Dissertations / Theses: 'Preventive detention'

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Neto, Manoel Correia de Oliveira Andrade. "A prisão preventiva entre suas funções declarada e oculta: uma análise a partir das decisões denegatórias de habeas corpus pela câmara criminal do Tribunal de justiça de Alagoas." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1135.

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O caminho percorrido neste trabalho teve como ponto de partida a exposição dos marcos teóricos do liberalismo clássico e da criminologia positivista, responsáveis pela construção do discurso jurídico-penal que legitima o poder de punir do Estado e da ideologia da defesa social, a qual, em suma, sustenta ser o direito penal uma reação ao comportamento de uma minoria desviante e proteção aos interesses da maioria; ou seja, o crime como um mal e a pena como resposta, remédio, que o Estado está legitimado a ministrar seja como retribuição, seja como contra-estímulo, para restauração da ordem. Ato contínuo, expus como pesquisas realizadas a partir dos aportes teóricos da reação social e, especialmente, da criminologia crítica, foram responsáveis pela deslegitimação daquele discurso e ideologia, revelando a verdadeira e oculta função do sistema penal, sua eficácia invertida: a legitimação e reprodução das assimetrias sociais através do controle social dos extratos mais vulneráveis. A dimensão desta disfunção pode ser medida quando conhecido que cerca de 40% (quarenta por cento), no Brasil, e 60% (sessenta por cento), em Alagoas, dentre todos os encarcerados, experimentam prisão preventiva, número que chama a atenção de criminólogos, mas também de pesquisadores de diversas outras áreas, bem como de uma parcela da sociedade civil, para a opção feita pelo sistema de justiça criminal de privação da liberdade anterior à condenação e, muitas vezes, ao próprio processamento. E, isto, apesar de o discurso declarado ou o conteúdo programático do direito processual brasileiro erigir a presunção de inocência a princípio fundamental, com assento na Constituição Federal e, portanto, como regra que impede o tratamento de culpado àqueles que não tenham sido condenados pela prática de um crime. A partir deste problema, então, realizei a coleta de dados de todos os acórdãos denegatórios de ordem de habeas corpus julgados no período de um ano pela câmara criminal do Tribunal de Justiça de Alagoas, quando estivesse presente no fundamento a necessidade da manutenção da prisão ante a presença dos requisitos autorizadores para decreto; os dados revelaram que a periculosidade do preso, a possibilidade de reiteração delitiva e a gravidade do crime eram os motivos que concentravam a atenção dos magistrados. Desta forma, separei três decisões típicas e, através do método de análise de conteúdo, busquei, para além do conteúdo declarado, aquele outro, não dito, oculto, capaz de revelar o real motivo para o alto número de encarceramento preventivo. Em conclusão, a pesquisa demonstrou que a prisão preventiva tem cumprido uma real função de medida de segurança para imputáveis, considerados perigosos, dando-se elevada importância aos elementos informativos colhidos durante a investigação, posto que a conduta imputada, e reveladora da periculosidade, não é outra senão aquela atribuída pela autoridade policial. Neste sentido, a seletividade policial, realizada, como demonstram os estudos da criminologia crítica sobre os extratos mais débeis e precários da sociedade, é chancelada pela seletividade judicial, que contribui decisivamente para que o sistema penal realize suas reais funções de neutralização e disciplina das classes sociais inferiores
The path this work had as its starting point the exposure of theoretical frameworks of classical liberalism and positivist criminology, responsible for building the legal and criminal speech that legitimizes the power to punish the state and ideology of social defense, which, in short, contends that the criminal law a reaction to the behavior of a deviant minority and protecting the interests of the majority; ie the crime as an evil and off in response, remedy, that the state is legitimized the minister is paid back either as counter-stimulus for restoring order. Immediately thereafter, exposed as research conducted from the theoretical contributions of social reaction and especially of critical criminology, were responsible for the delegitimization of that discourse and ideology, revealing the true and hidden function of the penal system, its inverted effectiveness: the legitimation and reproduction social asymmetries through social control of the most vulnerable strata. The size of this dysfunction can be measured when known that about 40% (forty percent), Brazil, and 60% (sixty percent), Alagoas, of all the prisoners, experience probation, a number that draws attention criminologists, but also of researchers from several other areas as well as a portion of the civil society, the choice made by the criminal justice system of deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing and often the processing itself. And this, despite the declared speech or the curriculum of the Brazilian procedural law erect the presumption of innocence the fundamental principle with seat in the Federal Constitution and therefore, as a rule that prevents the treatment of guilty to those who have not been convicted of commission of a crime. From this problem, then realized the collection of data from all denegatórios judgments of habeas corpus order judged within one year by the criminal chamber of the Court of Alagoas, were present when the foundation the need for prison maintenance ante the presence of authorizers requirements to decree; the data revealed that the "dangerousness of the prisoner," the "possibility of repetition delitiva" and the "gravity of the crime" were the reasons that concentrated the attention of the judges. Thus, separated three typical decisions and through the content analysis method, I looked beyond the declared content, that other, unspoken, hidden, able to reveal the real reason for the high number of preventive imprisonment. In conclusion, the research has shown that pre-trial detention has fulfilled a real security measure attributable to function, considered "dangerous" if giving high importance to the elements of information collected during the investigation, since "its conduct", and revealing the "dangerousness" is none other than that assigned by the police. In this regard, police selectivity held, as shown by studies of critical criminology on the weakest and most precarious strata of society, is sealed by the court selectivity, which contributes decisively to the criminal justice system to hold its real neutralization of functions and discipline of classes lower social.

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2

Blum, Stephanie. "Preventive detention in the war on terror a plan for a more moderate and sustainable solution /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FBlum.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Morag, Nadav ; Rollins, John. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 30, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-231). Also available in print.

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Durán-Sánchez, Mabel Gabriela. "Accidental Detention: A Threat to the Legitimacy of Venezuelan Democracy." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4667.

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The main argument of this thesis is that the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela is brought about an inept criminal justice system whose functioning (or lack thereof) further exacerbates overcrowding in penitentiary facilities as well as violates the most basic human rights. More elaborately, I argue that the unintentional (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention, one of the consequences of the inept criminal justice system, further exacerbates the overcrowding in prisons and creates serious human rights implications. The purpose of this study is to establish a connection between the penitentiary crisis in Venezuela, with a focus on pre-trial preventive detention, and the larger criminal justice system failure in the country. The data source and data gathering technique for the thesis consists of a content analysis and a secondary literature review. Since the theoretical framework of the project is international human rights, instruments from the United Nations and the Organization of American States are used. Reports from non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and Observatorio Venezolano de Prisiones provide the data to conduct the analysis which is specific to pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela. These reports are produced on a yearly basis and will help to compliment the data obtained from government sources, mainly the Venezuelan Ombudsman's office. The findings of the thesis support the argument that contrary to common belief, the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention in Venezuela is in fact mainly accidental, it is not systematic in the sense that it is not targeting a particular group of people due to their political affiliation and/or beliefs. Furthermore, I prove that Venezuelan penitentiary facilities are overcrowded due to the (mis)use of pre-trial preventive detention. Immediate recommendations for the Venezuelan state include re-categorizing the penal population in Venezuela as well as diminishing the use of deprivation of liberty, specifically pre-trial preventive detention.

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4

Andrade, Neto Manoel Correia de Oliveira. "A prisão preventiva entre suas funções declarada e oculta: uma análise a partir das decisões denegatórias de habeas corpus pela câmara criminal do Tribunal de justiça de Alagoas." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/554.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manoel_correia_neto.pdf: 631677 bytes, checksum: 188540e42a4e80cd55ce6dadd7d341c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24
The path this work had as its starting point the exposure of theoretical frameworks of classical liberalism and positivist criminology, responsible for building the legal and criminal speech that legitimizes the power to punish the state and ideology of social defense, which, in short, contends that the criminal law a reaction to the behavior of a deviant minority and protecting the interests of the majority; ie the crime as an evil and off in response, remedy, that the state is legitimized the minister is paid back either as counter-stimulus for restoring order. Immediately thereafter, exposed as research conducted from the theoretical contributions of social reaction and especially of critical criminology, were responsible for the delegitimization of that discourse and ideology, revealing the true and hidden function of the penal system, its inverted effectiveness: the legitimation and reproduction social asymmetries through social control of the most vulnerable strata. The size of this dysfunction can be measured when known that about 40% (forty percent), Brazil, and 60% (sixty percent), Alagoas, of all the prisoners, experience probation, a number that draws attention criminologists, but also of researchers from several other areas as well as a portion of the civil society, the choice made by the criminal justice system of deprivation of liberty prior to sentencing and often the processing itself. And this, despite the declared speech or the curriculum of the Brazilian procedural law erect the presumption of innocence the fundamental principle with seat in the Federal Constitution and therefore, as a rule that prevents the treatment of guilty to those who have not been convicted of commission of a crime. From this problem, then realized the collection of data from all denegatórios judgments of habeas corpus order judged within one year by the criminal chamber of the Court of Alagoas, were present when the foundation the need for prison maintenance ante the presence of authorizers requirements to decree; the data revealed that the "dangerousness of the prisoner," the "possibility of repetition delitiva" and the "gravity of the crime" were the reasons that concentrated the attention of the judges. Thus, separated three typical decisions and through the content analysis method, I looked beyond the declared content, that other, unspoken, hidden, able to reveal the real reason for the high number of preventive imprisonment. In conclusion, the research has shown that pre-trial detention has fulfilled a real security measure attributable to function, considered "dangerous" if giving high importance to the elements of information collected during the investigation, since "its conduct", and revealing the "dangerousness" is none other than that assigned by the police. In this regard, police selectivity held, as shown by studies of critical criminology on the weakest and most precarious strata of society, is sealed by the court selectivity, which contributes decisively to the criminal justice system to hold its real neutralization of functions and discipline of classes lower social.
O caminho percorrido neste trabalho teve como ponto de partida a exposição dos marcos teóricos do liberalismo clássico e da criminologia positivista, responsáveis pela construção do discurso jurídico-penal que legitima o poder de punir do Estado e da ideologia da defesa social, a qual, em suma, sustenta ser o direito penal uma reação ao comportamento de uma minoria desviante e proteção aos interesses da maioria; ou seja, o crime como um mal e a pena como resposta, remédio, que o Estado está legitimado a ministrar seja como retribuição, seja como contra-estímulo, para restauração da ordem. Ato contínuo, expus como pesquisas realizadas a partir dos aportes teóricos da reação social e, especialmente, da criminologia crítica, foram responsáveis pela deslegitimação daquele discurso e ideologia, revelando a verdadeira e oculta função do sistema penal, sua eficácia invertida: a legitimação e reprodução das assimetrias sociais através do controle social dos extratos mais vulneráveis. A dimensão desta disfunção pode ser medida quando conhecido que cerca de 40% (quarenta por cento), no Brasil, e 60% (sessenta por cento), em Alagoas, dentre todos os encarcerados, experimentam prisão preventiva, número que chama a atenção de criminólogos, mas também de pesquisadores de diversas outras áreas, bem como de uma parcela da sociedade civil, para a opção feita pelo sistema de justiça criminal de privação da liberdade anterior à condenação e, muitas vezes, ao próprio processamento. E, isto, apesar de o discurso declarado ou o conteúdo programático do direito processual brasileiro erigir a presunção de inocência a princípio fundamental, com assento na Constituição Federal e, portanto, como regra que impede o tratamento de culpado àqueles que não tenham sido condenados pela prática de um crime. A partir deste problema, então, realizei a coleta de dados de todos os acórdãos denegatórios de ordem de habeas corpus julgados no período de um ano pela câmara criminal do Tribunal de Justiça de Alagoas, quando estivesse presente no fundamento a necessidade da manutenção da prisão ante a presença dos requisitos autorizadores para decreto; os dados revelaram que a periculosidade do preso , a possibilidade de reiteração delitiva e a gravidade do crime eram os motivos que concentravam a atenção dos magistrados. Desta forma, separei três decisões típicas e, através do método de análise de conteúdo, busquei, para além do conteúdo declarado, aquele outro, não dito, oculto, capaz de revelar o real motivo para o alto número de encarceramento preventivo. Em conclusão, a pesquisa demonstrou que a prisão preventiva tem cumprido uma real função de medida de segurança para imputáveis, considerados perigosos , dando-se elevada importância aos elementos informativos colhidos durante a investigação, posto que a conduta imputada , e reveladora da periculosidade , não é outra senão aquela atribuída pela autoridade policial. Neste sentido, a seletividade policial, realizada, como demonstram os estudos da criminologia crítica sobre os extratos mais débeis e precários da sociedade, é chancelada pela seletividade judicial, que contribui decisivamente para que o sistema penal realize suas reais funções de neutralização e disciplina das classes sociais inferiores

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Carreiro, Ana Sofia Maciel. "O “corte” dos presos com o exterior e o interior. Representações das auto-mutilações em reclusos preventivos." Master's thesis, ISPA -Instituto Universitário, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2619.

