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Journal articles on the topic 'Presidents African Americans Speeches'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Nteta, Tatishe M., Jesse H. Rhodes, and Melinda R. Tarsi. "Conditional Representation: Presidential Rhetoric, Public Opinion, and the Representation of African American Interests." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 1, no. 2 (2016): 280–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2016.4.

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AbstractConventional theories of presidential representation suggest that presidents avoid courting African Americans for fear of alienating white voters, leading to the underrepresentation of “black interests.” We argue that presidential representation of black interests is conditional: when (1) African Americans prioritize issues other than economic redistribution and civil rights and (2) when these priorities overlap with those of whites, presidents should provide considerable representation of those interests. We test our theory using two new sources of data: a dataset of black and white p

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Haines, Pavielle E., Tali Mendelberg, and Bennett Butler. "“I’m Not the President of Black America”: Rhetorical versus Policy Representation." Perspectives on Politics 17, no. 4 (2019): 1038–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719000963.

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A key question in the study of minority representation is whether descriptive representatives provide superior substantive representation. Neglected in this literature is the distinction between two forms of substantive representation: rhetoric versus policy. We provide a systematic comparison of presidential minority representation along these two dimensions. Barack Obama was the first African American president, yet his substantive representation of African Americans has not been fully evaluated. Using speech and budget data, we find that relative to comparable presidents, Obama offered weak

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Selassie, Bereket Habte. "Can We Expect More than Symbolic Support?" African Studies Review 53, no. 2 (2010): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2010.0023.

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When I think about the extraordinary writing and speaking phenomenon by the name of Barack Obama, who also happens to be the President of the United States of America, the most powerful country in the world, I can't help asking myself, what can he do for Africa? I ask this not only because he is a son of Africa, but also because I hear in his speeches the words of a man deeply committed to human values, and therefore concerned with the predicament of Africa's people in this age of globalization.As the first African American elected to the American presidency, Obama represents an extraordinary

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BORIS, EILEEN. "On Cowboys and Welfare Queens: Independence, Dependence, and Interdependence at Home and Abroad." Journal of American Studies 41, no. 3 (2007): 599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187580700401x.

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Against a historiography that too often considers domestic policy apart from foreign policy, this essay suggests connections based on two cultural/political archetypes, the cowboy and the welfare queen, which were or are simultaneously gendered and racialized. The cowboy as a symbol of white male individualism has represented worthy American manhood; the welfare queen has stood for a despised black womanhood. Behind the image of the cowboy stands the workings of empire; behind the portrait of the welfare queen lies the punishment of poor women, often African American or Latina, for their mothe

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5

Tarish, Abbas Hussein. "Us Presidents’ Political Discourse Analysis: George W. Bush and Barack Obama. A Pragmatics Approach." Romanian Journal of English Studies 16, no. 1 (2019): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2019-0016.

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AbstractAn examination of the political discourse of presidents establishes an understanding of the factors that influence word choice and communication. Most notably, the context provided by presidents in their political discourse conveys the meaning intended by the speeches, which then influences the way the public reacts to what they have to say. Through knowledge of these factors, linguists can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between language and the perceptions of American presidents by both Americans and non-Americans. The purpose of this paper is to examin

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Schmidt, Elizabeth. "Introduction." African Studies Review 53, no. 2 (2010): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/arw.2010.0017.

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The euphoria greeting the election of Barack Hussein Obama as the forty-fourth president of the United States seized the popular imagination in Africa, much as it did in the U. S. There was hope and enormous goodwill on the continent, derived from President Obama's special tie to Africa—the dreams from his father that he has translated so eloquently. There was hope that the Obama administration would initiate new policies based on mutual respect, multilateral collaboration, and an awareness that there will be no security unless there is common security—and also that security must be broadly de

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Hnatkovska, Olena, and Valeriia Nazarko. "Language portrait of an American in inavguration speeches by us presidents." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 822 (2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2020.822.119-130.

