Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pressions anthropiques'
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Daeden, Jonathan. "Analyse des pressions anthropiques sur l’environnement littoral européen et français." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS019/document.
Full textCoastal management and conservation require the synthesis of geographic data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and their combined impacts on marine and terrestrial coastal ecosystems. Currently, across the European or French coasts, few studies provide a global view of risks on terrestrial and marine habitats. How are human pressures on biodiversity distributed? How to define the littoral system and thus improve management of this territory? At the European level, using 24 human pressures from EUROSTAT across the NUTS classification, we cut the European coasts in strips of 10 km to a limit of 100 km and identified the distribution and relative intensity pressures on coastal environments. We have shown that the great majority of the pressures occurs directly on the coastline and in the first 30 kilometers, then decreases sharply to the limit of 100 km. This division of the European coasts has also allowed us to use factorial correspondence analyses coupled with a hierarchical cluster analysis to divide the coastal territories in 4 coherent groups with the same pressures and relative intensities across Europe. At the French level, we have also developed a spatial model weighted by expert opinions based on geolocation of 15 human pressures on 81 marine and terrestrial biophysical habitats present on the metropolitan French coasts. The information is synthesized in the form of impact score applied to a mesh composed of 26000 cells (25 km²). This method of cumulative anthropogenic impacts scoring in an additive model shows areas with higher risks on both the marine and land territory. Again, the most affected areas by the human disturbances are close to the coast. Conversely, the least affected areas are those with a strong bathymetry and those with a significant elevation. We finally developed a participatory website that includes integrated GIS that allows the collection and dissemination of analysis of these human pressures on France following our additive model and allows at more local scales to return our analysis from any type of user. In the end few areas are not affected by human activities (0.1%) and a rather large fraction present very high risk (4.8%). The nearer the coastline, the more the risks are high. These analyses and maps are tools that give better understanding of conservation issues for the implementation of a socio-ecosystems coastal management and that will target the priorities in the conservation of our territories at a continental, national or local scale
Maloufi, Selma. "Diversité du phytoplancton et dominance des cyanobactéries : réponse aux pressions anthropiques en milieu périurbain." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0033.
Full textThe study of phytoplankton biogeographic patterns is essential to broaden our understanding of the responses of aquatic ecosystems’ to on-going environmental changes. In this context, the work presented in this thesis aimed at evaluating the spatiotemporal distribution of phytoplankton communities within a region exhibiting strong environmental contrasts: he Ile-de-France region. The work presented in this thesis is organized around three main objectives : 1- to characterize at local-scale (i. E. α-diversity), among individual sites (i. E. β-diversity) and at the region-scale (i. E. γ-diversity), 2- to identify the processes and drivers involved in the distribution of phytoplankton communities through modelling approaches, 3- to evaluate the impact of the dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria on their diversity
Roguet, Adélaïde. "Caractérisation des pressions anthropiques et environnementales influençant le compartiment bactérien dans les lacs peu profonds." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1139/document.
Full textAlthough bacteria are widespread in lacustrine environments, their composition and abundance vary at the regional and also at the local scale. A better understanding of the factors responsible for these biogeographic patterns would improve our knowledge of these aquatic systems and thus their potential response to anthropogenic pressures. In this context, this thesis studied the biogeography of the bacterial compartment in a set of shallow lakes located in the Paris area. The main objectives of this study were to assess at the regional and local scale the factors responsible for the biogeographical patterns on (i) the entire bacterial community, and (ii) a specific bacterial group, i.e. the nontuberculous mycobacteria. To achieve these objectives two complementary approaches were undertaken. First, at the regional scale, the spatial variability was assessed by sampling 49 lakes during three consecutive summers. A finer study was also performed to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of the bacterial compartment over a two-year monthly monitoring and during six important rain events within the Créteil Lake (Val de Marne).At the regional scale, the spatial variability of the bacterial community structure for the three summers (assessed by T-RFLP) was predicted for 76% (mean r-squared) by stochastic processes and less than 14% by deterministic factors including environmental parameters (trophic status) and dispersal-related process (connection to a river and PCNM axes). The analysis of the bacterial composition by high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) showed similar tendencies to those acquired by T-RFLP. However, this analysis revealed that the importance of the processes involved in biogeographical patterns could vary according to the bacterial phyla or classes considered. Spatial variability of mycobacterial densities (real time PCR) was explained up to 50% by deterministic factors (water pH, amount of labile iron and connection to a river).At the local scale, the monitoring of Creteil Lake revealed no significant spatial variation (along the horizontal and vertical transect) on the structure of the bacterial community and mycobacterial densities. However, a specific study of two lakes showed that mycobacterial density and diversity significantly varied among the different compartments of the lakes. Inversely, significant temporal variations on the bacterial community structure were observed over the two-year of monitoring, mainly related to water temperature changes. Although mycobacterial densities were relatively stable over the Créteil Lake monitoring, their variations were only predicted by stochastic processes up to 35%
Iborra, Laura. "Réponses des communautés ichtyologiques face aux pressions anthropiques locales dans un contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0503.
Full textThe Mediterranean Sea is home to a significant marine biodiversity with a high rate of endemism. The fish population is composed of 684 species, of which 9.2% are endemic. Beyond the fundamental role played by fish populations within marine ecosystems, they also provide human societies with many ecosystem services. However, biodiversity and the functioning of coastal ecosystems, are deeply and increasingly affected by anthropogenic pressures. In contrast with the complex dynamics of global change at a larger scale, local anthropogenic pressures can be identified and managed more easily at the regional scale. To do this, the quantification and evaluation of the consequences of these pressures are necessary, especially regarding the fish community. In this study, we assessed the impacts of four anthropogenic pressures common to the Mediterranean coasts on the ichthyological community present in the Bay of Calvi in Corsica (France). The anthropogenic pressures included effluents from the outfall of the Calvi wastewater treatment plant, an aquaculture farm, recreational fishing activities and scuba diving. The results were discussed in the context of global change and particularly of climate change, which will induce a major evolution of Mediterranean ecosystems in the upcoming decades. This thesis shows the significant progress made in our ability to understand, prioritise and anticipate the impacts of local anthropogenic pressures on Mediterranean coastal fish populations. It further provides management recommendations that will need to be adapted to the human-environment dynamics in the context of global change
Lootvoet, Amélie. "Le rôle du comportement dans la vulnérabilité aux pressions anthropiques et à l'extinction chez les Primates." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0080.
Full textImproving species protection and better understanding the mechanisms leading to population decline and ultime extinction has become a major research area over the last decades. Nowadays, the causes of extinction are mostly anthropogenic, but some intrinsic factors, specific to each species, can interact with these anthropogenic pressures to determine the extinction risk. Many studies have highlighted the impact of life history traits and ecological characteristics on species vulnerability to extinction, but very few have investigated the role of behaviour. Because of the mechanisms they imply, several behaviours could constitute intrinsic factors of vulnerability among species, at the level of extinction risk, or concerning the main anthropogenic pressures threatening species. The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of the social system and sexual selection on primate vulnerability i) to the main anthropogenic threats (i.e. hunting, logging and agriculture) and, particularly, the role of infanticide on their vulnerability to hunting, and ii) to the extinction risk as described by the IUCN conservation status. This point has lead us to examine also the impact of human footprint heterogeneity on extinction risk. All our studies are based on a comparative analysis approach. Our different works highlighted several impacts of behavioural variables at the two spatial scales and for the two levels of vulnerability, but with differences in the nature of the behavioural variables. We identified significant effects of the average group size and the socio-reproductive system in species vulnerability to logging, but not in species vulnerability to the other threats. Moreover, these effects have also been found at the level of the extinction risk, but in different ways. Thus, the mechanisms implicated in the vulnerability are different according to the type of vulnerability, and rely on several Allee effects
Houngnandan, Fabrice. "Rôle des pressions anthropiques et de l’environnement dans l’état des herbiers de posidonies de Méditerranée française." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG029.
