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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pretreatment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Xu, Bingjie. "Improved Membrane Pretreatment by Floatation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32614.

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Coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation is a common pretreatment process prior to microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) to alleviate membrane fouling, however there has been limited research on floatation as the pretreatment separation process. The main objective of this study is to compare sedimentation with floatation as part of the pretreatment for ultrafiltration of Ottawa River water (ORW) with relatively high natural organic matter (NOM) content. Water samples pretreated at two full-scale plants were subjected to multiple-day UF membrane fouling tests (constant flux with backwash a

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2

Wang, Liqian. "Different Pretreatments to Enhance Biogas Production : A comparison of thermal, chemical and ultrasonic methods." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Ekologi och miljövetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-16190.

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3

Ikiz, Nida. "Field investigation of anti-icing/pretreatment." Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176405449.

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4

Nkansah-Boadu, Frank. "Delectric heating pretreatment of organic slurries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45627.

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5

Badir, Amir. "Thermal pretreatment of municipal solid waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17615.

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A kinetic study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste (MSW) was carried out bythermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Different runs were performed at heating rates of 5, 10and 150C/min. The effect of the N2, CO2 and O2 gas with different combination in theprocess was also evaluated. The results show that the most weight loss was obtained whenthe MSW was treated at a temperature interval of (20-750)0C which led to a weigh loss of95%. The kinetic study of the pyrolysis process showed also the gas mixture used in theprocess effect also the activation energy of the process and the presence of the C

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6

Brandt, Agnieszka. "Ionic liquid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9166.

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This thesis is concerned with the thermal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass using ionic liquids for the purpose of comminution via dissolution, for fractionating the biological composite and for obtaining aqueous solutions of carbohydrate monomers from the pulp via enzymatic hydrolysis. A major focus was the relationship between the choice of the anion and the effectiveness of the treatment. The synthesis of a range of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with strongly hydrogen-bond basic anions was accomplished. Selected, process-relevant physicochemical properties were measured, such

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7

Patterson, Candace L. "Pretreatment Role Expectations, Alliance, and Outcome." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1276547700.

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8

Sierra, Ramirez Rocio. "Long-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3316.

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Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., poplar wood) provides a unique and sustainable resource for environmentally safe organic fuels and chemicals. The core of this study is the pretreatment step involved in bioconversion processes. Pretreatment is required to realize high yields vital to commercial success. The focus of the pretreatment step is to methodically change key features of the biomass to favor enzymatic hydrolysis. This work assesses the compositional changes due to oxidative and non-oxidative longterm lime pretreatment of poplar wood (up to 4 weeks of pretreatment) at mild temperatures (2

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9

Corredor, Deisy Y. "Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/693.

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10

Mohr, David Larry. "Pretreatment and pyrolysis of polyorganosilazane preceramic binders." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/8626.

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11

Dragoo, Ron. "Pretreatment Optimization of Fiberglass Manufacturing Industrial Wastewater." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277875/.

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Wastewater effluent produced in the fiberglass manufacturing industry contains a significant amount of total suspended solids. Environmental regulations require pretreatment of effluent before it is discharged to the municipal wastewater treatment plant. Chemical precipitation by coagulation and flocculation is the method of pretreatment used at the Vetrotex CertainTeed Corporation (VCT). A treatability study was conducted to determine conditions at which the VCT Wastewater Pretreatment Plant could operate to consistently achieve a total suspended solids concentration ≤ 200-mg/L. Jar tests var

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12

Cheng, Wei. "Pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1951.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 173 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-142).

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13

Stenman, Johan. "Pretreatment Methods for Manganese Containing Anode Sludge." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-65751.

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This master thesis work examines whether it is possible to separate lead from an electrolytic sludge rich in manganese using pyrometallurgical treatment, and also attempts to determine the optimum process parameters for such a treatment. It also includes a theoretical study of the possible applications for lead and manganese, as well as thermodynamic calculations predicting the behaviour of the material at increasing temperatures. The experimental work completed includes characterisation and agglomeration of the raw material, as well as tests in a chamber furnace and a rotary furnace. The anod

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14

Thorsness, Adam G. "Surface Pretreatment for Thin Film Surface Reactivity." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194965.

