Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pressure Tube

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Pressure Tube'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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Yekani Fard, Masoud, Brian Raji, Bao Doan, Michael Brooks, John Woodward, and Collin Foster. "An experimental study of the mechanical properties of seamless and overlapped stitched composite tubes under hydrostatic pressure, lateral compression, and impact." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 55, no. 7-8 (2020): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324720922749.

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Mechanical properties and damage mechanisms of closed circular preforms and overlapped stitched composite tubes under lateral compression, impact, and hydrostatic pressure were studied. The functional failure pressures of the tubes with different boundary conditions were determined and compared. Stitch at the overlapped zone creates stress risers that lead to premature functional failure at a hydrostatic pressure at ∼1/3 of the theoretical maximum pressure of the tube as delamination occurs at the overlapping region. Seamless tubes reached values close to theoretical operating hydrostatic pressures before leakage was observed at the tube ends. The deflection of the overlapped stitched tube due to lateral compression is less than the deflection in the seamless tube, and it is limited to 5% of the inner diameter using the Spangler equation. Brittle kinks, cracks, and delamination occur in overlapped stitched tubes while seamless tubes regain the shape with limited localized cracks after unloading. The fabric architecture of a seamless tube allows for the reorientation of fiber tows as cracks develop in the matrix, thus resulting in a lesser extent of damage when the tube is subject to impact.
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D'Eredità, Riccardo, Roger R. Marsh, Silvano Lora, and Ken Kazahaya. "A New Absorbable Pressure-Equalizing Tube." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 127, no. 1 (2002): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mhn.2002.126722.

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OBJECTIVE: We investigated pressure-equalizing (PE) tubes made of biodegradable, absorbable material in an animal model. METHODS: PE tubes, made of poly-bis(ethylanate)phosphazene (PBE) were inserted in 55 ears of 28 Hartley guinea pigs, with survival times of 10, 30, and 60 days after tube insertion. In vivo reactions between the PBE-PE tube and the tympanic membrane (TM) were studied. Tubes, TMs, and middle ears were examined by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. RESULTS: There was neither infection nor an inflammatory reaction to the tube within the middle ear in any animal. At 30 days, 53% of the tubes had disintegrated. At 60 days, tubes were still functioning in the 25% of ears. CONCLUSION: More research must be performed before these new PBE PE tubes can be considered for clinical use. Nonetheless, these tubes are promising. The disintegration rate can be controlled by varying the formulation of the polymer, so treatment can be adjusted to the needs of each patient.
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Gobi, K., B. Kannapiran, D. Devaraj, and K. Valarmathi. "Design, performance evaluation and analysis of the inlet tube of pressure sensor for chamber pressure measurement." Sensor Review 39, no. 4 (2019): 612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-12-2017-0260.

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Purpose In Aerospace applications, the inlet tubes are used to mount strain gauge type pressure sensors on the engine under static test to measure engine chamber pressure. This paper aims to focus on the limitations of the inlet tube and its design aspects to serve better in the static test environment. The different sizes of the inlet tubes are designed to meet the static test and safety requirements. This paper presents the performance evaluation of the designed inlet tubes with calibration results and the selection criteria of the inlet tube to measure combustion chamber pressure with the specified accuracy during static testing of engines. Design/methodology/approach Two sensors, specifically, one cavity type pressure sensor with the inlet tube of range 0-6.89 MPa having natural frequency of the diaphragm 17 KHz and another flush diaphragm type pressure sensor of the same range having −3 dB frequency response, 5 KHz are mounted on the same pressure port of the engine under static test to study the shortcomings of the inlet tube. The limitations of the inlet tube have been analyzed to aid the tube design. The different sizes of inlet tubes are designed, fabricated and tested to study the effect of the inlet tube on the performance of the pressure sensor. The dynamic calibration is used for this purpose. The dynamic parameters of the sensor with the designed tubes are calculated and analyzed to meet the static test requirements. The diaphragm temperature test is conducted on the representative hardware of pressure sensor with and without inlet tube to analyze the effect of the inlet tube against the temperature error. The inlet tube design is validated through the static test to gain confidence on measurement. Findings The cavity type pressure sensor failed to capture the pressure peak, whereas the flush diaphragm type pressure sensor captured the pressure peak of the engine under a static test. From the static test data and dynamic calibration results, the bandwidth of cavity type sensor with tube is much lower than the required bandwidth (five times the bandwidth of the measurand), and hence, the cavity type sensor did not capture the pressure peak data. The dynamic calibration results of the pressure sensor with and without an inlet tube show that the reduction of the bandwidth of the pressure sensor is mainly due to the inlet tube. From the analysis of dynamic calibration results of the sensor with the designed inlet tubes of different sizes, it is shown that the bandwidth of the pressure sensor decreases as the tube length increases. The bandwidth of the pressure sensor with tube increases as the tube inner diameter increases. The tube with a larger diameter leads to a mounting problem. The inlet tube of dimensions 6 × 4 × 50 mm is selected as it helps to overcome the mounting problem with the required bandwidth. From the static test data acquired using the pressure sensor with the selected inlet tube, it is shown that the selected tube aids the sensor to measure the pressure peak accurately. The designed inlet tube limits the diaphragm temperature within the compensated temperature of the sensor for 5.2 s from the firing of the engine. Originality/value Most studies of pressure sensor focus on the design of a sensor to measure static and slow varying pressure, but not on the transient pressure measurement and the design of the inlet tube. This paper presents the limitations of the inlet tube against the bandwidth requirement and recommends dynamic calibration of the sensor to evaluate the bandwidth of the sensor with the inlet tube. In this paper, the design aspects of the inlet tube and its effect on the bandwidth of the pressure sensor and the temperature error of the measured pressure values are presented with experimental results. The calibration results of the inlet tubes with different configurations are analyzed to select the best geometry of the tube and the selected tube is validated in the static test environment.
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Kim, Dong Min, Myung Jun Shin, Sung Dong Kim, et al. "What is the Adequate Cuff Volume for Tracheostomy Tube? A Pilot Cadaver Study." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 5 (2020): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.19210.