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The article outlines lexical, axiological and syntactic features of the linguistic portrait of the American on the material of the inaugural speeches of the US presidents. These political speeches have a tremendous impact on the formation of the image and ideology of the nation and can potentially alter or motivate the behavior of their addressees. The linguistic portrait emerges as a result of the gradual description of the linguistic identity which in our case is marked by the ethno-cultural speciﬁcity stipulated by the picture of the world, the mentality and national character of one of the

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Kalu Obasi, Kalu,. "The American Dream: Its Echoes and Possibilities in Literary Discourse." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n1p1.

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The American Dream stems from the inaugural speech of President Franklin Roosevelt’s “Four Freedoms”(1941). The Four Freedoms envisaged an American society where the freedom of worship, freedom of speech, freedom of movement and the rights to life are enshrined, guaranteed, and accommodated. America has been clouded with numerous yearnings from all angles – politics, academic, economic, among other social upheavals for the enthronement of the Four Freedoms. Literary scholars have diminutively expressed the horrors of African Americans in various forms and shades, and have hopefully waited for

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Tinshe, Sonia, and Junaidi Junaidi. "WHO ARE AMERICANS? ANALYSIS OF OBAMA AND TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON IMMIGRATION." Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature, & Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celticumm.vol6.no2.73-87.

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Immigration has been a crucial discussion in the American politics ever since the nation was still writing its constitution. Seeing how immigrants have shaped the American society, it is important to see how they are perceived, as minorities, by significant political figures, such as the president. The objective of this paper is to understand the ideology behind Obama and Trump’s political speeches about immigration, as well as its relevance to the political discourse and social context in America. Five political speeches from Obama (2009-2014), as well as two political speeches from Trump (20

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Tinshe, Sonia, and Junaidi Junaidi. "WHO ARE AMERICANS? ANALYSIS OF OBAMA AND TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECHES ON IMMIGRATION." Celtic: A Journal of Culture, English Language Teaching, Literature and Linguistics 6, no. 2 (2019): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/celtic.v6i2.9947.

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Immigration has been a crucial discussion in the American politics ever since the nation was still writing its constitution. Seeing how immigrants have shaped the American society, it is important to see how they are perceived, as minorities, by significant political figures, such as the president. The objective of this paper is to understand the ideology behind Obama and Trump’s political speeches about immigration, as well as its relevance to the political discourse and social context in America. Five political speeches from Obama (2009-2014), as well as two political speeches from Trump (20

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Noble, Kenneth. "“A More Meaningful Democracy than We Ourselves Possess”: Charles S. Johnson and the Education Mission to Japan, 1945–1952." History of Education Quarterly 54, no. 4 (2014): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hoeq.12077.

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“Recommendations in the report,” stated Charles S. Johnson, “have implications for our own educational system, and perhaps for our own society.” Johnson, a sociologist and Fisk University's first African-American president, addressed the 1948 South Central Forum in Chicago discussing the fundamental inconsistencies existing between democracy recommended in occupied Japan's education system and the democracy practiced in America's education system. The report Johnson's speech refers to was the product of the Education Mission to Japan: a twenty-seven-member American committee selected for their

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Gimeno Pahissa, Laura. "“WE NEED CHARACTER!”: Remembering Alexander Crummell’s Appeal to Postbellum African Americans." ES Review. Spanish Journal of English Studies, no. 39 (December 12, 2018): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24197/ersjes.39.2018.117-133.

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The following article offers a study and reassessment of the controversial figure of Alexander Crummell, an African American leader whose influence has been neglected by most scholars. His postbellum ideas on the advancement of black people influenced some of his contemporaries like Booker T. Washington and even later leaders such as W. E. B. DuBois. The article also offers an interpretation of two of Crummell’s most famous speeches on the future of his race, which suggest possible solutions to the tensions and problems experienced by his people after the end of the Civil War.

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Meagher, Michael E. "John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 18, no. 1 (2006): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2006181/21.