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The formation of a self-limiting interface layer for the integration of high-k dielectric materials into silicon based transistor devices was investigated. Chlorine atoms were used to activate a liquid cleaned Si(100) surface for the reaction with H₂O(g). A saturation coverage of 0.8 monolayers of chlorine atoms was deposited on a hydrogen terminated Si(100) surface by exposure to Cl₂ gas at 10 Torr under ultraviolet illumination at 300 K. The self-limiting interface layer was formed by exposing the chlorine terminated surface to water vapor at P(HOH)=100 Torr and temperatures ranging from 325

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15

Moharreri, Ehsan. "Optimization, Scale Up and Modeling CO2-Water Pretreatment of Guayule Biomass." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1313013654.

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16

Kang, Yuzhi. "Biomass pretreatment toward efficient hydrolysis for sustainable biofuel applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54852.

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The production of biofuels from non-edible plant biomass has been necessitated by the concern for the environmental consequences of fossil fuel use and the tightening of supply and demand for liquid fuels. In contrast to first generation biofuels which rely on crops used for food supplies, second generation biofuels, derived from lignin-containing feedstocks, completely eliminate the competition for food. The major challenges associated with second generation biofuels are both technical and economic. Due to the recalcitrant nature of the raw biomass materials to further biological conversion,

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17

Loku, Umagiliyage Arosha. "PRETREATMENT OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE TO IMPROVE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1259.

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With recent emphasis on development of alternatives to fossil fuels, sincere attempts are being made on finding suitable lignocellulosic feedstocks for biochemical conversion to fuels and chemicals. Sweet Sorghum is among the most widely adaptable cereal grasses, with high drought resistance, and ability to grow on low quality soils with low inputs. It is a C4 crop with high photosynthetic efficiency and biomass yield. Since sweet sorghum has many desirable traits, it has been considered as an attractive feedstock. Large scale sweet sorghum juice extraction results in excessive amounts of wast

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18

Kim, Se Hoon. "Lime pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2208.

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Renewable energy sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, are environmentally friendly because they emit less pollution without contributing net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Among lignocellulosic biomass, corn stover is a very useful feedstock to economically produce environmentally friendly biofuels. Corn stover was pretreated with an excess of calcium hydroxide (0.5 g Ca(OH)2/g raw biomass) in non-oxidative and oxidative conditions at 25, 35, 45, and 55oC. The optimal condition is 55oC for 4 weeks with aeration, determined by yields of glucan and xylan. The overall yields of glucose (

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19

Augustino, Bridgett. "Pretreatment Characteristics of Legally Coerced Drug Treatment Seekers." TopSCHOLAR®, 2001. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/615.

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This study examines the sociodemographics, drug use, criminal, and treatment histories of 598 residential and outpatient legally coerced drug treatment seekers in the Kentucky Treatment Outcome and Performance Pilot Studies Enhancement Project. Analyses examined whether users/addicts entering chemical dependency treatment under legal coercion differed from nonlegally coerced treatment seekers. Stanley Cohen's theoretical model of social control provided the theoretical framework for the study. Results showed demographic and behavioral differences were noted between respondents under no coercio

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20

Yi, Weigang. "Innovative sludge pretreatment technologies and enhanced anaerobic digestion." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43650.