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Objective To determine the patterns of tracheostomy cuff pressure changes with various air inflation amounts in different types of tracheostomy tubes to obtain basic data for appropriately managing longterm tracheostomy.Methods We performed tracheostomy on a 46-year-old male cadaver. Three types of tracheostomy tubes (single-cuffed, double-cuffed, and adjustable flange), divided into 8 different subtypes based on internal tube diameters and cuff diameters, were inserted into the cadaver. Air was inflated into the cuff, and starting with 1 mL air, the cuff pressure was subsequently measured using a manometer.Results For the 7.5 mm/14 mm tracheostomy tube, cuff inflation with 3 mL of air yielded a cuff pressure within the recommended range of 20–30 cmH<sub>2</sub>O. The 7.5 mm/24 mm tracheostomy tube showed adequate cuff pressure at 5 mL of air inflation. Similar values were observed for the 8.0 mm/16 mm and 8.0 mm/27 mm tubes. Double-cuffed tracheostomy cuff pressures (7.5 mm/20 mm and 8.0 mm/20 mm tubes) at 3 mL air inflation had cuff pressures of 18–20 cmH<sub>2</sub>O at both the proximal and distal sites. For the adjustable flange tracheostomy tube, cuff pressure at 6 mL of cuff air inflation was within the recommended range. Maximal cuff pressure was achieved at inflation with almost 14 mL of air, unlike other tube types.Conclusion Various types of tracheostomy tubes showed different cuff pressures after inflation. These values might aid in developing guidelines For patients who undergo tracheostomy and are discharged home without cuff pressure manometers, this standard might be helpful to develop guidelines.
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Braz, José Reinaldo Cerqueira, Lais Helena Camacho Navarro, Ieda Harumi Takata, and Paulo Nascimento Júnior. "Endotracheal tube cuff pressure: need for precise measurement." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 117, no. 6 (1999): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31801999000600004.

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CONTEXT: High compliance endotracheal tubes cuffs are used to prevent gas leak and also pulmonary aspiration in mechanically ventilated patients. However, the use of the usual cuff inflation volumes may cause tracheal damage. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that endotracheal tube cuff pressures are routinely high (above 40 cmH2O) in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) or Intensive Care Units (ICU). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Post anesthesia care unit and intensive care unit. PARTICIPANTS: We measured endotracheal tubes cuff pressure in 85 adult patients, as follows: G1 (n = 31) patients from the ICU; G2 (n = 32) patients from the PACU, after anesthesia with nitrous oxide; G3 (n = 22) patients from the PACU, after anesthesia without nitrous oxide. Intracuff pressure was measured using a manometer (Mallinckrodt, USA). Gas was removed as necessary to adjust cuff pressure to 30 cmH2O. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Endotracheal tube cuff pressure. RESULTS: High cuff pressure (> 40 cmH2O) was observed in 90.6% patients of G2, 54.8% of G1 and 45.4% of G3 (P < 0.001). The volume removed from the cuff in G2 was higher than G3 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endotracheal tubes cuff pressures in ICU and PACU are routinely high and significant higher when nitrous oxide is used. Endotracheal tubes cuff pressure should be routinely measured to minimize tracheal trauma.
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Andersson, R., and P. Ask. "Force to Restore the Shape of an Asymmetric Extracorporeal tube as the Basis for Non-invasive Pressure Measurements." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 4 (2002): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202500406.

