Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Presión social'

Human behavior is strongly affected by social factors such as norms or social pressure, and economic decision making is not an exception. The impact of self and social image considerations is well documented in decisions ranging from contract enforcement to labor productivity. Therefore, understanding the social and moral dimensions of decisions remains an important topic in economic research. This dissertation includes different approaches, theoretical models and experimental designs, to provide insights regarding the impact of such concerns on both individual and collective choice. In the first chapter, we are interested in the micro-foundations of such concerns, and we explore it by extending the standard choice model to incorporate the social environment in decision making. We define different social environments, each with different social pressure levels a decision maker may feel while deciding. As proposed by experimental findings from different fields of research, the model assumes that individuals are more likely to comply with the norms when the social pressure is higher. We provide an axiomatization of the model and suggest a general form of utility representation. The key point of our representation is characterized by a monotone function which captures the intuition of this compromise in the following way: as social pressure increases the decision maker, if not more, cannot exhibit less concern for social image. Thus, the best option should move towards the norm. This choice data allows us to identify, although partially, the norm that applies to the decision problem at hand. The second chapter, takes the analysis of the previous one, one step further and let us reveal the norm to the full extent. We investigate the behavior of many individuals who have image concerns and have to make decisions in different social contexts. Moreover, by releasing the strict assumption on the alternative set, we provide a simple and natural measure of compromise rate. The final chapter complements the dissertation with experimental data that confirms that people are indeed take into account image considerations. Particularly, we are interested in the impact of advice on the lying behavior of the individuals. Although we don’t find any evidence that advice is used to manage one’s social image, it can be utilized to ease the psychological cost of dishonest behavior.

La presión tributaria es un tema de suma importancia y nos concierne a todos como sociedad ya que en algún punto siempre nos afecta, cada uno desde su posición aporta a las arcas del Estado para que pueda financiar sus actividades y lo emplee en gasto público. Es aquí entonces cuando creemos que la recaudación tributaria cobra importancia, tanto el nivel como su composición. La presión tributaria de la Argentina ha aumentado en forma notable en los últimos años, alcanzando altos niveles con referencia al PBI, es así que las Empresas que cumplen con sus obligaciones fiscales enfrentan una gran presión tributaria. Es por eso que a través de este trabajo analizaremos la evolución en la recaudación de los impuestos más importantes y sus principales cambios, permitiéndonos conocer el impacto en las finanzas de las empresas, principalmente en los años 2018-2019 pero también haciendo referencia a importantes actualizaciones tributarias en la actualidad, siendo todo esto el objetivo principal de la presente tesis. Esta tesis consiste en un análisis de tipo explorativo, descriptivo, y explicativo. Se trata de un estudio no experimental ya que se observan las variables tal y como suceden en su contexto natural. La metodología combina técnicas cualitativas, como el análisis de documentos, bibliografía y notas periodísticas, con técnicas cuantitativas en base al análisis de ratios e indicadores económicos de Estados Contables específicos. Luego de un análisis detallado y exhaustivo de toda la información recolectada se pudo concluir en que la presión fiscal es realmente significativa para las Empresas en Argentina, generando consecuencias negativas no sólo para éstas, sino también para la economía nacional.
Fil: Bressan, Martina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Burgos Flaqué, María Fernanda. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Espinoza, Brenda. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Menconi, Daiana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.

Las operaciones del Complejo Metalúrgico de La Oroya (CMLO) generan emisiones y efluentes que contaminan el medio ambiente de la ciudad, para resolver este problema y lograr los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA) el Estado, en cumplimiento de su función reguladora, exigió en 1997 a la empresa Doe Run Perú, propietaria del CMLO, la ejecución de un Programa de Adecuación y Manejo Ambiental (PAMA) en el plazo de diez años; sin embargo, la empresa incumplió el plazo y solicitó su extensión en dos ocasiones originando un conflicto social muy complejo. A través de una descripción y análisis del conflicto, esta tesis demuestra que los determinantes de la actuación del Estado frente a este problema son los siguientes: Primero, una falta de capacidad que nos muestra a un Estado débil sin autonomía para diseñar sus políticas y sin efectividad para implementarlas. Segundo, la presión que han ejercido los actores sociales (pobladores y trabajadores) que formaron una coalición para apoyar a la empresa y presionar al Estado a través de acciones de movilización. Y, tercero, una decisión intencional del propio Estado de no actuar ya sea tolerando el incumplimiento de las normas ambientales por cálculo político, ignorando el problema por falta de interés o, simplemente, posponiendo una solución definitiva para evitar los costos de exigir el cumplimiento de las normas. Por otro lado, los hallazgos nos muestran que los factores que explican la coalición entre pobladores y trabajadores son sus intereses económicos, la dependencia económica estructural de la ciudad de las operaciones del CMLO, una actitud pasiva frente a la contaminación ambiental, una mayor valoración al trabajo que a la salud y un conjunto de factores sociales y culturales. Los resultados de esta investigación contribuirán a un mejor conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento del Estado en el Perú así como de los factores determinantes de la calidad de sus respuestas a los problemas del país.
The operations of the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex (CMLO) generate emissions and effluents that pollute the city's environment, to solve this problem and achieve the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) the State, in compliance with its regulatory function, demanded in 1997 to the company Doe Run Peru, owner of the CMLO, the execution of an Environmental Adaptation and Management Program (PAMA) within ten years; however, the company failed to meet the deadline and requested its extension on two occasions, causing a very complex social conflict. Through a description and analysis of the conflict, this thesis shows that the determinants of the State's action against this problem are the following: First, a lack of capacity that shows us a weak State without autonomy to design its policies and without effectiveness to implement them. Second, the pressure exerted by social actors (residents and workers) who formed a coalition to support the company and put pressure on the State through mobilization actions. And third, an intentional decision by the State itself not to act, either by tolerating noncompliance with environmental regulations by political calculation, ignoring the problem due to lack of interest, or simply postponing a definitive solution to avoid the costs of demanding compliance with the rules. On the other hand, the findings show us that the factors that explain the coalition between residents and workers are their economic interests, the city's structural economic dependence on CMLO operations, a passive attitude towards environmental contamination, a higher valuation to the work than to health and a series of social and cultural factors. The results of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of the State in Peru as well as of the determinants factors of the quality of its responses to the country's problems.
Tesis

Memoria para optar al título de Periodista
Roberto Lagos Flores deseaba ir a vivir a Chiloé con su madre, Víctor Fabián Díaz quería realizar el Servicio Militar, Paulina Gómez se había propuesto terminar su colegio, Víctor Hugo Barría estaba contento porque iba a estudiar Acuicultura en Temuco y Rodrigo Barichivich salió a comprar pan para tomar desayuno con su madre. Ninguno de estos jóvenes pudo cumplir sus deseos. Todos aparecieron muertos en Puerto Aysén en extrañas circunstancias y la Justicia determinó que se habían suicidado. Estos decesos, junto a casi una decena de otras muertes, formaron parte del llamado Caso Aysén, polémico y emblemático puzzle policial que conmocionó a la opinión pública desde 1997 hasta 2002. Chile aún no sabía de la desaparición de Jorge Matute Johns ni de los terribles asesinatos cometidos en Alto Hospicio por Julio Pérez Silva, sin embargo, y al igual que en los crímenes acontecidos en la Región de Tarapacá, las humildes familias de las víctimas de Aysén también sintieron la indiferencia y el desprecio de las autoridades. Pasaron dos Gobiernos de la Concertación y ninguno de ellos mostró voluntad para resolver las muertes. De hecho, en algún momento, esa falta de interés se convirtió en algo ofensivo: En el período de Ricardo Lagos, los familiares de las víctimas demandaron reunirse con la entonces primera dama, Luisa Durán, pero a cambio, la asistente de la esposa del ex Presidente ofreció regalarle a las familias tres tortas. En un comienzo, el polémico juez Carlos Klapp estuvo a cargo del caso. En la ciudad, el magistrado era famoso por su excesivo gusto por las fiestas, el alcohol y las drogas. De hecho, en varias ocasiones el funcionario habría llegado a trabajar ebrio. Todas estas acusaciones llegaron a su punto más alto cuando fue fotografiado desnudo y drogado compartiendo con prostitutas. La imagen fue portada en varios diarios nacionales y motivó a la Comisión de Ética y Control Disciplinario del Poder Judicial a trasladar al juez a Castro, en Chiloé. Además, en la ciudad se hablaba de la existencia de un polémico video donde aparecían, aparte de Klapp, varias autoridades importantes de la zona, tales como funcionarios del Poder Judicial, trabajadores de la Municipalidad y miembros de Carabineros realizando una fiesta en un conocido prostíbulo de Puerto Aysén. Quien supuestamente tenía el registro audiovisual en su poder apareció muerto de forma sorpresiva y su fallecimiento fue catalogado como suicidio por la Justicia. Pero Klapp no fue el único funcionario con un actuar reprochable. Alicia Araneda, ministra en visita a cargo del caso, incluso llegó a asegurar que el Puente Presidente Carlos Ibáñez había sido el culpable de los decesos de los jóvenes al ejercer una suerte de atracción fatal sobre ellos y propuso, como una medida innovadora, poner rejas a la estructura. Las autoridades y la prensa nacional y local parecían estar de acuerdo con esta teoría. Sin embargo, el resto de los aiseninos nunca se conformó y aún asegura que hay algo detrás de estas muertes.

Des dels orígens d’Internet fins a l’aparició de les anomenades xarxes socials, s’ha generat una autèntica revolució en el terreny dels processos de transmissió d’informació i comprensió d’aquesta, no tan sols en el conjunt d’individus que conformen una societat sinó també en el terreny de la política, generant canvis en els propis processos polítics però també afectant directament als seus principals actors, com per exemple els grups d’interès. Fruit de l’impacte ocasionat per les noves tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació (TIC), aquesta investigació es centra en saber quin ús li concedeixen els grups d’interès, tant des del punt de vista de la freqüència, com també de la seva finalitat. La investigació s’ha centrat en analitzar una mostra de 40 organitzacions d’interessos de l’Estat espanyol i l’ús que li concedeixen a dues de les xarxes socials més conegudes i emprades a nivell global, com són Twitter i Facebook. Les variables explicatives s’han seleccionat partint de les principals característiques que defineixen els grups d’interès. Una d’elles és el seu grau d’institucionalització, és a dir, si es tracta d’una organització que disposa d’accés a l’esfera de poder polític (insiders) o si es troba allunyat o fora d’aquesta (outsiders); una altra variable són els recursos econòmics i membres que les organitzacions poden arribar a tenir; ja per últim, la naturalesa dels propis grups pot arribar a ser una variable que pugui arribar a condicionar l’ús atorgat a les TIC. Pel que fa a l’anàlisi de Twitter i Facebook, es disposa d’una base de dades de 51.144 tweets—dels quals per l’anàlisi es selecciona una mostra aleatòria de 16.169—, i 7.552 missatges de Facebook, per un període de 6 mesos, comprés entre el 16 de gener i 10 d’agost de 2015. Per l’anàlisi de la freqüència es té en compte el volum de missatges que cadascuna de les organitzacions seleccionades en l’anàlisi realitza en ambdues xarxes socials. El que es pretén saber és quines característiques ha de presentar un grup d’interès per tal de generar major o menor contingut a la xarxa. Respecte a la finalitat, s’han codificat els missatges tant de Twitter com de Facebook en dues grans categories i múltiples subcategories que d’elles se’n deriven: per una banda aquells missatges amb una intenció d’informar, i per l’altra aquell contingut que pretén generar mobilització. A partir d’aquest anàlisi s’intenta establir si realment les TIC poden esdevenir eines capaces de generar acció col·lectiva i d’arribar a qüestionar la lògica ‘olsoniana’. Quin paper juguen avui en dia els grups d’interès en aquesta atmosfera individualitzant que generen les TIC, i si realment poden alçar-se com a eines democratitzadores donat la immensa capacitat que concedeixen als individus per tal de poder organitzar-se políticament al marge de les organitzacions, són qüestions que també es tenen en consideració al llarg de la tesis, i sobretot fruit dels resultats i de les conclusions obtingudes al llarg de la investigació.
Desde los orígenes de Internet hasta la aparición de las llamadas redes sociales, se ha generado una auténtica revolución en el terreno de los procesos de transmisión de información y comprensión de esta, no tan solo en el conjunto de individuos que forman una sociedad sino también en el terreno de la política, generando cambios en los propios procesos políticos, afectando también directamente sobre sus principales actores, como por ejemplo los grupos de interés. Fruto del impacto ocasionado por las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), esta investigación se centra en saber qué uso le conceden los grupos de interés, tanto des del punto de vista de la frecuencia, como también de su finalidad. La investigación se centra en analizar una muestra de 40 organizaciones de intereses en el Estado español y el uso que le conceden a dos de las redes sociales más conocidas y usadas a nivel global, como son Twitter y Facebook. Las variables explicativas se han seleccionado partiendo de las principales características que definen los grupos de interés. Una de ellas es su grado de institucionalización, es decir, si se trata de una organización que dispone de acceso a la esfera de poder político (insiders) o si se encuentra alejada o fuera de esta (outsiders); otra variable son los recursos económicos y miembros; ya por último, la naturaleza de los propios grupos puede ser una variable que puede llegar a condicionar el uso otorgado a las TIC. Respecto al análisis de Twitter y Facebook, se dispone de una base de datos de 51.144 tweets—de los cuales para el análisis se ha seleccionado una muestra aleatoria de 16.169—, y 7.552 mensajes de Facebook, por un periodo de 6 meses, comprendido entre el 16 de enero y 10 de agosto de 2015. Para el análisis de la frecuencia se tiene en cuenta el volumen de mensajes que cada una de las organizaciones seleccionadas en el análisis realiza en ambas redes sociales. Lo que se pretende saber es qué características ha de presentar un grupo de interés para generar mayor o menor contenido en la red. Por lo que respecta a la finalidad, se han codificado los mensajes tanto de Twitter como de Facebook en dos grandes categorías y múltiples subcategorías: por un lado aquellos mensajes con una intención de informar, y por el otro aquel contenido que pretende generar movilización. A partir de este análisis se intenta establecer si realmente las TIC pueden acontecer como herramientas capaces de generar acción colectiva y llegar a cuestionar la lógica ‘olsoniana’. Qué papel juegan hoy en día los grupos de interés en esta atmósfera individualizante que generan las TIC, y si realmente pueden alzarse como herramientas democratizadoras dado la inmensa capacidad que conceden a los individuos para poder organizarse políticamente al margen de las organizaciones, son cuestiones que también se tienen en consideración al largo de la tesis.
From the origins of Internet to the emergence of so-called social networks, a real revolution has been generated in the field of information transmission process and the comprehension of it. New information and communication technologies (ICT) are generating changes in the political processes themselves, and also directly affecting their main actors, such as interest groups. This research focuses on the use of ICT by some interest groups, analyzing the frequency of use and also the intention of messages. This research focuses on analyzing a sample of 40 interest organizations in Spain and the use they give to two of the most popular social networks that are used globally, which are Twitter and Facebook. The independent variables have been selected from the main characteristics that define interest groups. One of them is the degree of institutionalization, that is to say, if it is an organization that has access to the sphere of political power (insiders) or if it is an organization away or outside the institutional arena (outsiders). Another variable is the economic resources and members, and the last variable is the nature of the groups. Regarding the analysis of Twitter and Facebook, there is a database of 51,144 tweets— for the analysis has been selected a random sample of 16,169 messages—, and 7,552 Facebook posts, for a period of 6 months, between January 16 and August 10, 2015. The analysis of frequency takes into account the volume of messages that each of the organizations have selected in the analysis performed in both social networks. We want to know which interest groups features have to be present to generate more or less content in Internet. The messages from Twitter and Facebook have been codified into two broad categories and multiple subcategories: on the one hand those messages with an intention to inform and in the other hand the content that seeks to generate mobilization. This analysis tries to establish if the ICT can really be tools capable of generating collective action and question Olson’s logic. The roles of interest groups today and whether these ICTs can really be used as democratizing tools, are also issues that are considered in the length of the investigation. This is because ICTs give individuals persons the capacity to organize politically themselves without belonging to a formal organization.