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Most Americans in the 1920s and 1930s were unaware of the crimes committed in the Soviet Union. Even today, the full extent of the carnage is unknown. This essay explores the ways in which Presidents Kennedy and Reagan dealt with the contrast between the open societies of the West and the severely damage civil societies of the Soviet bloc through the rhetorical presidency. Key speeches throughout the two administrations stressed the use of presidential rhetoric as a way of challenging the communist regimes of Eastern Europe and the USSR. For both Presidents, the key rhetorical moment came in W

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Warren, Kim Cary. "Rethinking Racial, Ethnoracial, and Imperial Categories: Key Concepts in Comparative Race Studies in the History of Education." History of Education Quarterly 60, no. 4 (2020): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/heq.2020.42.

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While researching racially segregated education, I came across speeches delivered in the 1940s by two educational leaders—one a black man and the other a Native American man. G. B. Buster, a longtime African American teacher, implored his African American listeners to work with white Americans on enforcing equal rights for all. A few years before Buster delivered his speech, Henry Roe Cloud (Winnebago), a Native American educator, was more critical of white Americans, specifically the federal government, which he blamed for destroying American Indian cultures. At the same time, Roe Cloud prais

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15

Moore, Nina M. "The Presidency and the Politics of Racial Inequality: Nation-Keeping from 1831 to 1965. By Russell L. Riley. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. 373p. $49.50 cloth, $22.50 paper." American Political Science Review 95, no. 2 (2001): 486–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055401482025.

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Russell L. Riley offers an insightful account of how American presidents have grappled with race. His main concern is the causal forces that shape the institutional role of the presi- dency in American politics. The discussion centers specifi- cally upon the determinants of presidential policy that affects the advancement of African Americans toward first-class citizenship. Riley asks what operative dictates and constraints shape presidential behavior vis-a -vis racial inequality politics.

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STOW, SIMON. "Agonistic Homegoing: Frederick Douglass, Joseph Lowery, and the Democratic Value of African American Public Mourning." American Political Science Review 104, no. 4 (2010): 681–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000481.

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What does the furor over the “politicization” of Coretta Scott King's funeral reveal about contemporary black mourning practices? What does it reveal about black political thought, rhetoric, and practice? Identifying two key modes of mourning and their concomitant conceptions of democracy, this article situates the funeral within a tradition of self-consciously political responses to loss that played a significant role in abolitionism and the struggle for civil rights. Tracing the tradition's origins, and employing the speeches of Frederick Douglass as an exemplar, it considers the approach's

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Carl, Jim. "Harold Washington and Chicago's Schools Between Civil Rights and the Decline of the New Deal Consensus, 1955–1987." History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 3 (2001): 311–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2001.tb00091.x.

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An early break in Harold Washington's political career came via a 1955 speech he delivered on equality of educational opportunity. Leaders of Chicago's Roosevelt University invited the popular alumnus (Washington was the first African-American class president) to speak at the tenth anniversary of the school's founding. The young Assistant State's Attorney shared the platform with such notables as former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, and newly elected Mayor Richard J. Daley. In his speech, Washington remembered the university as “an experience in democra

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18

Donlon, Anne, and Evelyn Scaramella. "Four Poems from Langston Hughes's Spanish Civil War Verse." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, no. 3 (2019): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.3.562.

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Langston Hughes traveled to Spain in 1937, during that Country's Civil War. He saw the Republic's Fight against Franco as an international fight against fascism, racism, and colonialism and for the rights of workers and minorities. Throughout the 1930s, Hughes organized for justice, at home and abroad, often engaging with communist and other left political organizations, like the Communist Party USA's John Reed Club, the League of Struggle for Negro Rights, and the International Workers' Order (Rampersad, Life 236, 286, 355; Scott). When the war in Spain began, in 1936, workers and intellectua

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Erlich, Haggai. "IDENTITY AND CHURCH: ETHIOPIAN–EGYPTIAN DIALOGUE, 1924–59." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800021036.