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A zero-balance principle is described where intraluminal pressure is estimated from the counter force needed to restore the tube shape of an elastic extra corporeal tube. The aim was to optimise cross-sectional tube geometry for tube expansion due to pressure and to reduce the sensitivity to variation in mechanical tube characteristics using an experimental statistical and factorial design. The main application is pressure monitoring in blood and dialysate tubes during hemodialysis. Improving the monitoring of the dialysis process will reduce complications, such as sudden decreases in systemic blood pressure or occlusion at the artero-venous fistula. The factorial design indicated strong influence from the geometrical characteristics of the tube as well from the geometrical design parameters of the pressure transducer. We found a consistent relationship between the intraluminal pressure and the applied force needed to restore the tube shape. The modified cross-sectional tube geometry enhances measurement sensitivity and facilitates the desired behavior of tubes during pressure applications.
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Yokell, S. "Expanded, and Welded-and-Expanded Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 114, no. 2 (1992): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929023.

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This paper discusses some practical aspects of expanded and welded-and-expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints. It reviews elastic-plastic tube expanding theory, which it uses as the basis for setting pressures for uniform-pressure expanding and for estimating residual interfacial stress at the tube-hole interface. It addresses uniform-pressure-expanded tube joint strength and the problem of correlating of roller-expanded joint strength with wall reduction and rolling torque. It advocates two-stage expanding: 1) applying just sufficient pressure or torque to create firm tube-hole contact over substantially the tubesheet thickness; and 2) re-expanding at full pressure or torque. It points out the advantages of segregating heats of tubing and mapping the tube-heat locations. It recommends non-TEMA Standard (and non-HEI Power Plant Standard) grooves for grooved-hole joints made by roller-expanding, when the tubes are thin-walled, high-strength, low-elastic-modulus, and for joints made by uniform-pressure expanding [1, 2]. It states what to examine when considering grooves for small-diameter tubes. It reviews tube-to-tubesheet welding requirements and discusses welding before and after expanding. It suggests TEMA revise its standards to define strength and seal welds and urges the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Committee (the Code Committee) to incorporate the TEMA definition in Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (the Code) [3]. It makes recommendations for pressure and leak-testing. The work shows why welded-and-expanded joints should be full-strength expanded and why expansion length should equal the tubesheet thickness minus 1/8 in. (approximately 3 mm) rather than the lengths the TEMA and HEI Standards permit.
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Yue, Ting Rui, Xi Wei Yin, and Li Yan. "Research on the Tube System for the Pressure Measurement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.62.

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This paper gives a research on characteristic of fluctuating pressure, using different kinds of pressure Tubes to research. And this paper researches on how to use different restrictors in different tube systems to obtain the regulation of fluctuating pressure in the pressure Tube. This paper also gives the measurement result of delay time in different tube systems.
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Lee, Joon Seong, Sang Log Kwak, and Chang Ryul Pyo. "Failure Probability Estimation of Pressure Tube Using Failure Assessment Diagram." Solid State Phenomena 120 (February 2007): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.120.37.

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Pressure tubes are major component of nuclear reactor, but only selected samples are periodically examined due to numerous numbers of tubes. Pressure tube material gradually pick up deuterium, as such are susceptible to a crack initiation and propagation process called delayed hydride cracking (DHC), which is the characteristic of pressure tube integrity evaluation. If cracks are not detected, such a cracking mechanism could lead to unstable rupture of the pressure tube. Up to this time, integrity evaluations are performed using conventional deterministic approaches. So it is expected that the results obtained are too conservative to perform a rational evaluation of lifetime. In this respect, a probabilistic safety assessment method is more appropriate for the assessment of overall pressure tube safety. This paper describes failure probability estimation of the pressure tubes using probabilistic fracture mechanics. Failure assessment diagram (FAD) of pressure tube material is proposed and applied in the probabilistic analysis. In all the analyses, failure probabilities are calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation. As a result of analysis, failure probabilities for various conditions are calculated, and examined application of FAD and LBB concept.
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Yuan, Biao, Y. Z. Wang, X. Ma, Yang Yan Zheng, and Shan Tung Tu. "Experimental Investigation and Elastic-Plastic Analysis on Connection Strength of Zirconium Tube-Tubesheet Joints." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.529.

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Zirconium tube is widely used in heat exchanger equipments in petrochemical process for significant corrosion resistance. The connection joint of tube-tubesheet is the weakest parts in a heat exchanger. The experiment and numerical analysis of different materials (zirconium tubes, titanium tubes and 16MnR tubesheets, 316L tubesheet) joints were performed in this paper. The expansion joints specimens were prepared at the pressure ranging from 28MPa to 38MPa. And pulling out test was performed from 20°C to 300°C. The finite element model of tube-tubesheet joint was established. The effect of expansion pressure, temperature and groove on the pulling out strength of joints was analyzed. Both the experiments and the finite element analysis show that the pull-out strength increases with the increasing expansion pressures. Working temperature also has a great effect on the connection strength of tube-to-tubesheet joints, especially for the zirconium and 316L joints, which have the most significant difference of thermal expansion coefficient between tube and tubesheet. The residual contacting pressure on the contact surface between tubes and the tubesheet is not uniformly distributed and two tightness bands are found near the surfaces of the tubesheet or at the two brinks of the groove on the tubesheet hole. Compared with the ungrooved joint, the residual contacting pressure on the tightness bands for the grooved joint is much higher, indicating a grooved joint has better tightness.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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Agarwal, Rohit. "Tube bending with axial pull and internal pressure." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/442.