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O presente projecto de investigação tem por objectivo compreender as respresentações psicológicas das auto-mutilações em reclusos preventivos. Em primeiro lugar é necessário perceber de que forma o meio prisional exacerba ou minora comportamentos de automutilação, em indivíduos que já apresentavam histórial deste tipo de comportamento. Em segundo, investigar de que forma o meio prisional influência a manifestação súbita de automutilações, em indivíduos sem história de auto-mutilação, e por outro lado se estes sofrem de algum tipo de perturbação psicológica. A amostra será constituída por 10 reclusos preventivos, do sexo masculino com comportamentos de auto-mutilação de um Estabelecimento Prisional que inclua preventivo. Os instrumentos que serão utilizados para responder aos problemas formulados são os seguites, um questionário sociodemográfico, de forma a tentar despistar os reclusos preventivos que se auto-mutilam, uma entrevista clínica estruturada para as perturbações de personalidade do Eixo II do DSM-IV chamada, SCD-II de forma a que se possa delinear um diagnóstico para averiguar se os sujeitos têm algum distúrbio de personalidade do Eixo II. Por último será aplicada uma entrevista semi-directiva a cada um dos reclusos preventivos com o objectivo de recolher informação sobre a representação das auto-mutilações para cada um dos participantes. Com a realização desta investigação espera-se obter informações que possam ajudar os elementos dos Serviços de Tratamento Penitênciário a actuar de forma mais acertiva com este tipo de problemática de forma a tentar prevenir alguns destes comportamentos.
This paper aims to understand the psychological representations behind self-inflicted injuries in convicts. First it is necessary to understand how prison can increase or decrease this type of behavioral in individuals with history of self-abuse. And secondly it is important to investigate how being imprisoned can make individuals without any history of hurting themselves begin those doing so and if there is any evidence of a psychological disorder. The sample will consist in 10 male individuals in preventive detention with self-abuse behavior. It is important to study this kind of prisoners because this is a time when they are more vulnerable to the kind of behavior that is being studied. There will be a questionnaire about social and demographic feature of the individuals so as to understand if there are any self-mutilation behaviors. Afterwards the participants will answer some questions in a structured interview so as to be able to study if there are any personality disorders to be diagnosed. Finally there will be a semi-direct interview so to be able to understand everybody's representations on self-inflicted injuries. With this paper I expect to help clinical services in prison to know how to best control and deal with this type of behavioral, so as to decrease its occurrence.

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Miranda, Julio Gonzalo. "La prisión provisional como pena anticipada." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672290.

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La prisión provisional es utilizada aun en nuestros días como una pena anticipada. Esa percepción permitió analizar en el presente trabajo el instituto pretendidamente procesal bajo distintos prismas y con las herramientas que brindan diversas disciplinas. La base constitucional radica en la observación de la presunción de inocencia, principalmente en cuanto regla de tratamiento del imputado. La mirada social fue entendida dentro de las ciencias de comunicación y las funciones y problemas que se advierten en la actividad mediática dirigida al proceso penal en un Estado Democrático. La dogmática del instituto cautelar y el deslinde de los distintos elementos que conforman la decisión de encarcelamiento sin condena se detuvo en las dificultades que subsisten respecto del modo de justificar la medida tanto en sus fundamentos como en el plano probatorio. Finalmente, el estudio de las teorías de la pena permitió advertir la identidad de funciones que, en muchos casos, se verifica entre la prisión provisional y la pena, las cuales coinciden con una equivalencia de efectos y consecuencias que se advierten ilegítimas. Se defiende, en definitiva, que la medida cautelar no puede tomar los fines de la sanción.
The provisional prison is still used today as an anticipated penalty. This perception allowed the analysis of the allegedly procedural institute in the present work under different prisms and with the tools provided by various disciplines. The constitutional basis lies in the observation of the presumption of innocence, mainly as a rule of treatment of the accused. The social view was understood within the communication sciences and the functions and problems that are noticed in the media activity directed to the criminal process in a Democratic State. The dogmatics of the precautionary institute and the demarcation of the different elements that make up the decision of imprisonment without conviction stopped at the remaining difficulties regarding the way to justify the measure both on its grounds and on the probative level. Finally, the study of the theories of punishment allowed us to notice the identity of functions that, in many cases, is verified between provisional imprisonment and punishment, which coincide with an equivalence of effects and consequences that are perceived as illegitimate. Ultimately, it is argued that the precautionary measure cannot take the purpose of the sanction.
La presó provisional és utilitzada fins i tot en els nostres dies com una pena anticipada. Aquesta percepció va permetre analitzar en el present treball l'institut pretesament processal sota diferents prismes i amb les eines que brinden diverses disciplines. La base constitucional rau en l'observació de la presumpció d'innocència, principalment pel que fa regla de tractament de l'imputat. La mirada social va ser entesa dins de les ciències de comunicació i les funcions i problemes que s'adverteixen en l'activitat mediàtica adreçada a el procés penal en un Estat Democràtic. La dogmàtica de l'institut cautelar i la delimitació dels diferents elements que conformen la decisió d'empresonament sense condemna es va aturar en les dificultats que subsisteixen respecte de la manera de justificar la mesura tant en els seus fonaments com en el pla probatori. Finalment, l'estudi de les teories de la pena permetre advertir la identitat de funcions que, en molts casos, es verifica entre la presó provisional i la pena, les quals coincideixen amb una equivalència d'efectes i conseqüències que s'adverteixen il·legítimes. Es defensa, en definitiva, que la mesura cautelar no pot prendre els fins de la sanció.

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Reihanian, Aurane. "La rétention de sûreté : une approche pénale et constitutionnelle." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAC026.

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Le droit pénal français est traversé par une volonté de prévenir la récidive. Cette volonté est visiblement, aujourd’hui, à son apogée. La menace criminelle se trouvant à un niveau paroxysmique, les solutions visant à l’annihiler fleurissent au rythme des faits divers et actes terroristes. Les mesures de sûreté se trouvent ainsi dans le champ de cette entreprise de renforcement de notre arsenal pénal. Parmi les mesures de sûreté, la rétention de sûreté est particulièrement marquée par le sceau de cette volonté. Elle a ainsi, notamment par ses caractéristiques, nourrit de nombreux et houleux débats au sein de la doctrine française et étrangère. Effectivement, cette mesure part du postulat que certains criminels –en l’espèce les criminels sexuels -présentent des troubles mentaux laissant présumer un risque de récidive. La dangerosité doit alors être appréhendée sous le prisme criminologique et psychologique pour que l’individu dangereux ne répète pas l’acte pénalement incriminable. Cet instrument pénal au service de la sécurité et de la sûreté publique se confronte, de facto, à l’enjeu de la préservation des droits et libertés garanties tant par notre droit interne que les diverses sources du droit international.Au-delà des enjeux liés à la technicité juridique inhérent à tout instrument de droit pénal, la rétention de sûreté est à la croisée de nombreux enjeux: criminologiques, psychologiques, sociaux, constitutionnels et conventionnels qui ne peuvent sombrer dans l’ignorance. Qu’on partage ou non la visée Politique-au sens classique du terme, c’est-à-dire de rendre possible ce qui est nécessaire-de ladite mesure, il semble utile au regard de l’acuité des débats juridico politiques, de faire la lumière sur ses caractéristiques et ses évolutions qui restent aujourd’hui autant d’obscures angles morts
French criminal law is marked by a desire to prevent recidivism. This will is clearly today, at its peak. The criminal threat isat a paroxysmal level, the solutions to annihilate it flourish with the increase of criminal and terrorist acts. The security measures are thus in the field of this project of strengthening our criminal arsenal.Among security measures, security detention is particularly marked by the seal of this will. It has, in particular, by its characteristics, fed many and heated debates within the French and foreign doctrine.Indeed, this measure is based on the assumption that some criminals -in this case sex offenders -present mental disorders that suggest a risk of reoffending. The dangerousness must then be apprehended under the criminological and psychological prism in order to prevent the dangerous individual to not repeat the act criminally incriminable.This criminal instrument supporting security and public safety confronts, de facto, with the challenge of preserving the rights and freedoms guaranteed both by our internal law and by the various sources of international law. Beyond the issues related to the legal technicality inherent in any criminal law instrument, security detention is at the crossroads of many issues: criminological, psychological, social, constitutional and conventional that cannot sink into ignorance.Whether or not we share the Political aim -in the traditional sense of the term, that is to say to make possible what is necessary -of the said measure, it seems useful in view of the sharpness of legal and political debates, to shed light on its characteristics and evolutions, which remain today as obscure blind spots

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Dyer, Andrew. "Can Charters of Rights Limit Penal Populism? Irreducible Life Sentences, Disproportionate Sentences and Preventive Detention in Australia and under the Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) & the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24593.

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In this thesis, I argue that human rights charters can improve protections for criminal offenders against penal populist laws that objectify and exclude them. In cases where such laws have been challenged on separation of powers or other grounds in Australia, the Courts have frequently used highly formalistic and unpersuasive reasoning when declining to intervene. On the other hand, in cases where prisoners have alleged that were being punished incompatibly with the European Convention on Human Rights, the UK judges and the judges of the European Court of Human Rights (‘ECtHR’) – particularly the latter – have adopted a more assertive approach. In so doing, they have interpreted Convention rights as they should: they have sought to place liberal constraints on democratic action, while also being careful not to move too far ahead of the popular will. However, recent charter overrides in the Australian State of Victoria – and Westminster’s hostility to the ECtHR’s decisions in the prisoner voting case of Hirst (No 2) v United Kingdom [2005] IX Eur Court HR and the irreducible life sentence case of Vinter v United Kingdom [2013] III Eur Court HR 317 – do show that ‘weak-form’ charters will not necessarily grant prisoners all of the benefits that the judiciary would confer on them. Nor would ‘strong-form’ charters certainly do a better job. This does not make human rights charters futile. It simply means that, while such charters can improve the position of prisoners, the extent to which they will do so depends on all the circumstances – including charter design and the political culture in the relevant jurisdiction.

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Nakaharada, Carlos Eduardo Mitsuo. "Prisão preventiva: direito à razoável duração e necessidade de prazo legal máximo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08042016-164648/.

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O direito à razoável duração do processo, inserido expressamente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro a partir do advento da Emenda Constitucional 45/2004, já poderia ser inferido desde a incorporação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, bem como ser considerado um corolário da garantia do devido processo legal. Todo indivíduo tem o direito a um processo sem dilações indevidas, em especial aquele que se encontre submetido a uma prisão preventiva, medida cautelar pessoal de extrema gravosidade. Nesse contexto, exsurge o direito que o indivíduo preso preventivamente tem de que o seu processo seja julgado em um prazo razoável ou de que ele seja desencarcerado, caso preso além da necessidade fática contida no caso concreto. Entretanto, a interpretação da garantia não pode restar somente à livre vontade dos aplicadores do direito, sendo necessária uma regulamentação legal efetiva da duração da prisão preventiva, por meio de prazos concretos nos quais o sujeito deverá ser posto em liberdade, ante a desídia estatal. Incorporando experiências estrangeiras, deve o legislador pátrio adotar marcos temporais legais, em que a prisão preventiva deverá cessar, caso excessivamente prolongada. Muito embora no ano de 2011 tenha sido reformada a tutela das medidas cautelares pessoais no Código de Processo Penal, o legislador ordinário não aprovou a imposição de limites de duração da prisão preventiva, permanecendo ao livre arbítrio das autoridades judiciárias a interpretação da garantia em referência. Assim, o Projeto de Lei do Novo Código de Processo Penal, atualmente em trâmite no Congresso Nacional, ao prever limites máximos de duração da prisão preventiva, dá uma efetiva regulamentação à garantia da duração razoável do imputado preso, devendo ser, espera-se, mantido no eventual texto final aprovado.
The right to reasonable duration of process, inserted expressly into Brazilian law from the advent of the 45th Constitutional Amendment, of 2004, could already be inferred since the incorporation of the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as be considered a corollary of the due process of law clause. Each individual has the right to a process without undue delay, specially those submitted to preventive detention, personal precautionary measure of extreme severity. In this context, arises the right of the individual who is preventively arrested that his case is ruled within a reasonable time, or that he is set free, when remanded beyond factual necessity. However, the interpretation of such right cannot be left only to the free will of law enforcers, needing an effective legal regulation regarding the duration of preventive detentions, through concrete marks in which the individual must be set free, before the state negligence. Incorporating foreign experiences, Brazilian legislator must adopt temporal legal marks, in which preventive detention must cease, in case it is excessively delayed. Despite modification in 2011 of the legal regulation of personal precautionary measures contained in the Criminal Procedure Code, the ordinary legislator did not approve the imposition of limits of duration regarding preventive detention, remaining to the free will of judicial authorities the interpretation of the referred right. Thus, the Project of the New Criminal Procedure Code, currently in progress through the National Parliament, containing maximum limits of duration regarding preventive detention effectively regulates such guarantee thus must be, as expected, held in the final approved legal text.

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Albertus, Chesne Joy. "The constitutionality of using deadly force against a fleeing suspect for purposes of arrest." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2766_1205414522.

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The advent of the supreme Constitution signaled the beginning of an era during which the South African legal system must be intolerant to human rights violations. All laws and conduct must conform to the Constitution. If it does not then the law or conduct must be declared invalid to the extent that it is inconsistent with the Constitution. This paper questions the constitutionality of the use of deadly force against a fleeing suspect in terms of section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act. In particular this paper sets out the circumstances in which section 49 justifies the use of deadly force against fugitives.

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Sicoche, Bernardo Fernando. "A estrutura e o funcionamento do sistema criminal em Moçambique e no Brasil : uma abordagem em busca das causas das prisões arbitrárias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/121916.

