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Journal articles on the topic 'Prevention of ethnic discrimination'
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Vera, Elizabeth M., Kimberly Vacek, Laura D. Coyle, Jennifer Stinson, Megan Mull, Katherine Doud, Christine Buchheit, et al. "An Examination of Culturally Relevant Stressors, Coping, Ethnic Identity, and Subjective Well-Being in Urban, Ethnic Minority Adolescents." Professional School Counseling 15, no. 2 (December 2011): 2156759X1101500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x1101500203.
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This study explored relations between culturally relevant stressors (i.e., urban hassles, perceived discrimination) and subjective well-being (SWB; i.e., positive/negative affect, life satisfaction) to examine whether ethnic identity and/or coping strategies would serve as moderators of the relations between stress and SWB for 157 urban, ethnic minority adolescents. Ethnic identity moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and life satisfaction. Self-distraction coping moderated the relation between urban hassles and negative affect. This article discusses implications for school counseling prevention and interventions.
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Singer, Merrill, Candida Flores, Lani Davison, and William Gonzales. "Reaching Minority Women: AIDS Prevention for Latinas." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.4.c54j55g1l1818621.
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Minority women are dramatically over represented among female HIV disease patients. They also are more likely to be single heads of household, have less access to basic support and survival resources, and are subject to ethnic/racial discrimination across health and social institutions. They are in worse health generally than are other women and have higher rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are co-factors for AIDS. They are more likely to engage in poverty-driven AIDS risk behaviors and are less likely to be reached by mainstream AIDS prevention education programs. Hence, the need for women-focused AIDS prevention strategies is especially critical in ethnic minority communities.
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Eijkman, Quirine. "Preventive counter-terrorism and non-discrimination assessment in the European Union." Security and Human Rights 22, no. 2 (2011): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502311797457102.
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AbstractAs a result of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the bombings in Madrid and London, a prevention-focused counter-terrorism approach has developed across the European Union. Preventive counter-terrorism is appealing because it implies interventions that remove the ability or, better still, the motivation of potential terrorists to carry out their lethal designs. Member states such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands that primarily have experience in addressing 'home-grown' terrorism, have developed preventive counter-terrorism measures in response. Even though the majority of these laws, regulations and policies recognize the importance of the rule of law and human rights, it remains relevant to examine whether in theory and in practice particular measures have had disproportionate effects on ethnic and religious minorities and thereby violate non-discrimination standards.
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Kcomt, Luisa, Rebecca J. Evans-Polce, Curtiss W. Engstrom, Brady T. West, Carol J. Boyd, and Sean Esteban McCabe. "Moderate-to-Severe Tobacco Use Disorder and Discrimination Among U.S. Sexual Minority Older Adults." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 76, no. 7 (April 17, 2021): 1400–1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab067.
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Abstract Objectives The dearth of research on age-related differences in risk factors for tobacco use disorder (TUD) among sexual minorities, particularly among older adults, can obscure the differential needs of sexual minority age groups for tobacco prevention and cessation. We examined the association of cumulative ethnic/racial discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination with moderate-to-severe TUD among U.S. sexual minority adults aged 50 years and older. Method We analyzed cross-sectional data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 36,309 U.S. adults). Our sample consisted of 1,258 adults (lesbian/gay-, bisexual-, and heterosexual-identified adults with same-sex attraction/behavior) aged ≥50 years. Multivariable logistic regression analyses estimated the association of cumulative lifetime ethnic/racial discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination with past-year moderate-to-severe TUD and tested whether the association differed for adults aged 50–64 years versus those aged ≥65 years. Results An estimated 8.1% of the sample met criteria for moderate-to-severe TUD. Lifetime ethnic/racial discrimination and sexual orientation discrimination was not significantly associated with moderate-to-severe TUD for adults aged ≥50 years. However, a significant 2-way interaction was found between discrimination and age. In age-stratified analyses, greater discrimination was significantly associated with greater risk for moderate-to-severe TUD for adults aged ≥65 years, but not adults aged 50–64 years. Discussion Greater cumulative discrimination based on ethnicity/race and sexual orientation was associated with increased risk for moderate-to-severe TUD among sexual minority adults aged ≥65 years. Our findings underscore the importance of age considerations in understanding the role of discrimination in the assessment and treatment of TUD.
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Jang, Yuri, Ahyoung A. Lee, Michelle Zadrozny, Sung-Heui Bae, Miyong T. Kim, and Nathan C. Marti. "Determinants of Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intent in Home Health Workers." Journal of Applied Gerontology 36, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0733464815586059.
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Based on the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, this study explored the impact of job demands (physical injury and racial/ethnic discrimination) and resources (self-confidence in job performance and recognition by supervisor/organization/society) on home health workers’ employee outcomes (job satisfaction and turnover intent). Using data from the National Home Health Aide Survey ( N = 3,354), multivariate models of job satisfaction and turnover intent were explored. In both models, the negative impact of demands (physical injury and racial/ethnic discrimination) and the positive impact of resources (self-confidence in job performance and recognition by supervisor and organization) were observed. The overall findings suggest that physical injury and discrimination should be prioritized in prevention and intervention efforts to improve home health workers’ safety and well-being. Attention also needs to be paid to ways to bolster work-related efficacy and to promote an organizational culture of appreciation and respect.
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Graham, Mark, and Maritta Soininen. "A model for immigrants? The Swedish corporate model and the prevention of ethnic discrimination." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 24, no. 3 (July 1998): 523–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1998.9976648.
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Unger, Jennifer B. "Preventing Substance Use and Misuse Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Adolescents: Why Are We Not Addressing Discrimination in Prevention Programs?" Substance Use & Misuse 50, no. 8-9 (July 29, 2015): 952–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1010903.
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Harding, Seeromanie, Christelle Elia, Peiyuan Huang, Chelsea Atherton, Kyla Covey, Gemma O'Donnell, Elizabeth Cole, et al. "Global cities and cultural diversity: challenges and opportunities for young people's nutrition." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 77, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665118000472.