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Tube bending is a widely used manufacturing process in the aerospace, automotive, and other industries. During tube bending, considerable in-plane distortion and thickness variation occurs. The thickness increases at the intrados (surface of tube in contact with the die) and it reduces at the extrados (outer surface of the tube). In some cases, when the bend die radius is small, wrinkling occurs at the intrados. In industry a mandrel is used to eliminate wrinkling and reduce distortion. However, in the case of a close bend die radius, use of a mandrel should be avoided as bending with the mandrel increases the thinning of the wall at the extrados, which is undesirable in the manufacturing operation. The present research focuses on additional loadings such as axial force and internal pressure which can be used to achieve better shape control and thickness distribution of the tube. Based on plasticity theories, an analytical model is developed to predict cross section distortion and thickness change of tubes under various loading conditions. Results from both the FEA and analytical model indicated that at the intrados the increase in thickness for bending with internal pressure and bending with combined axial pull and internal pressure was nearly the same. But in the case of bending with the combination of axial pull and internal pressure there was a significant reduction of thickness at the extrados. A parametric study was conducted for the case of bending with combined internal pressure and axial pull and it was seen that with proper selection of the pressure and axial pull wrinkling can be eliminated, thickness distribution around the tube can be optimized, and cross section distortion of the tube can be reduced. Predictions of the analytical model are in good agreement with finite element simulations and published experimental results. The model can be used to evaluate tooling and process design in tube bending.
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Marques, Andre Luis Ferreira 1963. "CANDU pressure/calandria tube emergency water injection system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80049.

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Thesis (Nucl.E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, February 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 248-256).
by Andre Luis Ferreira Marquis.
S.M.
Nucl.E.
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El, Ayadi Omar Hussein. "High pressure in-situ combustion tube : commissioning and operation." Thesis, University of Bath, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401283.

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El-Usta, Shaaban. "High pressure combustion tube studies of medium and light oil." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242524.

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Gerardi, Craig Douglas. "Investigation of pressure-tube and calandria-tube deformation following a single channel blockage event in ACR-700." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41264.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-115).
The ACR-700 is an advanced pressure-tube (PT) reactor being developed by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). As in conventional CANDU reactors, the PTs are horizontal. Each PT is surrounded by a calandria tube (CT), and the gap in between is filled with carbon dioxide gas. The space between the CTs is filled with the heavy-water moderator. One postulated accident scenario for ACR-700 is the complete coolant flow blockage of a single PT. The flow is not monitored within each individual PT, thus during the early stages of this accident the reactor remains at full power and full pressure, resulting in rapid coolant boil-off and fuel overheating. Melting of the Zircaloy (Zry) components of the fuel bundle (cladding, end plates and end caps) can occur, with relocation of some molten material to the bottom of the PT. The hot spot caused by the molten Zry/PT interaction may cause PT/CT failure due to localized plastic strains. Failure of the PT/CT results in depressurization of the primary system, which triggers a reactor scram, after which the decay heat is removed via reflooding, thus PT/CT rupture effectively terminates the accident. Clearly, prediction of the time scale and conditions under which PT/CT failure occurs is of great importance for this accident. We analyzed the following key phenomena occurring after the blockage: (a) Coolant boil-off (b) Cladding heat-up and melting (c) Dripping of molten Zircaloy (Zry) from the fuel pin (d) Thermal interaction between the molten Zry and the PT (e) Localized bulging of the PT (f) Interaction of the bulged PT with the CT Simple one-dimensional models were adequate to describe (a), (b) and (c), while the three-dimensional nature of (d), (e) and (f) required the use of more sophisticated models including a finite-element description of the thermal transients within the PT and the CT, implemented with the code COSMOSM.
(cont.) The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) Most coolant boils off within 3 s of accident initiation. (2) Depending on the magnitude of radiation heat transfer between adjacent fuel pins, the cladding of the hot fuel pin in the blocked PT reaches the melting point of Zry in 7 to 10 s after accident initiation. (3) Inception of melting of the UO2 fuel pellets is not expected for at least another 7 s after 2Zry melting. (4) Several effects could theoretically prevent molten Zry dripping from the fuel pins, including Zry/UO2 interaction and Zry oxidation. However, it was concluded that because of the very high heat-up rate typical of the flow blockage accident sequence, holdup of molten Zry would not occur. Experimental verification of this conclusion is recommended. (5) Once the molten Zry relocates to the bottom of the PT, a hot spot is created that causes the PT to bulge out radially under the effect of the reactor pressure. The PT may come in contact with the CT, which heats up, bulges and eventually fails.
(cont.) The inception and speed of the PT/CT bulging and ultimately the likelihood of failure depend strongly on the postulated mass of molten Zry in contact with the PT, and on the value of the thermal resistance at the Zry/PT interface. It was found that a Zry mass =/< 10 g will not cause PT/CT failure regardless of the contact resistance effect. On the other hand, a mass of 100 g would be sufficient to cause PT/CT failure even in the presence of a thick 0.2 mm oxide layer at the interface. The characteristic time scales for this 100-g case are as follows: PT bulging starts within 3 s of Zry/PT contact - PT makes contact with the CT in another 2 s - CT bulging starts in less than 1 s - CT failure occurs within another 5 s. Thus, the duration of the PT/CT deformation transient is 11 s, which gives a total duration of the accident (from PT blockage to PT/CT failure) of 18 to 21 s.
by Craig Douglas Gerardi.
S.M.
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Zhu, Yunfei. "Nonlinear deformations of a thick-walled hyperelastic tube under external pressure." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1627/.