Antecedentes: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) siguen siendo la principal causa de morbi-mortalidad y discapacidad en el mundo. Aunque España tiene una de las tasas de morbimortalidad cardiovascular más bajas, las ECV continúan siendo la principal causa de muerte. Así mismo, la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular clásicos, como la hipertensión, la diabetes, la dislipemia y la obesidad en la población general es alta. Las causas que conducen a padecer una ECV son multifactoriales, y varios factores de riesgo y estilos de vida poco saludables están frecuentemente involucrados. En las últimas tres décadas, la evidencia científica ha mostrado que condiciones socioeconómicas y psicológicas desfavorables a nivel individual y ecológico están directa e indirectamente relacionadas con la prevalencia de estilos de vida poco saludables, un perfil alto de riesgo cardiovascular, la incidencia y un peor pronóstico de las ECV. A pesar de ello, los mecanismos por los cuales estas condiciones pueden afectar la salud cardiovascular no están completamente establecidos. En España, el papel de esas circunstancias en el riesgo cardiovascular ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo General: La presente tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar el papel de la depresión, la posición socioeconómica y el apoyo social sobre tres aspectos del riesgo cardiovascular: (1) el tratamiento recibido en la prevención primaria cardiovascular; (2) el grado de control y los valores de la presión arterial; y (3) el aumento del riesgo de sufrir infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), accidente cerebrovascular (AC) y muerte cardiovascular en una población adulta con de alto riesgo cardiovascular, en España (participantes en el estudio PREDIMED). Métodos: tres estudios fueron llevados a cabo en 7447 adultos con alto riesgo cardiovascular, sin ECV al inicio de los estudios. Un estudio transversal se llevó a cabo para evaluar (1) la relación entre el nivel socioeconómico y las desigualdades en recibir tratamiento para la prevención cardiovascular primaria; y (2) para evaluar el efecto de la depresión tratada y no tratada en los valores de la presión arterial. Un estudio prospectivo longitudinal (seguimiento medio de 4,8 años) se realizó para determinar si la depresión, el nivel educativo bajo, y un bajo apoyo social contribuían a aumentar el riesgo de sufrir IMA, AC y muerte por ECV. Otras características como el sexo, edad, IMC, comorbilidad cardiovascular, estilos de vida al inicio del estudio fueron también consideradas en todos los estudiados realizados. Resultados: En cuanto al impacto de los factores psicológicos y socioeconómicos sobre los tres aspectos de riesgo cardiovascular estudiado, se encontró: (1) los participantes con medio y bajo nivel de educación fueron tratadas de forma similar para la hipertensión (OR (IC95%): nivel educativo medio (NEM): 0.75 (0.56 a 1.00), nivel educativo bajo (NEB): 0.85 (0.65-1.10); diabetes (NEM: 0.86 (0.61 a 1.22), NEB: (0.90 (0.67 a 1.22), y dislipidemia (NEM: 0.93 (0.75 a 1.15), NEB: 0.99 (0.82 a 1,19) comparados con aquellos con nivel educativo alto; (2) participante hipertensos con depresión no tratada (OR (IC95%): 1.28 (1.06 a 1.55), y tratada (1.30 (1.03-1.65) mostraron mejor control de la presión arterial que aquellos sin depresión; (3) participantes con nivel educativo bajo presentaron mayor riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular (HR (IC 95%): 1.83 (1.09 a 3.09) comparados con aquellos con un nivel educativo superior Conclusiones: en la población estudiada, (1) no se observaron diferencias socioeconómicas en el tratamiento recibido en prevención cardiovascular primaria; (2) en los pacientes hipertensos con alto riesgo cardiovascular, el control de la presión arterial fue mejor en las personas diagnosticadas con depresión, en comparación con aquellos sin depresión.; y (3) los participantes con bajo nivel educativo tenían un mayor riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular. La depresión y el bajo apoyo social no se asociaron con la incidencia de ECV.
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbimortality and disability in the world. Although Spain has one of the lowest cardiovascular morbimortality rates worldwide, CVDs continue to be the main cause of death. In addition the prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and obesity in the general population is high. Causes leading to cardiovascular diseases are multifactorial and several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors are involved. In the last three decades, the scientific evidence has shown that socioeconomic and psychological disadvantaged conditions at individual and ecological levels are directly and indirectly related with prevalence of unhealthy lifestyles, poor cardiovascular profile, and incidence and worsening progression of CVDs. However, the mechanisms or pathways through which these conditions lead to adverse cardiovascular outcomes are not completely clear. In Spain, the role of those circumstances in the cardiovascular risk has been scarcely studied. General Objective: The present thesis is aimed at studying the role of socioeconomic position, depression and social support on three topics of the cardiovascular risk.: (1) the treatment received in primary cardiovascular prevention; (2) the degree of control and the values of blood pressure; and (3) the increased risk of suffering primary major cardiovascular events (acute myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death) in an adult population with high cardiovascular risk (PREDIMED study participants), living in Spain. Methods: This thesis is composed of three research studies carried out on 7447 adults at high cardiovascular risk, free of CVDs at baseline. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess (1) the relationship between the socioeconomic status and inequalities in receiving treatment for primary cardiovascular prevention; and (2) to assess the effect of treated and untreated depression on blood pressure values. A prospective cohort study (average follow up of 4.8 years) was performed to determine whether depression, lower educational level and weak social support contributed to increase the risk of suffering myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from CVDs. Other characteristics such as sex, age, BMI, cardiovascular comorbidity, lifestyles at study baseline, were also taken into account in the studies performed. Results: Regarding the impact of the psychological and socioeconomic factors on the three aspects of cardiovascular risk studied, it was found: (1) participants with low and middle education level were similarly treated for hypertension (OR (95% CI): middle education level (MEL): 0.75 (0.56-1.00), low educational level (LEL): 0.85 (0.65-1.10); diabetes (MEL: 0.86 (0.61-1.22), LEL: (0.90 (0.67-1.22), and dyslipidaemia (MEL: 0.93 (0.75-1.15), LEL: 0.99 (0.82-1.19) if compared with those at high education level; (2) hypertensive participants with not treatment (OR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.06-1.55), and treatment (OR (95% CI): 1.30 (1.03-1.65) for depression shown better blood pressure control than those without depression; (3) Participant with low education presented higher risk of suffering stroke (HR (95% CI): 1.83 (1.09–3.09) ) compared with those with high education. Conclusions: in the studied population, (1) socioeconomic differences did not affect the treatment prescribed for primary cardiovascular prevention; (2) among hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk, the control of blood pressure was better in those diagnosed with depression compared to those without depression; and (3) participants with low educational level had a higher risk of stroke. Depression and low social support were not associated with CVD incidence.

Gracias a la tecnología, hoy en día las culturas contemporáneas tienen diversas formas de obtener información, métodos de procesamiento y difusión. Las de mayor alcance y cobertura son la televisión y el internet. Nuestra investigación va enfocada a esta última particularmente al estudio de las redes sociales del ciberespacio. Herramienta que cada vez más está teniendo presencia en los ámbitos económicos hablando de una empresa, para darse a conocer o posicionar un producto en dicho mercado. Y que ya también es usado en el ámbito político-gubernamental para dar a conocer a sus gobernados sus acciones de gobierno y en épocas electorales para posicionar candidatos hacia el votante. El internet y particularmente las redes o comunidades sociales del ciberespacio han configurado y transformado la manera de socializar entre individuos rebasando en muchas ocasiones fronteras, regiones, credos, razas. Lo que los une son los temas o intereses afines para la participación de los mismos. El internet a diferencia de los medios tradicionales sin menospreciar su nivel de impacto en la tarea de informar como la prensa escrita, la radio y televisión se ha convertido en una alternativa de comunicación. El internet cada día es más accesible y al alcance de los usuarios que con ciertas características de libre albedrio en su uso puede proyectar temas locales y transformarlos de gran trascendencia de carácter global.

This doctoral thesis explores under what circumstances executive actors, political parties and interest groups gain visibility in EU (European Union) related debates in the Spanish media for the period 2005-2015. The case of Spain allows exploring aspects so far subjected to little empirical investigations. For example, the motivations of Europhile parties’ to pay attention to the EU, to what extent parties use an EU frame to achieve political goals in a multilevel system of government, or the changing patterns of politicization of EU issues in one of the countries more seriously hit by the euro crisis. The analysis relies on the content analysis of 40.000 stories and 354.000 claims of political actors published in El País and El Mundo from 2005 to 2015. The first chapter, devoted to the analysis of executive actors and political parties, corroborates that political actors react to top-down pressures. Executive actors, those with more media visibility, mainly react to the approval of new EU normative and events, such as European Council meetings, while the visibility of political parties is more associated to European parliament elections. Yet, the thesis shows that political actors do not react only to EU processes and events. Even if European integration is not a politicized issue in Spain, the analysis of public debates on EU affairs show that parties use Europe strategically, as part of their competition to each other in the domestic political arena. Results also illustrate that the euro crisis did not redistribute significantly political actors’ visibility in the media. Even if challenger parties were very critical of most decisions adopted to overcome the crisis, their visibility on EU related public debates did not significantly increase during this critical juncture. Finally, even if European integration is not a politicized issue, as far as the EU is associated with domestic political debates, patterns of media political parallelism emerge. For example, the visibility of secessionist Catalan parties in EU related debates only increases parallel to increasing support for independence in El Mundo. The second chapter, devoted to the analysis of interest groups, corroborates that in this case top-down processes do not play an important role in explaining their visibility in EU related debates. Interest groups do not obtain more media coverage when new normative is discussed at the EU level, not even on those policy areas where the EU has more competences. Yet, stories where new EU regulation in the fields of energy, environment, labor and social issues is discussed, show higher diversity of interest groups than policy domains of economic nature, which are monopolized by few groups. The analysis also shows that debates related to the European parliament and the European Commission are generally associated with a more pluralistic patterns, involving interest groups of different types, than those where the European Council participate. The visibility of interest groups does not increase neither during the approval of new EU normative, nor when their implementation is discussed at domestic level. Interest groups with a role in the implementation process have no visibility in public debates on European affairs, not even on highly politicized issues. Regarding the impact of the euro crisis, it did raise attention to previously excluded groups in EU related debates, such as labor unions or citizens groups. Yet, important differences exist between El Mundo and El País. The analysis of interest groups further corroborates that the media are not passive actors but may be actively involved in the process of giving some actors more attention in public debates to support their political allies.
Aquesta tesi doctoral explora les circumstàncies en les que actors de l'executiu, partits polítics i grups d'interès obtenen visibilitat en els debats relacionats amb la UE (Unió Europea), publicats pels mitjans de comunicació espanyols durant el període 2005-2015. El cas d'Espanya permet explorar aspectes poc investigats des d’un punt de vista empíric fins ara. Per exemple, les motivacions per les quals els partits euròfils presten atenció a la UE, fins a quin punt utilitzen un emmarcat europeu per a aconseguir objectius polítics en un sistema de govern multinivell, o els canvis en els patrons de politització dels assumptes europeus en un dels països més afectats per l'Euro crisi. L'estudi es basa en l'anàlisi del contingut de 40.000 notícies i 354.000 afirmacions d'actors polítics, publicats en El País i El Mundo entre 2005 i 2015. El primer capítol, enfocat en l'anàlisi dels actors de l'executiu i els partits polítics, corrobora que els actors polítics reaccionen a pressions top-down. Els actors de l'executiu, aquells amb més visibilitat mediàtica, reaccionen principalment a l'aprovació de nova normativa i esdeveniments europeus, com, per exemple, reunions del Consell Europeu, mentre que la visibilitat dels partits polítics està més associada amb les eleccions al Parlament Europeu. No obstant això, aquesta tesi mostra que els actors polítics no només reaccionen a processos i esdeveniments europeus. Fins i tot si la integració europea no és un assumpte polititzat a Espanya, l'anàlisi dels debats públics sobre assumptes europeus mostra que els partits utilitzen Europa de manera estratègica, com a part de la competició partidista en l’arena política domèstica. Els resultats il·lustren que l'Euro crisi no va implicar una redistribució significativa de la cobertura mediàtica dels actors polítics. Malgrat els partits challenger van ser molt crítics amb la majoria de les decisions adoptades per a superar la crisi, la seva visibilitat en els debats públics relacionats amb la UE no va augmentar significativament durant aquesta conjuntura crítica. Finalment, la tesi mostra que tot i que la integració europea no és un assumpte polititzat, en la mesura en que la UE s'associa amb debats polítics domèstics, emergeixen patrons de paral·lelisme polític en la cobertura mediàtica. Per exemple, la visibilitat dels partits catalans secessionistes en debats on es fa referència a la UE només augmenta paral·lelament a l'increment del suport a la independència a El Mundo. El segon capítol, centrat en l'anàlisi dels grups d'interès, demostra que els processos top-down no juguen un paper important a l’hora d’explicar la seva visibilitat en els debats relacionats amb la UE. Els grups d'interès no obtenen major cobertura mediàtica quan es debat nova normativa europea, ni tan sols en aquells àmbits en els que la UE té més competències. No obstant això, notícies sobre l'aprovació de nova regulació europea en àmbits com l'energia, el medi ambient, el treball o els assumptes socials mostren una major diversitat de grups d'interès que aquelles sobre assumpres econòmics, monopolitzades per pocs grups. L'anàlisi també mostra que els debats relacionats amb el Parlament Europeu i la Comissió Europea, generalment es troben associats amb patrons més plurals, involucrant diferents grups d'interès, que aquells en els quals participa el Consell Europeu. La visibilitat dels grups d'interès no és elevada durant la discussió de normativa a nivell europeu ni tampoc durant el procés d’implementació a nivell domèstic. Els grups d'interès amb un rol en el procés d'implementació no obtenen visibilitat en els debats públics sobre els assumptes europeus, ni tant sols en assumptes molt polititzats. Respecte a l'impacte de l'Euro crisi, aquesta va augmentar l'atenció a grups prèviament exclosos dels debats sobre la UE, com, per exemple, sindicats i grups de ciutadans. No obstant, existeixen diferències importants entre El País i El Mundo. L'anàlisi sobre els grups d'interès corrobora que els mitjans de comunicació no són actors passius, sinó que participen activament en el procés, donant més cobertura mediàtica a determinats actors amb l’objectiu de donar suport als seus aliats polítics.
Esta tesis doctoral explora las circunstancias en las que actores del ejecutivo, partidos políticos y grupos de interés obtienen visibilidad en los debates relacionados con la UE (Unión Europea), publicados por los medios de comunicación españoles durante el periodo 2005-2015. El caso de España permite explorar aspectos poco investigados desde un punto de vista empírico hasta el momento. Por ejemplo, las motivaciones por las que los partidos eurófilos prestan atención a la UE, hasta qué punto usan un enmarcado europeo para lograr sus objetivos políticos en un sistema de gobierno multinivel, o los cambios en los patrones de politización de los asuntos europeos en uno de los países más afectados por la Euro crisis. El estudio se basa en el análisis del contenido de 40.000 noticias y 354.000 afirmaciones de actores políticos, publicadas en El País y El Mundo entre 2005 y 2015. El primer capítulo, centrado en el análisis de los actores del ejecutivo y los partidos políticos, corrobora que los actores políticos reacciones a presiones top- down. Los actores del ejecutivo, aquellos con más visibilidad mediática, reaccionan principalmente a la aprobación de nueva normativa y eventos europeos, como, por ejemplo, reuniones del Consejo Europeo, mientras que la visibilidad de los partidos políticos está más asociada con las elecciones al Parlamento Europeo. Sin embargo, esta tesis muestra que los actores políticos no sólo reaccionan a estos procesos y eventos europeos. Incluso si la integración europea no es un asunto politizado en España, el análisis de los debates públicos sobre asuntos europeos muestra que los partidos usan Europa de forma estratégica, como parte de la competición partidista en la arena política doméstica. Los resultados también ilustran que la Euro crisis no implicó una redistribución significativa de la cobertura mediática de los actores políticos. A pesar de que los partidos challenger fueron muy críticos con la mayoría de las decisiones adoptadas para superar la crisis, su visibilidad en los debates públicos relacionados con la UE no aumentó significativamente durante esta coyuntura crítica. Finalmente, la tesis muestra que a pesar de que la integración europea no es un asunto politizado, en la medida en que la UE se asocia con debates políticos domésticos, emergen patrones de paralelismo político en la cobertura mediática. Por ejemplo, la visibilidad de los partidos catalanes secesionistas en debates en los que se hace referencia a Europa solo aumenta paralelamente al incremento del apoyo a la independencia en El Mundo. El segundo capítulo, centrado en el análisis de los grupos de interés, demuestra que los procesos top-down no juegan un papel importante para explicar su visibilidad en los debates relacionados con la UE. Los grupos de interés no obtienen mayor cobertura mediática cuando se debate nueva normativa europea, ni siquiera en aquellos ámbitos en los que la UE tiene más competencias. No obstante, noticias sobre la aprobación de nueva regulación europea en ámbitos como la energía, el medio ambiente, el trabajo o los asuntos sociales muestran una mayor diversidad de grupos de interés que aquellas sobre asuntos económicos, monopolizadas por pocos grupos. El análisis también muestra que los debates relacionados con el Parlamento Europeo y la Comisión Europea, generalmente se encuentran asociados con patrones más plurales, involucrando diferentes grupos de interés, que aquellos en los que participa el Consejo Europeo. La visibilidad de los grupos de interés no es elevada durante la discusión de normativa a nivel europeo ni tampoco durante el proceso de implementación a nivel doméstico. Los grupos de interés con un rol en el proceso de implementación no obtienen visibilidad en los debates públicos sobre los asuntos europeos, ni siquiera en asuntos muy politizados. Con respecto al impacto de la Euro crisis, ésta aumentó la atención a grupos previamente excluidos de los debates sobre la UE, como, por ejemplo, sindicatos y grupos de ciudadanos. No obstante, existen diferencias importantes entre El País y El Mundo. El análisis sobre los grupos de interés corrobora que los medios de comunicación no son actores pasivos, sino que participan activamente en el proceso, dando más cobertura mediática a determinados actores con el objetivo de apoyar a sus aliados políticos.