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Childhood obesity is a common concern across global cities and threatens sustainable urban development. Initiatives to improve nutrition and encourage physical exercise are promising but are yet to exert significant influence on prevention. Childhood obesity in London is associated with distinct ethnic and socio-economic patterns. Ethnic inequalities in health-related behaviour endure, underpinned by inequalities in employment, housing, access to welfare services, and discrimination. Addressing these growing concerns requires a clearer understanding of the socio-cultural, environmental and economic contexts of urban living that promote obesity. We explore opportunities for prevention using asset based-approaches to nutritional health and well-being, with a particular focus on adolescents from diverse ethnic backgrounds living in London. We focus on the important role that community engagement and multi-sectoral partnership play in improving the nutritional outcomes of London's children. London's children and adolescents grow up in the rich cultural mix of a global city where local streets are characterised by diversity in ethnicities, languages, religions, foods, and customs, creating complex and fluid identities. Growing up with such everyday diversity we argue can enhance the quality of life for London's children and strengthen their social capital. The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health longitudinal study of about 6500 of London's young people demonstrated the positive impact of cultural diversity. Born to parents from over a hundred countries and exposed to multi-lingual households and religious practices, they demonstrated strong psychological resilience and sense of pride from cultural straddling, despite material disadvantage and discrimination. Supporting the potential contribution of such socio-cultural assets is in keeping with the values of social justice and equitable and sustainable development. Our work signals the importance of community engagement and multisectoral partnerships, involving, for example, schools and faith-based organisations, to improve the nutrition of London's children.
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McLoughlin , Stephen. "Understanding Mass Atrocity Prevention during Periods of Democratic Transition." Politics and Governance 3, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i3.318.
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The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of why some countries experience mass atrocities during periods of democratic transition, while others do not. Scholars have long regarded democracy as an important source of stability and protection from mass atrocities such as genocide, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. But democratic transition itself is fraught with the heightened risk of violent conflict and even mass atrocities. Indeed, a number of studies have identified regimes in transition as containing the highest risk of political instability and mass atrocities. What is overlooked is the question of how and why some regimes undergo such transitions without experiencing mass atrocities, despite the presence of a number of salient risk factors, including state-based discrimination, inter-group tension and horizontal inequality. Utilizing a new analytical framework, this article investigates this lacuna by conducting a comparative analysis of two countries—one that experienced atrocities (Burundi) during transition, and one that did not (Guyana). How countries avoid such violence during transition has the potential to yield insights for the mitigation of risk associated with mass atrocity crimes.
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Haslam, Emily. "UNLAWFUL POPULATION TRANSFER AND THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 1 (March 7, 2002): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302001526.
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THIS article examines the draft Declaration on Population Transfer and Implantation of Settlers developed within the framework of the UN Sub-Committee on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities. The draft declaration provides for the criminalisation of involuntary population transfer. This article argues that the Declaration will be ineffective in practice and will introduce inconsistency and confusion into the law. However, the attempt to introduce a crime of unlawful population transfer reflects a lacuna in existing law. And yet, this gap is unlikely to be filled by extending existing international crimes to cover ethnic cleansing. This is because existing crimes do not address the international community’s sense of what it is that makes ethnic cleansing so heinous. Thus some action needs to be taken. However, this article argues that the ability of the international community to proceed appropriately is stymied by the fact that international criminal lawyers lack the basic tools and the concepts by which to categorise different types of harm.
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Mays, PhD, MSPH, Vickie M., Denise Johnson, JD, Courtney N. Coles, MPH, Denise Gellene, MBA, and Susan D. Cochran, PhD, MS. "Using the Science of Psychology to Target Perpetrators of Racism and Race-Based Discrimination for Intervention Efforts: Preventing Another Trayvon Martin Tragedy." Journal for Social Action in Counseling & Psychology 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/jsacp.5.1.11-36.
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Psychological science offers a variety of methods to both understand and intervene when acts of potential racial or ethnic racism, bias or prejudice occur. The Trayvon Martin killing is a reminder of how vulnerable African American men and boys, especially young African American men, are to becoming victims of social inequities in our society. We examine several historical events of racial bias (the Los Angeles civil disturbance after the Rodney King verdict, the federal government’s launch of a “War on Drugs” and the killing of Trayvon Martin) to illustrate the ways in which behaviors of racism and race-based discrimination can be viewed from a psychological science lens in the hopes of eliminating and preventing these behaviors. If society is to help end the genocide of African American men and boys then we must broaden our focus from simply understanding instances of victimization to a larger concern with determining how policies, laws, and societal norms serve as the foundation for maintaining implicit biases that are at the root of race-based discrimination, prejudice, bias and inequity. In our call to action, we highlight the contributions that psychologists, particularly racial and ethnic minority professionals, can make to reduce the negative impact of racial and ethnic bias through their volunteer/pro bono clinical efforts.
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Miname, Marcio H., Marcio Sommers Bittencourt, Alexandre C. Pereira, Cinthia E. Jannes, Jose E. Krieger, Khurram Nasir, and Raul D. Santos. "Vascular age derived from coronary artery calcium score on the risk stratification of individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 21, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jez280.
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Abstract Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate if vascular age derived from coronary artery calcium (CAC) score improves atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk discrimination in primary prevention asymptomatic heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) patients undergoing standard lipid-lowering therapy. Methods and results Two hundred and six molecularly confirmed FH individuals (age 45 ± 14 years, 36% males, baseline LDL-cholesterol 6.2 ± 2.2 mmol/L; 239 ± 85mg/dL) were followed by 4.4 ± 2.9 years (median: 3.7 years, interquartile ranges 2.7–6.8). CAC measurement was performed, and lipid-lowering therapy was optimized according to FH guidelines. Vascular age was derived from CAC and calculated according to the Multi Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis algorithm. Risk estimation based on the Framingham equations was calculated for both biological (bFRS) and vascular (vaFRS) age. During follow-up, 15 ASCVD events (7.2%) were documented. The annualized rate of events for bFRS <10%, 10–20%, and >20% was respectively: 8.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.17–22.52], 23.28 (95% CI 9.69–55.94), and 28.13 (95% CI 12.63–62.61) per 1000 patients. The annualized rate of events for vaFRS <10%, 10–20%, and >20% was respectively: 0, 0, and 50.37 (95% CI 30.37–83.56) per 1000 patients. vaFRS presented a better discrimination for ASCVD events compared to bFRS 0.7058 (95% CI 0.5866–0.8250) vs. vaFRS 0.8820 (95% CI 0.8286–0.9355), P = 0.0005. Conclusion CAC derived vascular age can improve ASCVD risk discrimination in primary prevention FH subjects. This tool may help further stratify risk in FH patients already receiving lipid-lowering medication who might be candidates for further treatment with newer therapies.
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Lesite, Elyana Yuozovna. "Formation tolerance educational methods among students of medical colleges in the psychology classroom." Moscow University Pedagogical Education Bulletin, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51314/2073-2635-2010-3-106-110.