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This research deals with several novel aspects of the nonlinear behaviour of thick-walled cylindrical hyperelastic tubes under external pressure. Initially, we consider bifurcation from a circular cylindrical deformed configuration of a thick-walled circular cylindrical tube of incompressible isotropic elastic material subject to combined axial loading and external pressure. In particular, we examine both axisymmetric and asymmetric modes of bifurcation. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional incremental equilibrium equations, which are derived and then solved numerically for a specific material model using the Adams-Moulton method. We assess the effects of wall-thickness and the ratio of length to (external) radius on the bifurcation behaviour. The problem of the finite axisymmetric deformation of a thick-walled circular cylindrical elastic tube subject to pressure on its external lateral boundaries and zero displacement on its ends is formulated for an incompressible isotropic neo-Hookean material. The formulation is fully nonlinear and can accommodate large strains and large displacements. The governing system of nonlinear partial differential equations is derived and then solved numerically using the C++ based object-oriented finite element library Libmesh. The weighted residual-Galerkin method and the Newton-Krylov nonlinear solver are adopted for solving the governing equations. Since the nonlinear problem is highly sensitive to small changes in the numerical scheme, convergence was obtained only when the analytical Jacobian matrix was used. A Lagrangian mesh is used to discretize the governing partial differential equations. Results are presented for different parameters, such as wall thickness and aspect ratio, and comparison is made with the corresponding linear elasticity formulation of the problem, the results of which agree with those of the nonlinear formulation only for small external pressure. Not surprisingly, the nonlinear results depart significantly from the linear ones for larger values of the pressure and when the strains in the tube wall become large. Typical nonlinear characteristics exhibited are the ``corner bulging'' of short tubes, and multiple modes of deformation for longer tubes. Finally the general fully nonlinear governing equations in Lagrangian form for the three dimensional large deformations of an elastic tube under external pressure are developed.
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Hejzlar, Pavel. "Conceptual design of a large, passive, pressure-tube light water reactor." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28074.

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Ilunga, Luc Mwamba. "Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1029.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Civil Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014
The current problems of orifice, nozzle and Venturi flow meters are that they are limited to turbulent flow and the permanent pressure drop produced in the pipeline. To improve these inadequacies, converging-diverging (C-D) tubes were manufactured, consisting of symmetrical converging and diverging cones, where the throat is the annular section between the two cones, with various angles and diameter ratios to improve the permanent pressure loss and flow measurement range. The objective of this study was firstly to evaluate the permanent pressure loss, secondly to determine the discharge coefficient values for various C-D tubes and compare them with the existing differential pressure flow meter using Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, and finally to assess the performance of these differential pressure flow meters. The tests were conducted on the multipurpose test rig in the slurry laboratory at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids were used to conduct experiments in five different C-D tube flow meters with diameter ratios (β) of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, and with angles of the wall to the axis of the tube (θ) of 15°, 30° and 45°. The results for each test are presented firstly in the form of static pressure at different flow rates. It was observed that the permanent pressure loss decreases with the flow rate and the length of the C-D tube. Secondly, the results are presented in terms of discharge coefficient versus Reynolds number. It was found that the Cd values at 15° drop earlier than at 30° and 45°; when viscous forces become predominant, the Cd increases with increasing beta ratio. The Cd was found to be independent of the Reynolds number for Re>2000 and also a function of angle and beta ratio. Preamble Performance of a symmetrical converging-diverging tube differential pressure flow meter Finally, the error analyses of discharge coefficients were assessed to determine the performance criteria. The standard variation was found to increase when the Reynolds number decreases. The average discharge coefficient values and their uncertainties were determined to select the most promising C-D tube geometry. An average Cd of 0.96, with an uncertainty of ±0.5 % for a range of Reynolds numbers greater than 2,000 was found. The comparison between C-D tubes 0.6(15-15) and classical Venturi flow meters reveals that C-D 0.6(15-15) performs well in turbulent range and shows only a slight inaccuracy in laminar. This thesis provides a simple geometrical differential pressure flow meter with a constant Cd value over a Reynolds number range of 2000 to 150 000.
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Kuo, Chun-Yi. "Dynamic pore pressure response of saturated Ottawa sand-shock tube tests." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1298923141.

