Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prevention of postural defects

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Prevention of postural defects'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Prevention of postural defects"

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LUCA, Cătălina, Robert FUIOR, and Călin CORCIOVĂ. "Study on the postural rehabilitation devices used in the prevention of postural defects and the need to use a smart orthosis." Balneo Research Journal, Vol.11, no.4 (December 5, 2020): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2020.374.

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Introduction. Postural defects are a real challenge for the contemporary world. Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis are diseases of the spine, with various evolutions and multiple changes of the other components of the thorax (shoulders, shoulder blades, ribs), as well as of the intrathoracic and even abdominal organs. Material and method. This paper presents a study on the need to use a smart orthosis in the prevention of postural defects, a study that is the preamble to the physical realization of such an orthosis. The smart orthosis will use inertial sensors capable of calculating orientation angles in a portable monitoring system that will calculate and represent the curvature of the spine. It is hoped that finding a non-invasive solution to identify the shape of the human back can help reduce the time required for medical rehabilitation sessions or can prevent possible postural defects. Results and discussions. In this study, the existing orthoses on the market that could fall into the category of rehabilitation devices used in the prevention of postural defects were evaluated and an intelligent orthosis was designed. Conclusions. At this time, the existence of an intelligent orthosis in the prevention of postural defects would lead to an improvement in health among the population. Also, this prosthesis would crown the work of physiotherapists by maintaining the results obtained. Keywords: postural defects, smart orthosis, prevention, rehabilitation, health improvement,
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Shah, Sakshi, and Poonam H. Patil. "Effect of posture correction and moderate-intensity exercises on respiratory system in teenagers." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 71 (April 2, 2020): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijms_9_2020.

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Objective: Teenage is the time of shaping health behavior and preventing postural defects and improving respiratory fitness. The teenagers possess insufficient knowledge of their respiratory system. Postural defects are commonly seen among teenagers due to lack of physical activity and poor postural habits which can lead to non-harmonious development of organs and affect respiratory system as well. For efficient respiratory function, moderate-intensity exercises with posture correction would be useful. There is a paucity of literature showing the effect of posture correction and moderate-intensity exercises on respiratory system in teenagers, hence, this study would be helpful to analyze the same. The objectives of the study were to find out the effect of posture correction exercise on respiratory system in teenagers and to find out the effect of moderate-intensity exercises on respiratory system in teenagers. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Karad area. The subjects were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 35 subjects were participated in this study. Prior consent and assent form was taken. The aim and procedure were explained to the subjects in their preferred language before data collection. Pre- and post-assessment was done by 6 min walk test for respiratory function and flexicurve was measured using flexible ruler to recognize spinal postural defect. Peak flow meter was used to measure lung function. Results: In a conducted study, 6 min walk test, peak flow meter, and flexicurve showed statistically significant difference between pre- and post-treatment values. Conclusion: On the basis of the result of the study, it can be concluded that posture correction and moderate- intensity exercises help in improving respiratory function in teenagers.
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Wilczyński, Jacek, Magdalena Lipińska-Stańczak, and Igor Wilczyński. "Body Posture Defects and Body Composition in School-Age Children." Children 7, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7110204.

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The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the shape of the anteriorposterior spinal curvature and body composition in schoolchildren. The study included 257 children, aged 11–12. Correct spinal curvature was established in 106 (41.08%) subjects. Other types included: decreased kyphosis and correct lordosis—40 participants (15.50%), correct kyphosis and decreased lordosis—24 individuals (9.30%), increased kyphosis and correct lordosis—17 subjects (6.59%), correct kyphosis and increased lordosis—22 children (8.53%), decreased kyphosis and decreased lordosis—32 people (12.40%), decreased kyphois and increased lordosis—four of the examined subjects (1.55%) increased kyphosis and lordosis—13 people (5.04%). In addition, 134 (51.94%) demonstrated scoliotic posture and eight (3.10%) scoliosis. There were significant relationships between the shape of the anteriorposterior curvatures and body composition in schoolchildren. Those with a strong body build (predominance of mesomorphs) were generally characterised by the correct formation of these curvatures. In contrast, lean subjects (with the predominance of ectomorphic factors) were more likely to experience abnormalities. No correlations with body composition were observed in the group with scoliotic posture or scoliosis. Both in the prevention and correction of postural defects, one should gradually move away from one-sided, usually one-system, therapeutic effects. An approach that takes into account both somatic and neurophysiological factors seems appropriate. With the correct body composition and structure, shaping the habit of correct posture is much easier.
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Lukiianchuk, V. "Modern approaches to the development of motor function in younger schoolchildren with postural disorders." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 4(124) (September 4, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.4(124).09.