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Intolerance in our society is popular. Intolerance may take the form of marginalization of vulnerable groups and discrimination against them. Education is the most effective means of preventing intolerance. Education program should contribute to development of understanding, solidarity and tolerance among individuals as well as among ethnic, social, cultural, religious and linguistic group and nations. Formation tolerance educational methods are discussed.
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Snijder, Marieke B., Henrike Galenkamp, Maria Prins, Eske M. Derks, Ron J. G. Peters, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, and Karien Stronks. "Cohort profile: the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study in Amsterdam, The Netherlands." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e017873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017873.
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PurposeEthnic minority groups usually have a more unfavourable disease risk profile than the host population. In Europe, ethnic inequalities in health have been observed in relatively small studies, with limited possibilities to explore underlying causes. The aim of the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study is to investigate the causes of (the unequal burden of) diseases across ethnic groups, focusing on three disease categories: cardiovascular diseases, mental health and infectious diseases.ParticipantsThe HELIUS study is a prospective cohort study among six large ethnic groups living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Between 2011 and 2015, a total 24 789 participants (aged 18–70 years) were included at baseline. Similar-sized samples of individuals of Dutch, African Surinamese, South-Asian Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan origin were included. Participants filled in an extensive questionnaire and underwent a physical examination that included the collection of biological samples (biobank).Findings to dateData on physical, behavioural, psychosocial and biological risk factors, and also ethnicity-specific characteristics (eg, culture, migration history, ethnic identity, socioeconomic factors and discrimination) were collected, as were measures of health outcomes (cardiovascular, mental health and infections). The first results have confirmed large inequalities in health between ethnic groups, such as diabetes and depressive symptoms, and also early markers of disease such as arterial wave reflection and chronic kidney disease, which can only just partially be explained by inequalities in traditional risk factors, such as obesity and socioeconomic status. In addition, the first results provided important clues for targeting prevention and healthcare.Future plansHELIUS will be used for further research on the underlying causes of ethnic differences in health. Follow-up data will be obtained by repeated measurements and by linkages with existing registries (eg, hospital data, pharmacy data and insurance data).
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Pompili, M. "Suicide Risk Among Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1010.
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IntroductionRecent historical perspective suggests that suicide is a neglected issue among immigrants and ethnic minorities.ObjectiveGiven the need to delivering proper care to such populations, government is now requested to address suicide risk and involve proper interventions.AimsTo provide comprehensive overview of suicide risk among immigrants and ethnic minorities and possible targeted preventive measures.MethodsGiven the relatively early and underdeveloped state of this area of inquiry, the author viewed his task as gathering and critically appraising the available research relevant to the topic, with the aim of formulating a hypothesis to be tested with further research.ResultsEvidence support the notion that certain communalities across ethnic groups are influenced in a considerable way by the suicide risk in the country of origin. Furthermore, some well-known risk factors for suicide may not play a central role in the case immigrants and ethnic minorities; on the contrary, adjustment problems point to the explanation that emotional distress may be caused by social problems, racism and discrimination. Suicide risk among these individuals may also be referred to the risk in the country of origin pointing to grater complexity when individuals immigrate into a country with different suicide rates as well as different contributing factors. Help-seeking barriers are still a major obstacle for delivering proper preventive intervention. The author aims at providing a comprehensive picture of suicide risk among this population and highlight possible preventive strategies.ConclusionsSocial interventions, culture-sensitive community projects or interventions targeting specific subgroups might be possible solutions.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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Johnson, Rebecca A., and Jason Karlawish. "A review of ethical issues in dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 27, no. 10 (June 10, 2015): 1635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215000848.
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ABSTRACTDementia raises many ethical issues. The present review, taking note of the fact that the stages of dementia raise distinct ethical issues, focuses on three issues associated with stages of dementia's progression: (1) how the emergence of preclinical and asymptomatic but at-risk categories for dementia creates complex questions about preventive measures, risk disclosure, and protection from stigma and discrimination; (2) how despite efforts at dementia prevention, important research continues to investigate ways to alleviate clinical dementia's symptoms, and requires additional human subjects protections to ethically enroll persons with dementia; and (3) how in spite of research and prevention efforts, persons continue to need to live with dementia. This review highlights two major themes. First is how expanding the boundaries of dementias such as Alzheimer's to include asymptomatic but at-risk persons generate new ethical questions. One promising way to address these questions is to take an integrated approach to dementia ethics, which can include incorporating ethics-related data collection into the design of a dementia research study itself. Second is the interdisciplinary nature of ethical questions related to dementia, from health policy questions about insurance coverage for long-term care to political questions about voting, driving, and other civic rights and privileges to economic questions about balancing an employer's right to a safe and productive workforce with an employee's rights to avoid discrimination on the basis of their dementia risk. The review highlights these themes and emerging ethical issues in dementia.
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Stanton, Michael V., and Jason A. Smith. "Law, Stigma, and Meaning: Implications for Obesity and HIV Prevention." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, no. 4 (2017): 492–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517750583.
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Public health law has focused primarily on combatting stigma through laws targeting discrimination based on attributes (de jure), when the reach of stigma extends far beyond mere appearances. By exploring the lived experience of stigmatized individuals, policy makers might more deeply understand public health problems, more appropriately create health policies, and more effectively promote positive health behaviors. Efforts to address stigma must focus on all aspects of stigma to be effective.
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Silvers, Anita, and Leslie Francis. "Human Rights, Civil Rights: Prescribing Disability Discrimination Prevention in Packaging Essential Health Benefits." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, no. 4 (2013): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12089.
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Health care insurance schemes, whether private or public, are notoriously unaccommodating to individuals with disabilities. While most nonelderly nondisabled persons in the U.S. are insured through private sources, coverage sources for nonelderly persons with disabilities have traditionally been a mix of private and public coverage. For all age groups, the employment-to-population ratio is much lower for persons with a disability than for those with no disability. Moreover, employed persons with a disability were more likely to be self-employed than those with no disability. As a group, therefore, nonelderly people with disabilities have not been as well positioned as others to obtain private health care insurance because in the U.S., acquiring such coverage usually is employer based.
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Kurian, Allison W., Elisha Hughes, Ryan Bernhisel, Braden Probst, Jerry Lanchbury, Susanne Wagner, Alexander Gutin, et al. "Performance of the IBIS/Tyrer-Cuzick (TC) Model by race/ethnicity in the Women’s Health Initiative." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.1503.