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Nisarantaraporn, Ekasit. "Microstructural development and pressure requirements in 6063 aluminium alloy tube extrusion." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7274.

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Books on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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Moyer, R. G. Reduction of pressure-tube/calandria-tube contact conductance. Whiteshell Laboratories, 1992.

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Srivastava, D. Tem examination of irradiated Zircaloy - 2 pressure tube material. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2005.

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Kassam, Zulfikar Hussein Ali. Deformation behavior of a modified Zr-2.5 wt% Nb pressure tube material. National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Chatterjee, S. Estimation of fracture resistance curve of pressure tube from ring tension test. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 1999.

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N, Singh R. Studies on stress reorientation of hydrides in Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube alloy. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2002.

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Lockley, A. J. Metallographic preparation of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube material for examination of inclusions. Reactor Materials Division, Chalk River Laboratories, 1994.

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Lockley, A. J. Metallographic preparation of ZR-2.5Nb pressure tube material for examination of inclusions. Chalk River Laboratories, 1994.

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Saibaba, N. Microstructural studies of heat treated Zr-2.5 Nb alloy for pressure tube applications. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2010.

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Govindan, D. Numerical investigation of heat transfer in the vertical annulus between pressure tube and calandria tube of the advanced heavy water reactor. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 2008.

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Canada, Atomic Energy of. In-Reactor Deformation of A Pilgerred Cold-Worked zr-2.5 wt% nb Pressure Tube. s.n, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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de Groot, J. J., and J. A. J. M. van Vliet. "Discharge-Tube Material and Ceramic-to-Metal Seal." In The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp. Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09196-6_8.

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Ochkov, Valery, and Konstantin Orlov. "Calculation of Pressure Losses in the Tube." In Thermal Engineering Studies with Excel, Mathcad and Internet. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26674-9_16.

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Chen, H. E., J. M. Bennett, S. Yoshida, A. Le, and T. H. K. Frederking. "Pressure Drop in Pulse Tube Cooler Components." In Cryocoolers 10. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47090-x_32.

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Kercan, Vladimir, Marin Bajd, Vesko Djelić, Andrej Lipej, and Dragica Jošt. "Model and Prototype Draft Tube Pressure Pulsations." In Hydraulic Machinery and Cavitation. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9385-9_101.

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Kolesnikov, Alexei M. "Unbending of Curved Tube by Internal Pressure." In Shell-like Structures. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21855-2_31.

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Buxmann, J. "Pressure Losses in Tube Bundles of Close Spacings." In Design and Operation of Heat Exchangers. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84450-8_16.

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Reader-Harris, Michael. "Venturi Tube Discharge Coefficient in High-Pressure Gas." In Experimental Fluid Mechanics. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16880-7_7.

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Matsubara, Y., W. Dai, H. Sugita, and S. Tooyama. "Pressure Wave Generator for a Pulse Tube Cooler." In Cryocoolers 12. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47919-2_46.

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Huang, Xia, Yuan Song Zeng, Zhi Qiang Li, and Xin Hua Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of Tube-Bending Process with Internal Pressure for Titanium Alloy Tube." In Materials Science Forum. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.3279.

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Ohde, Yoshihito, and Yasutoshi Tanzawa. "Dependence on Kinds of Impurity Gases in Metals of Negative Pressures in Water/Metal Berthelot Tube Systems." In Liquids Under Negative Pressure. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0498-5_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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Hbbani, Abdulellah, Fadi Al-Badour, and Abdelaziz Bazoune. "Tube Expansion and Hybrid Friction Diffusion Bonding of Cu-Ni and ASTM A516 G70 Tube-to-Tubesheet Joints." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66064.

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Hybrid Friction Diffusion Bonding (HFDB) is a solid-state welding process. The development of HFDB process in achieving quality joints in tube-to-tubesheet heat exchangers is constrained on tube thickness of 1 mm and similarity of tube and tubesheet materials. In nuclear and petrochemical industries, there is significant demand on steel, copper-nickel, and dissimilar shell and tube (tube-tubesheet) heat exchangers. The present study evaluates the feasibility of HFDB on copper-nickel tubes into steel tubesheets with a tube thickness of 1.26 mm. To avoid relative movement of tubes with respect to the tubesheet, tubes are expanded prior to HFDB using commercial roller expander. The effect of tool rotational speed on joint strength and developed macrostructure was investigated employing mechanical pull-out tests to validate safe operation of the joint, and optical microscopy, respectively. Moreover, a comparison between expanded and welded-and-expanded tube-to-tubesheet joints is carried out.
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Roussel, Guy, and Leon Cizelj. "Selection of Tube Samples for Inservice Inspection of Steam Generator Tubes." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71751.