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The article identifies the causes of deviations in the development of posture in children of primary school age and characterizes the influence of this pathology on the health and physical development of schoolchildren. The necessity of development of coordination of movements in children of 6-10 years old, as well as its role in the formation of posture, prevention and correction of its defects has been substantiated. The modern approaches to the development of the motor function of schoolchildren with postural disorders are disclosed. The specificity of the action of physical exercises for the formation of the correct motor stereotype of the posture of students is highlighted, the features of the influence of dosed muscle tensions for the prevention and correction of the posture of younger students are characterized. During primary school age it is important to form the correct posture, prevent and prevent various deformities of the spine, as well as the use of dosed muscle tension and skills to maintain physiologically correct torso position in the sagittal plane and symmetrical spine position in the front to eliminate deviations in posture development at the initial stages of the ir appearance. The degree of development and opportunities for improvement of the motor sphere of children is limited by the presence of disorders of the functional activity of sensory and physiological systems of the body, including disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which include deviations in posture development. Lag in the development of motor skills of children increases the risk of forming an incorrect motor stereotype of posture and vice versa, in children with deviations in posture development there is a complication of motor skills, insufficient development of certain muscle groups, impaired balance, coordination. There are no medical contraindications to exercise in children of primary school age with postural disorders. Formation of motor function of junior schoolchildren with posture disorders involves the use of dosed exercise for the development of musculoskeletal sensitivity, development of rational flexibility of the spine, strengthening muscle groups of the muscular corset, normalization of torso muscle tone, taking into account the type of posture disorder. The development of coordination of movements of junior schoolchildren is a necessary condition for consolidating physiologically correct tors o positions while maintaining a stable posture and movement.
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Bitenc-Jasiejko, Aleksandra, Krzysztof Konior, Kinga Gonta, Magdalena Dulęba, and Danuta Lietz-Kijak. "Prophylaxis of Pain and Fractures within Feet in the Course of Osteoporosis: The Issue of Diagnosing." Pain Research and Management 2020 (November 29, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1391026.

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Background. Considering the enormous risk of fractures in the course of osteoporosis in the area of the feet, an important aspect of prophylaxis is periodic and, in special cases, ongoing monitoring of defects and deformations as well as pressure distribution. The purpose of this article is to indicate the role of the examination of posture and pressure distribution during standing, postural balance, and gait, in the prevention of fatigue fractures in the course of osteoporosis, based on the literature review and examples of patients. Methods. The manuscript consists of two parts; it has a review-analytical character. The first part reviews the literature. The data were obtained using the MEDLINE (PubMed), as well as Cochrane and Embase databases. The database review was carried out focusing mainly on English-language publications, while taking into account the topicality of scientific and research works in the area of osteoporosis. The problem of multiaspects in the area of bone density was pointed out. Considering the above, in the second part, the authors analyzed 11 exemplary patients with osteoporosis, referring to the assessment of foot and lower limb defects using traditional posturological methods and including pedobarography to diagnostic procedures that are used in the assessment of pressure distribution, standing and moving, and an attempt to balance. Results. Analysis of the research and scientific literature proved the lack of unambiguous diagnostic procedures of the locomotor system recommended for the prevention of fatigue fractures in the course of osteoporosis. The main diagnostic recommendations are imaging tests (most often X-ray), which are recommended in the case of specific clinical symptoms. The analysis of exemplary patients with osteoporosis showed numerous disorders in the distribution of pressure in the plantar part of the feet, which are related, among other things, with their individual defects and lower limbs. Conclusions. Detailed posture diagnostics and gait estimation, along with the analysis of pressure distribution within the feet are a very important aspect of the prevention of structural degradation and fatigue fractures within the feet. An important postulate for further research and scientific work is the elaboration of the procedures that will serve the preventive diagnostics of the locomotor system, aimed at early detection of threats of fatigue fractures.
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Rusek, Wojciech, Joanna Baran, Justyna Leszczak, Marzena Adamczyk, Aneta Weres, Rafał Baran, Grzegorz Inglot, and Teresa Pop. "The Influence of Body Mass Composition on the Postural Characterization of School-Age Children and Adolescents." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 14, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9459014.