Full textHuman activities are the main cause of global changes with adverse impacts on all biodiversity, both terrestrial and marine. In this context, many countries, including France, wish to stop this problem by improving networks for monitoring and managing ecosystems using new methods and approaches that aim, in particular, to achieve good ecological status of their water masses. This is the main objective of this thesis project, focusing on a Mediterranean sentinel ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. P. oceanica is an underwater plant endemic to the Mediterranean, and an indicator of the quality of its environment. By linking its spatial distribution with biological data and anthropogenic pressures, it is possible to develop new indicators that are easy to measure at the scale of the entire French coastline (1800 km).Through a multidisciplinary approach, combining participatory mapping, analysis of old images and current ecological data, we have been able to identify the location of former P. oceanica seagrass that have now disappeared and quantify the extent of the decline (70% in 66 years for example in Agde and Rochelongue). Our results also show that the indices of landscape composition and configuration reflect well the state of conservation of a P. oceanica seagrass. Using these landscape indices, we have developed a new approach to define key conservation areas for the management of P. oceanica based on the influence of environmental variables and human activities. Finally, we have also shown that by degrading the P. oceanica seagrass, human activities favour the installation of invasive exotic algae, but can also act as a barrier to invasions by modifying local environmental conditions and making them unfavourable to invasive species.These results suggest multiple applications to improve the management and monitoring of the marine environment in the French Mediterranean
Diop, Papa Abdoulaye. "Risques émergents et résilience des écosystèmes soumis à des pressions anthropiques : modélisation intégrée économique et éco-épidémiologique." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUED005.
Full textNumerous classic risks are apparently meant to take new forms whereas novel ones are appearing. In fact new threats that are directly related to the current scientific, technologic, economic and social evolutions have added to the classic ones. These “emergent” additional hazards could present a certain number of potential negative effects on ecosystems and to the resources living in such affected areas. It could notably be about a case of excess death rate of resources following either the outbreak of infectious diseases, or even resources’ sensitivity to these infections. Conversely it could be about the accumulation of pollution in the tissue of organisms which are likely to trigger sanitary and environmental threats and which diverge from those that have been considered so far. Because of ecosystems’ vulnerability towards these new environmental risks and thanks to their socioeconomic involvement, people have developed a growing awareness as for as these threats’ potentially catastrophic nature is concerned. While using economic analysis’ literature as well as biomathematics’ tools within the framework of this dissertation, the latter confronts the modeled theory and the empirical contextualization deriving from emerging risks. Our study focuses on the topic of the conservation of renewable resources which are exploited in the face of emerging dangers’ acuteness and whose unfamiliar effects have been forgotten by classic bio-economic modelling. It aims at partaking in the prevention of new environmental risks for biodiversity, thanks to the development of applied and theoretical tools deriving from economic and eco-epidemiologic integrated modelling. Subsequently by learning from biomechanics’ standard framework and with the support of compartmental modelling, this thesis shows the capacities of harvesting to improve the ecosystems’ resilience abilities, as well as the harvesting level at the steady state when an infectious disease affects an ecosystem. It thence leads to results which go against the conservative classic measures that have been recommended to ameliorate the ecosystems’ resilience and stability. Through tackling pivotal issues such as the pollutants’ bioaccumulation and its consequences, it also foregrounds some modifications in the dynamics of the standard models of pollution/resource when the pollutants’ bioaccumulation propriety is taken into account. So to deal with the phenomenon of emerging threats’ acuteness to biodiversity, this dissertation breaks new ground in the sustainable management’s mechanisms of the resources living in exploited ecosystems, while offering new approaches to the understanding of the dynamics that can intervene in ecosystems whose populations rely on the influence of emerging or re-emerging risks
Bertrand, Olivia. "Enregistrement molécularie de changements d'usage des sols et de pressions anthropiques : l'exemple d'un étang piscicole (Lansquenet, Lorraine)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0352/document.
Full textThe sedimentary series, collected in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, constitute records or archives of the state of a system at a given moment of the past and relate its evolution in relation to natural disturbances and anthropogenic pressure. In the following manuscript, the sedimentary record of a fish pond has been studied using a multidisciplinary approach. In particular, the characterization at the molecular and macromolecular scale of the organic matter in sediments of the pond Lansquenet allowed to reconstruct the history of its watershed. On the basis of biomarkers and molecular ratios (terrestrial to aquatic ratio: TAR(HC), C29/C27(ST), aquatic/macrophyte proxy: Paq, perylene, syringyl/vanillyl, cinnamyl/vanillyl, acid/aldehyde of syringyl and vanillyl units), this work has enabled us to understand, at the scale of a watershed, the changes in organic matter origins (terrestrial and/or aquatic, natural and/or anthropogenic) over a period of several centuries. Moreover, the results unraveled the depositional conditions as well as preservation conditions in the sedimentary profile, directly influenced by land use and human activities. The confrontation of organic geochemical data with sedimentological, mineralogical and palynological data was a real benefit and validated the use of a series of organic compounds as relevant and sensitive biomarkers regarding environmental and paleoenvironmental modifications. This study highlighted thus the succession of use of the Lansquenet site from a swampy area to the settlement of a fish pond punctuated by drier periods
Boissier, Olivier. "Impact des pressions anthropiques sur les communautés de frugivores et la dispersion des graines en forêt guyanaise." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0039.
Full textTropical rain forests are threatened by many anthropogenic pressures that endanger not only species but also ecosystem processes such as mutualistic interactions. This thesis focused on the impact of hunting and logging on communities of frugivorous and granivorous mammals and birds and on seed dispersal at two forest sites in French Guiana. Densities of several major seed dispersers were greatly reduced at the hunted and impacted site, where a very significant reduction of rates of seed removal underneath fruiting trees was observed at the same time. The impact of anthropogenic pressures on seed dispersal and removal, which so far has been known at the species level, was shown at the level of endozoochorous tree communities. The method developed here can be used to assess the health status of tropical forests, in a conservation perspective
Jenny, Jean-Philippe. "Réponses des grands lacs périalpins aux pressions anthropiques et climatiques récentes : reconstitutions spatio-temporelles à partir d'archives sédimentaires." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982100.
Full textChampagnat, Juliette. "Modéliser l’impact des pressions anthropiques au niveau des habitats halieutiques sur la dynamique des populations de poissons marins exploités." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NSARH118.