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Esta pesquisa analisa em perspectiva compara entre Moçambique e Brasil, a estrutura e o funcionamento das instituições do setor da administração da justiça, com ênfase nos procedimentos processuais adotados no âmbito da investigação criminal e/ou inquérito policial, e na decretação da prisão preventiva. A finalidade desta comparação é averiguar as diferenças e semelhanças, e aferir as causas das prisões arbitrárias (prisões preventivas ou provisórias com prazos esgotados). Tratou-se de investigar as estratégias no âmbito da prevenção e do combate ao crime, indagando o posicionamento das instituições governamentais, dos agentes do controle penal (Polícias, Ministério Público, Poderes Judiciários e Agentes da Ordem dos Advogados), assim como às políticas de reclusão e das organizações da sociedade civil que zelam pela observância dos direitos humanos. Em termos metodológicos, optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa coadjuvada pelo método quantitativo numa perspectiva comparada. Os dados foram coletados por meio da utilização das técnicas de observação participante, análise documental e a revisão bibliográfica. No que respeita ao instrumento de recolha de dado foi usada a técnica de entrevista.
This research analyzes in perspective compares between Mozambique and Brazil, the structure and the functioning of the justice administration institutions sector, with an emphasis on procedures adopted in the context of a criminal investigation and/or Police investigation, and the declaring of pre-trial detention, whose purpose is to assess the differences and similarities, and assess the causes of arbitrary arrests (detention orders or interim deadlines exhausted). It was to investigate strategies within the framework of the prevention and combating of crime, questioning the placement of governmental institutions, the agents of criminal control (Police, prosecutors, Judiciary Powers and Agents of the Order of Lawyers), as well as the policies of detention and of civil society organizations that shall ensure the observance of Human Rights. In methodological terms, is qualitative approach was chosen for assisted by quantitative approach in a comparative perspective. The data were collected through the following techniques: participant observation, document analysis and the literature review. In the case of instruments for the collection of data was used to interview technique.

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Stavert, Hilary Jill. "To what extent do (1) cultural and religious relativity; and (2) economic development, justify the use of preventive detention during peacetime in a developing nation? : Malaysia - a case study." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289058.

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Gusman, Fabio. "A prisão preventiva de ofício: análise crítica à luz do sistema constitucional acusatório." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-08042016-162346/.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da validade das normas infraconstitucionais que possibilitam ao julgador penal a decretação da prisão preventiva sem o requerimento do Ministério Público ou do querelante. O maior ou menor grau de atribuições de ofício ao juiz está diretamente ligado ao sistema processual penal vigente em cada jurisdição. Desta forma, importa definir os sistemas processuais penais acusatório, inquisitório e misto, os princípios que os regem, e identificar qual deles foi o escolhido pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pelas normas supralegais. A partir da conclusão de que a Constituição Federal institui o princípio acusatório que condiciona todas as normas infraconstitucionais, identificamos as normas que não encontram sua fundamentação neste princípio e, por isso, destoam do sistema. A norma que dá ao juiz o poder de decretar de ofício a prisão preventiva é uma delas. O trabalho, então, analisa criticamente alguns dos argumentos que comumente são utilizados para fundamentar a posição da constitucionalidade ou inconstitucionalidade da norma, concluindo que as bases que sustentam o poder de ofício do juiz é o ideal inquisitório de um sistema de justiça que implementa políticas públicas em que a imparcialidade do juiz é um atributo de somenos importância. Por fim, colacionam-se algumas notas de direito comparado a respeito de como a questão é tratada em diferentes jurisdições. O trabalho conclui que o poder de decretar a prisão preventiva de ofício está em contradição com os valores processuais acusatórios típicos dos Estados Democráticos de Direito. Indica-se uma possível solução para a modernização do método de tomada de decisão de medidas cautelares consistente nas audiências prévias que oferecem um ambiente mais propício ao exercício das garantias processuais.
This study aims to analyze the validity of the infra-constitutional norms that allow the criminal judge to issue a remand without the request of the prosecutor or the plaintiff. The greater or lesser degree of power assigned to the judge is directly connected to the current actual justice system in each jurisdiction. Thus, it is relevant to define the criminal procedural systems accusatorial, inquisitorial and mixed, their governing principles, and identify which one was chosen by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the rules that are higher in hierarchy. From the assumption that the Brazilian Constitution establishes the adversarial principle which determines norms in our law systems, the study identifies rules that do not find their justification in this principle and, therefore, diverge from the system. The rule that gives the judge the power to issue a preventive detention order is one of them. The work then critically examines some of the arguments that are commonly used to support the position of the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of this rule, concluding that the basis supporting the judge\'s power is the inquisitorial ideal of a policy implementing justice system in which the judge\'s impartiality is a minor attribute. Finally, some notes of comparative law are collected in regard to how the issue is assessed in different jurisdictions. The paper concludes that the power to issue the order is contrary to the typical values of the accusatory procedural law of Democratic States. At the end, the study indicates a possible solution to the modernization of the decision-making method for precautionary measures consistent in previous hearings that offer an environment more conducive to the exercise of procedural safeguards.

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Mazon, Cassiano. "A fundamentação das decisões judiciais e a prisão preventiva." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5934.

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This thesis is a study on the issue of the grounds of court decisions and preventive detention orders, in light of both domestic and foreign legislation and books of authority, including Brazilian case law. The criminal procedure, an enforceable constitutional right, is a fundamental guarantee under a democratic rule of law system, the central pillar of which is human dignity. Under the rule of law, all court decisions must be duly grounded, notably in the case of the need to restrict fundamental rights, such as an individual s freedom, through a preventive detention order. The grounds arising from the due process of law consist in providing all details of the legal and factual basis which led the court to render such decision. The grounds given by the court must be just, dialectic, coherent and rational, as mere references to legal provisions, allusion to vague and generic formulae, which may be adjusted to any circumstance, are not sufficient. Considering the principle of presumption of innocence, it has been established that preventive detention, a provisional remedy par excellence, is marked by its provisional character in that it should remain effective for the same time the urgent situation that justified it lasts - thus qualifying as an exceptional measure - hence, applicable to emergency situations, if and when all other provisional remedies prove to be improper and insufficient. This study has shown that preventive detention may be ordered in view of the presence of certain legal assumptions and requirements, therefore its grounds requires from the court a careful examination of the circumstances and particularities of the case in question, in light of the principle of proportionality. The conclusion is that unjust and defective grounds give rise to the acknowledgement of the nullity thereof as the essential values provided in the Constitution may be harmed and thus adversely affect human dignity
A presente dissertação abordou o tema da fundamentação das decisões judiciais e a prisão preventiva, mediante análise da legislação e da doutrina, nacionais e estrangeiras, bem como da jurisprudência pátria. O processo penal, direito constitucional aplicado, é uma garantia fundamental no Estado Democrático de Direito, cujo pilar central é a dignidade humana. No Estado Democrático de Direito, devem ser motivadas todas as decisões judiciais, máxime diante da necessidade de restrição a direitos fundamentais, no caso a liberdade, mediante a decretação da prisão preventiva. A fundamentação, decorrente do princípio do devido processo legal, consiste na explicitação das razões de fato e de direito que conduziram o magistrado à decisão. O discurso justificativo judicial deve mostrar-se íntegro, dialético, coerente e racional, não sendo suficientes meras referências a dispositivos legais, com alusão a fórmulas vagas e genéricas, ajustáveis a toda e qualquer situação. Considerando o princípio da presunção de inocência, consignou-se que a prisão preventiva, cautelar por excelência, é marcada pela provisoriedade, devendo vigorar enquanto perdurar a situação de urgência que justificou a decretação da medida, constituindo providência excepcional, porquanto aplicável às hipóteses emergenciais, se e quando todas as demais medidas cautelares mostrarem-se inadequadas e insuficientes. O estudo demonstrou que a prisão preventiva só poderá ser decretada em face da presença de determinados pressupostos e requisitos legais, razão pela qual sua motivação demandará, por parte do magistrado, análise das circunstâncias e peculiaridades do caso concreto, à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade. Ao final, restou assente que a fundamentação inidônea, dotada de vícios, enseja reconhecimento de sua nulidade, por comprometer valores essenciais consagrados no Texto Constitucional, atingindo a própria dignidade da pessoa humana

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Soberanis, Solís Laura Marina. "La configuración constitucional de la detención preventiva como límite especifico al derecho a la libertad personal. Sus consecuencias e incidencia sobre otros derechos fundamentales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457895.

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Esta Tesis Doctoral analiza la detención preventiva y los derechos fundamentales con los que ésta se relaciona, en ambos casos considerándolos como instituciones jurídicas de origen ius fundamental. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se tuvo en cuenta, ex arts. 10 y 93 CE, la integración –diferenciada—de distintos sistemas de derechos fundamentales: el de la Constitución, el que nace a partir del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos, el derivado de la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y el Universal de Derechos Humanos; por tal razón, el método de análisis utilizado permitió la construcción del referente constitucional de cada una de las instituciones abordadas a partir de su previsión en: 1) el texto constitucional y su interpretación a cargo del Tribunal Constitucional, 2) el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos interpretado por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos, 3) la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea y la interpretación realizada por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea y, de manera complementaria, las previsiones del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos y su órgano de vigilancia. En consecuencia, esta Tesis Doctoral descansa principalmente en la doctrina jurisprudencial de los órganos jurisdiccionales previamente mencionados, buscando su sistematización y armonización y, de manera complementaria, se apoya en bibliografía especializada. El trabajo se estructura en cuatro capítulos: El primero se aboca al análisis de la configuración constitucional de la detención a partir de la identificación y estudio de los elementos que la perfilan como institución jurídica constitucional (estructura, finalidad, presupuesto habilitante, contenido, titularidad, ejercicio y límites), los cuales permiten comprender su justificación, naturaleza y eventuales consecuencias. En el segundo se identifican y estudian los derechos fundamentales que deberían asegurarse a toda persona detenida, también se identifican los elementos que delinean el perfil de cada uno de los derechos-garantía (marco constitucional, estructura, función, presupuesto habilitante, contenido, titularidad, ejercicio y límites) para determinar sus alcances, finalidad y trascendencia durante el íter de la detención. En el tercero se analizan las restricciones que con motivo o en el marco de la detención preventiva pueden padecer, al margen de la libertad personal, otros derechos tales como los derechos a la integridad física y moral, a la intimidad personal y al secreto de las comunicaciones, a fin de determinar que afectaciones pueden resultar constitucionalmente válidas o no. En el cuarto se estudian las excepciones que puede haber al régimen general de la Detención Preventiva, sea con motivo de una suspensión general de derechos –art. 55.1 CE— o sea con motivo de la suspensión individual de derechos para el caso de investigaciones correspondientes a la actuación de bandas armadas o elementos terroristas –art. 55.2 CE—.
This Doctoral Thesis analyses the preventive detention and those fundamental rights which it is related to, in any case considered as legal institutions on an ius fundamental basis. The research was carried out ex arts. 10 and 93 SC, taking account of the integration of different systems of fundamental rights: the one stablished by the Constitution, the one arising from the European Convention on Human Rights, the one emerging from the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the one identified as Universal System of Human Rights. On account of this, the method of analysis allowed the construction of the constitutional reference of each of the abovementioned legal institutions, considering: 1) The constitutional provisions and its interpretation by the Constitutional Court of Spain, 2) The European Convention on Human Rights as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights, 3) The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and its interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union, and to complement the above, the International Civil and Political Rights Covenant provisions and some of its relevant interpretations. Therefore, this Doctoral Thesis mainly relies on jurisprudential doctrine of the Courts previously referred, seeking to systematise and harmonise it and, as a complement, some specialised bibliography was also used. The Thesis is structured in four chapters: Chapter one discusses the constitutional configuration of preventive detention from the identification and study of the elements shaping it as a constitutional legal institution (structure, purpose, enabling conditions, content, entitlement, exercise and limitations), which allow to understand its justification, nature and potential consequences. The second chapter identifies and scrutinises those fundamental rights which should be guaranteed to every arrested person, furthermore the elements outlining the profile of each of the guarantee-rights are identified (constitutional framework, structure, function, enabling conditions, content, entitlement, exercise and limits) determining the concrete scope, purpose and significance of every right during the detention period. The third chapter analyses possible restrictions on the right to physical and mental integrity, the right to private life and the right to privacy of communications, either by reason or in the context of preventive detention, in order to distinguish between affectations suffered during detention which could have constitutional acceptance and the ones going beyond the constitutional limits. The fourth chapter examines possible exceptions to the ordinary regime of preventive detention, either due to the general suspension of rights –art. 55.1 SC— or on the occasion of the individual suspension of rights in case of investigations related to activities of armed bands or terrorist elements –art. 55.2 SC—.

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Freitas, Alexandre José Salles de. "Prisão preventiva e drogas: “a polícia prende e a Justiça não solta”." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5603.