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Introduction. In recent years a significant increase in the percentage of children with postural problems has been observed. It is necessary to focus on preventing the phenomenon and on analysis of existing postural defects. Aim. The aim of this work was to assess the potential relationship between body mass composition and body posture in school-age children. Material and Methods. 464 school-age children ranging from 6 to 16 years (234 boys and 230 girls) were qualified for the study. Body mass composition was assessed using the analyzer Tanita MC 780 MA. Assessment of body posture was performed using Zebris system. All the results were analyzed with statistical methods. The accepted level of significance was p<0.05. Results. Analyses of the disparities between the girls and the boys showed statistically significant differences in all of the body mass components and in obliquity of the pelvis/shoulder. The boys were characterized by higher contents of muscle tissue (p<0.001), bone tissue (p<0.001), fatless tissue (p<0.001), and body water (p<0.001) as well as a greater obliquity angle (p=0.018). The girls, on the other hand, were found with higher content of fatty tissue (p<0.001). The children with lower content of muscle tissue (p=0.030), fatless tissue (p=0.030), water (p=0.030), and higher content of fatty tissue measured in kg (p=0.027) were characterized by greater pelvic obliquity. Conclusion. The current study shows evidence that sex, as a strongly differentiating factor, determines body mass composition and the occurrence of suboptimal postures only in the pelvic area. Body mass composition differentiates body posture of the study group. The content of fatty tissue influences the occurrence of suboptimal postures in the scapula and pelvic area in the frontal plane. The content of muscle tissue is associated with faulty postures in the scapula and pelvic area in the frontal plane.
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Inga DABOLINA, Jelizaveta Fomina, Eva Lapkovska, and Liene Silina. "Selected dynamic anthropometrics and body characteristics for posture corrector fit." Communications in Development and Assembling of Textile Products 1, no. 2 (November 22, 2020): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.25367/cdatp.2020.1.p96-103.

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Correct body posture is a balanced musculoskeletal body position; however, today many people face severe posture defects, and their body posture may be far from a normal, causing progressive musculoskeletal deformities and pain, as well as affecting the functionality and appearance of the body. Human daily habits, lack of physical activities and overall a sedentary lifestyle cause such phenomena. The research focuses on studies of human body measurements and body characteristics while wearing posture-corrective equipment for the assessment of the effectiveness of different posture correctors (abbreviated as PoC). Four test-persons were selected and scanned using 3D anthropometrical scanner in relaxed stand position wearing five different posture correctors for a prolonged period of time in order to determine the effectiveness and functionality of each PoC. Four distance (linear) human body measurements were gained to quantify postural changes - scapula position depth, upper torso position, shoulder projection height and hip-waist depth. General feedbacks on each subject impression of wearing PoCs were also received. Correction of posture could serve as a preventive or treatment for spine-related problems; though, commercially available correctors could negatively affect wearer’s health due to non-conformity of the design and/or used material. Therefore, PoC selection and wearing procedures should be solved with more personalized and customized approaches.
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Щирба, В. А. "Causes, Prevention and Correction of Impaired Posture in Children of Primary School Age." Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2016.3.1170.

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Research Objective. The objective of our research was to provide theoretical substantiation and implement corrective gymnastics in practice for the purposes of prevention and correction of faults in schoolchildren’s posture. The main means for shaping the correct posture, preventing and correcting faults in posture are callisthenic routine and special corrective exercises. Research methods: anamnesis, somatoscopy, clinical and mathematical methods. Research results. The medical examination revealed that only six of 60 pupils had normal correctly shaped posture, which accounts for 10%. The posture of the other 90% of the pupils was impaired. The most common faults were: asymmetrical pectoral girdle and shoulder blades, stooping posture. The examination revealed 19 pupils with scoliotic posture, which accounts for 44 %. The posture of 24 pupils, or 40%, was hyperkyphotic and stooping. In other words, the posture of 84% of the pupils was scoliotic or hyperkyphotic. The rest of the pupils had flat and kypholordic posture. It is worth mentioning that some of the pupils examined had more serious disorders of their musculoskeletal system, namely: organic disorders, such as spinal disorders in the sagittal plane — the scoliosis types excluded from the study. Significantly, the first main reason of posture disorders is weakness of the pectoral muscle sling. Conclusions. The principal means of prevention and correction of impaired posture are using special physical exercises designed to create a muscular corpus and correct particular faults in posture. We therefore developed sets of exercises intended to correct posture defects and proposed them to the physical education teacher and class teachers.
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Puszczałowska-Lizis, Ewa, Sławomir Jandziś, and Katarzyna Ćwik. "Awareness of mothers of primary school children about the prevention of body posture defects." Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26444/monz/74778.