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In Pressurized Water Reactors, a program of periodic inservice inspection of steam generator tubes is set up to monitor the integrity of the tubes. The inservice inspection is performed using nondestructive examination techniques, e.g., eddy current testing. Usually not all the tubes are inspected but the inspection is limited to a sample of tubes. Therefore, the objective of the inservice inspection is to provide reasonable insurance of steam generator tubing integrity. Consequently, the concern is the level of confidence that can be placed in the estimated knowledge about the whole population of the steam generator tubes from the information obtained from the examination of a sample. In replacement steam generators, the number of defective tubes is expected to be very low. The usual sample may then simply be too small to include a defective tube. Hence, the problem is the estimation of the number of defective tubes in the total population given that no defective tubes have been detected in a sample. Using the classical Bayesian method in inverse problem, the analytical estimation of the probability distribution of the number of defective tubes knowing that a random sample of tubes contains no defective tubes is first performed. Then a numerical application is carried out considering a noninformative flat prior distribution and, more specifically, the analytical expression of the estimator of the mean number of defective tubes in the whole population of the steam generator tubes is given. Some approximated analytical Bayesian estimations for other prior distributions are also given. Additionally, the calculations allow also to provide an answer to the question: when performing the inservice inspection of the steam generator tubes, is it sufficient to inspect a random sample from any steam generator or the inspection samples should be taken separately from each steam generator?
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Kim, Hyun Su, Jong Sung Kim, Tae Eun Jin, Hong Deok Kim, and Han Sub Chung. "Assessment of Limit Loads for Circumferential Cracks in Steam Generator Tube Considering Constraining Effect of Tube Support." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71308.

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The steam generator in a nuclear power plant is a large heat exchanger that uses heat from reactor to generate steam to drive the turbine generators. Rupture of a steam generator tube can result in release of fission products to environment. Therefore, an accurate integrity assessment of the steam generator tubes with cracks is of great importance for maintaining safety of a nuclear power plant. The steam generator tubes are supported at periodic intervals by support plates and rotations of the tubes are constrained. Although it was reported that the limit load for a circumferential crack was significantly affected by boundary condition of the tube, existing limit load solutions do not include the constraining effect of tube supports. This paper provides detailed limit load solutions for circumferential cracks in steam generator tubes considering the actual boundary conditions to simulate the constraining effect of the tube supports. Such solutions are developed based on three dimensional (3D) finite element analyses. The resulting limit load solutions are given in a polynomial form, and thus can be simply used in practical integrity assessment of the steam generator tubes.
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Prasad, R. S., and J. A. Slater. "High-Pressure Combustion Tube Tests." In SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/14919-ms.

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Zerwekh, W. D., S. P. Marsh, and T. H. Tan. "Phase detonated shock tube (PFST)." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46363.

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Deininger, Jürgen, Michael Fischer, and Klaus Strohmeier. "Calculation of Lateral Contact Stiffnesses of Tubes in Tube Bundle Heat Exchangers." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASME, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1509.

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Buzík, Jiří, Tomáš Létal, Pavel Lošák, Martin Naď, and Marek Pernica. "Comparison of Tube-Tube Collision Frequency With and Without the Use of Impingement Plate." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84729.

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The aim of the present work is to carry out the checking of the tube bundle of heat exchanger for the occurrence of tube-tube collision caused by cross-flow vibration with and without the use of impingement plate. This will be achieved using numerical 2D CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis. The 2D analysis is done using ANSYS Fluent software. Tube movement in the shell side is provided by UDF (user-defined function) DEFINE_SDOF_PROPERTIES. By determining the stiffness and weight of the tubes, two-way fluid and tube interaction can be achieved. Due to limitations of 2D CFD analysis, only the occurrence of the tube-tube or tube-shell collisions can be observed. Unfortunately, the first collision causes termination of the simulation due to negative volumes in dynamic mesh. Possible solutions to the issue are also discussed in presented paper. The analyzed geometry of the shell side is taken from the Heat Exchanger Tube Vibration Data Bank [2]. This publication collects heat exchanger data for which vibration phenomena have been reported. The above-mentioned geometry is a domain with tube bundle at the shell side under the inlet. In the same domain, both the tie rod and the seal strips and the 45° turn of the partitions are considered.
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Cao, Moli, Jennifer Nelson, Hasan Charkas, and Timothy Wiger. "Factors Affecting Steam Generator Tube Bow." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98160.

