Internet. In certain Parisian suburbs (banlieues), these Islamic discourses are a fundamental source of valorisation for High School students (15-20 years old) who feel the burden of numerous stigmas (such as being part of the banlieue, born in a family of North African origin and Muslim). As a response to these disqualifications which may be real or imaginary, these young people follow different strategies of self presentation, trying to win the recognition of the Others. In these presentations, Islam could become so visible that it would be provoking. Going through these religious experiences, the actors make theirs the Islamic discourses to realise their objectives and, therefore, they produce their own discourses which are interesting to analyse in parallel with the original Islamic offer
Garcia-Castillo, Maria Daniela. "Mechanisms of Endosomal Membrane Translocation Leading to Antigen Cross-presentation." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T075.
Full textIn the introduction, various endocytic and intracellular trafficking pathways will be discussed. I acquaint the reader with ribosome-inactivating proteins, with emphasis on the structure, endocytosis, and intracellular trafficking of the bacterial toxin Shiga toxin (STx). STx and ricin follow the retrograde route to exert their toxic effect on cells. They are respectively, an infectious disease threat to human health and potential tools for bioterrorism for which no antidote currently exists. From a high throughput screening, Retro-1 and Retro-2 had previously been identified as potent inhibitors of the retrograde route at the early endosomes-TGN interface, and Retro-2 was demonstrated to protect mice against ricin. Of the trafficking factors analyzed, only the SNARE protein syntaxin-5 was re-localized in Retro-2 treated cells. Yet, whether syntaxin-5 is the direct target of Retro-2 and whether its re-localization was directly responsible for retrograde transport inhibition remained to be established
Houde, Mathieu. "Étude protéomique et fonctionnelle des mécanismes de présentation croisée des antigènes exogènes dans les macrophages." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15730.
Full textGagnon, Étienne. "Rôle du réticulum endoplasmique lors de la phagocytose et l'implication de son recrutement sur les fonctions du phagosome." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15749.
Full textHanafi, Laila-Aicha. "Caractérisation de stratégies stimulant l’immunité cellulaire par l’étude de la présentation antigénique d’une nanoparticule vaccinale et du blocage d’un mécanisme d’immunosuppression." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11825.
Full textThere are several challenges to the development of therapies aimed at stimulating cellular immunity. In viral infection prevention and in cancer immunotherapy, the induction of specific T lymphocytes is, however, of paramount importance. In the first part of this study, we focused our attention on understanding the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) cross-presentation mediated by virus-like particles (VLP) composed of potexvirus coat protein, in which we had inserted an epitope from the M1 protein of the Influenza virus or an epitope from gp100, a tumour antigen of melanoma. This particular VLP is characterized by its ability to stimulate the immune system with no adjuvant and its cross-presentation of the inserted epitope independently of proteasome activity. First, we compared the antigenic cross-presentation properties of Malva mosaic virus (MaMV) VLPs to that of Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) VLPs. The results confirm that cross-presentation mechanisms are shared among different members of the potexvirus family despite marked differences in their sequences (Hanafi et al. Vaccine 2010). Furthermore, we have conducted experiments to clarify the mechanism leading to the cross-presentation of the inserted epitope in PapMV VLPs. The results confirm a vacuolar pathway dependent on cathepsin S activity and on lysosomal acidification for antigen presentation. Autophagy induction by VLPs is also important to PapMV VLP antigen cross-presentation. We have herein described a new vacuolar MHC I cross-presentation pathway dependent on autophagy (Hanafi et al. in preparation). Secondly, in cancer immunotherapy, it is crucial to control immune evasion mechanisms that are initiated by the tumour. We have specifically studied the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) (human cancer literature review in Hanafi et al. Clin. Can. Res. 2011), and its inhibition in tumour cells. To this end, we inhibited its expression using fludarabine, a chemotherapeutic agent previously studied for its inhibitory effect on STAT1 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1) phosphorylation. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that IDO inhibition in cancer cells by fludarabine was independent of STAT1 phosphorylation. We showed that the mechanism of action was rather dependent on the induction of IDO degradation by the proteasome (Hanafi et al. PlosOne 2014). The work presented in this thesis provides a better understanding of how a new vaccine platform can mediate cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes activation and the control of the problem of immunosuppression by tumour cells for the evading of the immune system. These two main strategies are to key for the consideration of cancer immunotherapy in combination with other existing therapies, as these should allow a better clinical response to cancer treatment.
Possamaï, David. "Compréhension et amélioration de la présentation antigénique par les lymphocytes B, une source alternative de cellules présentatrices d'antigènes." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25291.
Full textB lymphocytes are central to humoral immunity due to their ability to present antigens to T cells, secrete cytokines and to differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. These functions can be induced by their in vitro stimulation. Being able to present antigens independently of the specificity of their B cell receptor (BCR), B cells can be used as antigen-presenting cells (APC) to induce specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell cellular responses. Cellular immunity is crucial to prevent infections against viruses and in cancer immunotherapy. The main aim of this thesis is to study B cell biology. Specifically, we aim to deepen our understanding of their antigen presentation function and improve this function to use B cells as an alternative source of APC. First, we focused on deciphering the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) cross-presentation mechanism by which an epitope from gp100 melanoma protein, inserted in a virus-like particle (VLP) made of the coat protein of the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), is presented by B cells. This VLP is a vaccine platform able to stimulate the immune system with no adjuvant and mediate a proteasome independent cross-presentation of the inserted epitope. Our results show that the inserted epitope is processed through a vacuolar pathway dependent on cathepsin S activity, lysosome acidification and requires the induction of autophagy. Thus, we provide a more detailed characterization of the mechanism used by B cells to process and cross-present an epitope inserted in PapMV VLP. Secondly, we aimed to improve the in vitro activation protocol used to expand B cells and induce their antigen presentation functions to use these cells to trigger cytotoxic CD8+ T cell cellular responses. We evaluated the in vitro stimulation of B cells with CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin (IL)-21 or the combination of IL-4 and IL-21 instead of the standard activation method based on CD40L and IL-4. Our results deepen our knowledge of B cell biology. We showed that stimulating B cells with CD40L and IL-21 increases their proliferation but leads to their differentiation in antibody-producing plasma cells. In comparison, the stimulation with CD40L and IL-4 efficiently induces their antigen presentation function. The stimulation of B lymphocytes with CD40L and the combination of IL-4 and IL-21 increases their proliferation, weakly leads to their differentiation in antibody-secreting cells but is very efficient in inducing their antigen presentation function. We show for the first time that this method can generate potent APC able to induce cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. Our results allow us to hypothesize that these cells could be capable of triggering cellular immunity in vivo. As efficient APC, B cells could be used in a vaccination strategy or be employed as APC to improve cancer immunotherapy treatments such as adoptive cell transfer of T lymphocytes. Thus, the work presented in this thesis provides a deeper understanding of the antigen cross-presentation pathway by which B cells process and present an epitope inserted in PapMV VLP. It also reports an improved method to induce antigen presentation function of B cells to stimulate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. This research work constitutes a leap forward in fundamental B cell research by increasing our knowledge of B cell biology. It also brings new opportunities regarding biotechnological uses of B cells as an alternative source of APC for fundamental and clinical applications such as vaccination and cancer immunotherapy treatments.