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In June 1959, Emperor Haile Sellassie of Ethiopia paid a visit to President Gamel Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic, during which the two leaders aired matters of acute strategic importance. Several issues, some touching the very heart of ancient Ethiopian–Egyptian relations, were in the stages of culmination. These included a bitter dispute over the Nile waters (some four-fifths of the water reaching Egypt originates in Ethiopia1), the emergence of an Arab-inspired Eritrean movement, Egyptian support of Somali irredentism, the Ethiopian alliance with Israel, the future of Pan-African d

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20

Lei, Xinyun, and Siqi Liu. "Has Barack Obama Changed his Language in Later Life? A Case Study of -ing/-in Variation and the MOUTH Vowel." Lifespans and Styles 2, no. 2 (2006): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ls.v2i2.2016.1608.

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This paper aims to explore whether individual speakers can change their language at the phonological level across their lifespan, especially after the critical period, by conducting a longitudinal study on U.S. President Barack Obama at three time points in his middle years: 1995 (age 34), 2008 (age 47), and 2014 (age 53). The two phonological variants -ing/-in and the /aw/ vowel were investigated. Our data were collected from three formal TV interviews with Barack Obama, available on YouTube. We transcribed the first 14– 17 minutes of each interview as our research samples. A quantitative ana

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TRODD, ZOE. "John Brown's Spirit: The Abolitionist Aesthetic of Emancipatory Martyrdom in Early Antilynching Protest Literature." Journal of American Studies 49, no. 2 (2015): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815000055.

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Before his execution in 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown wrote a series of prison letters that – along with his death itself – helped to cement the abolitionist aesthetic of emancipatory martyrdom. This article charts the adaptation of that aesthetic in antilynching protest literature during the decades that followed. It reveals Brown's own presence in antilynching speeches, sermons, articles, and fiction, and the endurance of the emancipatory martyr symbol that he helped to inaugurate. Between the 1880s and the 1920s, black and white writers imagined lynching's ritual violence as a c

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Shumakov, A. A. "Dialectics of the development of the Black rights movement in the United States in the 60s of the XX century on the example of its outstanding representatives." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 27, no. 2 (2021): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2021-27-2-44-63.

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This paper examines and explores in detail the key theoretical aspects and leading ideological and political trends of The black rights movement in the United States in the 1960s. As the main sources, the author uses the works and speeches of its most famous representatives, such as: Martin Luther king, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Huey Percy Newton, Robert Seal, Eldridge cleaver, highlighting the main trends and dominant trends. Materialistic dialectics is suggested as the main research method. This makes it possible to consider the process of formation of the Movement for the rights of afr

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Rezazade, Faeze, and Esmaeil Zohdi. "The Influence of Childhood Training on the Adulthood Rejection of Discrimination in Go Set a Watchman." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 76 (March 2017): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.76.15.

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Racial prejudice, injustice, and discrimination against people of colored skin, especially African Americans, has become a global issue since the twenty century. Blacks are deprived of their rights regardless of their human natures and are disenfranchised from White’s societies due to their skin color which has put them as inferior and clownish creatures in White’s point of view. Although many anti-racist effort and speeches has done to solve racist issues and eliminate racism and its circumstances, still racism is alive and Blacks are suffering from it. Although, many White individuals accept

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Lum, Grande. "The Community Relations Service's Work in Preventing and Responding to Unfounded Racially and Religiously Motivated Violence after 9/11." Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, no. 2 (2018): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i2.2.

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On the morning of September 11, 2001, New York City-based Community Relations Service (“CRS”) Regional Director Reinaldo Rivera was at a New Jersey summit on racial profiling. At 8:46 a.m., an American Airlines 767 crashed into the North Tower of New York City’s World Trade Center. Because Rivera was with the New Jersey state attorney general, he quickly learned of the attack. Rivera immediately called his staff members, who at that moment were traveling to Long Island, New York, for an unrelated case. Getting into Manhattan had already become difficult, so Rivera instructed his conciliators t

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Nteta, Tatishe M., and Douglas Rice. "Driving a Wedge? Republicans, Immigration, and the Impact of Substantive Appeals on African American Vote Choice." Political Research Quarterly, February 17, 2020, 106591291990001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912919900012.