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1503 Background: The TC model, a breast cancer (BC) risk assessment tool based on family cancer history, reproductive and lifestyle factors is used to guide BC screening and prevention. TC was developed and validated largely in non-Hispanic White (NHW) women. We evaluated the calibration and discrimination of TC version 7.02 among racially/ethnically diverse post-menopausal women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trials or observational study. Methods: WHI enrolled post-menopausal women from 1993-1998 and followed them prospectively for BC incidence. We included women aged ≤80 years at enrollment with no prior BC or mastectomy and with data required for TC, including weight, height, ages at menarche, first birth and menopause, menopausal hormone therapy use and family history of breast or ovarian cancer in first or second-degree relatives. Calibration was assessed by the ratio of observed BC cases to the number expected by TC (O/E), with expected cases calculated as the sum of cumulative hazards. We tested for differential discrimination by race/ethnicity (NHW, African American, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American, other) using Cox regression. Time to BC was modeled using age, race/ethnicity, TC estimate (transformed by log of relative lifetime risk), and a term for interaction between race/ethnicity and TC estimate. Results: During the follow-up period (median 18.9 years, maximum 23.4 years), 6,836 new BC cases were diagnosed among 91,893 women. TC was well-calibrated overall (O/E 0.95) in NHW and African Americans, but over-estimated risk for Hispanics (O/E 0.75, Table). Results suggested good calibration for Asian/Pacific Islanders and Native Americans, but sample sizes were small. Discrimination did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity (two-sided p-value for interaction = 0.33). Conclusions: TC provided similar risk discrimination among post-menopausal women of different racial/ethnic groups over nearly 20 years of follow-up; however, it overestimated risk for Hispanics. Future studies in diverse populations are warranted, with need for a more accurate breast cancer risk assessment tool for Hispanics. [Table: see text]
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Jaspal, Rusi, Barbara Lopes, Zahra Jamal, Carmen Yap, Ivana Paccoud, and Parminder Sekhon. "HIV knowledge, sexual health and sexual behaviour among Black and minority ethnic men who have sex with men in the UK: a cross-sectional study." Sexual Health 16, no. 1 (2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18032.
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Background Black and minority ethnic (BME) men who have sex with men (MSM) face a major burden in relation to HIV infection. Using a cross-sectional correlational survey design, the present study explored the relationships between HIV knowledge and reported sexual health and sexual behaviour in this population. Methods: A convenience sample of 538 BME MSM was recruited in London, Leicester and Leeds: 346 (64%) self-identified as South Asian, 88 (16%) self-identified as Latin American, 76 (14%) self-identified as Black, 13 (2%) self-identified as mixed, and 15 (3%) self-identified as other. Results: HIV knowledge was low across the board, and South Asian MSM manifested the lowest scores. Respondents who perceived their HIV risk to be low possessed the least HIV knowledge. There were interethnic differences in the frequency of gay sauna visits, sex-seeking on mobile applications, drug use and attendance at sex parties. Respondents reported a high frequency of racism and discrimination, with Black MSM reporting highest frequency. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to raise awareness of HIV in BME MSM, and a culturally competent approach to HIV awareness-raising in BME MSM is required. These findings shed light on the contexts in which HIV prevention efforts should be targeted to reach specific ethnic groups, as well as some of the potential syndemics that can increase HIV risk or undermine HIV outcomes in BME MSM patients.
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Dokmanovic, Mirjana. "Hate crimes recording: Recommendations of the international bodies and their significance to Serbia." Temida 18, no. 2 (2015): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1502059d.
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Data recording and keeping the official unique database on hate crimes contributes to increasing visibility of this type of crimes, as well as to formulating effective policies of preventing discrimination, racism and non-tolerance. At the end of 2012, the Republic of Serbia introduced the aggravating circumstance in sentencing crimes motivated by hatred on the basis of race, religion belief, national or ethnical belonging, sex, sexual orientation or gender identity. The Action Plan of the Implementation of the Strategy of Prevention and Protection against Discrimination (2014) foresees introducing the unique database on hate crimes by the end of 2016. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the importance of establishing this type of database from the perspective of acknowledging victims? rights. The relevant activities and the recommendations of the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) and the OSCE to the member states, with respect to efficient recording data on hate crimes, have been also introduced. The aim of the paper is to contribute developing of the methodology of data recording of hate crimes in the Republic of Serbia in line with the given recommendations of the FRA and the OSCE.
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D Knowles, Abdul. "Case Study: Preventing and Resolving Conflict Between Bahamian Nationals and the Haitian Diaspora that Reside in The Bahamas." International Journal of Law and Public Administration 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijlpa.v1i2.3898.
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Conflict between Haiti and its Caribbean neighbors often arises because of its large migrant population. In The Bahamas, ethnic, cultural and political reasons have resulted in conflict between Haitians and Bahamians. Bahamians regard Haitians as culturally, ethnically and economically inferior. Haitians are thought to deprive Bahamian nationals of government resources. This has resulted in intolerance and discrimination towards Haitians by Bahamian locals and government bodies. As a result, the basic human rights of Haitians are violated. Stereotypes and mistreatment of Haitians have resulted in anti-Bahamian sentiment and mistrust. Without mediation via international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the joint-initiatives between the Bahamian and Haitian government will continue to fail. As a result, the ongoing conflict between both groups risks escalating to mass violence.
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Malone, Kevin M., Seamus G. McGuinness, Eimear Cleary, Janis Jefferies, Christabel Owens, and Cecily C. Kelleher. "Lived Lives: A Pavee Perspective. An arts-science community intervention around suicide in an indigenous ethnic minority." Wellcome Open Research 2 (April 13, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11330.1.