Full textSpawning and juvenile habitats are Critical Essential Fish Habitats (CEFH) that support key phases of the life cycle, when fish aggregate on restricted areas. These CEFH face numerous anthropogenic pressures that impact fish locally. Yet, these impacts are poorly quantified at population scale. This PhD aims to fill this knowledge gap using ageand stage-structured modelling approaches, with explicit representation of the critical life stages on CEFH. A first approach aims to assess the impact of Seine estuary restoration for the common sole in the Eastern English Channel. It uses a hierarchical Bayesian modelling framework integrating a great amount of data and expertise to perform simulations of juvenile habitat restoration. The second one develops a generic mechanistic model to represent marine fish population with contrastedfish population with contrasted life histories. It integrates a comprehensive steepness-based parameterization of the stock-recruitment relationship that directly depends upon juvenile habitat quality and surface area. This model is used to explore population response to juvenile habitat degradation/restoration and its sensitivity to interspecific variability in demographic rates. Then the approach is applied to assess the potential impact of restoring estuarine nursery grounds for four species of main fisheries interest in the Eastern English Channel. Finally, the model is extended to integrate anthropogenic pressures affecting spawning grounds. The main hypothesis and limits of the approaches are discussed; this outlined the large venues of the generic model, for both further scientific investigation and help for management
Andriamahefa, Heriniaina. "Les hydro-écorégions du bassin de la Loire : morphologie, hydrologie, pressions anthropiques sur les cours d'eau et les bassins-versants." Saint-Etienne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STET2058.
Full textLoiseau, Charles. "Méthodes pour évaluer la planification de l'espace marin : La gestion des pressions anthropiques au cœur de la conservation des écosystèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLP004.
Full textAs the pressures exerted by human activities on the marine environment intensify, a rational organization of these activities is needed to stem the degradation of the ecosystems on which the supply of goods and services to human societies depends. Recent concepts of the ecosystem approach and their promising application to maritime spatial planning provide answers to this challenge, but the complexity of the tissue formed by marine ecosystems and the human uses interacting with them makes it difficult to operationalize these approaches. This thesis proposes to put marine ecosystem conservation back at the heart of the planning process, by integrating the principles of ecosystem-based management into maritime spatial planning, and by assessing the role of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a preferred tool for ecosystem conservation within the planning process. Assessing the cumulative impact of human activities at a scale relevant to management in Moorea, French Polynesia, has highlighted the strong contribution of land-based activities to cumulative impact at lagoon scale, underlining the need for integrated management of the land-sea continuum. We then demonstrate the added value of this same approach in guiding management decisions in a rational and transparent way, and in particular the contribution of MPAs to effectively reducing human pressures within them. Indeed, MPAs are a preferential zoning tool for the conservation of marine ecosystems, and can thus be integrated into maritime spatial planning, provided that the activities responsible for deleterious pressures on the environment are effectively managed. We used an MPA classification system based on regulated and unregulated activities to assess the actual level of protection afforded by MPAs in France and the Mediterranean Sea. The results show that, although some countries have achieved the target of 10% MPAs by 2020, the vast majority of MPAs do not have sufficient levels of protection to deliver socio-ecological benefits. In order to ensure that MPAs can fulfill their role in ecosystem conservation, the recently set targets for 2030 now set 10% of strict or strong protection. We therefore analyzed which factors explain the presence of the highest levels of protection in the Mediterranean Sea, and the results show that the high levels of protection in the Mediterranean Sea are opportunistic, targeting neither particular biodiversity components nor high levels of human pressure. Taken together, the results highlight the lack of consideration given to conservation objectives, both within the MSP, through a lack of approaches dedicated locally to assessing the cumulative impact of human activities and evaluating different planning scenarios with regard to conservation issues, and within the MPAs, which are nonetheless dedicated to achieving these conservation objectives. the various approaches proposed here make it possible to place biodiversity back at the heart of marine spatial planning
Holon, Florian. "Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS030/document.
Full textDuring the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation
Archambault, Benoît. "Modélisation du cycle de vie des ressources marines exploitées : une approche intégrée pour quantifier les effets relatifs des différentes pressions anthropiques et environnementales." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARH094.
Full textMarine fish populations are subject to various environmental and anthropic pressures, from fishing mortality to habitat degradation and global change, that impact populations at different stages of their life cycle. Improving our knowledge of the different ecological processes and a fair assessment of consequences of the environmental and anthropic pressures associated with each life history stage is required to help the sustainable management of fish populations. In the case of nursery-dependant species, hydroclimatic conditions influence the survival and the dispersal of eggs then larvae. The quality and the availabilty of nursery grounds further impact juvenile survival, determining the carrying capacity of these essential habitats and in fine the maximum size of the population. Last, fishing activities target mostly adults. This thesis ultimately aims at investigating the functioning of these nursery-dependant species through a life cycle modeling approach that integrates the different pressures in their spatial dimensions along the life cycle. The methods largely rely on hierarchical Bayesian models, which are well adapted to integrate complex ecological models within a statistical approach, accounting for various sources of information (prior knowledge and data) together with the different sources of uncertainty in the process and the observations. The first part of the thesis analyzes the relationship between the spawning biomass and the recruitment success for flatfish (Pleuronectiforms), known to concentrate in restricted nursery grounds during the juvenile stage. We propose a modeling approach which integrates two successives phases in the recruitment process: a density-independent phase corresponding to the pelagic eggs and larval stages followed by a benthic juvenile phase, where density-dependent processes occur. Using a metanalytical approach (39 populations for 12 flatfish species) centered on the analysis of the variance of this relation, we show that (i) flatfish display a lower interannual variance in the recruitment success compared to other exploited orders of marine fishes, (ii) the variance of recruitment success decreases with increasing stock level, which is consistent with the hypothesis of density-dependent process during the juvenile phase of the life cycle. In the second part of the thesis, we rely on results from the the first stage (plus expert knowledge and existing work) to develop a life cycle model for the Eastern Channel common sole which accounts for both the stage-specific pressures described previously and the spatial functioning of the population at the successives stages. The population displays a consistent spatial segregation between pool of individuals along the whole life cycle, due to the combination of (i) moderate pelagic diffusivity and larval retention, (ii) juvenile containment in nurseries, and (iii) limited adults’ movements. We compared two contrasted hypotheses about the spatial structure of the population. The first hypothesis considers that after the juvenile phase characterized by spatial segregation on specific nurseries, the adult population forms one single homogeneous pool in the Eastern Channel. This is the hypothesis used buy the ICES stock assessment Working Group. The second hypothesis considers that the spatial segregation persists after the juvenile phase, within three adults sub-components. Althought it is not possible to quantify the relative likelihood of those different hypotheses, we emphasize how changing from one hypothesis to the other impacts estimation of key population dynamics parameters. Considering these three sub-components with isolated dynamics emphasizes the importance of spatialized management scenarios. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, we rely on the model developed previously to simulate realistic scenarios on the different pressures (i. E. Hydroclimate, habitat, fishing) in order to quantify their respective and/or combined effects (e. G. Climate and fishing pressure). Results emphasize the importance of nursery habitat availability and quality for these species. Realistic restoration scenarios of the Seine estuary lead up to an increase in biomass and catch potential. Fishing however remains the main source of population depletion and adapting fishing mortality to MSY levels leads to substantial increases in biomass and catches. We also show how hydroclimatic conditions are susceptible to interact with these two “manageable” pressures, e. G. Overfishing increase the sensitivity to unfavorable hydroclimatic conditions. Overall, the thesis provides insights towards the understanding of the population dynamics of nursery-dependent species, and provides a substantial contribution to develop tools to evaluate the performance of spatialized management scenarios in a multi-pressures context
Hernandez, Farinas Tania. "Analyse et modélisation des évolutions à long terme de la biodiversité phytoplanctonique dans les zones côtières sous l’effet des pressions environnementales et anthropiques." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=8f70a2cc-fcf6-4828-b01d-2aef7d706346.