L'enjeu de la thèse est triple. Premièrement, nous décrivons le système de transferts entre ménages et au sein des ménages dans les familles étendues gabonaises. Ces transferts prennent soit la forme de dons, soit la forme d'accueil de parents. Nous présentons les différents modèles économiques s'efforçant d'expliquer les transferts. Nous évaluons l'un d'entre eux, le modèle d'altruisme de Becker, à l'aide d'une enquête réalisée en 1994 au Gabon. Ce modèle, qui ne peut expliquer ni les transferts ni l'accueil, est rejeté. Nous développons ensuite un modèle alternatif permettant de décrire le système d'accueil. Le modèle de pression sociale repose sur l'existence d'une norme de redistribution et le mécanisme d'accueil est rapproché d'un jeu de l'ultimatum. Les résultats obtenuspour cejeu en laboratoire sont expliqués. Deuxièmement, nous dégageons plusieurs conséquences du modèle qui nous semblent constituer un obstacle au développement économique. Nous analysons ains les effets de la redistribution sur la structure de consommation, l'offre de travail et les investissements en capital humain, et nous montrons empiriquement qu'en accord avec le modèle de pression sociale, la structure de consommation dépend du taux de personnes accueillis et que les individus accueillis ont un retard scolaire plus important que les membres de la famille nucléaire. De plus, le modèle de pression sociale explique mieux le nombre de parents accueillis que le modèle d'altruisme. Troisièmement, nous avons essayé d'expliquer l'origine de la norme de redistribution et voulu relier la redistribution à un certain nombre de traits des sociétés africaines : forte fécondité, polygamie, importance des systèmes de parenté, droits de propriété collectifs. . .

The research is informed by the post-modernist theoretical framework. This framework is chosen because of its dynamic and eclectic epistemology which allows the study to identify the experiences of a group of African Caribbean people within the British education system. It also explores the patterns of experiences among three African Caribbean generations in Preston. The study seeks to explain the relative success of minority African Caribbean people in the education system. Data was gathered from questionnaire, interviews along with ethnographic observations from local secondary school and participation in seminars and conferences. The tools used to analyse the data employs the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) is used to analyse the survey data while Nvivo is used to analyse the interviews conducted. Both packages yielded significant results. The research concludes that while racism remains a widespread educational experience among the three generations of African Caribbean people studied, a great disparity of achievement also exists at different levels of educational success. While the second generation tops the success rates of educational attainment, the third generation fared abysmally. The research found that the length of African Caribbean peoples' stay in Britain does not correlate with their educational success. There is a social stratum within the African Caribbean community which mimics the host society; those from the middle class families tend to account for the largest rate of educational success in the English education system. The research also concludes that whilst living in semi urban environments does not guarantee educational success, in comparison it is even far worse for African Caribbean people living in deprived inner city council estates to achieve success in the educational system. The research proposes significant recommendations for policy makers, Local Education Authorities, schools, teachers, and the African Caribbean community especially parents to work together to promote educational success among African Caribbean people.

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BACKGROUND: Psychopaths show impairments in emotional processing. Data about their ability to recognize emotional faces are not convergent. Prior studies revealed a lack of methodological convergence, in particular in relation to the exposure time of the stimuli, and on the sex bias of the sample with the majority of the studies focusing on male participants. This thesis aimed to investigate characteristics of psychopathy in female offenders, consisting of two empirical studies. The first study aimed to verify the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in psychopaths, being the first study to test the control of exposure time of 200 ms in the female sample. The second study investigated whether, in the same sample, psychopathy is isomorphic to Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) or if a discriminative pattern of scores on APD criteria is observed. METHOD: 109 female offenders from Porto Alegre city Brazil were evaluated and, based on the PCL-R and SCID-II scores, three groups were formed: 1) female psychopathic inmates (PCL-R ≥ 30; n=33); 2) female antisocial (APD) non-psychopathic inmates (PCL-R < 20, n=43); and 3) female inmates without any personality disorder (control group) (PCL-R < 10, n=33). In the first study, participants completed a facial affect recognition task. In the second study, we used Latent Class Analysis based on the scores of the same measures to check whether psychopathy distinguishes between latent class female offenders with clinical diagnosis of APD. RESULTS: The first study revealed significant deficits in negative emotions (fear, sadness and disgust) in the psychopathic group, with the highest effect size being observed in processing of fear precisely when the stimuli were presented in 200 ms. Deficits were also observed in the APD group to the emotion of fear and disgust in shorter exposure times compared to the control group. In the second we identified three latent class with varying degrees of APD. Participants with a clinical diagnosis of APD fell into two latent class with significantly different mean scores on PCL-R psychopathy. Females with PCL-R total scores ≥ 30 fell almost exclusively within the Severe APD class; the Moderate APD class had almost no individuals with a PCL-R total score ≥ 30. CONCLUSION: The present work corroborates the data about the impairments in facial emotion recognition in psychopaths with unprecedented results in the literature for female samples. Data confirm that the more specific deficits shown by psychopaths are only observed in a reduced exposure time experimental stimulus. Moreover, we found novel empirical evidence that female offenders with clinical APD comprise a heterogeneous population, as higher levels of psychopathy only occurred in a subset of women above the clinical threshold for APD.
JUSTIFICATIVA: Psicopatas apresentam preju?zos relacionados ao processamento emocional. Dados sobre a habilidade de reconhecer faces emocionais n?o s?o convergentes. Estudos anteriores apresentam aus?ncia de converg?ncia metodol?gica, principalmente em rela??o ao tempo de exposi??o dos est?mulos, e vi?s de sexo nas amostras, com a maioria dos estudos com foco em amostras masculinas. A presente disserta??o teve como objetivo geral investigar caracter?sticas da psicopatia em mulheres presidi?rias, sendo composta por dois estudos emp?ricos. O primeiro estudo objetivou verificar o reconhecimento de express?es faciais de emo??es em psicopatas e o segundo estudo investigou se a psicopatia apresentada pela mesma amostra mostra-se isomorfa ao Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial (TPA) ou se pode ser discriminante para diferentes padr?es de pontua??o para os crit?rios de TPA. M?TODO: 109 presidi?rias da cidade de Porto Alegre Brasil foram avaliadas e, com base nos escores do PCL-R e SCID-II, foram formados tr?s grupos: 1) 33 presidi?rias com psicopatia (PCL-R ≥ 30); 2) 43 presidi?rias com TPA (PCL-R < 20); e 3) 33 presidi?rias sem nenhum transtorno da personalidade (grupo controle) (PCL-R < 10). No primeiro estudo as participantes responderam a uma tarefa de reconhecimento de express?es faciais de emo??es. No segundo estudo, foi utilizada An?lise de Classes Latentes, com base nos escores dos mesmos instrumentos, para verificar se a psicopatia distingue entre classes latentes as presidi?rias com diagn?stico cl?nico de TPA. RESULTADOS: O primeiro estudo revelou d?ficits significativos no reconhecimento de emo??es negativas (medo, tristeza e nojo) no grupo de psicopatas, com maior tamanho de efeito observado no processamento de medo, especificamente quando os est?mulos foram apresentados em 200 ms. Tamb?m foram verificados d?ficits no grupo de TPA para a emo??o de medo e de nojo no tempo mais breve de exposi??o em compara??o ao grupo controle. No segundo estudo foram identificadas tr?s classes latentes com diferentes graus de TPA. As participantes com diagn?stico cl?nico de TPA encaixaram-se em duas classes latentes com n?veis significativamente diferentes de psicopatia. Mulheres com escore no PCL-R ≥ 30 fixaram-se quase exclusivamente dentro da classe de TPA grave, enquanto TPA moderado quase n?o conteve participantes com escore no PCL-R ≥ 30. CONCLUS?O: A presente disserta??o corrobora com os dados sobre preju?zos no reconhecimento de express?es faciais de emo??es em psicopatas com resultados in?ditos na literatura para a popula??o feminina. Os dados confirmam a hip?tese de que d?ficits mais espec?ficos de processamento emocional nessa popula??o s?o apresentados a um n?vel reduzido do tempo de exposi??o em condi??es experimentais. Al?m disso, foram verificadas evid?ncias emp?ricas in?ditas de que presidi?rias com diagn?stico de TPA compreendem uma popula??o heterog?nea, como os n?veis mais elevados de psicopatia sendo encontrados apenas em um subconjunto de presidi?rias acima do limiar cl?nico para TPA.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS
This work aims to comprehend how the materialities of digital media are transforming the way of the body produces presence in the context of ubiquitous communication. Given the centrality of the body in this process, we have chosen as an empirical object of this research the contemporary wellness practices, specifically those dedicated to the weight loss process, due to the ease of tracking them in digital environments. Three routes are conducted to achieve this goal. The first one, with its theoretical epistemological nature, promotes dialogue between the theory of Materialities of Communication, from the work of Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, and the thought of Complexity, proposed by Edgar Morin, in order to understand the implications of the production of presence phenomena in the digital context. From this articulation, arises the need to consider a new form of inhabiting which emerges with the digital networks, based on information flow and trans-organic forms, toward what Massimo Di Felice calls ?atopic experience?. The second route, dedicated to theoretical-methodological level, details the methodological procedures adopted in the research, which had as great challenge the assembly of a corpus that would allow the analysis of the transformations of weight loss practices in digital media over 15 years, seeking to contemplate the transition from fixed internet to mobile internet. To do so, we searched on Google itself these documents, taking advantage of the Internet?s website possibility to make the past present again, and conducted a content analysis of 227 materials with the assistance of Nvivo10, a qualitative data analysis software. In the third route, dedicated to the interpretation of results, we presented how each technological materiality identified in the study ? desktops, smartphones, wearable devices and "smart" thing ? has been restructuring the informational ecosystem of wellness practices over the years, resulting in changes in cognitive and affective, communicative and interactional processes. We concluded at the end of these three routes that the digital technologies operate to transform the body's insistent materiality into increasingly continuous information flow ? from texts on blogs to ?real time? monitoring of mobile applications. This process, far from signifying the demise of presence phenomena, represents the setup of new forms of production of presence, in this new landscape we inhabit, trans-organic and post anthropocentric.
O objetivo deste trabalho ? compreender como as materialidades dos meios digitais v?m transformando a forma como o corpo produz presen?a no contexto de comunica??o ub?qua. Diante da centralidade do corpo nesse processo, elegemos como objeto emp?rico desta pesquisa as pr?ticas de bem-estar contempor?neas, especificamente ?s dedicadas ao processo de emagrecimento, devido ? facilidade de rastre?-las nos ambientes digitais. Tr?s percursos s?o realizados para alcan?ar este objetivo. O primeiro, de cunho te?rico-epistemol?gico, promove o di?logo entre a teoria das Materialidades da Comunica??o, a partir da obra de Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, e o pensamento da Complexidade, de Edgar Morin, a fim de compreender as implica??es dos fen?menos de produ??o de presen?a no contexto digital. Dessa articula??o, surge a necessidade de considerarmos uma nova condi??o habitativa que emerge com as redes digitais, baseada nos fluxos informacionais e de natureza transorg?nica, o que d? forma ao que Massimo Di Felice chama de ?experi?ncia at?pica?. O segundo percurso, de n?vel te?rico-metodol?gico, explicita os procedimentos metodol?gicos adotados na pesquisa, que teve como grande desafio a montagem de um corpus que permitisse a an?lise das transforma??es das pr?ticas de emagrecimento nos meios digitais ao longo de 15 anos, procurando contemplar a passagem da internet fixa ? internet m?vel. Para isso, buscamos no pr?prio Google esses documentos, aproveitando a possibilidade dos sites de internet em presentificar mundos passados, e realizamos uma an?lise de conte?do em 227 materiais com o aux?lio de do software de an?lise quanti-qualitativa Nvivo10. No terceiro percurso, dedicado ? interpreta??o dos resultados, apresentamos como cada materialidade tecnol?gica identificada no estudo ? desktops, smartphones, dispositivos vest?veis e objetos ?inteligentes? ? reestruturou o ecossistema informativo das pr?ticas de bem-estar ao longo dos anos, o que resultou em transforma??es nos processos cognitivos e afetivos, comunicacionais e interacionais. Conclu?mos, ao final desses tr?s percursos, que as tecnologias digitais operam para transformar a insistente mat?ria corp?rea em fluxo de informa??o cada vez mais cont?nuo ? dos textos em blogs ao monitoramento em ?tempo real? dos aplicativos m?veis. Esse processo, longe de significar o esmaecimento dos fen?menos de presen?a, representa a configura??o de novas formas de produ??o de presen?a do corpo, nessa nova paisagem que habitamos, transorg?nica e p?s antropoc?ntrica.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur depression diskuteras som ett socialt problem i pressen. De frågor som ställs är; 1) På vilket/vilka sätt definieras depression? 2) Vilka praktiker kopplas till specifika definitioner av depression? 3) Hur ser kopplingen mellan definitioner av depression, de praktiker som är kopplade till dessa, och individen, ut? 4) Vilka aktörer är inblandade i definitionsprocessen? För att besvara dessa frågeställningar har artiklar publicerade i Dagens nyheter, Svenska dagbladet, Expressen och Aftonbladet täckande ett år (2008-04-21 till 2009-04-21) samlats in och analyserats med hjälp av diskursanalys. I analysen identifieras fyra diskurser; en biomedicinsk-, en psykologisk-, en alternativmedicinsk- samt en strukturalistisk diskurs. Av dessa är den strukturalistiska diskursen minst framträdande (4 av 240 artiklar). Depression definieras i materialet främst som en fysisk eller psykisk sjukdom och de behandlingsformer som lyfts fram oftast är medicinering och KBT. Dock utmanas dessa behandlingsformer av en alternativmedicinsk diskurs. I materialet framstod individen som den som är främst ansvarig för sitt välmående genom att denna tillskrevs uppgiften att övervaka sin hälsa och skaffa sig kunskap om sin sjukdom. En kritik formuleras mot det sätt depression diskuteras i offentligheten då samhällsaspekter – framför allt klass- och genusaspekter – osynliggörs genom att depression nästan uteslutande definieras som ett problem som rör individen.

This thesis proposes a contextual Christian social ethic for a plural Singapore where Christianity, as a late arrival in East and Southeast Asia, is still regarded by most Asians as a foreign religion, mainly because of its association with past colonial exploits and present Euro-North American value-systems. Our thesis begins with an historical overview of Singapore from its founding as a British colony to its present position as an independent prosperous republic. Drawing on two failed attempts at Christian social engagement in post- colonial Singapore as examples, we argue against uncritical adoption of any social ethical model which is not culture-sensitive to the peculiar contextual concerns of that city-state. We show that an appropriate and credible Christian social ethic for Singapore can be found, not so much in Liberation Theologies or Ecclesiological Ethics, though they have rightly attracted a lot of attention in recent years, but rather in the social theology of Ronald. Preston and the tradition he represents. Preston's social theology, informed very much by a doctrine of creation, recognises God's grace at work in the life of all people and social structures. It encourages and facilitates constructive Christian social engagement in the political arena and the economic sphere where Christians, as members of overlapping communities, live and work with people of other faiths and those with no religious affiliation. When critically adapted and appropriately supplemented by other theological and philosophical materials in areas where we find deficiencies, Preston's social theology provides the congenial theological resources which can be used to frame a contextual Christian social ethic to meet the multi-faceted challenges of a plural, post-colonial Singapore.