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Recently, a number of prominent Republican elites have argued that the economic plight of African Americans is attributable to undocumented immigration to the United States. Have these arguments concerning the link between black economic well-being and undocumented immigration become commonplace in the rhetoric of Republican elites, and if so, does exposure to these appeals impact black vote choice? Employing data from over forty years of congressional speeches, the campaign speeches and public addresses of President Donald Trump, televised campaign advertisements from the Wisconsin/Wesleyan A

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Howley, Kevin. "Always Famous." M/C Journal 7, no. 5 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2452.

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Introduction A snapshot, not unlike countless photographs likely to be found in any number of family albums, shows two figures sitting on a park bench: an elderly and amiable looking man grins beneath the rim of a golf cap; a young boy of twelve smiles wide for the camera — a rather banal scene, captured on film. And yet, this seemingly innocent and unexceptional photograph was the site of a remarkable and wide ranging discourse — encompassing American conservatism, celebrity politics, and the end of the Cold War — as the image circulated around the globe during the weeklong state funeral of R

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Carroll, William K. "Sunera Thobani: A Very Public Intellectual." Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes 8, no. 2 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.18740/s4hs3k.

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<p>Sunera Thobani is a formidable activist and scholar. Through decades of activism and scholarship, spanning the globe from East Africa to Canada, via England and the United States, she has developed and applied a critical race feminist and anti-imperialist analysis of world capitalism and colonialism. As an activist, she is probably best known as the former President of the National Action Committee on the Status of Woman, Canada&rsquo;s then largest feminist organization. During her tenure she sought to make anti-racism central to feminist struggles. In her academic work, she has

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Haller, Beth. "Switched at Birth: A Game Changer for All Audiences." M/C Journal 20, no. 3 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1266.

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The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) Family Network show Switched at Birth tells two stories—one which follows the unique plot of the show, and one about the new openness of television executives toward integrating more people with a variety of visible and invisible physical embodiments, such as hearing loss, into television content. It first aired in 2011 and in 2017 aired its fifth and final season.The show focuses on two teen girls in Kansas City who find out they were switched due to a hospital error on the day of their birth and who grew up with parents who were not biologically relate

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Flowers, Arhlene Ann. "Swine Semantics in U.S. Politics: Who Put Lipstick on the Pig?" M/C Journal 13, no. 5 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.278.

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Swine semantics erupted into a linguistic battle between the two U.S. presidential candidates in the 2008 campaign over a lesser-known colloquialism “lipstick on a pig” reference in a speech by then Democratic presidential candidate, Barack Obama. This resulted in the Republicans sparring with the Democrats over the identification of the “swine” in question, claiming “sexism” and demanding an apology on behalf of then Governor Sarah Palin, the first female Republican vice presidential candidate. The Republican Party, fearful of being criticised for its own sexist and racist views (Kuhn par. 1)

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Aly, Anne, and Lelia Green. "Less than Equal: Secularism, Religious Pluralism and Privilege." M/C Journal 11, no. 2 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.32.

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In its preamble, The Western Australian Charter of Multiculturalism (WA) commits the state to becoming: “A society in which respect for mutual difference is accompanied by equality of opportunity within a framework of democratic citizenship”. One of the principles of multiculturalism, as enunciated in the Charter, is “equality of opportunity for all members of society to achieve their full potential in a free and democratic society where every individual is equal before and under the law”. An important element of this principle is the “equality of opportunity … to achieve … full potential”. Th

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Totman, Sally, and Mat Hardy. "The Charismatic Persona of Colonel Qaddafi." M/C Journal 17, no. 3 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.808.

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Introduction In any list of dictators and antagonists of the West the name of Libya’s Colonel Muammar Qaddafi will always rank highly as one of the most memorable, colourful and mercurial. The roles he played to his fellow Libyans, to regional groupings, to revolutionaries and to the West were complex and nuanced. These various roles developed over time but were all grounded in his self-belief as a messianic revolutionary figure. More importantly, these roles and behaviours that stemmed from them were instrumental in preserving Qaddafi’s rule and thwarting challenges to it. These facets of Qad

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Aly, Anne, and Lelia Green. "‘Moderate Islam’: Defining the Good Citizen." M/C Journal 11, no. 1 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.28.