Full textCoastal areas are highly-dynamic systems exposed to the effect of climate variations and human impacts, influencing the community diversity. In these ecosystems, the phytoplank- ton constitutes the base of food webs and integrates the effects of global changes and quality variations of coastal waters. In this context, the general objective of this study was to assess the long-term changes in the diversity of phytoplankton communities in coastal waters at different scales and levels of organization. Firstly, the data collected by the Phytoplankton and Phycotoxin Monitoring Network from the IFREMER was examined to study the tem- poral variations of the assemblages within the last two decades along the French coast and to assess the relationship with the modifications in their environment. Generally, long-term trends are not identical across the different coastal zones, noting that these changes may have a strong local or regional component which is a characteristic of coastal ecosystems. The second part focuses on the study of environmental conditions favorable to the presence of a number of phytoplankton units. The ecological niche of these units was characterized by their marginality, their tolerance and their degree of overlap, providing information about taxon indicator of specific environmental conditions. Finally, the contribution of benthic taxa to phytoplankton assemblages has been analyzed using their life-forms and the tempo- ral dynamic of their resuspention in the water column
Becquet, Vanessa. "Evaluation des capacités adaptatives du bivalve Macoma balthica (L.) dans un contexte de changement global : analyse comparée des processus neutres et soumis à sélection." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591636.
Full textLaunois, Lionel. "Impact des facteurs anthropiques sur les communautés piscicoles lentiques : vers l'élaboration d'un indice poisson." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10044/document.
Full textFish communities remain underused in the domain of lentic ecosystem bioindication, even though water managers need such tools in the current context of the Water Directive Framework. The objective of this thesis was to analyse the fish communities’ response to various anthropogenic pressures, in order to define the candidate biological variables in bioindication and to develop an index to evaluate the ecological status of French natural lakes and reservoirs. Several questions are raised.First of all, the means available to select fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures are analysed using a typological approach. This analysis consists in classifying lentic ecosystems using classifications, and then, within each homogenous group of ecosystems identified based on environmental criteria, performing linear regressions between candidate fish-based metrics and anthropogenic pressures. The results clearly show that fish communities could be used as good bioindicators for the lentic ecosystems, but they also underline the limits of typological approaches.To test how a bioindicator shared by natural lakes and reservoirs could be developed, an alternative site-specific method was subsequently developed. Statistical modeling was applied to control the natural environmental effects on lentic fish communities. This analysis shows that fish-based metrics responding to catchment-scale anthropogenic pressures differ in the two types of lentic ecosystems.The last part reports the development of an index, based on the reference condition approach, using a hindcasting statistical approach. This method, still infrequently used, enables one to sidestep the problem related to the selection of reference sites in France. Furthermore, this method allows modeling biological reference conditions, i.e. conditions without anthropogenic pressures. Fish communities’ characteristics are then compared for both undisturbed sites and sites that are more or less impacted by anthropogenic pressures. Both catchment-scale and local anthropogenic pressures were considered in this analysis. Following this protocol, a lake fish-based index resulting from the combination of metrics that respond jointly to global and local anthropogenic pressures was developed for natural lakes and reservoirs. Finally, the advances made as a result of this research and its perspectives are discussed with regards to the European context of aquatic ecosystem management
Hinojos, Mendoza Guillermo. "Identification des risques de perte de biodiversité face aux pressions anthropiques et au changement climatique à l’horizon 2100 : Application de la conservation dynamique au territoire des Alpes-Maritimes." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0026/document.
Full textThe work aims at understanding how the land transformation and climatic change synergy could affect the Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity. This thesis contains four chapters. In the first chapter, the purpose is to provide the conceptual basis and the framework that support the scientific foundations of this thesis and the main conceptual definitions of the studied problematic. In the second chapter, the purpose is to study the artificialization process in the French Riviera area, its probable potential dispersion, the conditions and the factors involved in the phenomenon in order to give an intuitively understanding of the landscape transformation and their principal trend. The landscape transformation of the last 40 years has been studied with the aim of identifying the spatial transition rules that have been introduced in the cellular automata model. We present a synthesis of landscape transformation in the French Riviera up to 2050 and 2100. The resulting scenarios provide information about future urban expansion according to historic behavior and the evolutionary patterns. The results of this part show that urban surfaces could double by 2050 and triplicated by 2100 compared with 2011. In the third chapter we assess the biodiversity loss according to land use dynamic and climate change. We first defined the ecosystem diversity by the landscape units. The landscape units are composed by the different ecological factors that have had an influence on ecosystems repartition like geomorphology, soil, climate, and vegetation. Then, we studied how landscape transformation could affect the biodiversity in the future by the spatial superposition of the first and second chapter results. Next, we realized a bioclimatic calibration for the landscape units with the aim of understanding the limits of ecological tolerance to the climatic conditions and the different ecological conditions like geomorphology, soil, and aspect. The bioclimatic calibration of the landscape units has allowed the definition of climatic change impact on ecosystem biodiversity for 2050 and 2100.The synergy between climatic change impact and landscape transformation shows that almost 30% (68 ecosystem expressions) of Alpes-Maritimes biodiversity could be affected at the end of the XXIst century, and at least five ecosystems expressions could disappear for 2100 due to both forces or some of these driving forces.In the fourth chapter we propose a method that allows the integration of climatic change impacts and landscape transformation on conservation process and politic assessment. Moreover, this chapter proposes the possibility to integrate both phenomena into the ecological networks structuration, especially into “Trame verte et bleue” in France
Serhal, Hani. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France : applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Serhal.pdf.
Full textLa modélisation est basée sur des données réelles fournies par les enquêtes de terrain et les données du Recensement Général Agricole (RGA). Les communes de la zone d'étude sont classées en quatre types selon leurs pratiques culturales. A chaque type j'ai attribué une rotation culturale. La modélisation, qui a débuté en 1965, s'étend jusqu'en 2003 dans le but de mieux comprendre l'influence de la variation des pratiques culturales (rotation et fertilisation) sur la variation de la qualité de l'eau alimentant la nappe. La modélisation permet de démontrer que la mise en place du programme Ferti-Mieux a déjà, dans la plupart des cas, conduit à un abaissement significatif des concentrations en nitrates dans l'eau lessivée. Dans l'arrondissement de Cambrai, j'ai réalisé un modèle intégré permettant de modéliser la transformation et le transfert des nitrates en partant de la surface du sol jusqu'à la zone saturée. J'ai pris en compte l'impact des nitrates d'origine agricole ainsi que ceux provenant des agglomérations. Le suivi des fertilisations, l'augmentation du nombre de stations d'épurations urbaines et l'amélioration de leurs performances diminuent les apports nitratés de surface. Mais l'effet de ces améliorations sur la qualité, des eaux de la craie n'est pas partout synchrone. Les comparaisons entre les piézométries mesurées et celles calculées, ainsi que les comparaisons entre les concentrations en nitrates mesurées et celles calculées m'ont permis de caler correctement les modèles hydrodynamiques et hydrodispersifs dans la zone non-saturée et dans la zone saturée. J'ai ensuite pris des hypothèses les plus vraisemblables des intrants azotés jusqu'en 2020. Cette évolution prospective de la qualité de l'eau de la craie permet à la fin de répondre à l'un des objectifs de la DCE et aussi de permettre l'optimisation de la gestion de l'aquifère de l'arrondissement de Cambrai
Serhal, Hani Maillot Henri Bernard Daniel. "Influence des pressions anthropiques sur l'évolution des concentrations en nitrates dans la nappe de la craie du Nord de la France applications au Cambrésis et au nord Audomarois /." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/188.