L'implantation par les collectivités locales d'un ENT (Espace Numérique de Travail) dans les lycées et collèges n'est pas sans conséquences pour le quotidien de la communauté éducative. Notre étude s'intéresse ainsi à comprendre les usages émergents en procédant à une décomposition du processus d'appropriation. Elle répond également à une commande institutionnelle dont l'objectif politique est tourné vers l'encouragement et la stimulation des usages de ce type d'outil. Par conséquent, nous avons cherché à créer un modèle permettant de comprendre qui sont les utilisateurs de l'ENT et comment s'enclenche le passage des usages prescrits par les concepteurs aux comportements d'usages constatés sur le terrain.Pour sa concrétisation, notre modèle s'est construit sur la base d'un ensemble de travaux préalables.- L'étude du cadre de fonctionnement, à partir d'entretiens auprès des prescripteurs et de l'analyse du cahier des charges de l'ENT lorrain.- L'étude du cadre d'usage, d'une part, grâce aux mesures d'audiences de la CDC (Caisse des Dépôts et Consignation), d'autre part, par des questionnaires chargés de rendre compte des premiers usages ainsi que de la représentation sociale de l'ENT et de son cahier de textes pour les élèves, leurs enseignants et parents.Le modèle ainsi formalisé, soutenu par une littérature déjà robuste, est nommé : DAME (Dynamic Acceptance Model for Education). Il a été élaboré sur une population de 3 100 élèves, 774 parents, 617 enseignants et 44 membres du personnel de la vie scolaire.Les résultats obtenus, témoignent dans un premier temps, de l'importance à accorder aux perceptions d'« utilité » et d'« utilisabilité ». Pour favoriser l'adoption d'un l'ENT et donc son acceptabilité dans le cadre des activités quotidiennes d'enseignement, il est essentiel que sa prise en main ainsi que sa plus-value liée à son usage soit pleinement perçue. Dans un deuxième temps, il apparaît nécessaire de tenir compte des personnes qui entourent l'utilisateur, ce que nous qualifions dans notre modèle de « pression sociale », les élèves et le personnel de vie scolaire y étant particulièrement réceptifs. Dans un troisième temps, nous observons que les propriétés de l'outil peuvent engendrer ce que nous désignons par une « pression instrumentale » qui agit de manière rétroactive sur les précédentes variables. Du fait d'un usage répété, une dépendance à l'ENT peut s'installer lorsque celui-ci devient essentiel au bon déroulement de son activité, qu'elle soit professionnelle ou d'apprentissage, ce qui est notamment le cas pour les fonctionnalités : cahier de textes et espace d'informations. Néanmoins, notre modèle met également en évidence que d'autres facteurs sont susceptibles d'intervenir pour expliquer les usages, de nouvelles perspectives de recherches sont par conséquent à prévoir. Enfin, il apparaît évident, sur la base de nos différentes enquêtes, que les principaux bénéficiaires des ENT restent incontestablement les parents et les élèves. Ils manifestent tous deux de forts intérêts pour son usage mais se heurtent à la résistance de certains enseignants dénonçant une charge de travail supplémentaire et une trop grande transparence des informations qu'ils y déposent
The implementation, by local collectivity, of a VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) in secondary schools and high school is not without consequences for the educational community daily activities. Our study aims to understand emerging uses by carry out a decomposition of the appropriation process. It also responds to an institutional command whose aim is turned toward the promotion and stimulation of the utilisation of this type of tool. Therefore, our objective is to create a model to understand which are VLE users and how is managed the transition between uses prescribed by the creators and observed behaviors.For its concretization, our model is built on a set of preliminary work.- The operating frame study based on interviews with prescribers and the analysis of the Lorraine VLE project specification chart.- The use frame study, on one hand, through uses counter measures from the CDC (Caisse des Dépôts group), on the other hand, by questionnaires upon which functions we report first uses and social representation of a VLE and his book-texts by students, teachers and parents.The model pattern, supported by a robust literature, is called: DAME (Dynamic Acceptance Model for Education). It was applied to a population of 3,100 students, 774 parents, 617 teachers and 44 staff members of school life.The results show in a first step, the importance given to "usefulness" and "usability" perceptions. To promote the adoption of a VLA, and therefore its acceptability in the daily teaching activities, it's crucial that its handling and its added value were associated with its use are fully perceived. In a second step, it seems necessary to take into account, the social network of the user, what we call in our model "social pressure", students and staff of school life being particularly responsive to it. In a third step, we observe that tool properties can generate what we designate by "instrumental pressure" which retroactively impact on previous variables. Due to repeated use, addiction to ENT may be installed when it becomes essential for the quality of his professional or learning activity, which is notably the case for two functionalities: text-book and information space. Nevertheless, our model shows that other factors can be able to explain uses; therefore, new research prospects can be expected. Finally, it seems clear, on the basis of our various surveys, that the main beneficiaries of VLE are mainly parents and students. But if both show strong interest for its use, they are confronted to the resistance of some teachers denouncing an overwork and an excessive transparency of uploaded information

La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo explicar cómo se procesa la influencia de diferentes sectores de la sociedad civil en el aparato estatal en el caso del dictado de leyes. En concreto, este trabajo se va a centrar en la ‘Ley Nº 30288’, conocida popularmente como ‘Ley Pulpín’, a partir de las sospechas de los detractores del proyecto, quienes afirmaban que este fue elaborado por los sectores empresariales, que habrían influido sobre el Estado para aprobarlo. Lo que se busca entender es cómo la influencia podría ejercerse en un aparato estatal que resulta aparentemente autónomo. Por ello, el objetivo es estudiar los procesos de elaboración y aprobación de dicha ley, para determinar cuál es la forma en la que influyen los actores de la sociedad civil involucrados en estos. Para este fin se han tomado como base las teorías sobre captura del Estado, las cuales otorgan un valor explicativo a un contexto en el cual se parecen favorecer las demandas de ciertos actores sociales por sobre las de otros. A través de entrevistas con actores que participaron o siguieron de cerca este proceso, se logra determinar que evidentemente este era un proyecto de ley similar a los propuestos por los sectores empresariales, contando con su respaldo, si bien no siempre abierto. Además, se menguó la participación de los gremios de trabajadores y de sus representantes, quienes fueron apartados y sus opiniones no tomadas en cuenta. Todo ello con la idea de que desde el Estado estaban haciendo lo correcto para afrontar los problemas de informalidad laboral. Ello lleva a considerar, con especial énfasis, la importancia de las teorías que hablan de la influencia ideológica que puede existir sobre los funcionarios, que podría explicar el por qué pueden terminar favoreciendo a los gremios empresariales en sus decisiones.
Tesis

OBJECTIF : Déterminer si les participants exposés à l’effet combiné du déséquilibre effort-reconnaissance (DER) et du poids, présentent des élévations de pression artérielle (PA) après 36 mois. MÉTHODES : Cohorte prospective chez 1684 cols-blancs. La PA a été prise aux 15 minutes lors d’une journée de travail. Le poids, la taille et le DER ont été mesurés avec des méthodes validées. RÉSULTATS : Les femmes et les hommes en surpoids exposés à une augmentation du DER, présentaient des moyennes de PA systolique de 2 à 4 mm Hg plus élevées que les non-exposés. L’exposition chronique au DER et au surpoids n’étaient pas associée à une élévation de PA. CONCLUSION : Cette étude supporte partiellement l’effet délétère du DER combiné au surpoids sur la PA. Les résultats suggèrent que la réduction de ces expositions pourrait contribuer à prévenir les atteintes cardiovasculaires.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if participants exposed to the combined effect of effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and weight, have blood pressure (BP) means higher than unexposed participants. METHODS: A prospective cohort study composed of 1684 white-collar works. Ambulatory BP was measured every 15 minutes during a work day. Participant’s height, weight and ERI were measured using validated methods. RESULTS: Female and male workers with overweight, who experienced an increase in their exposure to ERI, presented systolic BP means of 2 to 4 mm Hg higher than unexposed women and men. There was no observed association between repeated exposure to ERI and BP. CONCLUSION: This study partially suggests that exposure to combined effect of ERI and overweight were associated with significant increases in BP. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the combined effect of job strain and weight on BP.

This thesis demonstrates that the most popular periodical genre of the second half of the nineteenth century was the provincial newspaper. Using evidence from news rooms, libraries, the trade press and oral history, it argues that the majority of readers (particularly working-class readers) preferred the local press, because of its faster delivery of news, and because of its local and localised content. Building on the work of Law and Potter, the thesis treats the provincial press as a national network and a national system, a structure which enabled it to offer a more effective news distribution service than metropolitan papers. Taking the town of Preston, Lancashire, as a case study, this thesis provides some background to the most popular local publications of the period, and uses the diaries of Preston journalist Anthony Hewitson as a case study of the career of a local reporter, editor and proprietor. Three examples of how the local press consciously promoted local identity are discussed: Hewitson’s remoulding of the Preston Chronicle, the same paper’s changing treatment of Lancashire dialect, and coverage of professional football. These case studies demonstrate some of the local press content that could not practically be provided by metropolitan publications. The ‘reading world’ of this provincial town is reconstructed, to reveal the historical circumstances in which newspapers and the local paper in particular were read. Evidence from readers demonstrates the many ways in which they used the local press, both collectively and individually, including its use in sustaining local identities and sense of place. However, the local press was only one factor among many in the development and sustenance of local identities. The originality of the thesis lies in its introduction of empirical reading evidence into English newspaper history, its challenge to the taken-for-granted but problematic concepts of ‘local’ and ‘national’ newspapers in this period, its detailed study of the journalistic techniques used to capitalise on local patriotism, and its critique of many theories of nineteenth-century press history which have been based on a minority of the period’s newspapers, those published in London.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka pressens rapportering gällande sexuellt våld. Särskilt fokus lades på hur pressen beskrev könstillhörighet, etnicitet och rättsväsendet. Vi undersökte även pressens rapportering i relation till Nils Christies teori om ideala offer. Detta studerades genom en kritisk diskursanalys och i studien har vi analyserat 100 artiklar om sexuellt våld från fyra rikstäckande svenska tidningar under perioden 1 april 2009 till 1 april 2016. Analysen resulterade i att tre övergripande diskurser identifierades. Dessa diskurser valde vi att benämna gärningspersonen som kalkylerande och manipulativ, brottsoffrens utsatthet och rättsväsendets brister. Resultaten visade att såväl gärningspersoner som offer beskrevs stereotypt i största delen av materialet och att könstillhörighet ofta var centralt i dessa beskrivningar. Vi fann också att rättsväsendet ifrågasattes och ofta framställdes på ett negativt sätt. De viktigaste slutsatserna var att stereotypa framställningar, makt och nyhetsvärde var närvarande i pressens rapporteringar.
Title: Sexual violence – as described in the Swedish press The purpose of this study was to examine the press coverage concerning sexual violence. Particular focus was placed upon the descriptions of gender, ethnicity and the justice system. Furthermore we did also examine the press coverage in relation to Nils Christies theory of ideal victims. This was examined by the use of critical discourse-analysis and in the study we analyzed 100 articles concerning sexual violence taken from four swedish nationwide issued magazines during a period dating from 1st of April 2009 until 1st of April 2016. The analysis resulted in the identification of three overall discourses which we chose to name the calculating and manipulative perpetrator, the vulnerable victim and judicial shortcomings. The results showed that both perpetrators and victims were described in a stereotypical way throughout most of the material and that gender often were a central part of these descriptions. We also found that the justice system were questioned and often portrayed in a negative way. The most important conclusions were that stereotypical portraying, power and newsworthiness were present in the press coverage.

Cette thèse, structurée en trois (03) essais, développe de nouveaux modèles économétriques pour l’analyse des interactions sociales et des séries temporelles. Le premier chapitre (coécrit avec le Professeur Vincent Boucher) étudie une méthode d’estimation des effets de pairs à travers les réseaux sociaux lorsque la structure du réseau n’est pas observée. Nous supposons que nous connaissons (avons une estimation convergente de) la distribution du réseau. Nous montrons que cette hypothèse est suffisante pour l’estimation des effets de pairs en utilisant un modèle linéaire en moyennes. Nous proposons un estimateur de variables instrumentales et un estimateur bayésien. Nous présentons et discutons des exemples importants où notre méthodologie peut être appliquée. Nous présentons également une application avec la base de données Add Health largement utilisée et qui comporte de nombreux liens non observés. Nous estimons un modèle des effets de pairs sur la réussite scolaire des élèves. Nous montrons que notre estimateur bayésien reconstruit les liens manquants et permet d’obtenir une estimation valide des effets de pairs. En particulier, nous montrons qu’ignorer les liens manquants sous-estime l’effet endogène des pairs sur la réussite scolaire. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je présente un modèle structurel des effets de pairs dans lequel la variable dépendante est de type comptage (nombre de cigarettes fumées, fréquence des visites au restaurant, fréquence de participation aux activités). Le modèle est basé sur un jeu statique à information incomplète dans lequel, les individus interagissent à travers un réseau dirigé et sont influencés par leur croyance sur la décision de leurs pairs. Je présente des conditions suffisantes sous lesquelles l’équilibre du jeu est unique. Je montre que l’utilisation du modèle spatial autorégressif (SAR) linéaire-en-moyennes ou du modèle Tobit SAR pour estimer les effets de pairs sur des variables de comptage générées à partir du jeu sous-estime asymptotiquement les effets de pairs. Le biais d’estimation diminue lorsque la dispersion de la variable de comptage augmente. Je propose également une application empirique. J’estime les effets de pairs sur le nombre d’activités parascolaires auxquelles les étudiants sont inscrits. En contrôlant l’endogénéité du réseau, je trouve que l’augmentation du nombre d’activités dans lesquelles les amis d’un étudiant sont inscrits d’une unité implique une augmentation du nombre d’activités dans lesquelles l’étudiant est inscrit de 0,295. Je montre également que les effets de pairs sont sous-estimés à 0,150 lorsqu’on ignore la nature de comptage de la variable dépendante. Le troisième chapitre (coécrit avec le Professeur Arnaud Dufays et le Professeur Alain Coen) présente une approche de modélisation de séries temporelles. Les processus avec changements structurels sont une approche flexible pour modéliser des longues séries chronologiques. En considérant un modèle linéaire en moyennes, nous proposons une méthode qui relâche l’hypothèse selon laquelle une cassure structurelle dans une série temporelle implique un changement de tous les paramètres du modèle. Pour ce faire, nous estimons d’abord les dates de cassures potentielles présentées par la série, puis nous utilisons une régression pénalisée pour détecter les paramètres du modèle qui changent à chaque date de cassure. Étant donné que certains segments de la régression peuvent être courts, nous optons pour une fonction de pénalité(presque) non biaisée, appelée fonction de pénalitéseamless-L0(SELO). Nous montrons que l’estimateur SELO détecte de manière convergente les paramètres qui varient à chaque cassure et nous proposons d’utiliser un algorithme de maximisation d’espérance de recuit déterministe(DAEM) pour traiter la multimodalité de la fonction objectif. Étant donné que la fonction de pénalité SELO dépend de deux paramètres, nous utilisons un critère pour choisir les meilleurs paramètres et par conséquent le meilleur modèle. Ce nouveau critère présente une interprétation bayésienne qui permet d’évaluer l’incertitude des paramètres ainsi que l’incertitude du modèle. Les simulations de Monte Carlo montrent que la méthode fonctionne bien pour de nombreux modèles de séries temporelles, y compris des processus hétéroscédastiques. Pour un échantillon de 14 stratégies de hedge funds (HF), utilisant un modèle de tarification basé sur l’actif, nous mettons en exergue la capacité prometteuse de notre méthode à détecter la dynamique temporelle des expositions au risque ainsi qu’à prévoir les rendements HF.
This dissertation, composed of three (03) separate chapters, develops new econometric modelsfor peer effects analysis and time series modelling.The first chapter (a joint work with Professor Vicent Boucher) studies a method for estimatingpeer effects through social networks when researchers do not observe the network structure. We assume that researchers know (a consistent estimate of) the distribution of the network. We show that this assumption is sufficient for the estimation of peer effects using a linear-in-means model. We propose an instrumental variables estimator and a Bayesian estimator. We present and discuss important examples where our methodology can be applied. We also present an application with the widely used Add Health database which presents many missing links. We estimate a model of peer effects on students’ academic achievement. We show that our Bayesian estimator reconstructs these missing links and leads to a valid estimate of peer effects. In particular, we show that disregarding missing links underestimates the endogenous peer effect on academic achievement. In the second chapter, I present a structural model of peer effects in which the dependent variable is counting (Number of cigarettes smoked, frequency of restaurant visits, frequency of participation in activities). The model is based on a static game with incomplete information in which individuals interact through a directed network and are influenced by their belief over the choice of their peers. I provide sufficient conditions under which the equilibrium of the game is unique. I show that using the standard linear-in-means spatial autoregressive (SAR) model or the SAR Tobit model to estimate peer effects on counting variables generated from the game asymptotically underestimates the peer effects. The estimation bias decreases when the range of the dependent counting variable increases. I estimate peer effects on the number of extracurricular activities in which students are enrolled. I find that increasing the number of activities in which a student’s friends are enrolled by one implies an increase in the number of activities in which the student is enrolled by 0.295, controlling for the endogeneity of the network. I also show that the peer effects are underestimated at 0.150 when ignoring the counting nature of the dependent variable. The third chapter (a joint work with Professor Arnaud Dufays and Professor Alain Coen) presents an approach for time series modelling. Change-point (CP) processes are one flexible approach to model long time series. Considering a linear-in-means models, we propose a method to relax the assumption that a break triggers a change in all the model parameters. To do so, we first estimate the potential break dates exhibited by the series and then we use a penalized likelihood approach to detect which parameters change. Because some segments in the CP regression can be small, we opt for a (nearly) unbiased penalty function, called the seamless-L0 (SELO) penalty function. We prove the consistency of the SELO estimator in detecting which parameters indeed vary over time and we suggest using a deterministic annealing expectation-maximisation (DAEM) algorithm to deal with the multimodality of the objective function. Since the SELO penalty function depends on two tuning parameters, we use a criterion to choose the best tuning parameters and as a result the best model. This new criterion exhibits a Bayesian interpretation which makes possible to assess the parameters’ uncertainty as well as the model’s uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulations highlight that the method works well for many time series models including heteroskedastic processes. For a sample of 14 Hedge funds (HF) strategies, using an asset based style pricing model, we shed light on the promising ability of our method to detect the time-varying dynamics of risk exposures as well as to forecast HF returns.