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Background: Suicide is a significant public health concern, which impacts on health outcomes. Few suicide research studies have been interdisciplinary. We combined a psychobiographical autopsy with a visual arts autopsy, in which families donated stories, images and objects associated with the lived life of a loved one lost to suicide. From this interdisciplinary research platform, a mediated exhibition was created (Lived Lives) with artist, scientist and families, co-curated by communities, facilitating dialogue, response and public action around suicide prevention. Indigenous ethnic minorities (IEMs) bear a significant increased risk for suicide. Irish Travellers are an IEM with social and cultural parallels with IEMs internationally, experiencing racism, discrimination, and poor health outcomes including elevated suicide rates (SMR 6.6). Methods: An adjusted Lived Lives exhibition, Lived Lives: A Pavee Perspective manifested in Pavee Point, the national Traveller and Roma Centre. The project was evaluated by the Travelling Community as to how it related to suicide in their community, how it has shaped their understanding of suicide and its impacts, and its relevance to other socio-cultural contexts, nationally and internationally. The project also obtained feedback from all relevant stakeholders. Evaluation was carried out by an international visual arts research advisor and an independent observer from the field of suicide research. Results: Outputs included an arts-science mediated exhibition with reference to elevated Irish Traveller suicide rates. Digital online learning materials about suicide and its aftermath among Irish Travellers were also produced. The project reached its target audience, with a high level of engagement from members of the Travelling Community. Discussion: The Lived Lives methodology navigated the societal barriers of stigma and silence to foster communication and engagement, working with cultural values, consistent with an adapted intervention. Feedback from this project can inform awareness, health promotion, education and interventions around suicide and its aftermath in IEMs.
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Serra-Freire, Nicolau Maués. "Occurrence of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on human hosts, in three municipalities in the State of Pará, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 19, no. 3 (September 2010): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612010000300003.
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Assuming the existence of tick parasitism in humans in the State of Pará, an aggregate observational study was developed along a transversal line in three cities of the State, during two years. Interviews and examinations of 2,160 townspeople and tourists were carried out, without discrimination of ethnic, sex, age, or social status, and classified for effects analyzed for four bands of age, six types of activities in the society, and two sexes. Larvae, nymphs, and adults of ticks had been identified with cases of parasitism involving six species, of the genus Amblyomma, the genus Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens, and Ornithodorus talaje (the first case registered in Pará), infecting human beings. Adults and agricultural workers were most frequently attacked, followed by students. A. cajennense and R. sanguineus are the species most frequent in the parasitism affecting humans, and A. cajennense is the dominant species. The statistical prevalence was largest in Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha do Marajó. In Santarém the greatest average intensity of parasitism was for R. sanguineus, and in the other locations it wasfor A. cajennense. Agricultural workers faced the greatest risk from parasitism, and to place in practice elementary measures of prevention would reduce by 25% the number of cases.
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Kadriu, Besa, and Blerta Arifi. "Policymaking in a Multiethnic State, the Legal Changes, Practice of Macedonia." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v8i1.p140-143.
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In contemporary terms and conditions, in addition to economic and social factors, political processes are one of the basic components of the proper functioning of a multi-ethnic state. Examples of proper practices of multiethnic states which operate in conformity with international standards, within the EU structures abound. This is in a group of countries which have previously significantly overcome the problems of transition and reform of the political system and have managed to establish standard which are inaccessible and levels of genuine democracy. The paper has aspirations to take into consideration the comparative aspects which can serve as a good example of the changes and development of the country towards Euro-Atlantic structures. That it happens with Western Balkan countries. The situation becomes even more difficult, especially in those cases where states and societies of the population is heterogeneous structure; Case of Macedonia, being convinced that has to do with a diverse population, the country still today fails to cross the barriers of the past from the old system. Institutions and decision-making bodies, now more than ever need to change policymaking process, prevention of discrimination and compliance values of the political, economic and social conformity with European standards
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Patel, Manali I., Richard Snyder, and Otis Brawley. "Successful Strategies to Address Disparities: Insurer and Employer Perspectives." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 40 (May 2020): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_279959.
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Disparities in cancer have been documented for decades and continue to persist despite clinical advancements in cancer prevention, detection, and treatment. Disparate cancer outcomes continue to affect many populations in the United States and globally, including racial and ethnic minorities, populations with low income and education, and residents of rural areas or low socioeconomic neighborhoods, among others. Addressing cancer disparities requires approaches that are multilevel. Addressing social determinants of health, such as removing obstacles to health (e.g., poverty, discrimination, access to housing and education, jobs with fair pay, and health care) can reduce cancer disparities. However, to achieve cancer health equity, multilevel approaches are required to ensure that access to high-quality cancer care and equitable receipt of evidence-based services can reduce cancer disparities. Policy, health system interventions, and innovative delivery and health care coverage approaches by private and public payers, employer-based payers, and labor union organizations can assist in ensuring access to and receipt of high-quality cancer care while addressing the high costs of care delivery. Partnerships among patients, caregivers, employers, health care providers, and health care payers can make impactful changes in the way in which cancer care is delivered and, in turn, can assist in reducing cancer disparities.
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Seeman, Mary V. "Similar psychosis risks in adoptees and immigrants." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 66, no. 3 (February 5, 2020): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020903324.
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Background: There is a consensus that adoptees and immigrants both experience more mental health problems than their peers. The two groups share many risk factors for psychosis, but an increased risk for psychotic illness has only been demonstrated for immigrants. Aims: The aim of this review is to describe psychosis risk factors in adoptees, with a focus on difficulties with identity formation, identification with in-groups, attachment to parents, and coping with loss and with discrimination. Method: The literature in these five areas is reviewed as it pertains to adoption and psychosis. Results: There are no clear findings because the relevant studies have not been done, but the literature suggests that adopted children face challenges very similar to those of immigrants to a new country. Conclusion: The immigration field and the adoption field have much to learn from each other. It is recommended that a prevention strategy analogous to increased neighbourhood ethnic density be implemented with adoptees – that they be intentionally exposed from early childhood and throughout adolescence to age peers who share a similar background and with whom they can readily identify. It is also recommended that immigrants be welcomed into their host country with the same open arms as adoptive parents welcome their new children.
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Kalinowski, Jolaade, Kiran Kaur, Valerie Newsome-Garcia, Aisha Langford, Ayoola Kalejaiye, Dorice Vieira, Chigozirim Izeogu, et al. "Stress interventions and hypertension in Black women." Women's Health 17 (January 2021): 174550652110097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455065211009751.