Full textN° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 3778. Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 140-146.
Lefèvre, Émilie. "Étude de la minéralisation de la nappe de la craie sous pressions naturelles et anthropiques : application à la présence de l'azote, du soufre et du nickel dans les eaux souterraines." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_17.pdf.
Full textBlanfuné, Aurélie. "Le changement global en Méditerranée Nord Occidentale : forêt de Cystoseires, de Sargasses, encorbellement à Lithophyllum et bloom d'Ostreopsis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4024/document.
Full textThroughout the world, coastal ecosystems are severely affected by the cumulative impact of increasing human pressure (e.g. destruction of habitats, pollution, non-indigenous species, overfishing, coastal aquaculture and global warming). Different foms of stress act over time and in unison, with a possible synergistic effect, on species, ecosystems and their ability to deliver ecosystem services. Along temperate rocky coasts worldwide, large canopy-forming kelps (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) and fucoids (Fucales, Phaeophyceae, Ochrophyta) represent the dominant species in pristine environments. In the Mediterranean Sea, species of the genus Cystoseira C. Agardh and Sargassum C. Agardh are habitat-forming species dominating several assemblages from the littoral fringe down to the lower sublittoral zone (0 down to 70-80 m depth). The present diachronic study based on the first usable scientific observations (18th century) is the first in the Mediterranean to cover such a long stretch of coastline (~ 2970 km at 1/2 500 scale). The results obtained by the analysis of historical and current data on the distribution of Fucales along the French coast differ according to the species studied, both with regard to the conservation status of populations and the causes involved in their regression. The general loss of habitat-structuring species is worrying. We are witnessing a typical regime shift with a replacement of macroalgal forests by less structured algal assemblages dominated by Corallinales or by barren grounds dominated by encrusting species, filamentous algae and sea urchins
Fiard, Maud. "Indicateurs microbiens de l'état fonctionnel de mangroves en Outre-mer : application de la directive cadre sur l'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/221214_FIARD_308gabs216ubg613yma945ic_TH.pdf.
Full textDue to its location, mangrove forests testify of the quality of the coastal waters and of the anthropic pressures in the littoral zone. Mangroves could therefore constitute a useful biological quality element to be used in the EU Water Framework Directive. To assess the use of mangroves for monitoring the water bodies in French overseas territories, a specific project, the “DCE mangrove project”, was created and funded by the French Biodiversity Agency. This project offered the opportunity to study the response and the functioning of French mangroves subjected to different types and levels of anthropic pressures. The global aims of this PhD were to characterize the French mangroves benthic bacterial and archaeal communities (molecular biomass, abundance, diversity and composition) in order (i) to improve our knowledge of these key organisms in mangroves functioning, (ii) to determine the drivers of mangrove microbiota, (iii) to identify several potential bioindicators of main anthropic pressures applied on mangrove forests. The results obtained to date have allowed (i) to select an appropriate molecular method to describe the benthic mangrove microbiota, (ii) to produce a detailed characterization of the anthropic pressures in several mangrove sites in French Guiana and Martinique island (West Indies), (iii) to start to build the microbial diversity reference system in French mangrove sediments and (iv) to identify potential microbial bioindicators of mangrove health. This work is a contribution to the establishment of a mangrove ecological indicator of the coastal and transitional water bodies qualities of the French oversea territories
Mateo, Santos Maria. "Réponses adaptatives des anguilles tempérées à l’hétérogénéité environnementale : mécanismes évolutifs, menaces liées au changement global et conséquences pour la conservation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0713/document.
Full textThe worldwide decline of temperate eels is due to a synergistic combination of several anthropogenic pressures. However, eels display very specific life-cycles and amazing adaptation capacities that impair our ability to assess the relative effects of each pressure. Temperate eels are three catadromous species with large spatially distribution area during their continental growth stage. Their panmixia and the passive larval drifts impair the possibility of local adaptation; however life history spatial patterns are correlated with environmental gradients at both river catchment and distribution area scales. ThisPhD aims (i) to explore whether these life history spatial patterns may result from two adaptive responses: genetic polymorphism and adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and (ii) to revisit the effect of different components of global change in consideration to these adaptive responses. In this context,GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model was developed. The model postulates that genetic dependent habitat selection and phenotypic plasticity are mechanisms to address environmental heterogeneity. With such assumptions, the model was able to mimic observed spatial patterns in length-at-silvering, sex ratio and distribution of ecotypes. Moreover, different types of anthropogenic pressures (glass eel fishery, silver eel fishery, obstacles to upstream migration, and mortality due to hydropower facilities) were integrated in the model. Then, the model was used to assess their impacts on the number of escapees and their attributes: sex ratio, repartition between genotypes, mean lengthat-silvering, and overall egg production. The results showed that the pressure that induces the highest direct mortality has not necessarily the greatest influence on the spawning biomass and does not necessarily exert the strongest selective pressure on the ecotypes. This demonstrates that phenotypic plasticity can be a source of resilience for the population and mitigates the effect of some but not all the pressures. It also suggests that management should not only focus on numbers and direct mortalitybut on the preservation of diversity within populations. Finally, a demo-genetic model is described summarizing our understanding of eel populations. Such model can be used in the future to explore the ecological conditions in which genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity have been selected through generations and provide new insights for the conservation of endangered eel species
Boussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Soussou, Tatongueba. "Dynamique forestière dans la plaine du Litimé sous pression anthropique au Togo." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30049.
Full textThe present study falls under the general dynamics of the tropical forests. It integrates the results of the space, phytoecological and socio-economic analyses of the forest regression of the plain of Litime. The space study based on the acquisition of the satellite images Spot made it possible to establish a diachronic cartography of the vegetation of the zone of study in order to appreciate the evolution of the changes of occupation of the ground which have occurred between 1986 and 2001 in this zone. In this study, "urbanized" spaces just as those assigned to the cultures move with the detriment of the covered surfaces. The analysis of the biological and phytogeographical spectra on the whole of Litime highlighted not only the Guinean character of the vegetation, but also showed the progression of the savannas taxa in particular in the mediums open under the human action. Lastly, the socio-economic study based on the ethnobotanic investigations highlighted the importance of the forest for the local populations through the socio-economic, cultural and ecological uses that it gets for these populations
Akerman, Alisson. "Les isotopes du fer nouveaux indicateurs de la pression anthropique : cas du bassin Amazonien." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2672/.
Full textThis research work deals with iron isotope compositions from various natural reservoirs in tropical environments. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether or not stable Fe isotopes can be used as a new geochemical tool to trace soil transformations and mass transfers from continents to oceans. This will help quantifying the impact of anthropogenic activities like deforestation. Results show significant Fe isotope fractionation, occurring within soils along toposequences in tropical forest. Chemical alteration and pedogenesis are interpreted to be responsible for the preferential loss of light Fe isotopes in footslope soils. After deforestation, erosion and colluviation lead to an apparent rejuvenation of the soil valley that results into a different Fe isotope signature compared to the forest soils. Dissolved Fe from the rivers draining the studied watersheds show high isotopic signatures in forest. In contrast, waters originating from deforested areas appear enriched in light Fe isotopes. Such a difference is due to 1) FeIII mobility when complexed by organic ligands in black waters, the latter being enriched in organic matter from the forest, and 2) geomorphological modifications after deforestation leading to Fe isotope fractionation from redox processes. Human activities are actively contributing to environmental changes that generate significant variations in Fe isotopic compositions. This study is to date the first one that compares Fe isotopic signatures between tropical forests and deforested environments. It demonstrates here that Fe stable isotopes record significant variations in the water-soil-vegetation system in response to anthropogenic activities
Harmange, Clément. "Survivre en agrosystème céréalier - le défi de la Perdrix grise : sélection d’habitat, compétition interspécifique et traits individuels Changes in habitat selection patterns of the grey partridge Perdix perdix in relation to agricultural landscape dynamics over the past two decades." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0022.