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This work presents itself as a result of the research: Women as the subject of crime: a study on the complex reality of the criminal inmates Dr. John Keys - Natal / RN, done with women incarcerated in the Women's Pavilion Complex Criminal Dr. John Keys. Aimed to investigate the key determinants that lead women to enter the institution to be subject of crime. To better understand the object of our study, we start to understand and analyze the social reality, economic and cultural these women, as well as seizure of their family relationships and emotional, within a gender perspective and consider the analysis of major crimes committed and their determinations. In our study, it appears from successive approximations and procedures theoretical and methodological quality and quantity, we were privileged to documentary research, observation and semi-structured, beyond the theoretical foundation on the subject - that the question of increase in recent years, women in the criminal occurs as a result of socioeconomic reality experienced by those. At the same time, the study has also believe that poverty and crime are not phenomena of cause and effect, however, it is undeniable that the large number of prisoners (as) are poor and live situation of denial of rights. The main focus of the research points to the socio-emotional relationships, both marital and family as the main determinant for inclusion of women in crime, breaking with the myth that the woman is "fragile sex." And, more, points out that the woman in the process of emancipation and achievement of public spaces to commit a crime seek equal to the male. Moreover, the research also denounced in a prison system collapsed, and totally abandoned by the public. That denies all rights provided to prisoners (as), both inside and outside the "walls". It is a system that criminalizes and no one wants to fulfill its role, which is the functional rehabilitation and resocialization of (the) inmates (those). It is hoped that this work could contribute to the unveiling of the reality of women in the criminal - no pretension of exhausting it - and can also contribute to further studies on the subject
Este trabalho apresenta-se como resultado da pesquisa: Mulher como sujeito da criminalidade: um estudo sobre a realidade das presidi?rias do complexo penal Dr.. Jo?o chaves Natal/RN, efetuada com as mulheres encarceradas no Pavilh?o Feminino do Complexo Penal Dr. Jo?o Chaves. Teve como objetivo investigar os principais determinantes que levaram as mulheres da institui??o a inserirem-se como sujeitos da criminalidade. Para compreendermos mais adequadamente o nosso objeto de estudo, partimos da compreens?o e an?lise da realidade social, econ?mica e cultural destas mulheres, assim como, da apreens?o de suas rela??es familiares e afetivas, dentro de uma perspectiva de g?nero, bem como consideramos a an?lise dos principais crimes praticados e suas determina??es. Em nosso estudo, constata-se a partir de aproxima??es sucessivas e procedimentos te?ricos-metodol?gicos quali-quantitativos, nos quais foram privilegiadas ? pesquisa documental, a observa??o e a entrevista semi-estruturada, al?m da fundamenta??o te?rica a respeito do tema - que a quest?o do aumento, nos ?ltimos anos, de mulheres no meio criminal se d? em virtude da realidade socioecon?mica vivenciada por essas. Ao mesmo tempo, o estudo permitiu entender tamb?m que pobreza e criminalidade n?o s?o fen?menos de causa e efeito, por?m, ? ineg?vel que o grande n?mero de presidi?rios (as) s?o pobres e vivenciam situa??o de nega??o de direitos. O foco principal da pesquisa aponta as rela??es s?cio-afetivas, tanto conjugais como familiares como principais determinantes para inser??o das mulheres na criminalidade, rompendo com o mito de que a mulher ? sexo fr?gil . E, mais, aponta que a mulher em seu processo de emancipa??o e conquista dos espa?os p?blicos ao cometerem um crime procuram equiparar-se ao sexo masculino. Por outro lado, a pesquisa tamb?m nos denuncia um sistema penitenci?rio falido, e totalmente abandonado pelo poder p?blico. Que nega todos os direitos previstos aos presos (as), tanto dentro como fora dos muros . ? um sistema que criminaliza e nem se quer consegue cumprir o seu papel, funcional que ? a ressocializa??o e a reeduca??o das (os) presidi?rias (os). Espera-se, que, este trabalho, possa contribuir para o desvelamento da realidade da mulher no meio criminal - sem pretens?o de esgot?-lo - bem como possa contribuir tamb?m para posteriores estudos sobre o tema

Cette thèse est un recueil de trois essais en économie de la famille, des interactions sociales et la planification de la retraite. Elle utilise plusieurs stratégies cohérentes d’estimation pour comprendre et évaluer l’influence de l’environnement familial et social sur les rendements scolaires des élèves et la poursuite de leurs études. Elle examine aussi les mécanismes économiques qui expliquent la relation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la décision d’épargner pour la retraite chez les personnes âgées de 50 et plus aux États-Unis. Le premier chapitre étudie l’impact des interactions sociales sur les croyances des élèves du secondaire aux États-Unis concernant leur participation au collège. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous sommes demandons si, le fait qu’une élève du secondaire décide par exemple de poursuivre ses études collégiales une fois graduée, est le reflet ou non des croyances ou des motivations de ses ami(e)s. Pour ce faire, nous supposons que les élèves évoluent dans un environnement d’apprentissage social à la DeGroot (1974) dans lequel ils mettent à jour quotidiennement leurs croyances en prenant la moyenne pondérée des croyances de leurs amis et leurs caractéristiques observables. Nos résultats confirment la présence d’effets de pair significatifs dans l’apprentissage social des élèves de l’ordre de 12% en moyenne, mais avec une forte hétérogénéité individuelle non observable allant de 8% à 73%. Nos résultats montrent également qu’il existe une forte hétérogénéité entre les écoles. Étant donné que cette hétérogénéité ne peut être approximée par des caractéristiques observables des élèves, nous suggérons que les politiques éducatives ciblées au niveau de l’école pourraient être plus efficaces. Le deuxième chapitre fait une analyse économétrique de l’importance relative de l’implication des grands-parents dans l’éducation de leurs petits-enfants et de son effet sur le rendement scolaire des élèves. Plusieurs faits stylisés motivent cet essai. (i) Les personnes âgées vivent de nos jours de plus en plus longtemps et en parfaite santé. (ii) Les deux parents sont de plus en plus présents sur le marché du travail ; ce qui peut inciter les grands-parents à les remplacer, en partie ou du moins, à la maison. (iii) Également, l’importance croissante des mères monoparentales présentes sur le marché du travail augmente la nécessité pour les grands-parents de jouer un rôle substantiel dans la vie de leurs petits-enfants. À partir des données américaines de panel de la “National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)”, ce chapitre présente d’abord la relation non-causale entre le temps d’investissement des parents et l’implication des grands-parents dans l’éducation de leurs petits-enfants. Comme l’augmentation de l’offre de travail des parents durant les années d’étude de leur enfant peut réduire leur temps d’investissement et donc avoir probablement un effet négatif sur le développement de l’enfant, nous avons ensuite examiné si l’implication des grands-parents est susceptible de réduire cet effet négatif. Plus précisément, nous avons estimé la relation non-causale entre l’implication des grands-parents et le rendement scolaire de leurs petits-enfants. Enfin, nous avons présenté un modèle structurel à trois générations (grands-parents ; parents et petits-enfants) afin d’estimer l’impact causal de l’implication des grands-parents sur les performances académiques des enfants. Nos résultats montrent, entre autres, que l’implication des grands-parents (du côté de la mère) expliquent 15% du rendement scolaire des enfants. Toutefois, une bonne implication des grands-parents dans la vie de leurs petits-enfants rime avec une bonne planification de la retraite et une bonne sécurité financière. Ceci nous amène donc à analyser dans le troisième chapitre de cette thèse, la relation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la planification de la retraite aux États-Unis. En effet, afin de pouvoir faire face au phénomène du vieillissement de la population et à cause des conséquences de la crise économique et financière que le monde a connus ces dernières années, plusieurs pays ont entamé la réforme de leurs systèmes de pension. Dans la plupart de ces nouveaux systèmes de pension, une bonne partie du risque et des responsabilités a été transférée du gouvernement, des employeurs et des fonds de pension vers les particuliers et les ménages (Prast and van Soest, 2016). Aux États-Unis par exemple, les régimes de pension à “prestation définie” qui garantissait un revenu donné après la retraite ont été largement remplacés par des régimes à “cotisation définie” où les primes sont fixes mais les revenus de pension dépendent des rendements des investissements et les particuliers doivent faire leurs propres choix d’investissement devant la multitude d’actifs financiers qui s’offrent à eux. Pour cette raison, plusieurs décideurs s’investissent à identifier les instruments de politique qui vont permettre à la population de prendre de bonnes décisions liées à leur pension et ainsi maximiser leur utilité espérée tout le long de leur cycle de vie. Du côté de la recherche, plusieurs études montrent dans plusieurs pays que le premier aspect le plus important est l’éducation financière chez les plus jeunes et la littératie financière chez les adultes (e.g., Lusardi and Mitchell, 2011 ; Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011). Ce chapitre analyse donc la corrélation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la décision d’épargner pour la retraite chez les personnes âgées de 50 ans et plus aux États-Unis. Nos résultats montrent que chez les femmes, le manque de connaissance sur les questions relatives à l’inflation, au taux d’intérêt et à la diversification du risque est une cause de non-planification pour la retraite. Par contre chez les hommes, seulement le manque de connaissance sur la diversification du risque semble influencer leur décision d’épargner pour la retraite. Trois mécanismes permettent d’expliquer cette différence entre les hommes et les femmes : les besoins d’épargne différents, l’excès de confiance chez les hommes et l’utilisation beaucoup plus importante des services d’un conseiller financier chez les femmes.
This thesis is a collection of three essays in economics of the family, social interactions and retirement planning. It uses coherent estimation strategies to ascertain the influence of friendship and family background on children educational attainment and their academic achievement. It also investigates the mechanisms underlying the interplay between financial literacy and retirement planning. The first chapter studies the role of friendship in explaining teenagers’ subjective beliefs regarding their college participation. More specifically, we wonder whether the fact that a high school student decides, for example, to continue her college studies after graduation, is due to her friends’ beliefs or motivations. For that purpose, we assume that students embedded in a social network à la DeGroot (1974) in which they update their beliefs by repeatedly taking the weighted average of their neighbor’s beliefs and their observable characteristics. Our results confirm the presence of significant peer effects in students’ social learning of 12% an average, but with a strong unobservable individual heterogeneity ranging from 8% to 73%. Our results also show that there is a strong heterogeneity between schools. Since this heterogeneity cannot be approximated by observable characteristics, we suggest that targeted at school level could be more effective. The second chapter investigates grandparents’ involvement in grandchildren education. Three stylized facts motivates this chapter. (i) Seniors are living now progressively longer and healthier lives. (ii) Both parents are increasingly present on the labor market; which may encourage grandparents to replace them, in part or at least, at home. (iii) The rise of working single mothers increases the potential for grandparents to play an important role in the life of their grandchildren. Using panel data from the US National Survey of Families and Households, we first present in this chapter, the non-causal correlation between parental time investment and grandparents’ involvement. Second, since increasing parents’ labour supply in a child school years can reduce their time investments and therefore cause a negative direct effect on child’s outcomes, we investigate whether grandparents’ involvement could reduce this negative effect. More precisely, we analyze the non-causal correlation between grandparents’ involvement and grandchildren academic achievement. Finally, we present a three-generational (grandparentsparents-grandchildren) model in order to estimate the causal effect between grandparents’ involvement and grandchildren academic achievement. Our results show that grandparents (from the mother-side) explains 15% of grandchildren academic achievement. However, good grandparents’ involvement goes hand-in-hand with good retirement planning and financial safety. This leads us to analyze in the third chapter of this thesis the non-causal correlation between financial literacy and retirement planning in the US. Indeed, to meet the challenges of an ageing population, and due to the economic and financial crisis that countries have experienced during the past decades, many countries have started reforming their pension systems. In most of these new pension systems, a substantial part of the risk and responsibility has been shifted from governments, employers and pension funds to individuals and private households (Prast and van Soest, 2016). In the US for instance, employer-provided “defined benefit” plans guaranteeing a given income after retirement have largely been replaced by “defined contribution”, where premiums are fixed but pension income depends on investment returns and individuals have to make their own investment choices. For this purpose, several decision-makers try to find policy instruments that could help people to take good decisions concerning their pension and then maximize their expected utility over their life cycle. On the research side, several papers show in many countries that the first important aspect is financial education among young people and financial literacy among adults (e.g., Lusardi and Mitchell, 2011; Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011). This chapter therefore analyzes the non-causal correlation between financial literacy and the decision to save for retirement among people aged 50 and over in the US. Our results show that among women, lack of knowledge on inflation, interest rate and risk diversification is a cause of non-retirement planning. However, among men, only lack of knowledge in risk diversification seems to influence their decision to save for retirement. Three mechanisms explain this gender difference: different saving needs, overconfidence among men and an increasing use of services from financial advisors by women.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The present study has as the central object the evaluations for granting benefits to subjects in deprivation of liberty, which purpose was configured to investigate how about the evaluations in the 4th Penitentiary Region of Rio Grande do Sul contributes to the rights effectiveness. The research that has an explanatory and qualitative nature, is based on the critical dialectical method and is conducted in the Prison System, bounded by the 4th Penitentiary Region of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. As a data source for the conduction of the study, an empirical research was made through interviews with social workers and psychologists from the prison system , in which the duty is aimed to the processes of evaluation, interviews with subjects in deprivation of liberty evaluated in 2014 and a documentary research through the evaluations made by the professionals about the same interviewed subjects in deprivation of liberty. The data analysis was done through the content analysis technique, based on Laurence Bardin?s theoretical framework. The obtained results reveal critical positioning by the professionals and by the subjects in deprivation of liberty, who were interviewed especially because such processes indicate historical characteristics relative to the prison system that guides the way the evaluations are made. Besides revealing the precarious working conditions to carry out such professional duty, the results also point to the moralizing and to the social adaptation perspective still intrinsic in the context, which is analyzed taking into consideration the contradictions of the system, as well as the reflections made by the professional categories involved in the issue. This way,it is observed that the evaluations for granting benefits to subjects in deprivation of liberty may contribute to the guarantee of rights as well as they may corroborate to the reproduction of processes that place the subjects as objects of a system socially excluding, reiterating practices of domination and discrimination once it also joins the professional practices carried out in such place. It is possible to verify through the research the professional critical understanding about that, however it is also possible to see the difficulty in translating the critique in the context of the evaluations, which shows that facing the reproduction of the violence in this object is still incipient, thus, demanding strengthening to consolidate practices less hierarchical - from the professionals to the penal system, and from the subjects in deprivation of liberty to the professionals and to the system ? through new strategies to carry out the evaluation processes. In this sense emerges the thesis that the evaluations for granting benefits to individuals in deprivation of liberty imposed the questioning about the dynamics of the place that they occupy historically defining the professional assignments related to the theme. The professional assignments determined institutionally as well as the necessary conditions for the development of this work in the light of current legislation portray and are portrayed by the prison context setting up maintenance strategy and reproduction of the contradictions of institutional and social order that was historically constructed.
estudo em evid?ncia possui como objeto central as avalia??es para concess?o de benef?cios a sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade, cujo objetivo configurou-se em investigar sobre como as avalia??es na 4? Regi?o Penitenci?ria do Rio Grande do Sul contribuem para a efetiva??o de direitos. A pesquisa, de cunho explicativo, qualitativo com base no m?todo dial?tico cr?tico, tem por lugar o Sistema Prisional, delimitado atrav?s da 4? Regi?o Penitenci?ria do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Como fonte de dados para a produ??o do estudo realizou-se pesquisa emp?rica atrav?s de entrevistas com assistentes sociais e psic?logos do sistema prisional, cuja atribui??o est? direcionada aos processos de avalia??o, entrevistas com sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade avaliados no per?odo de 2014 e pesquisa documental atrav?s das avalia??es constru?das pelos profissionais acerca dos mesmos sujeitos privados de liberdade entrevistados. A an?lise de dados foi constru?da a partir da t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do, com base no referencial te?rico de Laurence Bardin. Os resultados obtidos revelam posicionamentos cr?ticos por parte dos profissionais e sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade entrevistados especialmente porque tais processos denotam caracter?sticas hist?ricas relativas ao sistema prisional que direciona o modo como as avalia??es s?o constru?das. Al?m de revelarem as parcas condi??es de trabalho para a realiza??o desta atribui??o profissional, os resultados apontam para a perspectiva moralizadora e de adapta??o social ainda intr?nseca ao contexto, o que passa a ser analisado considerando-se as contradi??es do sistema, bem como, as reflex?es realizadas pelas categorias profissionais envolvidas acerca do tema em quest?o. Desse modo, observa-se que as avalia??es para concess?o de benef?cios aos sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade podem contribuir para a garantia de direitos, como tamb?m podem corroborar com a reprodu??o de processos que colocam os sujeitos como objetos de um sistema socialmente excludente, reiterando pr?ticas de domina??o e discrimina??o j? que este enla?a, inclusive, as pr?ticas profissionais desenvolvidas nesse espa?o. Atrav?s da pesquisa ? poss?vel verificar a compreens?o cr?tica profissional a respeito, por?m tamb?m ? vis?vel a dificuldade em traduzir a cr?tica no contexto das avalia??es, o que mostra o enfrentamento ? reprodu??o da viol?ncia nesse objeto como ainda incipiente, necessitando de fortalecimento para que se consolidem pr?ticas menos hierarquizadas - dos profissionais ao sistema penal, e dos sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade aos profissionais e ao sistema ? atrav?s de novas estrat?gias de realiza??o dos processos avaliativos. Nesse sentido, emerge a tese de que as avalia??es para concess?o de benef?cios para sujeitos em priva??o de liberdade imp?em a problematiza??o acerca da din?mica do lugar que historicamente elas ocupam definindo as atribui??es profissionais relativas ao tema. As atribui??es profissionais determinadas institucionalmente, bem como as condi??es necess?rias para o desenvolvimento desse trabalho ? luz das legisla??es vigentes retratam e s?o retratadas pelo contexto prisional, configurando-se em estrat?gia de manuten??o e reprodu??o das contradi??es de uma ordem institucional e social que foi historicamente constru?da.