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Morrison, Dee. "Poor balance, bilateral upper limb phocomelia, no previous exercise: a challenging combination for fall prevention in a middle-aged thalidomide survivor." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 1 (January 2020): e231345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-231345.

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Poor balance and falls pose substantial risks to health and well-being. Thalidomide survivors with arm defects have an additional risk being unable to protect themselves in a fall. Generic exercise information to improve strength and balance is increasingly available to the elderly. However, disability can carry a lifetime risk. Identifying and correcting underlying musculoskeletal issues, correction of gait abnormalities together with establishing an appropriate exercise routine that is affordable, convenient and fun should improve outcomes at any stage of adult life. This can be challenging, not least in those who have never previously exercised and who are now middle aged or older. The Thalidomide Trust piloted focused support for a middle-aged thalidomide survivor with bilateral radial club hands and increasing balance issues who had never previously exercised. This met with great success improving his strength, balance, gait and posture together with ensuring an established exercise routine to maintain the improvement.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prevention of postural defects"

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Colarusso, Tiffany. "Descriptive Analysis of Ebstein Anomaly in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/210.

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There is relatively little epidemiologic information about Ebstein anomaly (EA) ─ a rare congenital heart defect. Thus, we analyzed characteristics of EA in a geographically and ethnically diverse population. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were used to study infants born from 1997-2007 with EA. Birth prevalence and prevalence ratio (PR) estimates were derived from the number of affected infants per 10,000 live births in the catchment area. Case characteristics were examined, stratified by the presence of other cardiac and extracardiac defects. Predictive modeling using logistic regression was conducted to understand infant mortality risk factors. There were 249 cases with EA, for a birth prevalence of 0.55/10,000 live births. Other cardiac defects were present in 41.0% and extracardiac defects in 10% of cases. Prevalence was higher among multiple births compared to singletons (PR 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46-3.92) and preterm compared to term infants (PR 1.84, 95% CI 1.27-2.64). Compared to EA cases without other defects, those with additional defects were more likely to die (crude Odds Ratio (cOR) 4.07, 95% CI 1.71-9.93) or undergo cardiac surgery (cOR 6.06, 95% CI 2.78-13.49). Risk for death during infancy was increased by being small for gestational age (adjusted (a) OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.13-7.76) and having extracardiac defects (aOR 6.31, 95% CI 2.28-17.52). Some findings are consistent with previous work, but further studies of EA could clarify risk factors for occurrence and mortality. Knowing population characteristics could guide development of prevention strategies and may improve clinical care.
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Kancherla, Vijaya. "Epidemiology of choanal atresia - the National Birth Defects Prevention Study." Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/829.

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Choanal atresia is a well-defined congenital malformation; however, little is known about its prevalence and risk factors. Data from the Iowa Registry for Congenital and Inherited Disorders were used to examine prevalence, infant, and maternal characteristics of choanal artesia. Data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) were used to examine selected risk factors for choanal atresia. Overall prevalence was estimated as number of choanal atresia cases per 10,000 live births with 95% confidence intervals (CI)s. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR)s and 95% CIs were estimated to investigate selected risk factors. The overall prevalence of choanal atresia among live born deliveries in Iowa from January, 1998 through December, 2005 was 0.46 (95% CI=0.27, 0.78) per 10,000 live births. Using data from the NBDPS, choanal atresia cases were compared to unaffected control infants for births from October 1997 through December 2005. Overall, case infants compared to control infants were more likely to be female, preterm, and a multiple birth. For all choanal atresia cases combined, odds of high maternal zinc (OR=2.1; 95% CI=1.2, 3.9) and vitamin B-12 (OR=2.4; 95% CI=1.4, 4.3) intake in the year prior to pregnancy, and maternal periconceptional (one month before through three months after conception) exposure to anti-infective urinary tract medications (OR=3.3; 95% CI=1.3, 8.4) were significantly elevated among case compared to control mothers. For isolated choanal atresia cases (those with no additional major malformations), odds of maternal periconceptional exposure to passive cigarette smoke (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.0, 5.3) as well as maternal intake of 3 or more cups of coffee per day one-year prior to pregnancy were increased (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.3, 6.4) for case compared to control mothers. The reverse was found for low maternal intake of pantothenic acid (OR=0.4; 95% CI=0.2,0.9) and vitamin A (OR=0.3; 95% CI=0.1, 0.8) one-year prior to pregnancy. The current study provided support for potential associations between maternal health behaviors before and during pregnancy and choanal atresia; however, the findings were based on a modest number of cases. The study needs to be replicated in a larger case sample, also examining the role of genetics in choanal atresia.
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Fleming, Angeleen Louise. "Development and prevention of neural tube defects in the mouse embryo." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287550.