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Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Black women have high rates of hypertension compared to women of other racial or ethnic groups and are disproportionately affected by psychosocial stressors such as racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and caregiving stress. Evidence suggests that stress is associated with incident hypertension and hypertension risk. Stress management is associated with improvements improved blood pressure outcomes. The purpose of this review is to synthesize evidence on effects of stress management interventions on blood pressure in Black women. A comprehensive search of scientific databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria included studies that were: (1) primary research that tested an intervention; (2) in the English language; (3) included African-American women; (4) incorporated stress in the intervention; (5) included blood pressure as an outcome; and (6) were US based. Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria. Ten (56%) studies tested meditation-based interventions, two (11%) tested coping and affirmation interventions, and six (33%) tested lifestyle modification interventions that included stress management content. Thirteen of the studies were randomized controlled trials. Reductions in blood pressure were observed in all of the meditation-based interventions, although the magnitude and statistical significance varied. Comprehensive lifestyle interventions were also efficacious for reducing blood pressure, although the relative contribution of stress management versus behavior modification could not be evaluated. Coping and affirmation interventions did not affect blood pressure. Most of the reviewed studies included small numbers of Black women and did not stratify results by race and gender, so effects remain unclear. This review highlights the urgent need for studies specifically focusing on Black women. Given the extensive disparities in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, whether stress management can lower blood pressure and improve primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention among Black women is an important question for future research.
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Herek, Gregory M. "Thinking About AIDS and Stigma: A Psychologist’s Perspective." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 4 (2002): 594–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00428.x.
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As Jonathan Mann observed, the problem of AIDS-related stigma is inextricably bound to issues of health, human rights, and the law. Such stigma translates into feelings of fear and hostility directed at people with HIV. It finds expression in avoidance and ostracism of people with HIV, discrimination and violence against them, and public support for punitive policies and laws that restrict civil liberties while hindering AIDS prevention efforts. Being the target of stigma inflicts pain, isolation, and hardship on many people with HIV, while the desire to avoid it deters some from being tested for HIV, seeking treatment, or practicing risk-reduction.
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Fortuna, L. R., K. Álvarez, Z. Ramos Ortiz, Y. Wang, X. Mozo Alegría, B. L. Cook, and M. Alegría. "Mental health, migration stressors and suicidal ideation among Latino immigrants in Spain and the United States." European Psychiatry 36 (August 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.001.
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AbstractBackgroundImmigration stress appears to augment the risk for suicide behaviors for Latinos. Yet, specific risk factors that contribute to suicidal ideation (SI) among diverse Latino immigrant populations are not well established.MethodsData were collected in Boston, Madrid and Barcelona using a screening battery assessing mental health, substance abuse risk, trauma exposure, demographics, and sociocultural factors. Prevalence rates of lifetime and 30-day SI were compared across sites. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and sociocultural-contextual factors associated with 30-day SI.ResultsFive hundred and sixty-seven Latino patients from primary care, behavioral health and HIV clinics and community agencies participated. Rates of lifetime SI ranged from 29–35%; rates for 30-day SI were 21–23%. Rates of SI were not statistically different between sites. Factors associated with SI included exposure to discrimination, lower ethnic identity, elevated family conflict, and low sense of belonging (P < 0.01). In the adjusted model, higher scores on depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma exposure were significantly associated with 30-day SI (OR = 1.14, 1.04, and 7.76, respectively). Greater number of years living in the host country was significantly associated with increased odds of having SI (OR = 2.22) while having citizenship status was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.45).ConclusionLatinos suffering depression, trauma exposure, and immigration stressors are more likely to experience SI. Despite differences in country of origin, education, and other demographic factors between countries, rates of SI did not differ. Recommendations for prevention and clinical practice for addressing suicidal ideation risk among Latino immigrants are discussed.
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Savulescu, Julian, and James Cameron. "Why lockdown of the elderly is not ageist and why levelling down equality is wrong." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 11 (June 19, 2020): 717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106336.
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In order to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19, governments have placed significant restrictions on liberty, including preventing all non-essential travel. These restrictions were justified on the basis the health system may be overwhelmed by COVID-19 cases and in order to prevent deaths. Governments are now considering how they may de-escalate these restrictions. This article argues that an appropriate approach may be to lift the general lockdown but implement selective isolation of the elderly. While this discriminates against the elderly, there is a morally relevant difference—the elderly are far more likely to require hospitalisation and die than the rest of the population. If the aim is to ensure the health system is not overwhelmed and to reduce the death rate, preventing the elderly from contracting the virus may be an effective means of achieving this. The alternative is to continue to keep everyone in lockdown. It is argued that this is levelling down equality and is unethical. It suggests that in order for the elderly to avoid contracting the virus, the whole population should have their liberty deprived, even though the same result could be achieved by only restricting the liberty of the elderly. Similar arguments may also be applied to all groups at increased risk of COVID-19, such as men and those with comorbidities, the obese and people from ethnic minorities or socially deprived groups. This utilitarian concern must be balanced against other considerations, such as equality and justice, and the benefits gained from discriminating in these ways must be proportionately greater than the negative consequences of doing so. Such selective discrimination will be most justified when the liberty restriction to a group promotes the well-being of that group (apart from its wider social benefits).
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Zou, Ping, Annisa Siu, Xiyi Wang, Jing Shao, Sunny G. Hallowell, Lihua Lydia Yang, and Hui Zhang. "Influencing Factors of Depression among Adolescent Asians in North America: A Systematic Review." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050537.
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Background: Asian American adolescents experience rates of depression comparable to or greater than those of other ethnic minorities. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize psychosocial factors related to depressive symptoms of Asian American adolescents between the ages of 10 to 19. Methods: Various electronic databases were systematically searched to identify research articles published from 2000 to 2021, and the psychosocial factors influencing depression among Asian adolescents in North America were examined. Results: A total of 81 studies were included in this systematic review. Consistent findings on relationships between depressive symptoms and influencing factors included (a) acculturative stress, (b) religious or spiritual significance for females, (c) parent–child cohesion, (d) harsh parenting style, (e) responsive parenting style, (f) racial or ethnic discrimination, (g) being bullied, (h) positive mentor presence, and (i) exposure to community violence. Collectively, the majority of included studies suggest that depressive symptoms were more likely found among Asian American adolescents who (a) are older, (b) are female, (c) have immigrant status, (d) exhibit coping behaviours, (e) face academic challenges, (f) face a poor socioeconomic situation, (g) perceive parent–child conflict, (h) perceive maternal disconnectedness, and (i) perceive negative peer relations. A number of conflictive findings also existed. Discussion/Conclusions: This systematic review provides a summary of the various psychosocial factors on individual, familial, and social levels, which influenced the depressive symptoms of Asian American adolescents. Such findings offer a starting point to examine what factors should be necessarily included in related depression-preventive intervention design and evaluation. Culturally sensitive care, strengthened family–school–community collaboration, and targeted research efforts are needed to meet the needs of Asian adolescents experiencing a range of depressive symptoms.
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Ross, Lainie Friedman. "Genetic Exceptionalism vs. Paradigm Shift: Lessons from HIV." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 29, no. 2 (2001): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2001.tb00333.x.