Dans quelle mesure l'expression de nos opinions et nos comportements peuvent être affectés par le caractère public de la situation dans laquelle nous sommes ? Voilà la question qui a guidé ce travail de thèse. Nous plaçant dans la théorie des représentations sociales (RS, Moscovici, 1961) et plus particulièrement dans le cadre des effets de masquage dans l'expression de ces représentations (Guimelli, 1998), nous montrons, par la manipulation du contexte de réponse (public vs. privé), que les pressions normatives qui pèsent sur l'individu peuvent affecter non seulement son expression à propos d'un objet social mais également ses comportements liés à l'objet. De fait, ce travail s'organise autour de deux axes de recherches. Le premier axe, se centrant sur l'expression des RS, souligne, au travers de quatre recherches (n = 952), l'impact du contexte de réponse sur l'expression des individus. On constate que la publicité des réponses, augmentant le niveau de pressions normatives, amène les sujets à mettre en place des stratégies de masquage et d'affichage liées à la désirabilité sociale. Le second axe, s'intéressant à l'impact du contexte public sur les comportements des individus, regroupe deux recherches (n = 371) dans lesquelles on propose aux participants de réaliser la tâche du dilemme itératif du prisonnier. Ces deux recherches mettent en évidence d'une part que les éléments masqués des représentations ont un impact sur les comportements des individus et d'autre part que ces mêmes comportements sont eux aussi dépendants du contexte et plus précisément des enjeux normatifs qui le caractérisent
To what extent the public aspect of a given situation can influence the expression of our opinions and behaviors is the very question which has been leading this work of thesis. Referring to the theory of social representations (SR, Moscovici, 1961) and more precisely to the concept of masking effects described in the expression of these representations (Guimelli, 1998), we will show that because of the manipulation of the answering context (public vs. private) the normative pressures weighing on an individual can influence, not only his/her expression linked to a social object, but also his/her behaviors connected to this object. Actually this work gets organized around two main lines of research: The first part focuses on the expression of social representations and highlights the impact of the answering context on the expressions used by a group of individuals (study led through four researches n=952). It will be noticed that the public aspect of answers increases the level of normative pressures and therefore brings the subjects to set up masking and displaying strategies which directly results from a social desirability. The second part deals with the impact of the public context on the behavior of individuals (study led through two researches n=371). In this main line, the participants are invited to achieve a task called “the iterative dilemma of the prisoner”. Those two examples will bring to light, one the hand, that masked elements of representations have an impact on the individual behaviors, and on the other hand, that the very same behavior is also dependent of the context and more precisely of the normative characteristics which are at stake

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The environmental theme is both simple and complex. Simple, because of the universal understanding of their key messages, which are not constrained to geography or cultural spaces. Complex, because each unit integrates information webs of interactions increasingly broad whose greatest expression is the life - biodiversity - in the planet that hosts the human species. The study analyze the discourse on the environment present in 17 of the 38 daily newspapers printed in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul that were identified in 2010 when the definition of the sample. We extracted 294 discursive sequences from 2914 pages of 92 editions printed in the week from 1 to 7 April 2011 and they show that, although occuppying editorial spaces for content presentation of local impact, predominantly, these are fragmented expressions of the reality. We discuss the construction of environmental discourse as a journalistic product developed with sensitivity citizen, technical expertise and educational intentionality.
A tem?tica ambiental ?, simultaneamente, simples e complexa. Simples, devido ao entendimento universal de suas mensagens essenciais, as quais n?o est?o condicionadas a espa?os geogr?ficos ou culturais. Complexa, pois cada unidade de informa??o integra teias de intera??es cada vez mais amplas cuja express?o maior ? a vida biodiversidade no planeta que acolhe a esp?cie humana. O estudo identifica e analisa o discurso sobre o meio ambiente presente em 17 dos 38 jornais di?rios impressos do interior do Rio Grande do Sul que foram identificados em 2010 quando da defini??o da amostra. Foram extra?das 294 sequ?ncias discursivas das 2.914 p?ginas de 92 edi??es impressas na semana de 1? a 7 de abril de 2011 e elas evidenciam que, embora ocorra a cess?o de espa?os editoriais para apresenta??o de conte?dos de impacto local, predominantemente, estes surgem como express?es fragmentadas da realidade. Discute-se a constru??o do discurso ambiental como produto jornal?stico elaborado com sensibilidade cidad?, qualifica??o t?cnica e intencionalidade educativa.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes d’identification des effets qui découlent des interactions sociales dans le contexte éducatif. La pertinence de ma recherche se trouve à trois niveaux : 1) elle nous aide à mieux mesurer l’impact du réseau social sur les comportements individuels ; 2) elle améliore notre compréhension de phénomènes sociaux négatifs tels que l’obésité ou le décrochage scolaire ; 3) elle permet de proposer des politiques publiques adaptées, qui permettent d’exploiter au mieux les effets qui découlent de ces interactions sociales en milieu scolaire. L’atteinte de nos objectifs se fait à travers trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre propose une nouvelle stratégie d’estimation de l’influence du réseau social sur les décisions individuelles dans un contexte d’interactions en réseau à l’aide d’expériences randomisées. Le chapitre combine le modèle structurel d’interactions sociale développé par Bramoullé et al. [2009] avec une expérience randomisée. Des conditions d’identification sont fournies et le modèle est estimé et validé sur des données expérimentales recueillies pour l’évaluation d’un programme de bourses d’études en Colombie. De par sa conception, la randomisation est au niveau de l’élève. Les données sur réseaux d’amitié révèlent que les étudiants traités et non traités interagissent ensemble. En plus de fournir des preuves sur la présence d’effets de pairs dans la fréquentation scolaire, le chapitre conclut que la non prise en considération des interactions sociales de pairs conduit à une surestimation de l’impact réel du programme. L’objectif du deuxième chapitre est de proposer un modèle qui tient compte de l’hétérogénéité des effets de pairs entre les différentes catégories d’individus dans un cadre d’interactions en réseau. Les catégories peuvent se composer du genre ou de la race de l’individu, entre autres. Des conditions d’identification d’un modèle qui généralise celui proposé par Bramoullé et al. [2009] sont dérivées, et l’hétérogénéité des effets de pairs est permise à l’intérieur et entre les catégories. À l’aide des données Add Health, le chapitre explore l’hétérogénéité sur le poids des adolescents mesuré par leur indice de masse corporelle, utilisant à la fois le genre et une catégorisation basée sur leur groupe racial. Les résultats montrent que l’effet positif endogène trouvé en utilisant le modèle homogène présente de l’hétérogénéité lorsque l’on considère ces deux catégorisations. Alors que les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse étudient les réseaux d’amitié dans une tentative d’identifier les effets qui résultent des interactions sociales, le troisième chapitre considère le réseau de partage de cours -course-overlap- fourni par les études Add Health et AHAA. Le modèle est agrégé au niveau local et a la particularité, contrairement à d’autres études sur les effets de pairs, que la matrice d’interactions sociales considère les marges extensive et intensive. De plus, les interactions de ce type sont meilleures dans la conception des politiques scolaires. L’estimation du modèle sur les résultats scolaires généraux, en mathématiques et en sciences révèle la présence d’effets d’interaction sociales positives et significatives en utilisant les techniques des moindres carrés à deux étapes et la méthode des moments généralisés.
The aim of this thesis is to investigate identification of peer effects and their application on a large set of outcomes, going from school attendance to obesity. The relevance of this research relies on three main points: 1) it allows better measurrement of effects stemming from social interactions, thus providing some answer to the numerous econometric issues that make the study of peer effects a lot challenging; 2) it improves our comprehension of negative social phenomena, including the incidence of school dropouts and obesity; 3) it proposes better public policies aiming at fighting against such phenomena by exploiting social network effects that contribute to amplify them. The different objectives of this thesis are investigated in three different chapters. The first chapter proposes a new strategy for estimating the influence of the social network on individual decisions in a network context using randomized experiments. It combinates the structural social network model developed by Bramoullé et al. [2009] and randomized experiments. New identification conditions that mostly require balance in the characteristics of friends between treatment and control groups are provided. The model is estimated and validated on experimental data collected for the evaluation of a scholarship program in Colombia. By design, randomization is at the student-level. Friendship data reveals that treated and untreated students interact together. Besides providing evidence of peer effects in schooling, the chapter concludes that ignoring peer effects would have led to an overestimation of the program actual impact. The aim of the second chapter is to propose a model that accounts for heterogeneity in peer effects between individual categories in a network setting. Identification conditions of a network-based interactions model that generalizes the one proposed by Bramoullé et al. [2009] are derived, and heterogeneity of peer effects is allowed within and between categories of individuals. Using the Add-Health dataset, the study explores heterogeneity in adolescents weight using both gender and racial categorizations. The results show that the positive endogenous effect found using the homogeneous model is actually heterogeneous when considering both gender and racial categorizations, as for example, females seem to be more influenced by their female friends than by their male friends. While the first two chapters consider friendship networks in an attempt to identify the effects that result from social interactions, the third chapter considers the course-overlaps network. The model is local agregate and has the feature, unlike other studies of peer effects, that the interaction matrix accounts for the extensive and intensive margins. Interactions of this type are better to design school policies. The chapter then proceeds to estimation of peer effects in overall GPA and GPAs in both mathematics and science courses using the Add Heakth and AHAA datasets. The results reveal the presence of positive and significant social interaction effects using both 2SLS and GMM estimation techniques.

Interrogeant les rapports entre ordre social et irrigation, cette thèse étudie la trajectoire d'un dispositif hydraulique intermédiaire relevant à la fois de l'état et d'une gestion collective locale: l'Association Syndicale du Canal de Manosque (France). Pour cela, ce travail se penche sur les controverses au cours des quelles à partir des années 1990 le devenir du canal fut l'objet de disputes entre une société parapublique, les services de l'état, des élus locaux et la population locale. Je montre alors comment les interventions des ingénieurs de la société parapublique sur ce canal créent du politique. Elles ouvrent un jeu de pluralisme légal. Elles interfèrent avec les tensions structurelles entre les autorités dans la définition de leur sphère de compétence. Elles reconfigurent les dépendances réciproques au sein de la population locale autour de l'eau et du foncier. Elles s'accompagnent de l'émergence d'arènes de négociation. La "modernisation" des arrosages est ainsi un processus conflictuel conduisantà une reconfiguration de l'espace hydraulique, juridique, social et public tandis que la société parapublique fait entrer une partie des eaux dans des régulations marchandes, l'association syndicale change de nature en organisant les intérêts d'acteurs stratégiques autour de la gestion des externalités produites. Cette thèse invite ainsi à adopter une démarche qui privilégie la dimension relationnelle, interne et externe, de ce qui relève de l'état, de l'industrie, du collectif et des individus autour de l'eau. Elle propose de considérer les limites entre ces divers domaines de la vie sociale comme le résultat d'un processus conflictuel et négocié
Questioning the relatioship between social order and irrigation, this thesis explores the trajectory of an intermediary hydraulic apparatus that combines state and collective action: l'Association Syndicale du Canal de Manosque (france). This study investigates the controversies since the 1990s abiut the future of the irrigation canal that have involved engineers of a paragovernmental enterprise, state agents, elected representatives and members of the local population. It shows how interventions of these engineers around the canal generatepolitical tensions. They create a game of legal pluralism. They interfere with structural tensions between authorities about the definition of their field of action. They reconfigure dependencies among the local population about water and land access. They accompany the emergence of different negocoations arenas. The modernization of irrigation is thus a conflict-ridden process, which leads to the reconfiguration of hydraulic, juridical, social and public space. Whereas the paragovernmental enterprise put some of the water into market-based regulations, the activity of the association syndicale changesby organizing strategic actor's interests around the management of the externalities produced. This thesis proposes the development of an approach that tackles the internal and external relational aspects of hydraulic affairs as they come under state, industry, collective or individual action. It seeks to consider the limits between these different fields of social life as the outcome of a conflict-ridden and negotiated process

La thèse en Arts plastiques que nous proposons associe une pratique artistique personnelle de photographie et une recherche à la croisée des sciences de l’art, de la sociologie et de la psychologie. Elle développe une analyse de la représentation du travail dans l’art à travers l’utilisation du médium photographique, du début du 20ème siècle à aujourd’hui, avec un intérêt particulier pour l’extrême contemporain. L’enjeu principal de cette recherche est de démontrer comment une pratique artistique peut traduire un fait d’actualité pourtant peu visible, ici lié à la représentation sociale du travail. Elle se focalise sur un exemple précis, celui du mal-être au travail, qui fait l’objet à la fois de la pratique artistique personnelle et de la recherche proposée. Que ce soit par une expérimentation du portrait ou par l’élaboration de mises en scène, les choix plastiques de cette représentation amènent à s’interroger sur les caractéristiques et la production de sens d’un dispositif de création qui allie théâtre vivant et images fixes assemblées en polyptyques – tout en suscitant la réflexion sur un problème humain devenu un phénomène sociétal
The thesis in Arts that we present associates a personal artistic practice of photography and a research at the crossing of arts sciences, sociology and psychology. It develops an analysis of the representation of work in arts through the use of the photographic medium, from the beginning of the 20th century until today, with a particular interest in the extreme contemporary period. The main stake of this research is to demonstrate how an artistic practice can translate a current event with little visibility, linked to the social representation of work. It focuses on a specific example, the malaise at work, which is the object of both the personal artistic practice and the research work. Whether by the use of portrait or by a staging work, the choices of this artistic representation interrogate the characteristics and the production of meaning of a creative device which combines theatre and still images assembled in polyptyches – while inciting reflexion on a human problem that has become a social phenomenon

Objet d’un engouement croissant de la part des publicitaires, le tabou demeure un thème de recherche peu étudié en marketing. A l’aide d’une approche pluridisciplinaire (anthropologique, sociologique et psychanalytique), une conceptualisation du tabou est proposée et une mesure fiable et valide de ce construit dans un contexte publicitaire est développée. Utilisant cette échelle, l’efficacité publicitaire des stimuli tabous a été étudiée au moyen d’une expérimentation menée auprès de 600 internautes représentatifs de la population française. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que le degré de tabou perçu de l’annonce est source de processus de transfert de sens et d’influence sociale normative qui se traduisent in fine par un transfert des attributs négatifs de l’annonce au produit, à la marque et à son consommateur final ainsi que par une influence négative de la norme subjective sur l’intention d’achat. De plus, contrairement au credo porté par les publicitaires, un trop fort degré de tabou perçu de l’annonce entrave l’attention portée à l’annonce. Enfin, différents types de récepteurs réagissant différemment à l’égard des stimuli tabous ont pu être identifiés. Les résultats de notre travail doctoral plaident donc pour une utilisation maîtrisée des tabous qui n’est pas sans effets néfastes sur la marque à long terme
Although intensively transgressed by advertisers, next to nothing has been written on the subject of taboos in marketing. Based on a multi-field approach (anthropological, sociological and psychoanalysis), a conceptualization of the taboo is proposed and a reliable and valid measurement of this construct in an advertising context is developed. Using this scale, the communication effects of taboo ads are investigated by means of an experiment conducted on 600 internauts representative of the French population. The results of the study show that the perceived taboo degree of the ad triggers processes of meaning transfer and social normative pressure which lead to the transfer of the ad negative attributes to the product and the brand promoted and its consumer as well as the negative influence of the subjective norm on the intention to buy. Moreover, contrary to the creed hold by advertisers, a too strong degree of taboo perceived impedes the attention toward the ad. Lastly, various types of receivers reacting differently towards taboo ads have been identified. Consequently, the results plead for a controlled use of taboos in ads which is not without harmful effects on the brand in a long-term