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O presente trabalho estuda a aplicação prática de prisões preventivas, medida processual penal tratada como excepcional pela própria Constituição, mas que vem se tornando cada vez mais usual e recorrente. A fim de explicar o porquê de a exceção estar virando a regra, juristas e acadêmicos já apontam para problemas como falta de um prazo legal para a duração, ampla margem interpretativa dos fundamentos legais, bem como questões mais arraigadas de seletividade dos órgãos ligados à justiça criminal. A partir destes estudos, conjugados com uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a sociologia do crime e do desvio, aliados às discussões sobre o atual modelo de proibicionismo que resulta na política de “guerra às drogas”, o trabalho promove o estudo de 155 ações penais referentes ao crime de tráfico de drogas, distribuídas a uma das Varas Criminais da Justiça Estadual da comarca de Juiz de Fora – MG, num lapso temporal de dois anos, compreendidos entre as datas de 01/01/2014 e 31/12/2015. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos extraídos destes processos foram interpretados com enfoque na questão da prisão preventiva e seu efeito no fluxo processual. Na sequência, seleciona-se 83 sentenças das quais se passa a analisar, tendo-se por base a teory of sentencing, as fundamentações para condenar, as penas utilizadas pelo magistrado dentre outros fatores, que permitem constatar um alto índice de condenações e uma predileção por penas privativas de liberdade, confirmando-se na prática a lógica da punição. Finalizase com o estudo de um caso modelo, do qual se observa em pormenores, desde a abordagem policial que resulta na prisão em flagrante, perpassando-se por sua conversão em preventiva até a posterior condenação, as correlações entre os órgãos de justiça criminal e a lógica de um processo de tráfico de drogas, onde se aliam dois dos principais gargalos do encarceramento.
The present work studies the practice of pre-trial detention, that should be exceptional, but has being usual. To explain the reason of being the rule, lawyers and specialists point to questions like lack of legal deadline, wide margin about legal grounds and questions like the selectivity of criminal justice. From these studies, with a literature review about sociology’s crime and deviance, allied to discussions about the actual model of prohibitionism that results in the public policy of war on drugs, this work promotes the study of 155 criminal actions linked to drug trafficking in a criminal court of State Justice in a city county, in a period between January of 2014 and December of 2015. The quantitative and qualitative data extracted from these cases were interpreted with focus on pre-trial detention and the effects on the process flow. In sequence, 83 were selected and analyzed by the theory of sentencing, the grounds of condemnation, the penalty used by the magistrate and other factors that allow us to verify an high index of condemnations and a preference to custodial sentences which confirms the punishment logical. We finished with a model of case study where were observed, in details, since the police approach that results in detention in the act, passing by conversion to pre-trial detention until the final condemnation, the correlations between criminal justice and the logic in a process of drug trafficking where two of the most important problems of incarceration are allied.

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Hoque, Quazi Reza-ul. "The development of preventative detention legislation in Bangladesh : a study of its necessity, relevance and the role of the judiciary." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 1995. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/2419/.

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This thesis deals with the origin and development of the preventive detention legislation in Bangladesh, studying its necessity, relevance and desirability based on the judicial decisions. This study shows that the preventive detention legislation in Bangladesh runs contrary to the doctrines of fundamental rights; and the prejudicial acts for future commission of which are the basis for preventive detention are categorically included in the existing penal laws and can be dealt with more efficiently. The study investigates the preventive detention legislation and its impact over the fundamental rights of the citizens analyzing the judicial decisions in Bangladesh. Four aspects are considerered in this thesis. Firstly, it studies all the preventive detention legislation, Consititutions, and relevant statutes since their inception during the British period in the Indian sub-continent which have been carried through Pakistan till today. Secondly it investigates executive decisions to reflect the usage of the preventive detention legislation and views of the courts in this regard. Thirdly it analyses the definition and concept of 'subjective satisfaction of the executive authority and 'objective satisfaction of the Court' which has been the key factor detaining individuals. And fourthly, it provides an empirical study of the available number of cases from the Register of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh to draw a scenario of preventive detention cases, decisions for and against the preventive detention orders made by the Executive authority in Bangladesh.

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Duffy, Maureen T. "The U.S. immigration detentions in the war on terror : impact on the rule of law." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82658.

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The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, resulted in dramatic legal changes in the U.S. As part of its investigation into the attacks, the U.S. Government detained approximately 5,000 "aliens" from predominantly Muslim countries. These detentions were characterized by minimal, and sometimes non-existent, habeas corpus and due-process protections. During times of crisis, care should be taken that panic not be allowed to prevail over long-cherished constitutional values. This thesis examines Government actions in light of constitutional principles to examine the larger question of whether the War on Terror detention practices have permanently undermined the rule of law in the U.S.
The factual and legal scenarios in this area have been changing at a rapid rate, and they will certainly continue to change. Those constant changes have presented a special challenge in writing this thesis. The facts and legal scenarios described herein, therefore, are current as of January 31, 2005.

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Le, Monnier de Gouville Pauline. "Le juge des libertés et de la détention." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020026.

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« Le juge des libertés et de la détention ». A l’oxymore de son appellation répond l’ambivalence de l’institution dans le procès pénal. Créé par la loi du 15 juin 2000 renforçant la protection de la présomption d’innocence et les droits des victimes, le magistrat s’impose, à l’origine, comme le compromis attendu entre la nécessité d’un nouveau contrôle de la détention provisoire et l’attachement français à l’institution du juge d’instruction. Investi d’un rôle central en la matière, le juge judiciaire a également vocation à intervenir dans le cadre de mesures diverses, que son contrôle irrigue les enquêtes pénales ou qu’il s’étende à d’autres contentieux, comme en matière de privation de liberté des étrangers, de visites et saisies administratives ou encore de l’hospitalisation sans consentement. La succession de modifications sporadiques de ses pouvoirs confirme sa fonction malléable, au service d’une quête pérenne : la protection des libertés, l’équilibre de l’avant-procès. Au rythme des louvoiements du législateur, le magistrat peine, pourtant, à s’identifier dans le processus pénal : hier au service des libertés, aujourd’hui de la coercition. Alors que l’institution semble poser les sédiments d’une nouvelle perception de la phase préparatoire du procès, l’évolution de son rôle préfigure d’autres mutations : de la justice pénale, des acteurs judiciaires, l’esquisse, enfin, d’une équation processuelle singulière. La présente recherche propose ainsi de situer ce magistrat au coeur de ces évolutions, comme la trame embryonnaire d'un "renouveau" de la phase préparatoire du procès
« The Judge for freedom and detention » [Le juge des libertés et de la détention]. The oxymoron of its name reflects the ambivalence of this institution in criminal matters. Founded by the June 15, 2000 statute which reinforces the protection of presumption of innocence as well as the victims’ rights, this magistrate originally imposed itself as the expected compromise between the necessity of a new control over custody and ties of the French to the institution of the investigating judge [juge d‟instruction]. Empowered with a central role in this matter, the judiciary judge must also intervene when various measures are considered, both during criminal investigations and other types of litigations, such as those depriving foreigners of their freedom, administrative search and seizures or hospitalization without consent. The succession of the sporadic modifications of its powers only confirms the flexible nature of its function to serve a never ending quest: the protection of civil liberties and the balance of the pre-trial. As the legislator hedges, the institution struggles to find its place within the criminal process. Yesterday dedicated to civil liberties, today to coercion. Whilst the institution seems to set the basis for a new perception of the pre-trial phase, the evolution of its role announces further transformations: to criminal justice, to the judiciary actors and finally, the preparation of a singular equation in the litigation process. The present paper offers to locate this magistrate within these evolutions as the embryonic plot of a “new era” in the pre-trial phase

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Wruck, Garcia Rangel Alan. "Le droit de correction de l'enfant (1804-1935) : une coopération entre famille et Etat." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAA002.

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L’étude s’apprête à expliquer le droit de correction sur l’enfant d’après la perspective de la coopération entre la famille et l’État pour la prévention de crimes, et ainsi apporter une contribution au débat en droit actuel sur l’abolition des châtiments corporels domestiques. Eclipsé dans la codification napoléonienne, qui organise cette coopération par le biais de la détention, le châtiment corporel y réapparaît au tournant du XIXe siècle. Pour rendre compte de ce changement de manière optimale, il importait d’étudier la période d’essor de la détention correctionnelle, de 1804 jusqu’à la Troisième République, et connaître ensuite sa période de crise puis de décadence jusqu’à sa stagnation dans la législation. Vers 1880 le paysage juridique des rapports entre la famille et l’État change considérablement, et la coopération autour de la détention correctionnelle se dégrade, moment où on assiste l'émergence de l’apologie à la correction manuelle
The purpose of the study is to explain the discipline punishment on the child from the perspective of cooperation between family and State for the prevention of crimes, and thus to contribute to the debate by current law on the eradication of corporal punishment. Eclipsed in the Napoleonic codification, which organizes this cooperation through the detention of children, corporal punishment will reappear at the turn of the nineteenth century. To realize this change optimally, it was considered important to study the boom period of the correctional detention, from 1804 until the Third Republic, and then to know its period of crisis and decay to its stagnation in the legislation. Around 1880, the legal landscape of the relationship between family and State changes considerably, and cooperation around the correctional detention deteriorates, when one witnesses the emergence of apology for domestic manual correction

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Maluf, Elisa Leonesi. "Terrorismo e prisão cautelar: eficiência e garantismo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-06112015-141058/.

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Nas últimas décadas, a questão do terrorismo encontra-se em crescente debate, especialmente no âmbito jurídico. O tema apresenta aspectos tortuosos, a começar pela dificuldade em conceituar e tipificar o fenômeno. Partindo da premissa de que o terrorismo é um crime grave, com amplitude internacional, pretende-se nesse estudo abordá-lo sob um enfoque processual. A tarefa não seria possível sem antes buscar conceitos para o terrorismo, classificá-lo como um crime internacional e identificar a posição do terrorista, como criminoso, tanto em contexto de conflito armado quanto em situações de paz. A esse aspecto, enfatiza-se a necessidade de aplicação das normas protetivas de Direitos Humanos e de Direito Humanitário, afastando a denominação de combatente inimigo e, com isso, o limbo jurídico a que estaria reservado o terrorista. Essas questões preliminares contextualizam o debate central de nosso trabalho: a prisão cautelar de terroristas, à luz da eficiência e garantismo. Para a abordagem do tema, especial atenção é dada às mudanças ocorridas nas legislações e jurisprudências dos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Espanha, Estados fortemente afetados por atos terroristas, especialmente após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001. A apresentação é feita com base nos julgamentos de casos paradigmáticos, envolvendo prisões cautelares de terroristas, com enfoque nas violações de direitos e garantias do devido processo legal, também à consideração da jurisprudência de cortes internacionais de direitos humanos. A prisão cautelar é aqui entendida como a prisão anterior ao julgamento, cujo caráter instrumental visa a garantir a eficácia dos procedimentos penais. Em seguida, os direitos e as garantias do devido processo legal aplicáveis à prisão cautelar, principalmente nos casos de terrorismo, são analisados de forma mais detida, com o intuito de demonstrar a necessidade de se compatibilizar a busca de eficiência na persecução penal do terrorismo com as garantias do processo penal. Quanto a isso, ressalta-se a importância da presunção de inocência, do direito de defesa e da proibição da tortura. Ao fim do trabalho, a análise se volta a uma abordagem nacional do tema, averiguando o tratamento das prisões cautelares de terrorismo no Brasil.
In the past few decades, the question of terrorism has been the object of increasing debate, especially within the legal scope. This topic presents some complex aspects, beginning with the problem of conceptualizing and defining this phenomenon. Beginning with the premise that terrorism is a serious crime, with an internationals scope, in this study we intend to approach it from a procedural focus. This would not be possible without first seeking definitions for terrorism, classifying it as an international crime and identifying the position of the terrorist, as a criminal, both within the context of armed conflict and in situations of peace. In this regard, we emphasize the need to apply the protective rules of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, avoiding the use of the term enemy combatant, and thus, the legal limbo that would be reserved for terrorists. These preliminary questions place the central debate of our work in context: the provisional detention of terrorists, from a standpoint of efficiency and guaranteeism. In the discussion, special attention is paid to the changes that took place in the legislation and judicial precedent of the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain, States strongly affected by terrorist acts, especially after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The presentation is based on the judgments of paradigmatic cases, involving provisional detentions of terrorists, with a focus on the violations of due process rights and guarantees, as well as on the jurisprudence of international human rights courts. Here, provisional detention is understood as imprisonment before the judgment, whose instrumental nature is to guarantee the effectiveness of criminal proceedings. Next, the rights and guarantees of due process applicable to provisional detention, principally in cases of terrorism, are analyzed more carefully, in order to show the need to make criminal prosecution of terrorism compatible with the guarantees of criminal procedure law. In this regard, emphasis is placed on the importance of the assumption of innocence, the right to defense and the prohibition of torture. At the end of the work, the analysis returns to the national approach to this topic, verifying the treatment of provisional detentions for terrorism in Brazil.

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Jaspart, Alice. "L'enfermement des mineurs poursuivis par la justice: ethnographie de trois institutions de la Communauté française." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210127.

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Première forme de traitement spécialisé pour mineurs délinquants depuis la moitié du 19ème, l’enfermement est, à l’heure actuelle, la réponse qui occupe le devant de la scène politico-médiatique face à la délinquance des jeunes en Belgique. Depuis la fin des années 70, les dénonciations du « manque de places » en régime fermé sont fréquemment relayées. L’augmentation de la capacité institutionnelle est la réponse apportée par les pouvoirs publics. Pourtant, rares sont les connaissances empiriques existantes qui portent sur le fonctionnement « concret » de ces institutions qui allient des missions sécuritaires et éducatives. Maigres sont aussi les productions qui cherchent à dépasser les paroles des intervenants et des jeunes pour saisir « in situ » les modes respectifs de socialisation et les rapports qui interviennent entre ces acteurs.