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The term “exceptionalism” was introduced into health care in 1991 when Bayer described “HIV exceptionalism” as the policy of treating the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) different from other infectious diseases, particularly other sexually transmitted diseases. It was reflected in the following practices: pre- and post-HIV test counseling, the development of specific separate consent forms for HIV testing, and stringent requirements for confidentiality of HIV test results. The justification for these practices was the belief that testing was essential for prevention and that patients might not seek HIV testing if confidentiality were not guaranteed. Confidentiality was believed to be particularly important given the degree of discrimination and stigmatization associated with the illness. Anonymous testing was a further step in ensuring strict confidentiality, even though such a practice prevented public officials from contacting partners and others who were at risk.
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Li, Chun-Hao, and Shu-Yao Hsu. "Acculturation and psychological well-being of immigrant brides in Taiwan." Asian Education and Development Studies 6, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2016-0015.
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Purpose Since the 1990s, an imbalanced marriage market has ushered in a great number of female immigrants, mainly from China and certain ASEAN countries, into Taiwan. These immigrant brides lose their original social networks and face difficulties acculturating, which in the long run may take a toll on their psychological well-being. The purpose of this paper is to identify what the factors are and how they are associated with the symptoms of depression and anxiety among immigrant brides. Design/methodology/approach Due to the difficulty of identifying immigrant brides within the general population, the research relies on a convenience sample of 366 immigrant brides in eight cities or counties in Taiwan. The research team provided questionnaires in different languages including Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, English, Vietnamese, Thai, and Indonesian. Surveyed immigrant brides filled in questionnaires while participating in activities for Immigrant Day. Findings Hierarchical regression analyses show that perceived discrimination and sociocultural barriers are the two greatest factors causing depression and anxiety among immigrant brides. However, the effect of social support is not as clear as expected. Emotional social support from “the same ethnic group” is significant in reducing the symptoms of psychological depression of immigrant brides, but it cannot explain the variation in anxiety among immigrant brides. Originality/value Although the psychological well-being of immigrant brides in Taiwan is an important issue, little scholarly research has been published on this increasing segment of the population. The research can improve our understanding of the acculturation of immigrant brides in Taiwan. Meanwhile, the findings in the Taiwan-based research may provide further helpful knowledge for South Korea and China, both of which generally share a similar culture with Taiwan and are also facing the issues of marriage market imbalance and the increase of immigrant brides, in developing prevention and intervention strategies and/or programs to enhance the psychological well-being of immigrant brides.
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Mujtaba, Bahaudin G., and Frank J. Cavico. "Ethical Analysis of Office Romance and Sexual Favoritism Policies in the #MeToo Workplace and “Cancel Culture” Era." SocioEconomic Challenges 4, no. 4 (2020): 132–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(4).132-150.2020.
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While most employers, managers, and employees have heard and read much about the #MeToo movement, little academic attention has been devoted to ethical analysis of office romance and sexual favoritism polices in the modern workplace. Everyone is likely to agree that romantic relationships will continue in the workplace regardless of organizational policies; nevertheless appropriate, policies should be in place to protect against any adverse legal consequences stemming from romantic relationships in the workplace; and these policies also should be promulgated and enforced in such a manner that all workplace policies and actions can be considered moral and ethical. Accordingly, in this article, we provide a thorough ethical analysis of office romance and sexual favoritism in the sensitive era of the #MeToo movement as well as the “canceled culture” era. We offer specific recommendations to management and human resources professionals on how to provide a safe and healthy work environment for all employees, how to avoid liability for sexual harassment cases as they relate to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, as well as how to ensure that the workplace is fair and just for all. We conclude that every company’s management and human resources departments should take full responsibility for ensuring that business decisions, especially those affecting the employees, are aligned with legal, moral, and, of course, ethical norms. First and foremost, appropriate policies, programs, procedures, and training are necessary to combat sexual discrimination and harassment and thus to ensure a fair, just, and functional workplace. We believe that prevention is the best means of proactively eliminating sexual harassment in the workplace. Each firm should include a clear and strong policy statement against sexual harassment and discrimination in their code of conduct expectations. The policy should have direct statement of the intolerance and prohibition of any form of sexual harassment and illegal discrimination. Each firms should also have an effective policy distribution, communication to employees and enforcement plan. Finally, retaliation must be avoided. As such, there should be assurances that complaining employees will be protected from harassment or retaliation. Keywords: office romance, love contracts, sexual favoritism, #MeToo movement, ethical egoism, ethical relativism, utilitarianism, Kantian ethics.
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Chavez, Laura J., India J. Ornelas, Courtney R. Lyles, and Emily C. Williams. "Racial/Ethnic Workplace Discrimination." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.013.
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Verkuyten, Maykel. "Accounting for Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 2005): 66–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x04273037.
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Khan, Abdul Baseer. "Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan." Journal of Business and Management Revolution 1, no. 1 (June 6, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr/1.1.01.
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Having been a war zone for the last four decades, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries where affordable access to quality education is still a dream for many of its people. According to the 2017 UNICEF Annual Report, over 40% (3.7 million) of school-age children were out of school in Afghanistan. In order to better design projects and programs that are working towards reducing this number, it is necessary first to understand the root causes of the issue. The objective of this research is to assess and analyze some of the various social and economic barriers that keep children out of school in Kabul City and hence, offer additional key information and recommendations for limiting this critical issue. Primary data of 300 children were collected through a survey conducted randomly in Kabul City. The target population of this survey were working children (between the ages of 5 and 18) and parents from households of different ethnic, linguistic, and regional backgrounds. Poverty and cultural limitations were found to be the most common factors preventing Afghan children from going to school. Other factors like access, physical disability, guardian’s type and education level, lack of infrastructure, child labor, and gender discrimination may also contribute to this issue. Results of the analysis suggest that government agencies can play a significant role in facilitating affordable access to quality education for all children by extending coverage of public schools, offering reasonable financial grants for poor families in order to avoid the need for ...
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Bellemore, Fred A. "Racial and Ethnic Employment Discrimination." Journal of Sports Economics 2, no. 4 (November 2001): 356–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152700250100200404.
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Wu, Jawjeong. "Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Prosecution." Criminal Justice and Behavior 43, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 437–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854815628026.
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MAGEE, WILLIAM, ERIC FONG, and RIMA WILKES. "Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration and Discrimination." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2007): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001481.