Mediante la elaboración de una metodología operativa apropiada, la labor de investigación que aquí se presenta tiene por objeto cuestionar el papel de los think tanks en las sociedades contemporáneas mediante un marco general que combina principalmente enfoques epistemológico crítico, sociohistórico y empírico. Sin embargo, lo que constituye un fenómeno mundial, permaneció a las puertas del debate público en la mayoría de los países hasta principios de la década de 2000. Desde entonces, los think tanks se han convertido en actores centrales y familiares de la vida política. El innegable foco de atención del que son objeto ha ido acompañado también de una creciente institucionalización de su participación en los procesos de política pública y en el debate público, tanto a nivel nacional como europeo. Sin embargo, la sobreexposición mediática resultante ha contribuido en gran medida a desdibujar la comprensión que se puede tener de su naturaleza, funcionamiento y objetivos. Esto no está exento de problemas para la calidad del debate democrático, especialmente en el actual período de crisis de legitimidad política tanto a nivel nacional como europeo. Así, el análisis comparativo del papel de los think tanks franceses y españoles especializados en Asuntos europeos en el marco de la política de integración parece particularmente fructífero desde una perspectiva heurística. Una reflexión epistemológica sobre los problemas ligados a la definición del término que, en su forma idiomática o traducida, ha entrado en el lenguaje corriente sin que sus usos se cuestionen, cuestiona en consecuencia la posibilidad de llevar a cabo una investigación pertinente sobre estas organizaciones. Por otra parte, el análisis de las condiciones socio-históricas de su aparición y desarrollo a través del prisma del modelo estadounidense pone de relieve un tropismo neoliberal fuertemente ligado al progreso de la globalización y a la propia integración europea. En este sentido, el análisis del papel de los think tanks seleccionados para esta investigación en la política de integración europea, anclado en el periodo altamente estructurante para la construcción europea 2005-2016, facilita el acceso a sus principales repertorios de actuación, a saber: la producción de conocimientos especializados y la mediación desde su posición en el intersticio entre las esferas nacional y europea, y los campos políticos, económicos, mediáticos y académicos con los que interactúan. Lejos de ser neutrales, se deduce que estos colectivos intelectuales pro-mueven productos cognitivos que alineados con sus propios intereses y valores.
Mitjançant l'elaboració d'una metodologia operativa apropiada, la tasca d'investigació que aquí es presenta té per objecte qüestionar el paper dels think tanks a les societats contemporànies mitjançant un marc general que combina principalment enfocaments epistemològic crític, sociohistòric i empíric. No obstant això, el que constitueix un fenomen mundial, va romandre a les portes de l'debat públic en la majoria dels països fins a principis de la dècada de 2000. Des de llavors, els think tanks s'han convertit en actors centrals i familiars de la vida política. El innegable focus d'atenció de què són objecte ha anat acompanyat també d'una creixent institucionalització de la seva participació en els processos de política pública i en el debat públic, tant a nivell nacional com europeu. No obstant això, la sobreexposició mediàtica resultant ha contribuït en gran mesura a desdibuixar la comprensió que es pot tenir de la seva naturalesa, funcionament i objectius. Això no està exempt de problemes per a la qualitat de l'debat democràtic, especialment en l'actual període de crisi de legitimitat política tant a nivell nacional com europeu. Així, l'anàlisi comparativa de el paper dels think tanks francesos i espanyols especialitzats en Assumptes europeus en el marc de la política d'integració sembla particularment fructífer des d'una perspectiva heurística. Una reflexió epistemològica sobre els problemes lligats a la definició de el terme que, en la seva forma idiomàtica o traduïda, ha entrat en el llenguatge corrent sense que els seus usos es qüestionin, qüestiona en conseqüència la possibilitat de dur a terme una investigació pertinent sobre aquestes organitzacions. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi de les condicions sociohistòriques de la seva aparició i desenvolupament a través de l'prisma de el model americà posa en relleu un tropisme neoliberal fortament lligat a el progrés de la globalització i de la pròpia integració europea. En aquest sentit, l'anàlisi de el paper dels think tanks seleccionats per a aquesta investigació en la política d'integració europea, ancorat en el període altament estructurant per a la construcció europea 2005-2016, facilita l'accés als seus principals repertoris d'actuació, que són: la producció de coneixements especialitzats i la mediació des de la seva posició en el interstici entre les esferes nacional i europea, i els camps polítics, econòmics, mediàtics i acadèmics amb què interactuen. Lluny de ser neutrals, es dedueix que aquests col·lectius intel·lectuals pro-mouen productes cognitius que alineats amb els seus propis interessos i valors.
By developing an appropriate operational methodology, the research presented here aims to question the role of think tanks in contemporary societies through a general framework that mainly combines epistemological, socio-historical and critical empirical approaches. However, what constitutes a global phenomenon remained at the gates of public debate in most countries until the early 2000s. Since then, think tanks have become central and familiar actors in political life. The undeniable attention given to them has also been accompanied by a growing institutionalization of their participation in public policy processes and public debate, both at the national and European levels. However, the resulting media overexposure has largely contributed to a blurring of the understanding of their nature, functioning and objectives. This is not without problems for the quality of democratic debate, especially in the current period of crisis of political legitimacy at national and European level. Thus, the comparative analysis of the role of French and Spanish think tanks specialized in European affairs in the framework of integration policy seems particularly fruitful from a heuristic perspective. An epistemological reflection on the problems related to the definition of the term which, in its idiomatic or translated form, has entered everyday language without its uses being questioned, consequently questions the possibility of conducting relevant research on these organizations. On the other hand, the analysis of the socio-historical conditions of their emergence and development through the prism of the American model highlights a neoliberal tropism strongly linked to the progress of globalization and European integration itself. In this sense, the analysis of the role of the think tanks selected for this research in European integration policy, anchored in the highly structuring period of European construction 2005-2016, facilitates access to their main repertoires of action, namely: the production of specialized knowledge and mediation from their position in the interstice between the national and European spheres, and the political, economic, media and academic fields with which they interact. Far from being neutral, it follows that these intellectual collectives promote cognitive products that are in line with their own interests and values.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la dinámica de presión llevada a cabo por las promotoras del PL 03839/2014-IC en la agenda del Congreso. Por ello, la pregunta central de este documento aborda a: ¿cómo fue la dinámica de presión de las promotoras del PL 03839/2014-IC sobre la despenalización del aborto por causal de violación en la agenda del Congreso?
Tesis

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The research had as proposal to investigate the social recognition of the teacher through the teaching discourses in the column "Word of Professor" of the Extra Class Journal, SINPRO / RS. Thus, the total corpus of the research of the dissertation is composed of twenty-three texts, collected in the online version, selected during the production of ten years, from 2006 to 2015, taking into account words that show the term recognition or its derivatives. As a research problem, we questioned: What are the evidences of the implication of the spheres of recognition, in the intersubjective context, through the writings of teachers of private education in the said column? The general objective proposed for this research was to investigate indicators of presence or absence of recognition. The research presents as specific objectives that helped to delimit the theme: a) to know the place of the teacher within the marks indicated in the speeches printed in the column "Word of teacher"; b) analyze how the teacher sees and places himself in the process of social recognition. As a theoretical framework, the German philosopher Axel Honneth was chosen, with his Theory of Recognition, in which the thinker proposes the spheres of recognition that have been focused as a priori categories, which demonstrate an imbrication between the intersubjective context (love, law and esteem social) and the subjective context (self-confidence, self-respect and self-esteem) of a social matrix. With these indicators, we aimed to know the evidences of recognition, in the intersubjective context, that appear in the column and, similarly, it was intended to identify the elements that demonstrate the subjective context of the teacher relationship in any inter-relational context. As a posteriori categories, created from Content Analysis (AC), with Laurence Bardin as the main exponent, the research involved the treatment of the data to focus the effects of sense of recognition, which was put in confluence with the spheres of recognition of Honneth. It was thus deduced that love of the profession, the first sphere of the Theory of Recognition, underlies most teachers, but they wish to have their rights guaranteed and wish to have social esteem present.
A pesquisa teve como proposta investigar o reconhecimento social do professor por meio dos discursos docentes na coluna ?Palavra de Professor? do Jornal Extra Classe, SINPRO/RS. Assim, o corpus total da pesquisa da disserta??o est? composto por vinte e tr?s textos, coletados na vers?o on-line, selecionados ao longo da produ??o de dez anos, de 2006 a 2015, levando em considera??o voc?bulos que mostrassem o termo reconhecimento ou seus derivados. Como problema de pesquisa questionou-se: Quais s?o as evid?ncias da implica??o das esferas de reconhecimento, no contexto intersubjetivo, atrav?s dos escritos de professores do ensino privado na referida coluna? O objetivo geral proposto para esta pesquisa foi investigar os indicadores de presen?a ou de aus?ncia de reconhecimento. A pesquisa apresenta como objetivos espec?ficos que auxiliaram para a delimita??o do tema: a) conhecer qual ? o lugar do professor dentro dos marcos indicados nos discursos impressos na coluna ?Palavra de professor?; b) analisar como o professor se v? e se coloca no processo de reconhecimento social. Como marco te?rico, foi escolhido o fil?sofo alem?o Axel Honneth, com sua Teoria do Reconhecimento, na qual o pensador prop?e as esferas de reconhecimento que foram enfocadas como categorias a priori, as quais demonstram uma imbrica??o entre o contexto intersubjetivo (amor, direito e estima social) e o contexto subjetivo (autoconfian?a, autorrespeito e autoestima) de uma matriz social. Com esses indicadores, objetivou-se conhecer quais s?o as evid?ncias de reconhecimento, no contexto intersubjetivo, que surgem na coluna e, analogamente, pretendeu-se identificar os elementos que demonstrassem o contexto subjetivo da rela??o docente em qualquer contexto inter-relacional. Como categorias a posteriori, criadas a partir da An?lise de Conte?do (AC), com Laurence Bardin como maior expoente, a pesquisa envolveu o tratamento dos dados para enfocar os efeitos de sentido do reconhecimento, o que foi posto em conflu?ncia com as esferas de reconhecimento de Honneth. Depreendeu-se, assim, que o amor ? profiss?o, primeira esfera da Teoria do Reconhecimento, alicer?a a maioria dos docentes, mas eles desejam ter seus direitos assegurados e desejam ter a estima social presente.

L'adolescence est marquée par un engagement intense des sujets dans les relations amicales qui représentent des liens bien plus complexes qu'il n'y paraît. Les changements sociétaux infèrent une évolution de la dynamique et de la nature des relations entre adolescents. Ils participent alors largement à une diversification de leurs formes et à intensifier leurs influences sur le développement des jeunes. Dans ce cadre, l'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer l'influence de la qualité des relations entre pairs sur la démobilisation scolaire des adolescents, ainsi que l'effet médiateur de la valeur accordée à l'école. Cette recherche, s'inscrivant dans une approche interactionniste dans le champ de psychologie sociale et du développement (Malrieu, 1973 ; Mead, 1963 ; Wallon, 1941), nous a permis de souligner la part active et subjective du sujet, tant dans son rapport aux pairs que dans son rapport à l'école. L'étude a été réalisée à l'aide d'un questionnaire, renseigné par 676 adolescents scolarisés en 3ème dans des collèges issus de l'éducation prioritaire (185) et des collèges publics et privés (582). Ce questionnaire appréhende dans une première partie la (dé)mobilisation scolaire des adolescents sous la forme d'une auto-évaluation de leur niveau scolaire, de leur attention et de leur implication en classe, de leur persévérance scolaire, et de leur intérêt pour le travail personnel et la réussite. Dans une deuxième partie, nous cherchons à appréhender la valeur que les adolescents accordent à l'école, selon les dimensions épistémiques, futures, sociales ou externalisées. La troisième partie est consacrée à la qualité des relations entre pairs appréhendée selon la recherche de conformité, la capacité à se dégager de la pression des pairs, le soutien social et le sentiment d'isolement social. Nos résultats révèlent que la recherche extrême de conformité influence significativement la démobilisation scolaire et favorise conjointement un rapport externalisé à l'école (stratégique et social). Le sentiment d'isolement participe, au contraire, à la mobilisation scolaire de l'élève et favorise un rapport épistémique à l'école. Les deux autres dimensions sont médiatisées par la valeur accordée à l'école. Il ressort ainsi que le soutien social et la pression du groupe ressentis par les adolescents favorisent la mobilisation scolaire à condition qu'ils accordent du sens à l'école pour leurs apprentissages scolaires et intellectuels, et non pour leurs apprentissages relationnels et affectifs.

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A presente Disserta??o aborda o Movimento Oper?rio em Alegrete e a presen?a de imigrantes e estrangeiros entre os anos de 1897 e 1929. Existem poucos estudos que discutem a rela??o entre movimento oper?rio e imigra??o, da mesma forma que existe uma car?ncia em estudos que abordem o movimento oper?rio no Rio Grande do Sul, fora de espa?os como Rio Grande/ Pelotas e Regi?o Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Por isso, a import?ncia de expandir as pesquisas sobre outras regi?es, como, por exemplo, a fronteira e campanha sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul. O problema da pesquisa ? conhecer o papel dos imigrantes na forma??o do movimento oper?rio. Mais especificamente pretende-se conhecer o papel de imigrantes e estrangeiros na forma??o do movimento oper?rio alegretense. Para explicar o movimento oper?rio e a presen?a de imigrantes dentro da linha interpretativa de E. P Thompson, que privilegia o Fazer-se da classe e suas experi?ncias, utilizou-se do conceito de internacionalismo oper?rio desenvolvido por Isabel Aparecida Bilh?o, filiado ao campo da cultura (identidade). Utilizam-se as mais diversas fontes para a obten??o de informa??es, desde as prim?rias at? as secund?rias. Das fontes secund?rias, foram importantes as Teses e Disserta??es; das fontes prim?rias, foram importantes os Relat?rios da Intend?ncia Municipal de Alegrete, os Livros de Registros de Cobran?as de impostos Sobre Ind?stria e Profiss?es de Alegrete e a Imprensa (jornais da ?poca). A Disserta??o ficou dividida em tr?s cap?tulos: Trabalho, imigra??o e movimento oper?rio (analise da quest?o da presen?a de imigrantes na forma??o da for?a de trabalho e no movimento oper?rio em escala internacional, nacional e regional); Alegrete: cen?rio e mercado de trabalho e O Movimento Oper?rio em Alegrete: a presen?a de imigrantes (1897 1929). A conclus?o do trabalho aponta que, na composi??o da dire??o do movimento oper?rio alegretense, a identidade cultural internacionalista oper?ria possu?a maior probabilidade de assimila??o entre os descendentes de imigrantes e estrangeiros. Foi poss?vel perceber que a forma??o do movimento oper?rio em Alegrete se deu principalmente a partir da mistura ?tnica com fortes ind?cios da import?ncia das rela??es de parentesco e familiares entre os membros das diretorias das associa??es.