C’est au regard de ces premiers constats que le projet de thèse de doctorat en criminologie, intitulée « L’enfermement des mineurs poursuivis par la justice. Ethnographie de trois institutions de la Communauté française », a vu le jour. Comprendre le fonctionnement des trois institutions d’enfermement en Communauté française en se basant sur une approche ethnographique paraissait pertinent.

La thèse s’articule autour de trois parties. La première pose le cadre historique et contemporain de l’enfermement en Belgique et présente un bilan critique (recension, synthèse et examen) des connaissances produites sur ces institutions en Communauté française. La seconde explicite les choix méthodologiques empruntés ainsi que les questionnements réflexifs qui se sont imposés durant les immersions. La troisième constitue le véritable cœur de la thèse et présente sept thématiques ressorties suite à l’analyse inductive du matériel d’immersion, suivant le cheminement dans l’enfermement et la progression dans le quotidien institutionnel :la structuration des espaces qui révèle la conception dichotomique de la vie communautaire s’y déroulant avec d’un côté les jeunes, de l’autre les professionnels ;la présentation des acteurs et de leurs modes de socialisation respectifs ;les différents temps du placement :un temps court cadenassé et un temps long qui se doit d’être libéré et rentabilisé ;les rapports entre intervenants et jeunes où l’observation réciproque permet aux uns d’assumer leurs fonctions officielles (sécuriser, éduquer, évaluer), aux autres d’apprendre à être observés et ce faisant de développer des processus de résistance « en coulisse » ;les ressorts de l’humour :rire « entre soi » « des autres » qui permet tantôt la cohésion, tantôt l’exclusion ;des parcours de placement qui mobilisent les équipes et révèlent les limites du régime fermé, les moments particuliers où les enjeux de l’enfermement se dévoilent et des embryons de confiance se décèlent loin du quotidien collectif, loin du regard « des siens » et « des autres ».

Dans cette perspective, les rapprochements entre les jeunes et les adultes, la confiance et le sens qui peuvent en découler pour les jeunes, s’observent particulièrement dans les interstices de l’enfermement, loin des normes rigides qui le gouvernent. Et il apparait que ce sont surtout les missions d’évaluation demandées par les autorités mandantes qui nuisent à la relation de confiance. Cette observation complexifie les réflexions scientifiques antérieures qui mettaient en évidence le caractère paradoxal des objectifs sécuritaires et éducatifs de ces institutions. Ce n’est pas uniquement le « duel » sécuriser / éduquer ou aider mais bien, le « triptyque » sécuriser / éduquer ou aider / évaluer et communiquer qui caractérise la « prise en charge » dans l’enfermement et qui mérite d’être davantage questionné et investigué.

Doctorat en Criminologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Hur, Nelly-Marine. "La dignité dans l'exécution des peines privatives de libertés." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30035.

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L’analyse de la dignité du condamné dans l’exécution de sa peine privative de liberté suppose d’étudier d’une part les conditions dans lesquelles il exécute sa peine lorsqu’il est incarcéré au sein d’un établissement pénitentiaire, puis d’autre part celles dans lesquelles il exécute sa peine dans la phase post-carcérale. Cependant, la constatation du respect ou de la négation de la dignité du condamné repose sur l’appréciation de l’adaptation et de la proportionnalité de l’atteinte portée à ses spécificités humaines primaires et à leurs supports, à un objectif légitime d’intérêt général. Ainsi, si l’humanisation des conditions de détention permet d’assurer progressivement le respect de la dignité du condamné, sa responsabilisation et la réappropriation de sa condition humaine lui offrent les moyens de promouvoir sa dignité par la stimulation de ses potentialités humaines d’amélioration. La phase d’exécution post-carcérale de la peine privative de liberté semble connaître un mouvement inverse. En effet, si la conception et la mise en œuvre des mesures d’aménagements de peine semblaient garantir le respect et la promotion de la dignité du condamné, l’introduction « d’une éthique de conviction » de surveillance étatique du condamné dans la phase post-carcérale emporte la négation de la dignité du condamné par une atteinte à son autonomie qui s’avère totalement inadaptée à l’objectif de prévention de la récidive criminologique
The analysis of the convict's dignity while serving their custodial sentences implies to study the conditions in which they serve their penalties when incarcerated in a prison establishment on the one hand, then the conditions in which they carry out their sentences when out of prison on the other hand. However, if the convict's dignity is respected or negated, it depends in both cases on how the adaptation and proportionality of the infringement of their primary human features are assessed according to a legitimate public interest.As a result, if more human detention conditions allow to ensure that the convict's dignity is gradually respected, the fact that they are encouraged to bear more responsibility and are again considered human beings enables them to promote their dignity by stimulating their human potential powers of improvement. The post-detention stage (when the custodial sentence is served out of prison) seems to evince an opposite trend. As a matter of fact, if the creation and implementation of measures of sentence reduction seemed to guarantee the respect and the promotion of the convict's dignity, the introduction of a “code of conviction” of state surveillance over the convict in the post-detention stage entails a negation of the convict's dignity as their autonomy has been infringed in a way totally inadapted to the aim of preventing second-offence crime

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Wang, Tao-Yang, and 王道揚. "Preventive Detention." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53820262027543074273.

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碩士
國防大學
法律學系
102
In recent years, we could often find a term “preventive detention” in criminal cases. The difference of requirements, compared to general detention, for preventive detention is “there is enough facts to determine that the suspects may repeatedly commit the same crimes.” However, although the detention is the most severe violation of personal freedom, for the purposes of preservation of evidences and ensuring the enforcement of criminal procedure law, it is the most effective means. Currently many American and European legal systems still retain this practice, even European Convention on Human Rights also expressly provided it. Although academic circles argue that “preventive detention” violates the principle of resumption of innocence and question its accuracy of prediction, so it should be abolished, the practical uses of it even more frequently, especially the suspects in many major cases are bailed out in courts that have triggered public criticism, protests and discontent. Under the atmosphere that is prone to be dominated by mass sentiment, how legal system strikes a balance and gives fair trials? Based on the reasons of preventive detention legislation in our country and the operation under the current legal norms of European Convention on Human Rights and Human Rights Court, this study tries to present our recommendations. It is hoped that a balance could be stricken between safeguarding social security and protection of human rights to establish conditions and systems in line with requirements of a country of rule of law.

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Hsuen, Yu-Lun, and 薛又綸. "On the Constitutionality of Preventive Detention." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84193909638118416744.

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碩士
國立中興大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
105
The purpose of this article is to explore the constitutionality of preventive detention. Based on the policy goal to protect social security, in 1997 Taiwan revised and expanded legislation to create a preventive detention system—which is different from general detention—to ensure the smooth progress of criminal proceedings. Preventive detention is essentially a police security measure, which is meant to prevent the defendant from repeating implementation of the same crime before the judgment is carried out, and to deprive the personal freedom of the defendant or suspect by forcibly detaining those individuals in certain premises. First, this article analyzes the safeguarding provisions on personal liberty found in Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of China, and the practice of constitutional interpretation by the Judicial Yuan, exploring the meaning of constitutional protection of personal liberty. Next, it analyzes the elements of a preventive detention system and its revision history, and compares them with foreign legislation, reviewing the controversy surrounding the preventive detention system. Last, using the principle of rule of law and due process of law as examination criteria, it discusses the constitutionality of preventive detention. Although academics have frequently criticized and questioned the introduction of a preventive detention system, preventive detention is frequently used in practice. Both the competent authorities and legislators also view preventive detention as a panacea for suppressing crime. Whenever there is a high-profile crime in society, there will be legislators who call for amending the law to expand the applicable offenses or the scope of preventive detention, disregarding academia’s doubts about preventive detention’s excessive violations of personal liberty. The existence of preventive detention is controversial in nature because it impacts the principle of presumption of innocence, distorts the original purpose of detention system, and creates unfavorable conditions for the social re-integration of defendants. Scholars have criticized it as failed legislation, but according to foreign legislation in Germany and the United States, preventive detention has been interpreted as constitutional in those countries through the practice of judicial review, because the courts believed that the legislators had set a number of basic requirements: should be used only for major crimes, when there is a continuous and significant impact on law and order, when there is specific suspicion of crime, and must comply with the principle of proportionality. Compared to the defendant’s personal liberty, protecting social security is a legitimate and a more important public interest. In view of the inherent controversy over the existence of preventive detention, which is a trade-off between the objectives of “safeguarding social security” and “protecting personal liberty,” how to construct a balanced operational model of preventive detention has become an important issue. This article argues that the preventive detention system should be interpreted as a non-penalty security detention method, or characterized as an administrative measure. In terms of preventive detention’s legislation, interpretation, and application, both its legislation and application should be limited, and the types of crime and interpretation should not be expanded arbitrary, so as not to have the risk of unconstitutionality. Therefore, the implementation of preventive detention, in essence, must not only be consistent with the requirements and statutory reasons for detention, but it must also show that the detention was necessary, that crime and punishment have a clear meaning and scope, and that offences and penalties are not arbitrary conceived. Procedurally, it must also be consistent with certain procedures set by the Constitution and the law, and whether or not to detain should be decided by an objective and neutral judge.

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Chiu, Yen-Rong, and 邱彥榕. "The Preventive Detention of Risk Society." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58313139528649421138.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
101
Comparing with detention, the purpose of preventive detention, however, is not for ensuring the proceeding of litigation procedure, but for a preventive measure and which is in similarity with a security measure. Thus, the conditions between preventive detention and detention are very different. Against the substance and the purpose of detention which lays in crime investigation, preventive detention violates the presumption of innocence with the basis of due process of law. Nevertheless, as the importance of precaution in any dangerous behaviors to society, preventive detention is still a mainly purpose of detention in many countries nowadays. In different aspects practically, although there are vary opinions and argues in the rationality of preventive detention, preventive detention is still recognized to society resulted from the identification of safeguard to the public. The thesis researches the reasonableness of preventive detention, the social demands of preventive detention, and the influences over criminal policy under the social demands of preventive detention. Presumption of innocence, due process of law and the human rights are the core issues about preventive detention; however, the influences of preventive detention over the criminal policy are much obvious under the studies of risk society. The thesis states the background of the legal progress in Taiwan for analyzing the system of preventive detention in Taiwan, and also researches into the risk society theory in western society for the possibility of defining the same in the system of preventive detention in Taiwan. The thesis holds a dissent opinion from the existence of preventive detention. Nevertheless, as it has difficulties to abolish the preventive detention system in whole under the practical legislation, the system of preventive detention shall be amended in the conditions of acceptance by society.

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Shie, Bo-Rung, and 謝博戎. "A Study on The Preventive Detention of Drunk Driving." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81142400546834483885.

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碩士
國防大學
法律學系
103
The preventive detention system is a good way to prevent the defendant to recidivate in short time, however, the relationship between preventive detention and the protection of human right is strained.Since1997, during the preventive detention system coming from Germany, it’s criticized violently by the scholars and experts, but it’s beloved by the government, since the preventive detention is a good way for the government to control the risk. To separate the high-risk populations of the criminals early, which is just meet the insecure people in this risk society. Today, not only the use frequency of preventive detention is increased, but also in the range of use, even President Ma proposed the preventive detention should operate to the drunk driving, that is, apply the preventive detention system to the policy of the drunk driving control, because this policy has huge effect on the people, we should clarify the preventive detention system before the draft. There is demand for risk management to the people, but there is must also a division properly, the problem is the preventive detention system which is highly controversial, is it an appropriate way to drunk driving control? This study will begin from the legal analysis of the preventive detention system, in order to keep a balance between the maintenance of the society security and the protection of human right, this research is to study the controversial problems of the preventive detention system, and analyze the problem that is it an appropriate way to apply the preventive detention on drunk driving control, at last, according to the results of this study , we make some conclusions and give recommendations to the related education unit for further research references.

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Hung, Li-Ching, and 洪麗卿. "A study on the Legal Regime of the Preventive Detention in Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19530338329884227943.