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This dissertation reports the research findings from an investigation into the use of four technologies for municipal wastewater sludge pre-digestion treatment. The technologies explored include microwave, the microwave / hydrogen peroxide process, ultrasound and biological enzyme protease treatment. The general purpose of the sludge pretreatment applications is to improve anaerobic digestion efficiency in terms of biogas production, organic reduction and nutrient recovery. An examination was first carried out on the effects of these technologies on sludge solubilization (disintegration and h

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21

Morgan, Caitlin D. "Effects of catalyst pretreatment for carbon nanotube growth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44816.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 36-37).<br>The effects of pretreatment of iron catalyst for carbon nanotube (CNT) growth was studied. CNTs were grown on Fe/A1203 (1/10 nm) thin-film catalyst deposited on silicon substrates via exposure to C2H4 in a thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) furnace. During CVD, the sample was exposed to a carrier gas (Argon) for the 35-minute temperature ramp, and 15-minute anneal, then to a mix of carrier gas and ethylene for a 15-minute growth

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22

Lynam, Joan Goerss. "Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid and Glycerol Mixtures." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3724134.

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<p>Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable, sustainable resource that can replace or supplement fossil fuels use for liquid fuels and chemicals. However, its recalcitrant structure including interwoven cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin biomacromolecules is challenging to deconstruct. Pretreating biomass so that it can be converted to useful liquids dominates process economics. Many pretreatment methods exist, but most require hazardous chemicals or processing conditions. Many ionic liquids (ILs), salts molten below 100°C, can be used to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass and are less h

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23

Ikiz, Nida Noorani. "Field and Laboratory Investigation of Anti-Icing/Pretreatment." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1206420618.

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24

Narayana, Swamy Naveen. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Pretreatment of Various Lignocellulosic Biomasses." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1269524607.

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25

Zhu, Zongyuan. "Microwave assisted pretreatment for C4 plants in biorefinery." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11942/.

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There is a rising global demand for energy and growing concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. Lignocellulosic biomass offers great potential for second generation bioethanol production, based on the biorefinery philosophy. It is composed of a network of interconnected polymers cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin which has evolved to develop recalcitrance against enzyme hydrolysis produced by microorganisms in nature. Therefore, pretreatment is necessary to make the biomass structure more accessible for enzyme to hydrolysis. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the potential of using micr

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26

Schneider, L. (Laura). "Mechanocatalytic pretreatment of lignocellulosic barley straw to reducing sugars." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2017. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526216478.

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Abstract Biomass conversion methods represent bioeconomic solutions for the sustainable production of value added commodities (chemicals and materials) as well as for energy purposes, either in solid (pellets), liquid (transport fuels) or gaseous (combustion gases e.g. biomethane) form. Lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable source available in immense quantity, is considered to be one of the most promising natural sources, with high potential in the replacement of conventional transportation fuels and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This thesis provides new insights into mechanocatalys

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27

Hatt, Juliette W. "Pretreatment options for municipal wastewater reuse using membrane technology." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/10200.

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Increasing freshwater scarcity across the world means that wastewater reclamation is being considered as a key method in which to meet the growing demand. Evolution of water reuse schemes where high quality product is required such as for indirect potable reuse has led to the adoption in recent years of the integrated membrane scheme using a combination of microfiltration or ultrafiltration with reverse osmosis membrane. However, despite technological advancements, these membranes are still prone to fouling resulting in increased costs through cleaning or replacement. This thesis aims to look

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28

Ramos, Luiz Pereira. "Steam pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Eucalyptus viminalis chips." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7749.

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The steam pretreatment of Eucalyptus viminalis chips was characterized. Pretreatment parameters such as steam temperature, residence time, addition of SO$\sb2$ as an acid catalyst, and initial moisture content of the chips were evaluated in order to optimize recovery, fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated materials. In the absence of an acid catalyst, the best pretreatment was obtained at 230$\sp\circ$C for 120 s using chips with a moisture content of 50% (w/w). Pretreatment by steam explosion showed no variation resulting from differences in the initial moisture content of the

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29

Almlöf, Ambjörnsson Heléne. "Mercerization and Enzymatic Pretreatment of Cellulose in Dissolving Pulps." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-26960.

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This thesis deals with the preparation of chemically and/or enzymatically modified cellulose. This modification can be either irreversible or reversible. Irreversible modification is used to prepare cellulose derivatives as end products, whereas reversible modification is used to enhance solubility in the preparation of regenerated cellulose. The irreversible modification studied here was the preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) using extended mercerization of a spruce dissolving pulp. More specifically the parameters studied were the effect of mercerization at different proportions of

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30

Ruffell, John. "Pretreatment and hydrolysis of recovered fibre for ethanol production." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1369.