Mitjançant una aproximació tant qualitativa com quantitativa, aplicant l'anàlisi estadística, la recerca bibliogràfica, el treball de camp i l'elaboració d'entrevistes en profunditat -així com amb la creació d'un conjunt de documents cartogràfics, gràfics i fotogràfics representatius-, l'autor ha volgut analitzar les diferències i les semblances entre l'activitat agrícola periurbana de la Regió Metropolitana de Barcelona (RMB) i la que trobem a l'Àrea Urbana de Toulouse (AUT). En concret, s'ha volgut conèixer quina és la reacció de la pagesia d'aquests àmbits davant del fenomen creixent de la pressió urbanística. En aquest sentit, així doncs, ha calgut estudiar la transformació de les explotacions agràries de les zones d'estudi, les característiques del planejament urbanístic vigent a cada país, els trets fonamentals de l'activitat que duen a terme els pagesos en l'actualitat i el rol que ocupa la pagesia en les institucions amb competències urbanístiques (com poden ser els ajuntaments) o amb capacitat d'influir en la vida local, entre d'altres aspectes secundaris. L'elecció de l'àmbit d'estudi ha estat molt acurada, i s'ha treballat amb dades estadístiques de les àrees metropolitanes (escala petita) a l'hora de seleccionar els municipis o comunes a analitzar (escala gran), partint, també, d'entrevistes prèvies a experts locals. Així, el delta del Llobregat o Àrea 1 es corresponia perfectament a la zona hortícola del nord de Toulouse o Àrea 2 (totes dues àrees tenen una superfície d'uns 117 km quadrats i són planes hortícoles solcades per un riu important, el Llobregat i la Garona respectivament). D'altra banda, ambdós àmbits formen part de l'Euroregió Pirineus-Mediterrània i això incrementa el seu interès.
L'AUT té una superfície quatre vegades superior a la de la RMB, però a la regió de Barcelona hi ha més població (per tant, la densitat de població també serà molt més elevada en aquest àmbit). Pel que fa a l'especialització productiva, Catalunya està més orientada a la indústria i als serveis que no pas la regió francesa de Midi-Pyrenées, que té un caràcter eminentment agrícola. A més, la regió de Barcelona s'ha constituït com una de les principals plataformes logístiques del sud d'Europa, sobretot per mitjà del Pla Delta, projecte que pretén desenvolupar el port i l'aeroport de Barcelona, i que ha suposat el desviament del riu Llobregat. Tanmateix, l'àrea de Toulouse és un dels eixos de la comunicació del nord amb el sud d'Europa, i un dels nuclis forts de la indústria aeronàutica i aeroespacial a nivell mundial.
És en el context d'altíssima pressió sobre aquests territoris, els que envolten les ciutats, que hem de concebre la situació precària en què es troba l'agricultura periurbana. A nivell teòric, hi ha múltiples definicions que es refereixen al periurbà, a la franja de contacte entre el món urbà i el rural on l'activitat agrària queda relegada a un segon terme i té poques expectatives de sobreviure. La crisi del sector agrícola periurbà és un fet i fins i tot sembla que el recent recolzament de les institucions és insuficient. A Catalunya han sorgit múltiples projectes i propostes per protegir els espais agraris i naturals periurbans, com pot ser el Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat. A França, hem vist com la normativa urbanística ordinària és prou eficaç per aturar la degradació urbanística i no calen mesures extraordinàries. A banda i banda dels Pirineus, així doncs, la reacció de la pagesia és molt similar, tot i que a França sembla que, a priori, els agricultors tenen més suport de l'administració. La pagesia periurbana, en definitiva, té un paper subordinat en la gestió del territori, encara que conserva gairebé integrament el control de l'activitat que es du a terme a les seves explotacions.
With an aproach both qualitative and quantitative, using statistical analysis, bibliographic research, field work and in-depth interviews -the creation of representative cartography, graphics and photographs was also contemplated-, the author analyses the differences and similarities between the periurban agrarian activity of Metropolitan Region of Barcelona and what we found in the Urban Area of Toulouse.
In fact, the author wanted to know which is the reaction of farmers of these areas in front of urbanistic sprawl phenomenon. In that sense, he studied the transformation of agrarian enterprises in these regions, the type of urban planning developed by each country, the main characteristics of activity the farmers are carrying on now, and the role of farmers in the institutions with urban planning competences (as the city council) or with capacity to influence the local life, among other secondary aspects. The election of the studied areas has been very attentive. We have worked with statistical data of the metropolitan areas (small scale) at the moment of the selection of the different municipalities or comunes concerned (large scale), begining, also, from previous interviews with local experts. In this way, the Llobregat delta or Area 1 belongs exactly with the horticultural zone of the north area of Toulouse (Area 2): we must emphasize that both areas have a surface of 117 squared kilometers, and there are important rivers going through those lands, the Llobregat and the Garonne respectively. In other terms, both environments are included in the Pyrenees-Mediterranean Euroregion, and that increases its interest.
The UAT (Urban Area of Toulouse) has a surface four times bigger than the MRB (Metropolitan Region of Barcelona), but in Barcelona's region there is more population (the density, obviously, will be higher in this area). In relation to production specialisation, Catalonia has been developing industry and services for many decades, although the french region of Midi-Pyrenées has an eminently agrarian character. Also, the region of Barcelona has became one of the main logistic platforms of south Europe, especially because of Delta Plan, a project to develop the harbour and Barcelona's airport, which has meant the Llobregat river deviation. However, Toulouse area is one of the central axis of the north-south european communication, and one of the hard cores of hole world aeronautical and spatial industry.
It is in this context of high pressures within the territoires that suround big cities that we must understand the precarious situation of periurban agriculture. On a theorical level, there exists many definitions for periurban fringe, the contact area of urban and rural world, where agrarian activity remains in second term and has little chance of survival. The periurban agrarian sector crisis is a reality and the recent institutions support is not enough. In Catalonia there exists now a lot of projects and proposals to protect the periurban agrarian and natural spaces, as the Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park. In France, we verify that the common urban planning rules are enough to stop the urban degradation and the french society don't need extraordinary measures. In both sides of the Pyrenees, the farmers reaction is very similar, thus in France it seems that, a priori, the farmers are supported more by the administration. All things considered, we conclude that the periurban farmers have a subordinate role in the land management, nevertheless they preserve almost all of the control of their farms labour.

La pression temporelle est souvent considérée comme une caractéristique majeure des sociétés modernes mais, paradoxalement, elle a été assez peu étudiée en situations écologiques et, notamment, dans le cadre de la conduite automobile. Cette dernière est souvent désignée comme une tâche secondaire qui se révèle pourtant centrale dans la réalisation de différentes activités professionnelles. Ce travail de thèse centré sur la pression temporelle au volant est exploratoire et s'appuie sur différentes approches : questionnaires, entretiens, enquêtes de terrain, suivi d'activité, et expérimentations en laboratoire. Nos données corroborent l'idée selon laquelle la pression temporelle a des effets délétères sur le comportement routier. Nous montrons également qu'elle peut être source d'émotions négatives mais, chez certains conducteurs, elle ne dégrade pas voire amplifie les émotions positives, en particulier le plaisir de conduire. Les effets de la pression temporelle sur l'impatience et sur l'empathie sont également abordés. Enfin, nos données montrent aussi que la pression temporelle modifie, au moins en partie, les estimations de vitesses et la perception du temps. Nous concluons de ce travail que la pression temporelle est de nature subjective et qu'elle possède une composante cognitive et une composante émotionnelle.

Le domaine general de cette etude sont les groupes d'interet encolombie. Ces organisations s'expriment, dans le cadre institutionnel, comme des associations. On peut constater leur multiplication et leur diversite dans tous le domaines de la vie economique, sociale et politique. Elles ont une signification de valeurs economiques et aussi de valeurs symboliques. L'objet particulier de cette approche sont les organisations de producteurs de cafe : d'une part, la federation nationale de producteurs de cafe federacafe (250. 000 associes entre 303. 000 familles productrices) et d'autre part, les 75 organsations cooperatives des producteurs de cafe (185. 000 associes), encadrees par celleci. Ces organisations sont des formes specifiques de corporations. Cet ensemble d'associations presente l'un de plus importants systemes d'organisation en colombie ; la premiere, federacafe, depuis 1927, les secondes, les cooperatives, depuis 1959. Les groupes d'interet se sont multipliees en colombie sous la forme diversifiee de fondations, associations, cooperatives et cor@poret corporations (106. 175 organisations enregistrees, qui concerne 70% de la population colombienne). Il y a des associations d'interet general et d'interet mutuel. Dans certains cas, ces groupes d'interet se transforment en groupes de pression, lordque le nombre, la classe sociale de leurs membres, ou leur puissance economique sont significatifs. La colombie est a l'heure actuelle une societe civile caracterisee par la montee de nombreuses organisations. Ces groupes ont pour but essentiel la defense des interets de leurs membres. Pour atteindre ces buts, ils mettent en oeuvre
Plusieurs moyens et techniques. Certains d'entre eux ont comme strategie l'elaboration et le suivi de decisions publiques favorables a leurs activites. Diversification in all branches of economic, social and political life. There are economics values signification and symbolics values too. The particular subject of this study is the coffee growers organizations : first the national federation of coffee growers (250. 000 between 303. 000 familys of growers) and the other hand the 75 cooperatives coffee growers associations (185. 000 members) framed by these federation. These organizations are a particular forms of corporations. These associations all together are the most important system of organizations of colombia, the first since 1927, the second since 1959. Interest groups are diversified in colombia as foundations, associations, cooperatives and corporations too (106. 175 registered organisations, over the 70% of colombian population). There are general interest and mutual associations. Sometimes there are transformations of these interest groups in pression's groups. If the numbers of associates is important, their social classe of their members, economic importance or quality of organization. Colombia is now a country caractherized by a civil society whose components are a great number of associations, as much of one hundred thousands. These interest groups work in the interest defence of their members, with strategics means. Their finality are the decisions makers of publics centers. Sometimes, instead very often, in the case of colombia

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This research aims to investigate the emotional distress of women arrested for petty larceny. It is justified by the possibility to shed some light on the ways social and economically adverse conditions may cause subjective effects that articulate with the involvement in legally reprehensible acts. The research is organized methodologically by means of the psychoanalytic approach of quotes by women who participated, as interviewees, of a Brazilian documentary about the issue. Repeated exposure to the film, accompanied by the transcription of the lines, have allowed the interpretive production of two fields of affectiveemotional senses: "Where's My Grandson's Milk?" and "Where's The Treatment?". The first presents more of a general aspect, whilst the secondmust be considered as a variation of the previous. Revisited by the light of a dialogue with other authors, such fields indicate the centrality of the social helplessness phenomenon, which conveys intimately to the injustice originated from poverty and social inequality. We have concluded that the contributions of Winnicottian thought concerning the link between deprivation and delinquency may be usefully revised and extended in order to include, in a more clear way, not only affective, but other kinds of deprivation, such as material ones, that lead to insecurity, helplessness and feelings of humiliation.
Cette recherche pr?sente une observation profonde sur la souffrance?motionnelle des femmes d?tenues pour vols de quelque chose insignifiante. Cette th?se vise ? penser comment la condition sociale et la condition ?conomique d?favorable peuvent provoquer des effets subjectifs qui se combinent avec la participation dansl?actes juridiquement r?pr?hensibles. La recherche est organis?e m?thodologiquement par l?approche psychanalytique qui examinent les discours des femmes, lesquelles ont particip?au documentaire national sur le probl?me.Expositions successives au film, accompagn?s de transcriptions de discours, ont permis une production interpr?tative de deux champs affectif-?motionnels: ?O? est le Lait de Mon Petit-Fils?? et ?O? est le Traitement??. Le premier champ pr?sente un aspect plus g?n?ral, tandis que le second doit ?tre consid?r? comme une variante du pr?c?dent.Par le dialogue avec d'autres auteurs, ces champs indiquent la centralit? du ph?nom?ne de l'impuissance sociale, qui s?associe ?troitement avec l?injustice d?riv?e de la pauvret? et de l'in?galit? sociale. Nous concluons que les contributions de la pens?e de Winnicott, en ce qui concerne la relation parmi la privation et la criminalit?, peuvent ?tre r?vis?es et ?tendues pour int?grer plus clairement, non seulement les besoins affectifs, mais aussi des autres necessit?s, comme le besoin d?ordre mat?riel, parce que cela provoque l'ins?curit?, l'impuissance et le sentiment d'humiliation.
A presente pesquisa objetiva investigar o sofrimento emocional de mulheres presas por autoria de furtos de bagatelas. Justifica-se na medida em que pode lan?ar luz sobre as formas como condi??es sociais e economicamente desfavor?veis podem gerar efeitos subjetivos que se articulam com o envolvimento em atos legalmente conden?veis. A investiga??o se organiza metodologicamente por meio da abordagem psicanal?tica das falas de mulheres que participaram, como entrevistadas, de um document?rio nacional sobre o problema. Sucessivas exposi??es ao filme, acompanhadas pela transcri??o das falas, permitiram a produ??o interpretativa de dois campos de sentido afetivo-emocional: ?Cad? o Leite do Meu Neto?? e ?Cad? o Tratamento??. O primeiro apresenta car?ter mais geral, enquanto o segundo deve ser considerado uma varia??o do anterior. Revisitados ? luz de interlocu??o com outros autores, tais campos indicam a centralidade do fen?meno do desamparo social, que se veicula intimamente ? injusti?a derivada da pobreza e desigualdade social. Conclu?mos que as contribui??es do pensamento winnicottiano, relativas ? liga??o entre priva??o e delinqu?ncia, podem ser proveitosamente revistas e ampliadas, no sentido de inclu?rem, de modo mais claro, n?o apenas car?ncias afetivas mas tamb?m outras, de ordem material, causadoras de inseguran?a, desamparo e sentimentos de humilha??o.

La maternité soumet les femmes à de grandes exigences pouvant les amener jusqu’à l’épuisement maternel. Si la psychopathologie dans la période périnatale a fait l’objet de nombreuses études, peu de recherches se sont ciblées sur les difficultés vécues par les femmes dans leur rôle spécifique de mère par la suite. Le but de ce travail est ainsi d’apporter des connaissances scientifiques concernant la psychopathologie du burn-out maternel, son vécu et son évaluation.L’étude 1 est une étude exploratoire qualitative menée auprès de 4 focus groupes.L’objectif était d’explorer des notions spécifiquement associées à la maternité telles que les notions de sacrifice ou encore de mère idéale, ainsi que les attentes de l’entourage. Les résultats ont soulevé que l’épuisement maternel trouve son origine dans les tâches et les responsabilités souvent reliées au rôle maternel ainsi que dans la pression exercée par l’entourage.L’étude 2 propose des profils des mères en burn-out basés sur le stress parental, le stress environnemental, l'anxiété et les symptômes dépressifs. Quatre profils ont été mis en évidence dans l'échantillon : le premier caractérisé par les difficultés avec l'enfant, le second présentait une prédominance de symptômes anxieux et une grande détresse parentale, le troisième manifestait une détresse sévère et le quatrième présentait de faibles niveaux de tous les symptômes.L’étude 3 avait comme objectif la création et la validation d’un questionnaire de burn-out maternel permettant d’examiner la prévalence des mères concernées. Les analyses factorielles ont permis de retenir une structure à trois facteurs qui représentait 51% de la variance : manifestations émotive-comportementales négatives, épuisement physique et émotionnel et sentiment d’accomplissement parental. Selon les scores seuil établis, 18,3% des mères auraient un certain degré d’épuisement et 6,6% pourraient souffrir d'épuisement maternel
Motherhood subjects women to high demands that can lead them to maternal burnout. Although psychopathology in the perinatal period has been the subject of many studies, little research has focused on the difficulties experienced by women in their specific role as mothers afterwards. The purpose of this work is thus to provide scientific knowledge concerning the psychopathology of maternal burn-out, its experience and its evaluation.Study 1 is a qualitative exploratory study conducted with 4 focus groups. The goal was to explore concepts specifically related to maternity such as notions of sacrifice or ideal mother, as well as the expectations of the entourage. The results have shown that maternal exhaustion is rooted in tasks and responsibilities that are often related to maternal roles and peer pressure. Study 2 provides profiles of burnout mothers based on parental stress, environmental stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Four profiles were highlighted in the sample: the first characterized by difficulties with the child, the second showed a predominance of anxiety symptoms and great parental distress, the third had severe distress and the fourth had low levels of all symptoms. Study 3 aimed at creating and validating a maternal burnout questionnaire (MBS) to examine the prevalence of the mothers concerned. Factor analyzes retained a three-factor structure that accounted for 51% of the variance: negative emotive-behavioral manifestations, physical and emotional exhaustion, and sense of parental achievement. According to the threshold scores, 18.3% of mothers would have some degree of burnout and 6.6% could suffer from maternal burnout

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Este trabalho de pesquisa acad?mica prop?e-se a analisar, com base legal, doutrin?ria e jurisprudencial, o conte?do jur?dico do princ?pio constitucional da presun??o de inoc?ncia, que se constitui no direito fundamental de cada cidad?o de n?o ser considerado culpado sen?o ap?s senten?a transitada em julgado, ao t?rmino do devido processo legal. Prop?e-se, ademais, uma reflex?o sobre (a) o alcance do princ?pio da presun??o de inoc?ncia aliado ? (b) busca de um necess?rio equil?brio entre esse princ?pio e a efetividade da fun??o jurisdicional penal, que deve atender a valores caros n?o apenas aos acusados, mas tamb?m ? sociedade, diante da realidade de nosso intricado e complexo sistema de justi?a criminal. Para tanto, aborda-se, de in?cio, a evolu??o hist?rica da presun??o de inoc?ncia, em cotejo com os ideais jus filos?ficos vigentes ? ?poca do iluminismo e das diversas escolas penais italianas, passando, em seguida, a analis?-la ? luz do Direito estrangeiro. Ato cont?nuo, examina-se a extens?o de sua aplicabilidade tanto no ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro como no texto constitucional de outros pa?ses, com ?nfase nas na??es com longo hist?rico democr?tico e de respeito aos direitos fundamentais de seus cidad?os, e toda a discuss?o em torno de sua adequada terminologia. Ap?s, desloca-se o eixo de pesquisa para o Brasil, analisando-se o trabalho do legislador constituinte acerca do tema, bem como a natureza jur?dica da norma constitucional. Em sequ?ncia, confronta-se o efeito suspensivo nos Recursos Especial e Extraordin?rio com a possibilidade de execu??o provis?ria da pena. Analisa-se, por fim, o conte?do jur?dico da presun??o de inoc?ncia, em especial no que tange ?s regras dele derivadas (probat?ria e de tratamento), e as quest?es pr?ticas discutidas no ?mbito doutrin?rio e jurisprudencial sobre a constitucionalidade de certas previs?es determinadas pela legisla??o infraconstitucional.