Full textHabitat selection is a behavioural process in response to environmental stimuli as resource availability (food, shelter) and threats(competitors, predators). The understanding of the underlying mechanisms is crucial in ecology and allow to identify and consider factors limiting populations. The stake of this PhD thesis was to identify limiting factors (landscapes, game practices) and reponses of grey partridge (Perdix perdix) populations under mixed game management (annual releases of captive-reared birds, without shooting suspension). Habitat selection patterns have changed towards a lower avoidance of risky habitats, while habitat suitability has decreased and the proportion of captive-reared birds in the population has likely increased. Interspecific competition with red-legged partridge also affected habitat selection in grey partridge. Some individuals showed a behavioural capacity to adjust (in terms of rhythms of activity, habitat selection, space use) to the spatiotemporal structuration of risk along the diel cycle, potentially influenced by individual traits (personality, health status). Habitat suitability, predation and hunting pressures were identified as structuring factors of grey partridge populations. A game management based on releases of naïve birds and competing species, disturbances induced by shooting during the post-release period, and no preliminary assessement of habitat quality, could locally imperil the maintenance of grey partridge populations
David, Frank. "Dynamique du carbone et relations trophiques dans un estuaire à mangrove sous pression anthropique (Can Gio, Vietnam)." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0005/document.
Full textMangrove estuaries are highly dynamic environments importing carbon originating from both the watershed and the coastal ocean to the adjacent floodplain, and exporting to the ocean a fraction of that photosynthesised by the surrounding vegetation. Mangroves are very productive ecosystems. Thus, they serve as a nursery for a wide variety of coastal species entering the ecosystem during flood, and exporting during ebb the carbon they consumed. However, the quantities and the quality of carbon exchanged within the estuary, along with the transformations occurring during the water transit, are still not fully understood. This work aims to examine the carbon cycle in the main estuarine channel of the Can Gio mangrove, located in southern Vietnam, along with macroscopic species connecting the mangrove ecosystem to the coastal ocean through their movements; this, in order to better understand the carbon budget of the Can Gio mangrove, and at a broader scale, of tropical mangroves. Results presented in this manuscript are originating from 3 sampling campaigns; the first performed during the dry season, along the main estuarine channel only; the second achieved during the wet season, along both the main estuarine channel and a mangrove tidal creek; and the last in order to simulate in controlled conditions the fate of shrimp pond effluents once released in the estuary. Water column parameters were surveyed at different sites located on the mangrove waterways, each during a complete tidal cycle (24 h), and various macroscopic species were sampled from both the intertidal zone and the water column. This study examines concomitantly mineral forms of carbon, particularly CO2, which plays a major role in climate mitigation; its organic forms, especially fatty acids, used as biomarkers in trophic webs studies and implied in diverse metabolic functions; and specificities of the microbial compartment, contributing to the cycling of this carbon
Roussiez, Vincent. "Les éléments métalliques : TRaceurs de la pression anthropique et du fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire du glofe du Lion." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0765.
Full textThe coastal zone of the Gulf of Lions is one of the most important Mediterranean shelves. It is exposed to numerous particulate sources, in particular the rivers draining the surrounding catchments and the direct atmospheric fallout. These solid discharges bring natural particles but also contaminated ones to the marine system where they follow a complex sedimentary dynamics highly dependent on hydro-meteorological conditions. Improving our knowledge on this dynamics will help to better understand the fate, and hence, the impact of contaminated particles in the coastal environment. To do so, we proposed to use particulate metals as tracers of the particle dynamics. First, the sedimentary functioning of the Gulf of Lions has been highlighted in global terms. Second, the environmental quality of the study area could be evaluated. It is concluded, on the basis of regional background levels, that the coastal zone is poorly to moderately impacted by human activities. Contaminants accumulate within the prodeltas after floods, and a part of them can be further flushed in association with fine materials. Off-shore, the persistence of the contamination strongly depends on elemental behaviours with respect to diagenetic processes and hydrodynamic disturbances. In terms of budget, it is shown that the Gulf of Lions is a sink for particulate metals - on the basis of mean input and output particulate fluxes. About 50 % of the metals introduced in the coastal waters (by fluviatile and atmospheric sources) may leave the shelf, towards the open sea and deep ecosystems
Golcher, Benavides Christian. "Qualité des eaux d’une rivière urbaine : Suivi réglementaire versus Perception des riverains Le cas du río Liberia (Costa Rica)." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0014.
Full textThe impact of human activities on rivers status is most often assessed through the monitoring of regulatory water quality indicators. The definition of regulatory action networks is constrained by technical or practical aspects. As a result, diagnoses are made on the basis of limited knowledge. Can studying the relationship between residents and rivers be used to improve scientific knowledge on the pressures and state of the river, and therefore in the medium term to improve the definition of control and restoration actions? The thesis is based on the study of the Liberia River (30 km long, 46 km2 catchment area) in Costa Rica - North Pacific Region. The river flows downstream through the urban area of the city of Liberia (39 000 inhabitants). The thesis is based on the coupling of two approaches: (a) the regulatory diagnosis of water quality and the characterization of anthropogenic pressures on the river; (b) the study of the perception and practice of the river by residents. Firstly, fifteen water quality measurement campaigns were carried out in accordance with Costa Rica's regulations, on a network of seven stations along the Liberia River between 2013 and 2015. The physico-chemical, biological and bacteriological indicators show an upstream-downstream gradient of the river state, from slightly to highly polluted. These indicators are not very variable according to hydrological conditions - as seen by a previous rainfall index - but are influenced by anthropogenic pressures, as seen by land use and riparian condition indices. The quality of the river is severely degraded when crossing the urban area. Secondly, a survey was carried out in 2016, among 100 inhabitants and 32 professionals. A map of the river, in terms of use and perception, was carried out. In general, the inhabitants cross the river every day via the various bridges, while the professionals occasionally participate in collective restoration actions. The river is perceived as a degraded and dangerous space by the majority of residents. However, the upstream part of the river, and some urban sites, are appreciated for their good quality. Thirdly, knowledge from the monitoring network and results of the perception survey were analysed jointly. The level of degradation from monitoring stations is consistent with the point of view of residents that identify all the locations of the stations. In addition, inhabitants point new hot spots of degradation that makes it possible to strengthen the monitoring network. Thus, new stations were implemented during a campaign carried out in 2017. The spatial variability of water quality and riparian zones was refined. As a conclusion, residents’ perceptions can be used to improve the assessment of the quality of an urban river. This thesis is a first step in diagnosing the quality of an urban river, combining hydrological approaches, through regulatory indicators, and socio-geographic indicators, through survey of residents. However, it is necessary to better understand both dynamics of water quality, in relation to hydrology, and those of anthropogenic pressures, as well as the temporal variability of the perception of the river by residents. Finally, conditions for involving residents in monitoring and restoring the quality of the river remain to be analyzed, in order to develop a real participatory approach