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Cogram, Patricia. "Inositol and protein kinase C in the prevention of neural tube defects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445217/.

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A number of mouse genetic mutants develop neural tube defects (NTDs). In some cases, defects can be prevented by administration of folic acid during pregnancy, whereas in other mutants there is no response. This parallels the human situation in which a proportion of NTDs appear resistant to folic acid therapy. Curly tail is the best characterised mouse model of folic acid-resistant NTDs. Previously it was shown that the incidence of spina bifida in curly tail mice can be reduced by administration of inositol during embryonic development. In this thesis, I compared the effectiveness of two isomers, myo- and D-chiro-inositol, with administration either directly to embryos in vitro, or to pregnant females by subcutaneous or oral routes. Although both inositols exerted a preventive effect on spina bifida, by all routes of administration, D-chiro-inositol consistently exhibited greater potency than myo-inositol. The protective effect of inositol has been shown previously to be mediated through the activity of the inositol/lipid cycle and to depend on downstream activation of protein kinase C (PKC). In the studies decscribed in this thesis, I examined the role of PKC in more detail. The expression of PKC isoforms was first examined by irrmiunohistochemistry, Broad spectrum chemical inhibitors were then used in whole embryo culture to confirm that one or more PKC isoforms are indispensable for normalisation of neural tube closure by inositol. Specific peptide inhibitors were then applied, and revealed that PKC beta I, gamma and zeta are most important in the protective pathway. Finally, I demonstrated that inositol stimulates cell proliferation in the hindgut of curly tail embryos, reversing the imbalance of cell proliferation that is known to lead, via enhanced ventral curvature of the caudal region, to delay or failure of neural tube closure.
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Sudiwala, Sonia Jaishri. "Gene-environment interactions in the causation and prevention of neural tube defects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046049/.

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The aim of the work described in this thesis is to investigate the mechanisms underlying neural tube defects (NTDs), birth defects of the developing central nervous system. The study makes use of mouse models of NTDs, and particularly focuses on the interaction between nutritional factors and genetic risk factors in determining susceptibility to NTDs. In humans some NTDs are preventable by folic acid supplementation, but this is not fully effective so investigation of alternative strategies was a key focus. The efficacy of oral nucleotide and/or inositol supplementation was evaluated for prevention of NTDs in the curly tail (Grhl3 hypomorph) mouse, a model for Folic acid-resistant NTDs. Metabolic effects were investigated by mass spectrometry methods for analysis of folate one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) and nucleotide, nucleoside and nucleobase pools. Genetic factors influencing FOCM in curly tail embryos were investigated, focussing on expression of Mthfd1L, which encodes an enzyme of mitochondrial FOCM. Effects on downstream metabolites and the potential for rescue by supplementation with one-carbon donors was evaluated, together with mass spectrometry based analysis of the treatment. The effect of caffeine on neural tube closure was investigated in several mouse strains to test the hypothesis that caffeine may be a risk factor for NTDs. Caffeine did not interfere with neurulation, and was in fact found to prevent spina bifida in curly tail mice. This prevention was accompanied by changes in embryonic FOCM, and cellular effects were analysed. The cellular basis for prevention of NTDs by folic acid was investigate in the Splotch (Pax3 mutant) mouse. Proliferation was investigated in the cranial neuroepithelium of Splotch mutant and wild-type embryos, under standard and folic acid supplemented conditions. The molecular basis of NTDs was investigated with a focus on abnormal Sonic Hedgehog signalling and disrupted dorso-ventral patterning as potentially contributing to NTDs in Splotch mutants.
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Rossiter, Anna Louise. "Preventing falls in older adults : understanding postural instability to improve fall assessment and prevention." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6352/.