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碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
100
Detention, also known as custody prior to a conviction, is to take a criminal defendant or suspect into custody at a certain place before the court decides to enter a judgment against a criminal defendant. The main purpose is to prevent the accused or suspect from absconding, colluding, destructing evidence, among others, to ensure a smooth implementation of criminal prosecution procedures. Although detention can be an effective measure of preservation procedures, it is the most severe mandatory punishment on infringing human rights. Detention not only deprives the criminal defendant or suspect of physical freedom, but also openly causes serious slander in one’s social status, reputation and credit. Under the Preventive Detection Article promulgated in 1997, a defendant charged with a high degree of danger of recidivism, after interrogated by the court, could be held before trial, and this has subverted the detention policy in Taiwan. With criticisms on its violations of the doctrine of presumption of innocence, doubts about the precise identification of danger of recidivism and about the violations of personal freedom, the abolition of the Preventive Detection Article has been advocated by the academia. Despite of this, preventive detention seemed to be practice applicable even more frequently. Besides, the sexual assault offenders released on bail free from custody has aroused severe criticism from the public. The high discontent of the citizens even entered a protest against the grant of bail. Here arises an issue as to whether or not such extreme reactions will influence the claims of prosecution and the rules of court on detention. The objective of this study is to propose alternatives and concrete suggestions to the preventive detention of legal system, with in-depth examination of the custody of legal system in Taiwan. It is anticipated to enhance the protection of personal freedom, the maintenance of public order and the independence of judiciary trial, with trade-off balanced foundations, to promote Taiwan’s legal system as a democratic country ruled by law. Keywords: custody of legal system, detention, preventive detention

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CHEN, JUN-NAN, and 陳俊男. "A Study on the Preventive Detention－The balance point between the Law and Criminal Policy－." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jg7h2v.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
103
After the preventive detention system was revised in 1997, it was widely questioned by many scholars. However, observations in comparative law revealed that the legal systems in Germany and the United States, which are very similar to Taiwan’s original Code of Criminal Procedure, were also questioned. Ultimately, however, all were constitutionally upheld and continued to expand in scope. By investigating the reasons for the continued existence of a preventive detention system, it was found that the choice for preventive detention was colored by criminal policy. By observing the development of US criminal policy, which greatly influenced Taiwan’s criminal policy developments, it is known that when facing contentions regarding social resources and crime control failures, a strong sense of insecurity permeates society, thus causing the country to gradually move from penal welfarism to penal populism in order to reduce insecurity. Compared to the United States, Taiwanese society entered into a state of disorder and confusion, as well as rising crime rates, due to new freedoms following the sudden removal of martial law, thereby prompting Taiwan to more rapidly and comprehensively promote penal populism. "No discretionary discharge of offenders" and "active crime control by the country" became the best choices. In addition, it also supported the unshakeable presence of a preventive detention system in our country, even though it had always been criticized. With developments in the preventive detention system thus far, achieving its total abolition is not realistic. This paper argues that finding a balance between "the laws under human rights protection" and "criminal policy" will be the most optimal method. Observations of the legal systems in Germany and the United States showed that the nature of preventive detention was interpreted as non-punitive security detention or was characterized as an administrative measure so as to avoid violating the principles of presumption of innocence and the lack of legitimate suspicions. Because, essentially, it does not preserve criminal procedure, naturally, there will be no doubts on violations against the goal of the detention system. However, even if preventive detention is treated merely as an administrative management or social security measure, it is always evaluated using the uncertain concept of “recidivism risk” as the assessment criteria. As can be seen from international empirical research, there is a high distortion rate of recidivism evaluations. Taiwan’s judicial system has ignored this problem for a long time and often follows very loose criteria. The sentencing judge only needs to inspect the history, environment, and condition of a criminal, and may detain them based on the potential for repeating those criminal behaviors. Such irregular standards are more likely to facilitate violations of human rights and freedoms and may lead to indulgence and panel populism or even to mistreatment based on certain class differences. We recommend referencing the German model where the judge first defines the “least number” of crimes committed in the past few years and then uses that as the basis for determining the necessity for detention. In addition, it is recommended to emulate Item 2 of the 156th of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which emphasizes not using "character evidence" as the sole means for assessing the defendant’s risk for recidivism. In addition, prediction techniques should combine psychological, medical, and other specialized areas to develop a recidivism assessment model thus increasing prediction accuracy. Furthermore, from the types of crimes listed in the current law, applicability to certain property crimes should be amended or removed so as to conform to the principle of proportionality. In addition, in order to avoid situations similar to the pre-penalties of pre-penalties, applicability to certain attempted behaviors involved in enumerated crimes should also be amended or excluded. Furthermore, it is suggested that our country should comprehensively review and amend the safeguard measures of the procedures in the preventive detention system. On an organizational level, a system similar to Germany’s "investigating judge" should be adopted to avoid differing standards, differing evidence, or pre-judgment. Moreover, considering the damage that the preventive detention can cause to personal freedoms, the detention hearing should shift to a comprehensive mandatory defense system. Then, in order to realize the right of defense and to ensure its effectiveness, as well as to place the defendant on the same plane as the implicating party, the preventive detention system should be amended to give defense lawyers the same right to investigate as prosecutors. In addition, the current law stating that prosecutors may not appear in detention trials should be amended. Hearing procedures should be modeled after United States law and a more rigorous "adversary system" should be used. The prosecutor should be compelled to appear in court and present evidence and oral arguments with the defendant and their lawyer present in the detention court. The defendant should be allowed to confront hostile witnesses in accordance with relevant provisions, which gives the defendant Accuser’s Confrontation Rights with sufficient safeguard procedures. Finally, even if the ruling is for detention, because the sentence is based only on the likelihood of future recidivism, if this is applied to the period for all detentions, then it would violate the principle of equality. Therefore, to avoid excessive punishment, we suggest referring to German law where detention is limited to a period of one year, especially regarding the period of preventive detention.

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Marques, Mariana Nunes. "A indemnização por privação da liberdade: as problemáticas em torno da alínea c) do n.º 1 do artigo 225.º do Código de Processo Penal." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85864.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
As the title suggests, the following dissertation is anchored in the controversy set forth by article 225, paragraph 1, subparagraph c) of the Portuguese Code of Criminal Procedure. In an ancient era, the hallmark was that “the King can do no wrong”, but with the passing of time in conjunction with a legal, jurisprudence and doctrine evolution, it is nowadays consensual that the State should be held accountable for the damages it inflicts in exercise of it’s judicial power. However, it is rarely the case that something is so clear and straightforward, hence the need to discuss and wright about this issue, which is far from any form of consensus. Despite the presence of article 225 in the primitive version of this code in 1987, it was only in 2007 that the subparagraph c) appeared, after lengthy discussions and amidst several harsh criticisms. In fact the article was always considered to be very restrictive, therefore the inclusion of such a subparagraph was widely acclaimed, revealing some long awaited progress. Meanwhile the critiques shortly followed, namely concerning the right to some form of compensation for the defendant placed in preventive detention and subsequently acquitted. In a gradual and succinct manner, we shall attempt to tackle this issue, going through every aspect we consider to be necessary for a better understanding. We shall consider the right to freedom, the principle of presumption of innocence, and the so often present presumption of guilt, the preventive detention as ultima ratio, the evolution of State’s Liability, to the crux of the actual legal framework that is the object of this thesis. Through the critiques – of which there is no shortage – we chose to highlight an unconstitutional issue. After all, the primary goal was to answer what we consider the most pressing question in all this controversy: should the defendant placed in preventive detention and acquitted by the in dubio pro reo principle, be or not awarded a compensation?
Como o próprio título sugere, a escrita da presente dissertação teve como alicerce a controversa al. c) do n.º 1 do art. 225.º do CPP. Se em tempos longínquos subsistia uma era marcada pela célebre frase «the king can do no wrong», com o decurso dos séculos e uma notória evolução legal, jurisprudencial e doutrinal, hoje é consensual que o Estado deve ser responsabilizado pelos danos provocados no exercício das funções jurisdicionais. No entanto, nada é assim tão claro e linear e é nesse sentido que urgiu escrever sobre um problema cujo consenso está deveras longe de existir. Ainda que o art. 225.º do CPP tenha tido a sua versão primitiva em 1987, somente em 2007 aparece a mencionada al. c), após mais uma jornada de amplas discussões, recheadas de severas críticas. A nova alteração à norma, que sempre foi considerada muito restritiva, mereceu o aplauso da doutrina e a inclusão desta al. c) foi notavelmente aclamada, já que era reveladora de um progresso já há muito esperado. Por conseguinte, face à al. c) e ao direito à indemnização ao arguido preso preventivamente que vem a ser absolvido, as críticas não tardaram em assumir um patamar superior. Assim, de forma gradual e sucinta tentámos abordar esta tão debatida problemática, passando por todos os pontos que entendemos ser necessários para a melhor compreensão possível. Desde o tão meritório direito à liberdade, ao princípio da presunção de inocência e à presunção de culpabilidade muitas vezes presente, à prisão preventiva como ultima ratio, à evolução da responsabilidade inerente ao Estado, até chegarmos ao cerne do actual regime que nos comprometemos a analisar. Através de críticas – que não tendem a faltar – primámos por demonstrar a existência de uma inconstitucionalidade. Afinal, o objectivo primordial foi dar resposta à questão que mais se destaca em toda esta controversa: o arguido preso preventivamente que é absolvido por intermédio do princípio do in dubio pro reo tem ou não direito a indemnização?

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Robinson, Keith Liam Hamilton. "The ’dangerousness’ provisions of the criminal justice act 1991: a risk discourse?" Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5784.

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This thesis examines in detail the provisions of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which allow for the incapacitation of the 'dangerous' offender. Incapacitation has been used as an example of a growing trend in criminal justice towards viewing crime in terms of risk. This risk discourse points to the use of actuarial practices and insurance techniques in this field, with a resultant 'abstraction' of the traditional view of crime as a moral wrong. The technologies of risk assessment are central to the very power of the discourse, it has been argued that these techniques further increase the effectiveness of control and that they are a response to a growing preoccupation in society with security. It is argued that risk is, in a sense, pre-political in that as risk takes hold, overtly political responses to crime become more difficult. Given that incapacitation has been used as an example of crime as risk, this thesis takes the form of a micro-study of the above incapacitatory legislation. It assesses the degree to which this legislation can be seen to be a part of the risk discourse. It is argued that on a general level the legislation does fit within the risk model, seeking to incapacitate 'bad risks'. However, it is argued that as the legislation has been conceived, formulated and employed, it does not make use of the actuarial techniques of risk assessment - seen as so central to 'internal dynamic' of the risk discourse - to a significant extent. Rather, it is argued that the legislation embodies a politically motivated appeal to the idea of risk rather than to risk assessment itself. It is concluded that this use of risk - once shed of its attendant technologies - far from making political responses more difficult, sits well with punitive responses demanded by a government of the right.

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Haase, Kessy Ann. "Abgelehnte nachträgliche Sicherungsverwahrung gemäß § 66 b StGB: Psychiatrische Prognosegutachten und empirische soziodemografische sowie kriminalbiografische Befunde der Probanden." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0028-8689-8.

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Rejfek, Tomáš. "Ochranné léčení a zabezpečovací detence." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-326514.

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- PROTECTIVE THERAPY AND PREVENTIVE DETENTION This paper is concerning two types of protective measures in Czech criminal law - protective therapy and preventive detention. The goal was to introduce and then deeply analyze these two legal institutes. I particularly focused on preventive detention as it was only recently put in force in the Czech republic. In the introductory chapter, I briefly described the nature of protective measures as a whole. I also outlined some major differences between protective measures and penalties, gave some insight into the history of protective measures in Czech lands and explained a few important terms, e.g. insanity or drug addiction, which are widely used in this area of law. The following chapter deals with protective therapy and its key features, namely its imposing, execution and duration. The next one summarizes basic elements of preventive detention, which are in many ways similar to those in the previous chapter. I tried to point out the grounds on which preventive detention was embraced by Czech law and also to analyze the differences between both these protective measures. In this thesis I included some major court decisions with paramount importance and I also have done a short comparison of statutes governing preventive detention in a few foreign...

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Úředníčková, Adéla. "Ochranné léčení a zabezpečovací detence." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327757.

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The primary aim of this work is to summarize and evaluate the current legislation for institutions providing compulsory treatment and preventive detention, and if possible to also provide a comprehensive overview of the development of these institutions, ordering and discharging them, with respect to the relevant decisions of the court. This work consists of six chapters, with each one dealing with individual aspects of these institutions, and the introductory chapter mainly explains the circumstances behind the choice of this theme and their impact on the assignment and goal of this work. Another chapter is devoted to the historical development of compulsory treatment and preventive detention. It is demonstrated here how these institutions developed in Europe, as well as the development of protective measures before the establishment of independent Czechoslovakia, namely until the adoption of the Safe Detention Act and embedding compulsory treatment and preventive detention in the new Criminal Code. The third chapter is devoted to protective measures as a whole. It describes what is actually meant by protective measures, which parts of these institutions belong to this category, and in particular it shows major differences between punishment and protective measures. Special attention is also given...

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Rohnová, Anna. "Ochranné léčení a zabezpečovací detence." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412034.

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Protective therapy and preventive detention Abstract The aim of the diploma thesis is to provide a comprehensive description of protective measures with an emphasis on two specific protective measures, namely protective treatment and security detention. These are criminal sanctions that are the result not only of a criminal offense, but also of an otherwise criminal offense. The basic function of these measures is not only to protect society from dangerous persons who have committed harmful acts on the basis of their mental disorder, sexual deviance or dependence on alcohol or other addictive substances, but also therapeutic effect on the personalities of these offenders so that their danger to society as minimized as possible and allowed them to return to normal life. The introductory chapters contain the basic characteristics of protective measures, their comparison with penalties and a brief description of the remaining protective measures, ie the institute will prevent things, prevent part of the property and protective education. The following chapter deals with the basic concepts that are closely related to both institutes, and whose understanding is crucial for grasping the whole issue. In the following chapters, I then deal in detail with the individual aspects of protective treatment and security...

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Klápová, Lenka. "Ochranné léčení a zabezpečovací detence." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-345444.