Bigaignon, Laurent. "Etude de l'impact de la variabilité climatique et de la pression anthropique liée à l'agriculture sur les émissions de N2O." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30269.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas which contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. The increase of anthropogenic pressure on ecosystems, with the intensification of the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture, disrupts the natural nitrogen cycle and leads to additional N2O emissions from soils. Many factors influence the production and emission processes of N2O from soils such as climate and its variability, soil type and land use, livestock or agricultural activities and their intensity. In order to mitigate climate change by reducing N2O emissions, it is necessary to understand, assess and quantify the effect of these different factors at different scales (plot/land/region). From that context, my thesis project aims to analyse and model N2O emissions under contrasted degrees of anthropogenic and climatic pressure. I pursued this dual objective through the study of several sites with contrasted functioning in terms of climate and level of human activity: two sites in the South-West of France, a site in the Senegalese savanna and an agricultural site near Lake Victoria in Kenya. Using data from the two South-West of France sites, I developed a new methodology to gap-fill missing N2O daily emission time series from these sites that combines both the traditional method of linear interpolation with the neuronal networks' method. The very good results obtained show that this methodology could serve as a reference in the future since general gap-filling methodology is still lacking for N2O emissions time series. Analysis of the complete datasets shows that irrigated maize crops have a high N2O emission potential. Tillage, spring mineralization and nitrogen fertilization, combined with rain and irrigation have a strong N2O emissions potential which intensity varies with vegetation cover. The quantification of the impact of these different factors has led to develop a new empirical model to estimate N2O emissions more efficiently than the traditional IPCC's Tier 1 method. In the African region, I studied N2O emissions from the Senegalese savanna site and agricultural sites in Kenya using measurements and results of the STEP-GENDEC-N2O model for the savanna site. Soil water content was found to be the most important influencing factor of N2O emissions at these two sites at the seasonal scale. Extrapolating these results across Africa has shown that emissions from agriculture are potentially larger than those from savannas. At the regional scale, I set up a simulation with the RegCM-CLM model on a domain including all the studied sites. This work showed the complexity of modelling soil biogeochemical processes and the difficulty of using a universal parameterization for temperate and tropical climates. This thesis work highlighted the existence of complex interactions between the main factors influencing N2O emissions on the regions studied. However, these interactions vary in function of the pedoclimatic context and the level of human pressure. Given the range of N2O budgets observed in this study, with the highest budget calculated on the site with the largest anthropogenic pressure in the South-West of France, the most explanatory factors are in order of priority the soil water content (modulated by rainfall and irrigation), the anthropogenic pressure gradient associated with livestock and agricultural activities (pastoralism, tillage depth, fertilizations, etc.) and soil texture. [...]
Abdourhamane, Touré Amadou. "Erosion en milieu sableux cultivé au Niger : dynamique actuelle et passée en liaison avec la pression anthropique et les changements climatiques." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833028.
Full textBernard, Didier. "Contribution à l'étude des perturbations chimiques en zone marine à mangrove et sous pression anthropique : exemples des lagons de la Guadeloupe." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10150.
Full textRichard, Damien. "Microévolution et adaptation à une pression de sélection anthropique chez Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, une bactérie pathogène des agrumes : dynamique du compartiment plasmidique." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0001.
Full textCopper, frequently used in agriculture to control bacterial diseases, is commonly used against Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc), the bacterial agent of Asiatic citrus canker. The recent detection of a copper-resistant phenotype in two French overseas regions motivated a genomic study which revealed, in copper-resistant (CuR) strains, a conjugative plasmid encoding an adaptive transposon of the Tn3 family. Its conservation in several Xanthomonas species suggested the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in Xcc adaptation. We therefore analyzed the evolutionary history of susceptible and CuR Xcc strains in the Indian Ocean using both SNP and gene content variations. The dating of the obtained phylogeny allowed us to hypothesize the history of Xcc introduction into the region. The phylogeny showed a strong geographic structure among islands of the Indian Ocean region, which faded at the Réunion scale and disappeared at the grove scale. Among the groves, admixture is a factor favoring HGT between genetically distinct strains. This form of evolution is however largely uncharacterized in the Xanthomonas genus. To fill this gap, we searched genetic homology between the whole known plasmid gene content of the Xanthomonadaceae family and the complete set of genomes hosted in NCBI databases. We highlighted both the ubiquity of plasmid genes in the Xanthomonadaceae family and the taxonomical barrier of their sharing by conjugation. The small fraction of genes that were exchanged through the complete sharing of plasmids also revealed the importance of plasmid mosaicism, partly due to mobile genetic elements. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of bacterial communities in the evolution of phytopathogenic bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus, and the need for a precise characterization of the content and the functioning of the Xanthomonadaceae environmental genome in order to fully apprehend the adaptation of these phytopathogenic bacteria
Cartier, Rosine. "Trajectoires des écosystèmes lacustres alpins depuis 13 500 ans dans les Alpes méditerranéennes (massif du Mercantour, France) : entre forçage climatique et pression anthropique plurimillénaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4342.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to the reconstruction of long-term changes in two lacustrine ecosystems in the Southern Alps. This study aims at assessing (1) the lateglacial-holocene variability of water physico-chemistry, lake levels and aquatic species dynamics; and (2) the environmental responses of the lacustrine ecosystem to external forcing (watershed and climate changes), with the study of Lake Allos and the Lake Petit (Mercantour National Park, 2200 m a.s.l). The two sedimentary cored profiles provided a detailed record of the past lacustrine dynamics since 13.500 cal. BP. An integrative approach was carried out including (1) the study of fossils of aquatic bioindicators species (diatoms and ostracods) informing about changes in lacustrine living conditions ; (2) the analysis of oxygen isotopes recorded by these aquatic fossils tracing a palaeohydrological signal ; (3) a multiproxy comparison linking the aquatic environment with changes in watershed dynamics. These results integrated into a rich multidisciplinary framework evidenced the major role of erosion processes and changes in vegetation cover as factors triggering lake responses to disturbance, with concomitant changes in aquatic communities and trophic levels at several timescales. The different geological settings and lake morphologies have also played a significant role, modulating changes in benthic and planktonic aquatic communities over long time periods. Finally, oxygen isotopes records allow to trace for the first time palaeohydrological changes in the region: this innovative approach represents an original outcome for reconstructing a reference past climate for the Southern Alps
Kakule, Vyakuno Emmanuel. "Pression anthropique et aménagement rationnel des hautes terres de Lubero en R. D. C. : rapports entre société et milieu physique dans une montagne équatoriale." Toulouse 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU20006.
Full textIn the Lubero highlands, in Democratic Republic of Congo, there are environmental and social problems which depend on natural and social factors. These problems, which appear once the demographic carrying capacity of the lands has been surpassed, are the vegetation degradation, the fall of soils' fertility, the soils' erosion, the protected areas violation, the land scarcity and the land conflicts. As far as the physical environment is concerned, they depend on the slopes, the deep rocks' alteration, the soils' granulometry, the low vegetal cover and the erosive potential of the climate. For the society, they are caused by the progressive occupation of the land, the human densities, the landed system, the exploitation of the nature and the development of lands. To resolve these problems, and more particularly the problem of soils' erosion, which is the most important, this thesis proposes a rational planning integrating an intervention on the physical environment as well as social and economical measures. The controlling of soils' erosion requires the construction of terraces and anti-erosive hedges, the practice of agroforestery, of soil conservation methods, the reforestation and some degree of agricultural mechanization. Execution of these requires foremostly the actors' awareness and the land reforms, accompanied by population emigration, family planning and diversification of activities apart from agriculture. So, the protection of the environment shows that there is a narrow relation between man and nature in territory's planning matter
Biron, Geneviève. "Etude par télédétection spatiale des unités paysagères actuelles et de leur évolution sous la pression anthropique dans un milieu insulaire caribéen : exemple de la Guadeloupe." Antilles-Guyane, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AGUY0038.