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Falls in older adults are a serious and increasing problem for the NHS. Due to their multifactorial causes falls are difficult to prevent but research suggests that assessment and early interventions of those at risk of falling can help reduce fall frequency and consequently alleviate the health service burden and improve quality of life for older adults. The overall objective of this work was to investigate postural stability in persons over the age of 65 years to understand why this age group are susceptible to falls. Three main research aims were pursued (i) establish the scale of the issue of falls in older adults; (ii) develop an assessment system to measure postural stability; (iii) determine the conditions that compromise postural stability and assess awareness of this compromised stability. Firstly the existing literature was reviewed and a large scale analysis of accident reports from a sample of UK care homes was carried out. The results showed that falls are a serious issue for older adults residing in care homes, but also that accident reports are not necessarily reliable and some institutions may underreport falls. Pilot work in the early stages of the research process developed an accurate and reliable system to measure levels of postural stability. A Wii balance board was interfaced with a computer based kinematic assessment tool to measure postural stability whilst carrying out a variety of computerised secondary tasks. This assessment system was then used to fulfil the final research aim of investigating postural stability in older adults when loaded with various secondary tasks. Older adults’ postural stability was found to be compromised when undertaking a concurrent visuomotor task, but critically the results showed that this group were unaware of this compromise. The implications of these findings are discussed and further research directions are suggested.
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Memon, Samreen. "Cardiac birth defects caused by lifestyle and their potential prevention by nutritional molecules." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11418/.

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Congenital heart defects are responsible for more neonatal deaths than any other birth defect. Although genetic and environmental factors play an important role, either separately or in combination (multifactorial), still the cause in most cases remains unknown. Changing life styles, e.g. exposure of the mother to excessive alcohol, nicotine in tobacco smoke, easily available traditional and, over the counter medicines and environmental contaminants could be possible causes of congenital malformations. Maternal diseases like diabetes mellitus are also one of the etiological factors for developmental defects. Several developmental genes, for instance connexin 43; one of the key proteins involved in cardiovascular development, and endothelin 1; another important gene required in many developmental processes, could be responsible for developmental anomalies of the heart. Supplementation with micronutrients such as folic acid and Vitamin C during the periconceptional period has been shown to prevent some neural tube and congenital heart defects. This study was aimed at evaluating the adverse effects of ethanol, retinoic acid, nicotine, cadmium chloride, sodium fluoride, ginseng and diabetic conditions on chick cardiomyocytes cultured in the micromass system, and examining the potential protective effects of folic acid and vitamin C. Also teratogenic effects of some of the teratogens, ethanol, nicotine, retinoic acid and diabetic conditions, were examined using in ovo culture. Hearts were dissected from 5 day old White Leghorn chick embryos and the cells were isolated and cultured. They were exposed to different concentrations of test chemicals. Folic acid and vitamin C were added to see any protective effects. Cell viability was assessed using the resazurin reduction assay and the kenacid blue assay was performed for determining cell number. For in ovo culture, day 3 chick embryos were injected with ethanol, nicotine, retinoic acid or diabetic molecules or a combination of teratogenic chemicals and vitamins (folic acid and vitamin C). Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were employed to detect the expression of connexin 43 and endothelin 1. Results of micromass culture revealed that ethanol, retinoic acid, nicotine, cadmium chloride and diabetic conditions dramatically reduced cellular differentiation, cell viability and protein content in a dose dependant manner. However, vitamin C (100µM) and folic acid (1mM) administered concurrently with these chemicals, except for cadmium chloride, could significantly improve all parameters such that the values were comparable with the control. Nicotine had no effect on cell viability and protein content, but cell beating was significantly affected. This effect was reversed by the addition of Vitamin C and folic acid. Results of in ovo culture showed that ethanol and diabetic conditions caused gross and histological malformations in chick embryos. However their effects were abrogated with supplemental folic acid and vitamin C. Immunohistochemical and western blotting results demonstrated a decreased expression of Cx43 and endothelin 1 in ethanol, retinoic acid, nicotine and diabetic condition treated cells while addition of vitamins restored their expression so they were comparable to controls. It may be that environmentally induced teratogenic effects on heart development could be prevented by supplementation with Vitamin C and folic acid during pregnancy.
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Koegel, David Eric. "SPECIFIC PERMEABILITIES OF METALLIC COLUMNAR STRUCTURES AT LOW LIQUID-VOLUME FRACTIONS (MACROSEGREGATION, LEAD-TIN ALLOY, DENDRITIC)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275455.

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Santiago-Colón, Albeliz. "Association between Maternal Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Risk of Selected Birth Defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1540564606643075.

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Zhang, Hong Bo. "Developing and Evaluating New Methods for Assessing Postural Control and Dynamics." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19289.