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Protective therapy and preventive detention The Diploma thesis is concerned with two types of protective measures one being protective therapy and the other being preventive detention. The objective of this paper is to examine in a comprehensive manner the current law that concerns these two institutes of criminal law and to determine their faults and to include a supplemental recommendation. The paper also included a general overview of the protective measures according to the legal order of the Czech Republic. There are a compare and contrast of the penalties and interpretation of the legal terms as well as what both protective therapy and preventive detention have in common. Also, listed legislation for both institutes of preventive detention and protective therapy will be individually defined and under which conditions they are imposed. There is also stated the forms of the measures and their duration. The detention facilities in Brno and Opava are described as being a part of preventive detention. Legislation for the institute Terbeschikkingstelling (TBS) and forensic hospitals and how it deals with patients in the Netherlands also is mentioned. Decisions made on extension therapy and duties of the hospital staff related thereto are described within protective treatment. Generally, individual...

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Teixeira, Cátia Filipa Salgado. "Prisão preventiva ilegal ou injustificada: direito a indemnização." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/60770.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito Judiciário (Direitos Processuais e Organização Judiciária)
As medidas de coação, em especial a prisão preventiva, surgem na sociedade como uma das temáticas que mais discórdia tem gerado, em virtude de as mesmas, não obstante serem imprescindíveis no alcance das finalidades do processo penal, colidirem com os direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos, principalmente o direito à liberdade. Aliás, a prisão preventiva caracteriza-se como restrição da liberdade do indivíduo a ela sujeita e, enquanto medida mais gravosa, assume natureza excecional, somente podendo ser aplicada quando as demais se revelem insuficientes ou injustificadas face ao caso concreto. A aprovação da Lei n.º 48/2007, de 29 de agosto, significou uma relevante alteração ao CPP e, sobretudo, ao instituto da prisão preventiva visando por fim à divergência de opiniões da doutrina e da jurisprudência em torno do que atualmente consta do Capítulo V do CPP e se designa por “Da Indemnização por privação da liberdade ilegal ou injustificada”. À luz do regime anterior, se o arguido somente poderia ser indemnizado no caso de manifesta ilegalidade ou de erro grosseiro na apreciação dos pressupostos de facto, agora, o art. 225.º do CPP prevê um novo fundamento de indemnização expresso na alínea c) do n.º 1, que se traduz na comprovação, no processo criminal, de que o arguido não foi agente do crime. Ou seja, ainda que a prisão preventiva seja formalmente lícita, mas se venha a revelar ex post injustificada, por juízo absolutório, constitui o Estado em responsabilidade e consequentemente na obrigação de indemnizar. Contudo, questiona-se a bondade do legislador e o mérito desta solução quando levantada ao abrigo do princípio in dubio pro reo, i.e., terá o arguido direito a tutela indemnizatória, uma vez comprovando que não praticou o acto?
The measures of coercion, especially pre-trial preventive arrest, appear in society as one of the issues that has generated the most discord, because these, despite being essential in achieving the purposes of criminal proceedings, collide with the fundamental rights of citizens, especially the right to freedom. In fact, preventive detention is characterized as a restriction on the freedom of the individual, as a more serious measure, assumes exceptional nature, and can only be applied when others measures prove insufficient or unjustified in the concrete case. The approval of Law no. 48/2007, of August 29, signified a relevant alteration to the CPP and, above all, to the institute of preventive detention, aiming to put an end to the divergence of opinions of the doctrine and jurisprudence around what currently appears in Chapter V of the CPP and is called "Compensation for illegal or unjustified deprivation of liberty." The previous regime considered, that the defendant could only be compensated in case of manifest illegality or gross error in the assessment of the factual assumptions, now, art. 225 of the CPP provides for a new ground for compensation expressed in paragraph 1 (c) which reflects the confirmation, in the criminal process, that the defendant was not an agent of the crime. So even if the pre-trial detention is formally licit, but it proves unjustified ex post, by acquittal, the State is constituted in responsibility and consequently the obligation to indemnify. However, the goodness of the legislator is questioned and the merit of this solution when raised under the principle in doubt for the accused, i.e., will the defendant have the right to compensation, once it proves that he did not practice the act?

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蔡濡亦. "A Study focus on felony detention and prevention detention." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mpea2t.

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碩士
中央警察大學
法律學研究所
106
This paper reported recently detained related cases gradually valued, and the majority decision points out crimes involved the lightest punishment of not less than five years, citing a felony, namely using the 3 of paragraph 1 of article 101 of the criminal procedure law for a felony in custody, but only by lawmakers for years as a misdemeanor punishment degree, seems to work hard to convince standard, the author study motivation, and the ruling parties for blue, green, former President Chen custody for many years, I still remember the major news media space, is the former President Chen hands cuffed, over their heads said his discontent!The picture is still unable to erase from the mind deeply, a former head of state was taken away by law enforcement personnel in such a way that the back court here will be a felony in custody the terms play incisively and vividly, make the author began to notice the criminal action of the defendant's human rights protection problems still have many to breakthrough, then derived by justice interpretation of the word no. 665, most of them with different opinion between also at loggerheads, on behalf of the system of dispute exists!Legal basis custody, trying to find out what kind of conditions to further study in custody, alternative disposal, the situation need to be really out of last resort to custody, trying to find the plight of the practice, discusses the necessary for repairing method, and for the future custody system practices provide their ideas, the writer hopes to have the reference value. Custody system evolution, but from the judicial yuan 1995 justice interpretation of the word no. 392 is made, the prosecutor's detention decisions, replaced by the judge to writ principle to decide, and think in custody as a last resort, the launch!That is, if the alternative means of custody can be used, it should not be used.At present our country's custody, alternative d, pay the residence, limit, aiming at security criminal defendants, ensure the procedure of prosecution, trial and execution can go smoothly, but to destroy evidence or to avoid effects of collusion may still not as good as expected, although in 2000 (millennium) vary 2, article 116 of the criminal procedure legislation to court may, in accordance with the specific case to decide whether to launch banned disposition, theoretically can make up for the above problems, a level but designing will be attached to the custody of the alternative comparison, wiped out its independence may, as necessary to review the improvement.So 2 of article 116 of the criminal procedure law amendment mentioned, then to the defendant from hire security monitoring, electronic ankle bracelet monitoring facilities, and it is prohibited to dispose large movable property, real estate, etc., and suggests that requires the defendant without the permission of the judge or prosecutor shall not be allowed to leave the house, or a certain area, it is prohibited to apply for your passport or travel documents, without the consent of the school inspection shall not dispose of specific property, and so on, has imposed a ban on disposition of such matching will be able to play to detain the effectiveness of alternative means, to not perfect.this processing of the destroyed, collusion and other issues, also can effectively prevent free.In custody system also, growing strong, gradually developed into a set of mature system, the criminal procedure law is a very important milestone, for universal rights protection and the promotion of the position of the rule of law in our country, is also a picket.Whether felony custody and preventive custody should still exist and whether they conform to the constitution's intention to protect people's rights and interests is also an important issue to be addressed in this paper. Keywords：Felony detention,Custody, Prevention detention

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Koláříková, Lenka. "Institut zabezpečovací detence: poslání, cíle a meze nového ochranného opatření." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-298149.

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The institute of preventive detention is a new protective measure in our penal law. The theme of this thesis is an analysis of the comission and goals of the new protective measure and focusing on a comparation of theoretical and practical function of this protective measure. The folowing chapters provide the characterization of the preventive detention and its legal framework in the Czech republic. The component part of the thesis is also a description of the preventive detention in a legal framework of other state, concretely Slovakia. At the end of the work there are explicated knowledges obtained during the visit of the Institute for preventive detention Brno. In this chapter not only functional equipment is described but also the compositon of the inmates and employees and their most important competencies. Programms, by which are the medical goals fullfiled are described at the end of the thesis.

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Tsai, Chung-Yen, and 蔡宗諺. "A Study of Flood Detention and Water Resources Exchange in Taichung Disaster Prevention Park." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r3tp72.

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碩士
國立中興大學
水土保持學系所
106
Taiwan suffered from frequent earthquakes and floods due to its geographic location, topography, and uneven rainfall distributions. Fengle Park was designated as the first disaster prevention park by the Taichung municipal government. This park was also used as the temporary refuge and shelter for victims from disasters. In order to take rescue action smoothly, it is important that the surrounding area of the park was free of flood. Hence, inventory and examination of the water-holding facilities and/or functions are necessary in the park. Fengle Park was taken as a case study and the facilities in the park were checked and analyzed. Flooding potential of the park and its nearby areas were also inspected. Feasibility of the operation mechanism of the water resources exchange was further discussed. Based on the maximum daily rainfall of a fifty-year return period, risk analysis showed that the inundation depth was less than 50cm which is classified as low grade. Therefore, Concepts of water diversion could be manipulated to guide the runoff at the nearby riparian areas to the park’s detention ponds during extreme rainfall event. The water storage capacity could be increased from 14,000m3 to 32,000m3 under the operation of improved detention facilities coupled with water tank installation. Permeable material was adopted to improve the bottom of the detention ponds. The detention volume could be increased to 18,000m3 and the flooding area could be reduced about 36,000m2. The newly depression sites could be planned as the operational center of water resource exchange which is employed to recycle the water resource of the excavation of tall building and/or huge development. The recycled water resource could be used as microclimate regulation, landscape ecology, fire extinguisher, and construction cleaning. The exchange mechanism of the recycled water could be promoted in the short term, and should remedy relative regulations for the middle and/or long term. Maintenance foundation should be also raised for the park to work effectively during normal and disaster period. The study results could be provided as the reference of related authorities.

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Vieira, Manuel de Almeida. "A prisão preventiva, medida de ultima ratio." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84124.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
As medidas de coacção são expedientes instrumentais para se atingir a finalidade do processo que é a aplicação da lei criminal. Sendo estas medidas restritivas dos direitos, liberdades e garantias numa fase em que o arguido é presumido inocente, elas têm que ser, no caso e no momento concretos, as expressamente previstas no respectivo catálogo legal, têm que ser as exigidas com carácter processual e natureza cautelar, só podem vigorar enquanto permanecerem as exigências cautelares que as fundamentam, só deve ser aplicada medida mais grave se outra, menos restritiva, não for suficiente em face das exigências processuais e, por último, deve ser proporcional à gravidade do crime e às sanções que previsivelmente venham a ser aplicadas. Com excepção da medida de termo de identidade e residência, para que qualquer umas das outras medidas possa ser aplicada, é necessário a existência de perigo de fuga, ou de perturbação do inquérito, nomeadamente no que se refere à prova, ou de continuidade da actividade criminosa ou perturbação grave da ordem e tranquilidade públicas.A prisão preventiva é a medida de coacção mais gravosa pelos efeitos que a reclusão em estabelecimento prisional provoca no arguido a nível pessoal, familiar, económico e social. As condições de reclusão são agravadas pelo excesso de população prisional. Os longos prazos legais de reclusão são por vezes atingidos sem que haja uma decisão definitiva de condenação ou absolvição.O recurso ao sistema de vigilância electrónica, implementado em 2002 tem permitido a aplicação, cada vez mais frequente, da medida de prisão preventiva na habitação, em vez da prisão preventiva em estabelecimento prisional.
Coercive measures are instrumental expediency to achieve the process’s objective: the criminal law enforcement.Being these restrictive measures of rights, freedoms and guarantees in a phase which the defendant is presumed innocent, they must be, in the specific case and moment, explicitly provided in the respective legal catalogue; they must be those which are demanded with procedural character and preventive nature; they can only prevail while the preventive demands that substantiate them remain; it should only be applied a more severe measure if another one, less restrictive, is not sufficient enough face the procedural demands and, lastly, it should be proportional to the crime’s seriousness and to the sanctions which can be, foreseeably, applied. Except for the measure of Statement of Identity and Residence, so that any of the other measures can be applied, it is required the existence of threat of escape, inquiry disruption, inter alia, in what the proof is concerned, the continuity of criminal activity or severe risk of disturbing the public peace and quiet.Pre-trial detention is the most onerous coercive measure by the effects that imprisonment causes in the defendant at all levels, personal, family, economic and social. The confinement conditions are aggravated by the excess of prison population. The long legal deadlines are sometimes reached without a final decision of conviction or acquittal.The recourse to the electronic surveillance system, implemented in 2002, has allowed the even more frequent application of the pre-trial detention measure at home or in the prison establishment.

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Ferreira, Ana Sofia Ribeiro Tavares. "Prisão preventiva: medida de coação ou de punição?" Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/43249.

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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia
A prisão preventiva é uma medida de coação que, em Portugal, mantem 2303 indivíduos em reclusão apesar de estes ainda não terem sido sujeitos a julgamento. Dada a indefinição do desfecho desta medida pretendeu-se compreender o impacto sentido pelos reclusos e reclusas em prisão preventiva ao nível do seu funcionamento psicológico e comportamental. Para tal, foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas a seis reclusos e seis reclusas que se encontravam pelo menos há seis meses em prisão preventiva. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da Análise Temática. Foi possível concluir que a prisão preventiva causa um elevado sofrimento psicológico nos reclusos, derivado da incerteza do desfecho da medida de coação e das características da reclusão (muito horas nas celas, impossibilidade de trabalho). Para as mulheres, mais do que para os homens, a separação dos filhos torna este contexto ainda mais sofrido. Por outro lado, verificamos que estes reclusos estiveram sujeitos a um conjunto de violência física e/ou psicológica desde o momento em que foram detidos.
Pre-trial detention is a constraint measure that, in Portugal, keeps 2303 individuals behind bars, despite haven’t been subject to trial yet. Given the uncertainty of the outcome of this measure we intended to understand the impact felt by the pre-trial detention’ inmates concerning their psychological and behavioural functioning. To this end, were conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with detainees that are at least for six months in custody. The data obtained was analysed through the Thematic Analysis process. It was concluded that the pretrial detention causes a high psychological distress in prisoners, derived from the uncertainty of the outcome of the constraint measure and the confinement characteristics (very hours in the cells, working impossibility). For women, more than men, the separation from their children makes this context even more suffered. On the other hand, we found that these prisoners were subjected to a series of violence since the time they were detained.