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One of the challenges in straight shell-and-tube Steam Generator design is to avoid the tube to tube wear that can arise during operation due to higher than anticipated compressive tube loads and the resulting tube bow that can occur. Tube bow becomes significant when the compressive load in the tube exceeds its critical buckling capacity. This excessive load does not lead to unstable collapse of the tube as the axial load in the tube is displacement controlled. However, it does lead to significant lateral deformation for a very small increase in axial load/displacement. In this paper, several factors are investigated to determine their influence on the onset of tube bowing. Based on the studies performed in this paper there are factors that play a significant role in the behavior of steam generator tubes that have not typically been addressed in associated design analyses. Failure to address these factors can lead to unexpected behavior, premature degradation of steam generator performance, and possibly pressure boundary failure. A thorough understanding of these factors is necessary to ensure that a given design will perform as expected.
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Katke, Ganesh S., M. Venkatesh, and N. P. Gulhane. "Pressure Variation in Low Pressure Side of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger After Tube Rupture." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28616.

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This paper presents an analytical algorithm to determine the pressure variation on the Low Pressure side of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE) after a tube rupture and its validation using CFD simulation. STHEs are often used for exchanging heat between high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) fluids in the chemical process industry. In case tube rupture occurs in a STHE having a large pressure difference between HP and LP side, there is a risk of release of significant quantity of fluid from the HP side to the LP side. The consequent pressure build-up can lead to the failure of LP side pressure envelope. Generally, design pressure of the LP side is about 10–20% higher than the operating pressure of the LP side fluid, but well below the operating pressure on the HP side. There is no well-established methodology to design the LP side to withstand sudden release of high pressure fluid following a tube rupture. Three dimensional analyses were carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics to study the pressure variation in LP side (shell side) of a Gas Cooler and to validate the results obtained from the analytical algorithm. It has been observed that the pressure on the LP side exceeds the design pressure instantaneously due to generation of a pressure pulse after tube rupture. This may lead to damage of LP envelope (shell) and internal structure of STHE.
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Mahmood, Faisal, and Marwan Hassan. "Modeling of Fluidelastic Instability Forces in Fully Flexible Tube Arrays." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26653.

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Fluidelastic instability remains the most devastating phenomenon in tube bundles subjected to cross-flow. Models have been developed to estimate the threshold of instability. Moreover, several time-domain models of fluidelastic instability have been developed to determine tube/support interaction parameters of tubes with loose supports. The present work deals with time domain modeling of fluid-elastic instability forces in a fully flexible tube array subjected to cross-flow. The model is based on the flow redistribution theory proposed initially by Lever and Weaver [1]. The proposed model utilizes fewer input parameters and can model various tube bundle geometries with any pitch-to-diameter ratio. Finite element method is used for solving the system response. The flow field inside the tube array is discretized into flow subdomains, each of which is surrounded by 4 tubes. The perturbation in the flow field, within each subdomain, is obtained by superimposing the effects of neighboring tube motions. The model has been applied to assess the response of a single flexible tube as well as multiple flexible tubes. It is shown that the single flexible model overestimates the stability threshold compared to the multiple flexible tube counterpart, especially at high mass-damping parameters. The results show a good agreement between the predicted and the experimental results. The proposed model does not assume any predetermined tube response or any tube motion pattern.
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Reports on the topic "Pressure Tube"

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Zaloudek, F. R., and E. S. Ruff. Pressure tube testing test plan document production assurance program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10120012.

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Zuo, Xiqing, Guowen Liu, Shouli Zhang, Sheng Li, and Jian Ruan. Design and Characteristics Analysis of Bourdon Tube Pressure Feedback for 2D Pressure Servo Valve. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2018.01.13.

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Zuo, Xiqing, Guowen Liu, Shouli Zhang, Sheng Li, and Jian Ruan. Design and Characteristics Analysis of Bourdon Tube Pressure Feedback for 2D Pressure Servo Valve. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/grabs2018.1.13.

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Brezinsky, K. Very High Pressure Single Pulse Shock Tube Studies of Aromatic Species. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895611.

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Tsiklauri, G., and B. Schmitt. Thermal-hydraulic instabilities in pressure tube graphite - moderated boiling water reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/115700.

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Petersen, Eric L., and Ronald K. Hanson. Nonideal Effects Behind Reflected Shock Waves in a High-Pressure Shock Tube. Defense Technical Information Center, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379020.

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Zaloudek, F. R., and M. Lewis. Zirconium pressure tube testing: Test procedures, Production Assurance Program (Project H-700). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10117829.

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Chase, George G., and Sesh K. Kodavanti. Thickening of Clay Slurries by Periodic Pressure Flow Through a Porous Polypropylene Tube. Defense Technical Information Center, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada462709.

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Blackwell, B. F., and K. B. Sobolik. An experimental investigation of pressure drop of aqueous foam in laminar tube flow. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6534897.

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Wong, Christopher F. A computer code for calculating subcooled boiling pressure drop in forced convective tube flows. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5910189.

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