Full textThe island of Guadeloupe is no doubt one of the islands of the Lesser Antilles that has the morphological, geological, and tectonical and climatical contrasts; these contrasts generate natural nested patterns forming particular geosystems such as the geosystems that are characteristic of mangrove, dense forest, plateau, foothill and coastal agricultural plain regions. The study of these different regions by means of satellite radiometric measurements is very profitable, since it allows the determination of global characteristics and more specifically those characteristics that are in relation to the vegetal species distribution and corresponding zonation, specially when the studied regions are of difficult access (mangrove, dense forest). Such studies drawn diachronically allow the estimation of the evolution of the natural environment and the importance of the anthropic influence on the environment. In this work, we have presented seven landscape examples that are representative of the island of Guadeloupe and are respectively related to agricultural plantations, evergreen seasonal forests, industrial regions, coastal humid intertropical landscapes, volcanic coastal landscapes, limestone plateau landscapes and limestone karstic hills. After a geographical presentation of the island of Guadeloupe, we present, an analysis method for all the landscape entities mentioned hereabove. It relies upon the transformation of satellite-unprocessed data into reflectance percentages that involves various phasis of data processing as well as a validation of the method. Then, we propose various diachronical analysis methods in order to follow the evolution of different sites such as banana plantation regions, mangrove regions as well as rural and urban regions
De, Ridder Jo. "Réponse des processus biochimiques d'une tourbière soumise à des fluctuations du niveau d'eau." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00807995.
Full textDeclerck, Louise. "Influence de forçages anthropiques sur la circulation atmosphérique du niveau géopotentiel 500 hPa et sur la diffusion et les concentrations de polluants sur la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais au XXIème siècle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10122/document.
Full textThe growth of human activities causes significant emissions of gaseous and particulate species in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases contribute to increase the average global temperature, it’s called anthropogenic forcing. This temperature increase modifies the various components of the Earth’s climate system. In this thesis, the atmosphere is our topic of interest. The objective of this thesis is to answer two questions on a multidisciplinary basis: (1) can anthropogenic radiative forcing influences atmospheric circulation and more specifically, its variability? (2) And can it affects the spatial distribution of pollutants? This work is based on the comparison of two periods: one from 1960 to 1989 representing the climate without scenarios forcing; the other from 2070 to 2099 considering different scenarios of anthropogenic forcing. The first step is to characterize the atmospheric circulation variability, in wintertime, from the 500 hPa geopotential height at North Atlantic and European scale. The main structures of variability we studied are the so-called modes of variability and weather regimes. In our study, the scenarios do not change their structure in space but rather their frequency of occurrence and mean residence time. The second step concerns modeling of air quality over the French Northern region. Analysis of simulations reveals that actual and future concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide increase, but no direct correlation between changes of variability modes and spatial distribution of pollutants is detected
Nassica, Catherine. "Aménagement de la zone littorale européenne et ses problèmes environnementaux : pour une nouvelle typologie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040230.
Full textThis work tries to demonstrate, on the time scale, that the littoral is a domain of multiple appropriations by the human societies. It is made up of three stages: the definition of the « coast » entity, the water consideration in the management and the negative human influences. It considers the coast as a lifelike organism and an interface between land and sea worlds. It uses the multistage and geometrical approach to apprehend the morphological heterogeneity, the biological diversity and the spatial dimension. It quantifies and qualifies to characterize the natural phenomenon and the induced events by human beings and to announce the importance of the water, which has to be considered into a respectful management of the coastal environment. It analyzes and synthesizes the data from four selected sites, it brings out the specificities and the environmental problems and looking for a steady state by an enhancement of endogenous dynamics. It describes the diachronic relationship of man with this environment of transition and the awareness subsequent of the scientific community on the future of the coastal areas, face to new climatic conditions. The aim of this thesis is to prove the optimized use of « coast » resource and to valorize its plural potentialities for a sustainable development, where the management is the keystone of a new model, the bio-spatial-temporal (BST) organization. This holistic approach introduces the adaptive politics and the collective consciousness, for an evolutionary management and for a moralization of coast and of 6th continent use
Massounie, Guy. "Peuplements et paysages aux confins occidentaux du territoire des Arvernes de la protohistoire au moyen âge." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF20005/document.
Full textThe opening of the window of study of Combrailles provides new insights into the power and the wealth of the city of Arvernes.The occupacy of the territory is continuous from the Protohistory to the Middle Ages, with a great development at the time of the Roman Empire.The layout of two major ways is established : the density of population along their path proves the role they played.The settlement of the habitat (including those of the elites) on the whole territory shows the economic complementarity between rural areas and the cities.The density of mining spaces and the exploitation of gold during the Gallic period certainly contribute to the richness of Arvernes
Proulx, Bruno. "Utilisation de l’habitat et pressions anthropiques sur une population de rorquals à bosse (Megaptera novaeangliae) de Guadeloupe par suivi terrestre." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11887.
Full textThe Agoa sanctuary, a marine protected area (MPO) covering the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the French Caribbean, was created in 2010 to protect marine mammals and their habitats. It is known that the Caribbean islands are used from December to May by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) as a reproductive area. However, sparse information exists on the abundance, the behaviour, the distribution and the anthropogenic pressures on this species in the Caribbean and even less in the sanctuary. This thesis focuses on increasing scientific knowledge about this species’ use of a part of the Agoa Sanctuary and their interactions with human users of the MPO. Such knowledge may inform stakeholders’ (institutional and individual) decision-making towards implementation of appropriate conservation measures. A land-based survey of more than 300 hours, in 2012 and 2013, was carried out to determine the habitat use of, and anthropogenic pressures on, a population of humpback whales frequenting the surrounding water of the Pointe-des-Châteaux peninsula in Guadeloupe. This is the first land-based survey of this species in the French West Indies and one of the first in the Caribbean. The study area of approximately 264 square kilometres is one of the most visited areas by this species in the Guadeloupe archipelago. Using a theodolite, 107 trajectories (i.e. groups of whales) were recorded, representing 137.8 hours and 699 surfacings. Results show that the abundance was higher in March and April with a peak in the first week of April. The high proportion of calves in this population, mainly in March, suggest that the study zone is a nursing area. Overall movement patterns are not random and may possibly be dictated by the bathymetry. Furthermore, trajectories seem to converge close to the Pointe-des-Châteaux. The average movement is slow and oriented in the same direction as the dominant current to the west of the Pointe-des-Châteaux (i.e. ENE), except for mother and calf groups that swim faster in the opposite direction (i.e. WNW). Even if the anthropogenic pressure may be consided as moderate, a high proportion of surfacing is located in some of the main maritime traffic corridors. In addition, the shuttle corridor between Saint-Francois and Désirade island has the greatest relative risk of fatal collision. A reduced speed for the shuttle corridor would lower significantly the collision risk. These findings may lead to more extensive studies to better understand the ecology of this fascinating species.