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Monteiro, Miguel Nuno Galiza Carneiro Aranda. "A medida de coação de prisão preventiva em Portugal: reflexões sobre a privação da liberdade do presumido inocente." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/68870.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Direitos Humanos
Constituindo a aplicação judicial da medida de coação de prisão preventiva, em momento em que a pessoa dela objeto continua a presumir-se inocente, uma limitação (total) do direito à liberdade constitucionalmente legitimada, cremos essencial, face ao atual paradigma, que a compressão da liberdade do arguido, através da aplicação de tal medida, se restrinja às situações estritamente necessárias. Assim, considerada a importância do direito à liberdade, como valor inerente à condição humana, em contraponto com as suas necessárias limitações em prol da prossecução de outros valores igualmente protegidos, a presente exposição almeja, partindo do regime jurídico da prisão preventiva, contribuir para uma reflexão séria sobre possíveis alterações ao mesmo que possam tornar a aplicação de tal medida verdadeiramente excecional.
As the pre-trial detention ordered by the court, in a stage when the defendant is still presumed innocent, represents a (total) limitation, legitimated by the Constitution, of the right to freedom, we consider essential, according to the current paradigm, that the compression of the defendant’s freedom, entailed by that precautionary measure, must occur only when it’s strictly necessary. Therefore, regarding the importance of the right to freedom, as a value inherent of the human condition, in opposition to the restrictions demanded by the pursuit of other equally protected values, this study aims, starting from the pre-trial detention legal regime, to contribute to a serious analysis of possible changes to this regime that could make the implementation of that measure truly exceptional.

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Aguiar, Nádia Freire da Silva. "O regime de prisão preventiva no furto qualificado estudo comparativo entre Portugal e Angola." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/10347.

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Orientação: José de Sousa e Brito
A aplicação da medida de prisão preventiva constitui uma medida de coação processual penal que recolhe opiniões contraditórias por parte da comunidade académica e da sociedade em geral. A sua aplicação no caso do furto qualificado, pode justificar-se quando se trata de uma prática habitual e sistemática, ou com o fundamento ligado à investigação criminal, nomeadamente no que se refere ao perigo de perturbação do decurso da instrução do processo. No entanto pensamos que se trata de uma medida cuja aplicação deve acontecer a título excecional e apenas quando outras medidas de coação menos gravosas não forem suficientes para acautelar o fim pretendido. Certo é que a aplicação de uma medida de coação tão drástica pode tornar-se incompatível com a proteção dos direitos, liberdades e garantias dos cidadãos, causando danos irreparáveis ao arguido que venha posteriormente a ser declarado inocente. Com esta dissertação pretende-se estudar os ordenamentos jurídicos de Portugal e de Angola, no que ao regime de prisão preventiva diz respeito, numa perspetiva comparada e evolutiva, analisando as mudanças de legislação que foram surgindo ao longo dos anos, para os casos de furto qualificado.
The application of the preventive custody measure constitutes a measure of criminal procedural coercion that collects contradictory opinions on the part of both the academic community and of society in general. Its application in the case of aggravated theft can be justified in the case of habitual and repeated practice or on the basis relating to criminal investigation, in particular as regarding the danger of disturbance in the course of the investigation of the case. However, we believe that this is a measure whose application must take place exceptionally and only when other less burdensome coercive measures are not sufficient to protect the intended end. It is true that the application of such a drastic measure of coercion may become incompatible with the protection of citizens' rights, freedoms and guarantees, causing irreparable damage to the defendant who is subsequently found not guilty. This dissertation intends to study the legal systems of Portugal and Angola, in which the system of preventive custody refers, in a comparative and evolutionary perspective, analysing the changes of legislation that have arisen over the years, in cases of aggravated theft.

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Makgopa, Lazarus. "The prevention of deaths in police cells." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13788.

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The research question of this study is to determine what circumstances and conditions contribute to deaths in police cells. The study was undertaken in order to establish the causes of deaths in police cells and the factors which contribute thereto, as well as to determine the best international practices to prevent deaths in police cells. The literature was reviewed in order to establish the extent to which this phenomenon has been researched in South Africa and in other countries and to determine the regulatory framework related thereto. The researcher had collected data from the dockets relating to deaths in police cells which were kept at the IPID provincial offices in Gauteng and Limpopo. The data were collected by using the docket analysis schedule and were categorised into themes during the analysis process. Four cause of deaths in police cells were identified, namely, suicide, natural causes, assault by fellow detainees and injuries which were sustained prior to detention. Suicide is the leading cause of deaths. The second leading causes of deaths in police cells are natural causes and assault by fellow detainees. Deaths as a result of injuries sustained prior to detention came third. The most common ligatures which were used to commit suicide are shoe-laces, belts and strips torn from clothing and bedding items. The preferred ligature points are the burglar proof bars on cell windows. Booted feet and hands were the most common instruments used to inflict fatal injuries on the detainees. It was also found that police officials are generally not complying fully with the standing orders which regulate the management of people who are detained in police cells. The failure of police officials to comply fully with the standing orders on custody in police cells contributed to the deaths of detainees in police cells. Recommendations are made to prevent the deaths of detainees in police cells.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Policing)

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46

Симонець, Катерина Олександрівна. "Тримання під вартою як різновид запобіжного заходу: проблемні питання застосування за законодавством України та країн ЄС." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2712.

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Симонець К. О. Тримання під вартою як різновид запобіжного заходу: проблемні питання застосування за законодавством : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 262 "Правохоронна діяльність" / наук. керівник І. В. Пелех. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 111 с.
UA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається зі 111 сторінок, містить 112 джерела використаної інформації. Будучи фундаментальним правом людини, право на свободу та особисту недоторканість не є абсолютним і в передбачених законом випадках, для досягнення законної мети може бути обмежено під час кримінального провадження. Проте, таке обмеження, в тому числі шляхом застосування тримання під вартою як запобіжного заходу може застосовуватися лише у випадках, коли іншими запобіжними заходами вирішити завдання кримінального провадження неможливо. Разом з тим, як свідчить офіційна статистика, при здійсненні кримінального провадження досить поширеним у застосуванні є саме запобіжний захід у вигляді тримання під вартою (у 2018 р. було подано до суду 22473 клопотання, відмовлено у задоволенні – 4556; за перше півріччя 2019р.: подано – 10567 клопотань, відмовлено - 2456), незважаючи на істотні зміни його нормативного регулювання з прийняттям КПК України 2012р. (далі – КПК), впровадженням альтернативних запобіжних заходів, а також імплементацією європейського стандарту визнання його виняткового характеру, про що прямо зазначено в ч. 1 ст. 183 КПК. Наведене дає можливість констатувати наявність проблеми визначення розумного балансу між гарантованими Основним Законом правами і свободами та допустимим ступенем їх обмеження задля вирішення завдань кримінального провадження. Ця проблема обумовлюється низкою чинників, серед яких, окрім недоліків правового регулювання, неправильне розуміння правозастосовниками чинного законодавства, неврахування практики Європейського суду з прав людини (далі – ЄСПЛ або Суд), у тому числі щодо України, залишення формального підходу до вирішення питання застосування тримання під вартою тощо. Зазначене актуалізує наукове опрацювання проблематики застосування тримання під вартою у кримінальному процесі та зумовлює потребу у розробці шляхів подолання існуючих недоліків. Метою роботи є всебічне вивчення інституту тримання під вартою як різновиду запобіжного заходу, встановлення особливостей його реалізації на стадії досудового розслідування та під час судового провадження, комплексний аналіз законодавства України та краї ЄС з питань застосування цього запобіжного заходу. Об'єктом дослідження виступають суспільні відносини, що виникають при застосуванні запобіжного заходу у вигляді тримання під вартою. Предметом дослідження є тримання під вартою як запобіжний захід.
EN : The qualification work consists of 111 pages, contains 112 sources of information used Being a fundamental human right, the right to liberty and security of person is not absolute and, in the cases provided for by law, may be restricted in the course of criminal proceedings to achieve a legitimate aim. However, such a restriction, including through the use of detention as a precautionary measure, can only be applied in cases where it is not possible to solve the problem of criminal proceedings by other preventive measures. However, according to official statistics, the pre-trial detention in the form of detention is quite common in criminal proceedings (in 2018, 22473 motions were filed, 4556 were denied; in the first half of 2019: 10567 petitions were filed, 2456 were denied), despite significant changes to its regulatory framework with the adoption of the CPC of Ukraine in 2012. (hereinafter referred to as the CCP), the introduction of alternative preventive measures, as well as the implementation of the European standard for recognition of its exceptional character, as explicitly stated in Part 1 of Art. 183 CPC. The above makes it possible to state the problem of determining a reasonable balance between the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Basic Law and the permissible degree of their restriction in order to solve the problems of criminal proceedings. This problem is due to a number of factors, including, in addition to the shortcomings of legal regulation, misunderstandings of current law enforcers, failure to take into account the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter - ECtHR or Court), including Ukraine, leaving a formal approach to resolving the issue of detention worth it and so on. This updates the scientific study of the issue of the use of detention in criminal proceedings and necessitates the development of ways to overcome existing shortcomings. The purpose of the work is to study comprehensively the institution of detention as a type of precautionary measure, to determine the peculiarities of its implementation at the stage of pre-trial investigation and during judicial proceedings, a comprehensive analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and the EU on the application of this precautionary measure. The object of the study is the public relations arising from the application of the precautionary measure in the form of detention. The subject of the investigation is detention as a precautionary measure.

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47

Kurban, Filho Iran. "A implementação da audiência de custódia no sistema de justiça criminal brasileiro: uma análise acerca da efetividade dos seus objetivos." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/10098.

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O presente estudo pretende analisar se a audiência de custódia cumpre os objetivos para os quais foi instituída, quais sejam, de redução gradual de decretos de prisões preventivas, o estímulo ao uso de medidas cautelares diversas das prisões, e a identificação de torturas ou maus tratos no momento da prisão em flagrante, por meio do relato dos presos aos magistrados. Para se chegar a uma conclusão sobre a hipótese central da investigação, procedeu-se a estudo empírico na unidade judicial da Central de Inquéritos, na comarca de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil, com a colheita dos dados de todas as audiências de custódia, registradas pela UMF, realizadas no período compreendido entre outubro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. Antes do estudo empírico, realizou-se o estudo teórico no qual houve a abordagem dos principais institutos objetos da dissertação, com o intuito de situar a audiência de custódia dentro do contexto que engloba as medidas cautelares e as prisões preventivas. Ao final da pesquisa, constatou-se que não há uma relação necessária entre a realização de audiências de custódia e a redução gradual do número de decretos de prisões preventivas, uma vez que, com o passar do tempo, o número de prisões aumentou gradativamente.
The present study intends to analyze if the custody hearing perfoms the objectives for which it was instituted, namely, to gradually reduce preventive detention decrees, to encourage the use of precautionary measures different than prisons, and to identify torture or ill-treatment at the time of the act of arrest, through the prisoners' report to the magistrates. In order to reach a conclusion on the central hypothesis of the investigation, an empirical study was carried out at the judicial unit of the “Central de Inquéritos”, in the district of São Luís, State of Maranhão, Brazil, with the collection of data from all custody hearings, registered by the UMF, carried out in the period between October 2014 and December 2019. Before the empirical study, a theoretical study was carried out in which the essentials institutes object of the dissertation were approached, in order to situate the custody hearing within the context of precautionary measures and preventive arrests. At the end of the research, it was found that there is no necessary relationship between holding custody hearings and the gradual reduction in the number of preventive arrest decrees, because, along the time, the number of arrests gradually increased.

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48

Lambrechts, Gideon Albertus Jacobus. "Alternatiewe vonnisse en rehabilitasie : 'n penologiese studie." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2963.

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Text in Afrikaans
Gevangenis oorbevolking is ŉ probleem waarmee die Suid-Afrikaanse korrektiewe stelsel reeds vir baie jare worstel. Suid-Afrika is een van die lande met die hoogste gevangenis bevolking in die wêreld. Een van die grootste probleme wat tot die situasie bydra, is die aantal oortreders wat nie in staat is om borg te betaal nie. ŉ Ander probleem is die aantal verhoorafwagtendes wat in aanhouding is. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Witskrif van die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste, is vasberade om die rehabilitering van die oortreder te bevorder. Die fokus van die studie wentel om die rehabilitasie van die oortreder en die vraag of hierdie doelwit binne die korrektiewe stelsel haalbaar is. Heelwat klem word op die noodsaaklikheid van alternatiewe vonnisse geplaas asook rehabilitasie as strafoogmerk tydens vonnisoplegging. Dit is die navorser se mening dat die korrektiewe stelsel nie die geskikste plek is vir die rehabilitering van die oortreder nie.
Criminology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Preventive detention'

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