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We investigate the association between the residential concentration of Chinese in Toronto and discrimination as experienced and perceived by Chinese immigrant residents. A unique aspect of this study is our focus on perceived employment discrimination. We find that Chinese immigrants living in neighbourhoods with a high concentration of other Chinese residents are more likely to perceive employment discrimination against Chinese people as a group, and are more likely to report exposure to ethnically motivated verbal assault, than are Chinese immigrants living elsewhere. Our results are consistent with studies of other populations. However, we argue that theory and policy related to ethnic concentration and discrimination should recognise that effects of ethnic concentration on discrimination are likely to vary with the ecological setting under investigation (for example, neighbourhoods versus larger areas), as well as by size of locale (city, region, or country), and the ethnic groups involved.
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Verkuyten, Maykel, Barbara Kinket, and Charlotte van der Wielen. "Preadolescents' Understanding of Ethnic Discrimination." Journal of Genetic Psychology 158, no. 1 (March 1997): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221329709596655.
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Mobius, Markus, Tanya Rosenblat, and Qiqi Wang. "Ethnic discrimination: Evidence from China." European Economic Review 90 (November 2016): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.04.004.
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Kunts, Elena V. "Prevention of discrimination." Pravosudie / Justice 1 (November 2019): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2686-9241.2019.1.192-204.
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Fry-Bowers, Eileen K. "A Matter of Conscience: Examining the Law and Policy of Conscientious Objection in Health Care." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 21, no. 2 (May 2020): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154420926156.
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Conscientious objection refers to refusal by a health care provider (HCP) to provide certain treatments, including the standard of care, to a patient based upon the provider’s personal, ethical, or religious beliefs. Federal and state rules regarding conscientious objection have expanded the scope of legal protections that HCPs and institutions can invoke in support of refusal. Opponents of these rules argue that allowing refusal of care deprives patients of care that conforms to professionally established guidelines, contradicts long-standing principles related to informed consent, interferes with the ability of health care facilities to provide safe and efficient care, and leaves the patient without means of redress for injury. Proponents respond that such rules are necessary to preserve the moral integrity of providers, including institutions. Although refusal rules are most often associated with abortion, some HCPs have cited moral concerns regarding contraception, sterilization, prevention/treatment of sexually transmitted infections, transition-related care for transgender individuals, medication-assisted treatment of substance use disorders, the use of artificial reproductive technologies, and patient preferences for end-of-life care. Evidence suggests that the burden of conscientious refusal falls disproportionately on vulnerable populations, and legitimate concern exists that moral disagreement is merely pretext for discrimination. A careful balance must be struck between the defending the conscience rights of HCPs and the civil rights of patients.
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Bakalchuk, Vladyslava. "Ethnopolitical challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic: international and national contexts." Grani 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172125.
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The article considers the current ethno-political challenges caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures of the state to counter the spread of coronavirus infection. The analysis of humanitarian threats is carried out posed by the spread of the pandemic in the ethno-political sphere at the international and national levels. Attention is drawn to the growing vulnerability of certain ethnic and racial groups as a result of the pandemic, both from the coronavirus itself and from the socio-economic consequences of national governments' response to the pandemic. The aim of the article is to analyze the main ethno-political challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic at the international and national levels, as well as the priority goals of the policy to opposition the negative consequences of the spread of coronavirus in Ukraine.The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on "vulnerable" groups from minority communities, in particular – socio-economic factors that cause the spread of coronavirus infection in multicultural communities and reduce the effectiveness of government pandemic policies. Among the main challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are the ethno-political consequences of the pandemic, which are the growing inequality of certain minority groups, discrimination and the conflict-generating potential of interethnic/racial relations within multicultural societies. The article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on "vulnerable" groups from minority communities and the growing conflict potential of interethnic / racial relations within multicultural societies.The ethno-political factors of influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Ukrainian society, actual questions of formation and realization of the state policy in the ethnonational sphere concerning protection of vulnerable groups and counteraction to displays of interethnic intolerance are considered. The most vulnerable groups that have suffered the most from the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic and the forms of interethnic intolerance in Ukrainian society during this period have been identified. The article concludes that the effectiveness of the implemented anti-epidemic measures of national governments depends on the state policy in the ethno-political sphere. Also, the importance of further analysis and prevention of ethno-political challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve the domestic political stability of the state and develop an effective policy of preserving interethnic harmony in Ukraine is stated.
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Prince, Anya E. R., and Benjamin E. Berkman. "When Does an Illness Begin: Genetic Discrimination and Disease Manifestation." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 3 (2012): 655–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00696.x.
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Congress passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) in order to remove a perceived barrier to clinical genetic testing. By banning health insurance companies and employers from discriminating against an individual based on his or her genetic information, legislators hoped that patients would be encouraged to seek genetic testing that could improve health outcomes and provide opportunities for preventive measures. Their explicit legislative goal was to fully protect the public from discrimination and allay their concerns about the potential for discrimination, thereby allowing individuals to take advantage of genetic testing, technologies, research, and new therapies.However, GINA left a number of issues unresolved, most notably failing to define the concept of disease manifestation. GINA was structured such that it only provides protection against misuse of genetic information up until the point when an individual's disease has manifested. It protects an individual with a genetic predisposition for a disease, but not an individual actively suffering from that disease.
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Lee, Alexander. "Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Discrimination: Explaining Local Public Goods Provision." Comparative Political Studies 51, no. 10 (November 21, 2017): 1351–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414017740604.
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Numerous studies have found that ethnic diversity is negatively associated with the provision of local public goods. However, these accounts neglect both the strong role of central institutions in the provision of many “local” public goods and the frequently positive correlation between diversity and the presence of less politically powerful ethnic groups. These factors suggest that existing diversity findings may be explained in some cases by central governments discriminating against areas inhabited by less powerful groups. This hypothesis is tested using data in village-level public goods provision in Northern India, supplemented by data on service provision in Kenyan villages and American cities. While there is evidence that the presence of socially powerful groups is positively associated with service provision, evidence for the diversity hypothesis is weak. The results suggest that failures of public services in diverse areas may reflect larger inequalities within the political system rather than local problems in cooperation.
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Mironov, Boris. "Ethnic discrimination in late imperial Russia." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 62, no. 1 (2017): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.113.
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櫻井信栄. "Ethnic discrimination in Kim Hakyoung’s novels." Journal of Japanese Culture ll, no. 64 (February 2015): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.21481/jbunka..64.201502.293.
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