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Energy utilization is a determining factor for the standards of living around the world, and the current primary source of energy is fossil fuels. A potential source of liquid fuels that could ease the strain caused by diminishing petroleum resources is bioethanol. Effective exploitation of biomass materials requires a pretreatment to disrupt the lignin and cellulose matrix. The pretreatment utilized for this research was oxygen delignification, which is a standard process stage in the production of bleached chemical pulp. The model substrate utilized as a feedstock for bioethanol was recover

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31

Tooyserkani, Zahra. "Hydrothermal pretreatment of softwood biomass and bark for pelletization." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44652.

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Densification can resolve the logistical challenges encountered when large volumes of biomass are required for conversion processes to benefit from economies-of-scale. Despite the higher density of pellets, they easily disintegrate into fines due to impact or moisture sorption during handling and storage. Fines accumulation can lead to explosion, off-gassing and self-combustion, threatening the occupational health and safety of the workers. The current study investigates the use of several hydrothermal pretreatments to improve pellet quality in terms of mechanical strength and moisture sorptio

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32

Kitsos, Haralambos Minas. "Swelling pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials to promote enzymatic hydrolysis." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11780.

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33

Aslanzadeh, Solmaz. "Pretreatment of cellulosic waste and high rate biogas production." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3684.

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The application of anaerobic digestion technology is growing worldwide, mainly because of its environmental benefits. Nevertheless, anaerobic degradation is a rather slow and sensitive process. One of the reasons is the recalcitrance nature of certain fractions of the substrate (e.g., lignocelluloses) used for microbial degradation; thus, the hydrolysis becomes the rate-limiting step. The other reason is that the degradation of organic matter is based on a highly dynamic, multi-step process of physicochemical and biochemical reactions. The reactions take place in a sequential and parallel way

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34

Dastjerdi, R., and V. Babaahmadi. "Nanowire fabrication on cotton surfaces: effect of the pretreatment." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20631.

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Anisotropic nanostructures such as nano-wires, nano-tubes, nano-rods, nanoribbons, nano-layers, etc. are extremely attracted due to their larger surface area as compared to nano-particles. This research has targeted at fabrication of the metallic nano-wires through a simple one-step pad-dry method. The effects of mercerizing as one of the most common and important finishing treatments on cotton fabrics have been investigated. Mercerized and un-mercerized fabrics with the same structures have been treated and compared. SEM micrographs confirmed fabrication of the nano-wires with a high a

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35

Wang, Yimin. "Pretreatment, Morphology and Properties of Organosilane Anti-Corrison Coatings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186412600.

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36

Shi, Kang. "Electrochemical pretreatment of carbon electrodes and the electroanalytical applications." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/271.

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37

Ho, Yee Man. "Development of sample pretreatment methods for complex analytical matrices." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1510.

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38

Siddaramu, Thara Gejjalagere. "EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PRETREATMENT APPROACHES FOR DISRUPTING LIGNOCELLULOSIC STRUCTURES." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/703.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Thara G. Siddaramu, for the Master of Science degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering, presented on February 5, 2011, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PRETREATMENT APPROACHES FOR DISRUPTING LIGNOCELLULOSIC STRUCTURES MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Yanna Liang There are two major steps in biofuel production- pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials and enzymatic hydrolysis. The present study investigated the ability of two pretreatment methods, namely traditional oven and microwave oven treatments for disrupting lignocellulosic

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39

Cheng, Lei. "Lignin Degradation and Dilute Acid Pretreatment for Cellulosic Alcohol Production." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282329715.

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40

Holm, J. (Jana). "Catalytic pretreatment and hydrolysis of fibre sludge into reducing sugars." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526202839.