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On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state and that is coherent w

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Aly, Anne, and Lelia Green. "‘Moderate Islam’." M/C Journal 10, no. 6 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2721.

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   On 23 August 2005, John Howard, then Prime Minister, called together Muslim ‘representatives’ from around the nation for a Muslim Summit in response to the London bombings in July of that year. One of the outcomes of the two hour summit was a Statement of Principles committing Muslim communities in Australia to resist radicalisation and pursue a ‘moderate’ Islam. Since then the ill-defined term ‘moderate Muslim’ has been used in both the political and media discourse to refer to a preferred form of Islamic practice that does not challenge the hegemony of the nation state a

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Maxwell, Lori, and Kara E. Stooksbury. "No "Country" for Just Old Men." M/C Journal 11, no. 5 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.71.

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Introduction Presidents “define who Americans are—often by declaring who they aren’t”, and “by their very utterances […] have shaped our sense of who we are as Americans” (Stuckey, front cover). This advocacy of some groups and policies to the exclusion of others has been facilitated in the United States’ political culture by the country music industry. Indeed, President Richard Nixon said of country music that it “radiates a love of this nation—a patriotism,” adding that it “makes America a better country” (Bufwack and Oermann 328). Country music’s ardent support of American military conflict

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Dawson, Andrew. "Reality to Dream: Western Pop in Eastern Avant-Garde (Re-)Presentations of Socialism's End – the Case of Laibach." M/C Journal 21, no. 5 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1478.

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Introduction: Socialism – from Eternal Reality to Passing DreamThe Year of Revolutions in 1989 presaged the end of the Cold War. For many people, it must have felt like the end of the Twentieth Century, and the 1990s a period of waiting for the Millennium. However, the 1990s was, in fact, a period of profound transformation in the post-Socialist world.In early representations of Socialism’s end, a dominant narrative was that of collapse. Dramatic events, such as the dismantling of the Berlin Wall in Germany enabled representation of the end as an unexpected moment. Senses of unexpectedness res

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Pendleton, Mark, and Tanya Serisier. "Some Gays and the Queers." M/C Journal 15, no. 6 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.569.

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Introduction Gore Vidal, the famous writer and literary critic, was recently buried next to his long-term partner, Howard Austen. The couple, who met in the 1950s, had lived together happily for decades. They were in many ways the kind of same-sex couple frequently valorised in contemporary gay marriage campaigns. Vidal and Austen, however, could not serve as emblematic figures for this campaign, and not only because the two men had no interest in marriage. Vidal, who reportedly had over a hundred lovers, both male and female, once attributed the longevity of their relationship to its platonic

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McNair, Brian. "Vote!" M/C Journal 11, no. 1 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.21.

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The twentieth was, from one perspective, the democratic century — a span of one hundred years which began with no fully functioning democracies in existence anywhere on the planet (if one defines democracy as a political system in which there is both universal suffrage and competitive elections), and ended with 120 countries out of 192 classified by the Freedom House think tank as ‘democratic’. There are of course still many societies where democracy is denied or effectively neutered — the remaining outposts of state socialism, such as China, Cuba, and North Korea; most if not all of the Islam

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McNair, Brian. "Vote!" M/C Journal 10, no. 6 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2714.

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Abstract:

   The twentieth was, from one perspective, the democratic century — a span of one hundred years which began with no fully functioning democracies in existence anywhere on the planet (if one defines democracy as a political system in which there is both universal suffrage and competitive elections), and ended with 120 countries out of 192 classified by the Freedom House think tank as ‘democratic’. There are of course still many societies where democracy is denied or effectively neutered — the remaining outposts of state socialism, such as China, Cuba, and North Korea; most if

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