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Falls are the leading cause of injuries among older adults (>65) and frequently result in reduced mobility, loss of independence, decreased quality of life, injury, and death.  Extensive research has been conducted regarding postural coordination and control, and other mechanisms/processes involved in maintaining postural stability.  However, there is relatively limited knowledge regarding the patterns of joint coordination, the underlying postural controller, and efficient methods to assess passive and active musculoskeletal properties relevant to balance.  In the current work, three new methods were developed to address these limitations and also to better understand the effects of localized ankle muscle fatigue, gender, and aging on postural coordination and control.

First, two methods were used to evaluate postural coordination.  A wavelet coherence approach was developed and applied to assess the level and pattern of coordination between pairs of joints (i.e., ankle-knee, ankle-trunk, and ankle-head).  In addition, the uncontrolled manifold method was implemented for evaluation of potential whole-body coordination control goals.  Clear patterns of intermittent wavelet coherence were evident, indicating that joint coordination is intermittently executed.  Both in-phase and anti-phase coherence were detected over frequencies of 2.5 -- 4.0 Hz.  Shoulder and head kinematics appeared more likely than the whole-body center of mass as control goals for whole body coordination.  Both aging and ankle muscle fatigue led to a reduction of joint coordination.  

Second, an intermittent sliding mode controller was developed to model quiet upright stance.  In contrast to most previous postural controllers, which assume continuous control, an intermittent controller was considered more consistent with recent evidence on muscle activity and the results of the first study on postural coordination.  The sliding mode controller was able to accurately track kinematics and kinetics, and generated passive and active ankle torques comparable with previous results.  Ankle fatigue led to an increase in active ankle torque especially among young adults and males.

Third, a new method was developed to estimate passive and active mechanical properties at the ankle (e.g., stiffness and damping).  This method was inspired from intermittent control theory, and the earlier results noted.  As opposed to conventional methods, this new method is computationally efficient and does not require external mechanical or sensory perturbations.  The method yielded a ratio of passive to active ankle torques consistent with earlier evidence, and larger passive and active ankle torques among males and older adults.  A post-fatigue increase of active ankle torque was estimated, especially among males and young adults.

In addition to providing new analytical methods, the noted studies suggest that older adults have decreased joint coordination and increased ankle stiffness.  As a practical implication of this, fall prevention training programs may benefit from seeking to develop appropriate joint coordination strategies and ankle stiffness magnitudes.  To expand on the current work, future research should consider measuring muscle contraction characteristics at multiple joints and in different postures or activities.


Ph. D.
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Books on the topic "Prevention of postural defects"

1

Postural assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012.

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Postural disorders and musculoskeletal dysfunction: Diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2007.

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Ilkay, Gungor, ed. Birth defects issues on prevention and promotion. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Gravelle, Karen. Understanding birth defects. New York: Franklin Watts, 1990.

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Abeywardana, Samanthi. Neural tube defects in Australia: An epidemiological report. Sydney: AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2008.

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Wall, Alison. Birth defects in North Carolina: A report by the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Raleigh, N.C: North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics, 2006.

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Narasimhan, Kannan Laksmi. Neural tube defects: Role of folate, prevention strategies and genetics. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012.

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Julian, Little, and Elwood J. Harold, eds. Epidemiology and control of neural tube defects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

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M, Scheffler Richard, and Romano Patrick S, eds. The cost of birth defects: Estimates of the value of prevention. Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1996.

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Hidekazu, Murakawa, and Ma Ninshu, eds. Welding deformation and residual stress prevention. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prevention of postural defects"

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Volmar, Keith E. "Tracking of Report Defects." In Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology, 243–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18464-3_15.

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Newcomb, Patricia M. "Birth Defects, Early Childhood." In Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion, 229–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0195-4_32.

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Abel, Ernest L., and Robert J. Sokol. "Prevention of Alcohol-Related Birth Defects." In Principles of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy, 105–14. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2415-7_10.

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Källén, Bengt. "Explanation and Prevention of Birth Defects." In Epidemiology of Human Congenital Malformations, 157–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01472-2_32.

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Polakis, Paul, Matt Hart, and Bonnee Rubinfeld. "Defects in the Regulation of β-Catenin in Colorectal Cancer." In Colon Cancer Prevention, 23–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4149-3_3.

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Newcomb, Patricia M. "Prevention of Birth Defects and Preterm Delivery." In Encyclopedia of Primary Prevention and Health Promotion, 837–53. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_152.