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Abstract Decreasing oil reserves, the need to reduce CO2 emissions and increasing energy demand are issues that are forcing scientists to search for new opportunities in the field of energy. As a result, biofuels have been considered as one possible solution to solve part of these challenges. This research is one small part of that effort. For both human and economic reasons the use of edible raw materials for biofuel production is not sustainable. This study aims to convert forest industry waste, namely fibre sludge, into reducing sugars (glucose). This platform chemical can then be converted

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41

Wallen, William Jack. "Substrate enhancement utilizing ribose pretreatment in normal and pathologic states." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ34093.pdf.

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42

Feld, Rachel Penny. "Pretreatment motivational enhancement therapy for eating disorders, a pilot study." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0004/MQ46110.pdf.

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43

Wang, Wei-Chi. "Salt diffusion into vegetative tissue as pretreatment in ohmic heating." Connect to resource, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1195576576.

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44

Kanchanalai, Pakkapol. "New dehydration and pretreatment process for ethanol production from biomass." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53559.

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The cost of pretreatment process for saccharification from biomass and the cost of dilute ethanol purification are significant components of the overall cost for fuel grade ethanol production through fermentation or other biological routes. This work focuses on developing optimal designs of dilute ethanol purification process and the new acid hydrolysis technology for the production of fermentable sugars from biomass where the overarching goal is to reduce the cost of ethanol production from biomass. In this thesis, the ethanol separation process with the reverse osmosis membrane pretreatment

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45

Kvillborn, Carin. "Enzymatic Pretreatment of Lignocellulose Rich Waste for Improved Biogas Production." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104974.

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The present study aimed to investigate the methane yield from anaerobic digestion of a lignocellulosic substrate subjected to different pretreatments. The lignocellulosic forest residues materials were milled and then pretreated with the organic solvent NMMO (N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide) and/or the lignolytic enzymes laccase and versatile peroxidase at a dosage of 60 U g-1 total solids (TS) substrate. The amount of methane produced was studied in a biomethane potential assay with inocula from a thermophilic biogas reactor treating municipal waste. All samples were run in triplicates. Due to the

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46

Li, Sam King Ho. "Empirical kinetic modeling of oxygen delignification pretreatment of wheat straw." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44773.

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With diminishing supplies of oil reserves and surging oil prices, research on renewable and sustainable energy has significantly increased. Biofuels have shown their potential in replacing traditional fossil fuels, such as gasoline. Second generation biofuels that use nonfood lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol have been identified as one of these renewable sources. Oxygen delignification has been identified as an effective pretreatment method for agricultural waste, such as wheat straw, to increase the enzymatic hydrolysis yield. The purpose of this study was to develop a kinet

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47

Wahidunnabi, Abdullahil Kafi Md. "Temperature phased anaerobic sludge digestion with high pressure homogenization pretreatment." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46126.

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48

Li, Yu-Sheng, and 李郁昇. "Pretreatment of septage." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24727322199079148044.

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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>土木及水利工程研究所<br>86<br>The effect of septage pretreatment was studied. The pretreatment methodsused include thermal treatment and addition of HCl, NaOH, FeCl3, alum or poly aluminum chloride (PAC). Granular sludge of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) (Hydraulic retention times, 1.5 days) was used in serum vials to investigate the effects of the pretreatment on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) and anaerobic digestion. About 20% of raw septage was directly used in farm in Taiwan. Chemical treatments can reduce the pollution in farming usag

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49

"Electrospun Pretreatment Membranes." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.62710.

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abstract: Managing water resources has become one of the most pressing concerns of scientists both in academia and industry. The reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment process is a well-researched technology among the pressure driven processes to produce potable water. RO is an energy intensive process and often RO membranes are susceptible to fouling and scaling that drives up operational cost and hinder the efficiency. To increase the performance of RO membranes the feed water is pretreated to remove pollutants before desalination. This work aims to fabricate pretreatment membranes to prevent

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50

Timmes, Thomas Charles Dempsey Brian A. "Electrocoagulation pretreatment prior to ultrafiltration." 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-3748/index.html.

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