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Ames, B. N., P. Motchnik, C. G. Fraga, M. K. Shigenaga, and T. M. Hagen. "Antioxidant Prevention of Birth Defects and Cancer." In Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity, 243–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1877-8_21.

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Peters, P. W. J. "Risk Estimation and Primary Prevention of Birth Defects." In Use of Mechanistic Information in Risk Assessment, 138–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78640-2_16.

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Laurence, K. M. "Primary prevention of neural tube defects by dietary improvement and folic acid supplementation." In Spina bifida - neural tube defects, edited by P. Gless, J. Lorber, and D. Voth, 107–18. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110850307-015.

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Oakley, Godfrey P., J. David Erickson, Levy M. James, Joseph Mulinare, and José F. Cordero. "Prevention of Folic Acid-Preventable Spina Bifida and Anencephaly." In Ciba Foundation Symposium 181 - Neural Tube Defects, 212–31. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470514559.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prevention of postural defects"

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Lopez, Liliana Olmos. "Detection of Postural Defects Applying Artificial Vision." In 2006 Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cerma.2006.37.

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Ren, Qin, Hongyu Li, and Masaya Kawano. "Yield Impacting Defects and Prevention of Microbump Formation." In 2019 IEEE 21st Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc47984.2019.9026698.

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Leong Tse Meng, Goh Inn Swee, J. Bonar, Lim Yin Wei, H. Han, Kim Hong Jin, and Poh Choon Wei. "Sphere defects prevention on shallow trench isolation etch." In ISSM 2005, IEEE International Symposium on Semiconductor Manufacturing, 2005. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issm.2005.1513410.

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Šutvajová, Miroslava, Peter Bartík, Kristína Bul’áková, Peter Šagát, and Pablo Prieto-González. "Screening of flat feet in preschool children as prevention of postural disorders." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING ICCMSE 2020. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0047787.

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Oshima, Megumu, Kanya Nara, and Tatsuhiko Yoshimura. "Prevention of Defects and Customer Dissatisfaction using Quick Design Review." In SAE 2011 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0510.

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Sheehan, Megan M., Ganga Karunamuni, Cameron J. Pedersen, Shi Gu, Yong Qiu Doughman, Michael W. Jenkins, Michiko Watanabe, and Andrew M. Rollins. "Prevention of congenital defects induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (Conference Presentation)." In Optical Coherence Tomography and Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedicine XXI, edited by Joseph A. Izatt, James G. Fujimoto, and Valery V. Tuchin. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2254932.

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Sheehan, Megan M., Ganga Karunamuni, Cameron J. Pedersen, Shi Gu, Yong Qiu Doughman, Michael W. Jenkins, Michiko Watanabe, and Andrew M. Rollins. "Prevention of congenital defects induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (Conference Presentation)." In Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases in the Breast and Reproductive System III, edited by Melissa C. Skala and Paul J. Campagnola. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2253111.

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Madias, Jorge, Alberto Moreno, and Cristian Genzano. "BILLET DEFECTS: PIN-HOLE AND BLOW-HOLE FORMATION, PREVENTION AND EVOLUTION." In 46º Seminário de Aciaria - Internacional. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1982-9345-26292.

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Choi, Jihwan, Yongho Kim, Dongwook Lee, Hoyong Jung, Snagpyo Kim, and Donggyu Yim. "Investigation of scum type growing defects on attenuated PSM and its prevention." In SPIE Photomask Technology, edited by Naoya Hayashi and Bryan S. Kasprowicz. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2196069.

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Eddy, Douglas, Sundar Krishnamurty, Ian Grosse, Michael White, and Damon Blanchette. "A Defect Prevention Concept Using Artificial Intelligence." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22112.

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Abstract Defect prevention is particularly critical in operations such as aircraft assembly or service. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) procedures have been deployed manually for many years. However, the manual procedures fail to utilize capability to build intelligence into inspection processes that can facilitate elimination of human error. In this work, we introduce an artificial intelligence (AI)-based concept that can iteratively learn to assure zero defects from a given inspection process. This work introduces a schema that can serve as a knowledge management framework in a relational database for instantiation with inspection process information and data from a detection system. A companion algorithm is presented for the case of a wiring harness bracket installation in a fuselage. The schema and algorithm analyze and assess potential defects posed by Foreign Object Debris (FOD) in parallel to the assembly inspection. A closed loop of logic was introduced to enable anomaly detection by this algorithm to assure zero defects.
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