Academic literature on the topic 'Previous stones'
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Journal articles on the topic "Previous stones"
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López-Acevedo, Victoria, Álvaro Sánchez-Barrueco, Sol López-Andrés, José Miguel Villacampa-Aubá, Jessica Santillán-Coello, Fernando González-Galán, Gonzalo Díaz-Tapia, and Carlos Cenjor-Español. "Salivary stones crystallization. Previous study." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 74, a2 (August 22, 2018): e272-e272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273318091076.
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Karagiannis, Andreas, Andreas Skolarikos, Emanuel Alexandrescu, Dragoslav Basic, Petrisor Geavlete, Alessandro Maletta, A. Yaser Muslumanoglu, et al. "Epidemiologic study of urolithiasis in seven countries of South-Eastern Europe: S.E.G.U.R. 1 study." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 89, no. 3 (October 3, 2017): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2017.3.173.
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Objective: To investigate some epidemiological aspects of kidney stones in the South- Eastern European area. Materials and methods: From September 2015 to December 2015, 538 consecutive patients were treated and evaluated for reno-ureteral stones in eight departments in Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, FYR Macedonia, Romania, Serbia and Turkey. Results: The age of onset was lower in Turkey and higher in Italy. The rate of recurrent patients was higher in Romania and Serbia, while first renal stone formers were more frequent in Italy. The previous history of kidney stones, the characteristics of the stones and the dietary habits of the patients were different in different countries. In Bulgaria, Greece and Romania larger calculi from recurrent patients were more frequent. In Italy and Turkey smaller calculi from first renal stone formers were more frequent. Conclusions: The previous history of kidney stones, the characteristics of the stones and the dietary habits of the patients were different in different countries. A common dietary pattern associated with the formation of kidney stones was not observed, but each country showed different risk factors.
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Alkan, Erdal, Ali Saribacak, Ahmet Oguz Ozkanli, Mehmet Murad Başar, Oguz Acar, and Mevlana Derya Balbay. "Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery in Patients Who Previously Underwent Open Renal Stone Surgery." Minimally Invasive Surgery 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/198765.
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Purpose. To ascertain whether retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) is as effective in patients treated previously with open renal stone surgery (ORSS) on the same kidney as in patients with no previous ORSS.Methods. There were 32 patients with renal stones who had previous ORSS and were treated with RIRS in the study group (Group 1). A total of 38 patients with renal stones who had no previous ORSS and were treated with RIRS were selected as the control group (Group 2). Recorded data regarding preoperative characteristics of the patients, stone properties, surgical parameters, outcomes, SFRs (no fragments or small fragments <4 mm), and complications between groups were compared.Results. Mean age, mean BMI, mean hospital stay, and mean operative time were not statistically different between groups. Mean stone size (10.1 ± 5.6 versus 10.3 ± 4.2;p=0.551) and mean stone burden (25.4 ± 14.7 versus 23.5 ± 9.9;p=0.504) were also similar between groups. After the second procedures, SFRs were 100% and 95% in groups 1 and 2, respectivelyp=0.496. No major perioperative complications were seen.Conclusion. RIRS can be safely and effectively performed with acceptable complication rates in patients treated previously with ORSS as in patients with no previous ORSS.
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Sawal, Zuhri, and Doddy M. Soebadi. "Impact of Stone Size, Location, and Stone Composition on the Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Residual Stone after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy." Folia Medica Indonesiana 56, no. 2 (August 6, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v56i2.21231.
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This study aimed to determine the impact of stone size, location and stone composition the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the management of residual stone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The design of this study was a retrospective that conducted between January 2012 until December 2016. The population in this study were all patients with residual stones post PCNL. Exclusion criteria were patients with multiple stones and patients with a history of previous treatment for residual stones such as nephroscopy, flexible ureterorenoscopy, ESWL or medical therapy). The variables studied in this study were stone size, stone location, and stone composition. Before ESWL was carried out, all patients underwent Kidney Ureter Bladder (KUB). After ESWL, all patients underwent ultrasonography (USG) and KUB to determine the stone clearance status. The sample of this study was 125 patients. The overall stone-free rate (SFR) of ESWL in managing post-PCNL residual stones is 72%. SFR based on stone size variable are 73.7% and 71.3% respectively for stones with a size = 5 mm and >5 mm (p = 0.78). SFR based on stone location variable was 67.1%, 75.8%, and 81.8% respectively for the residual stone located at the upper pole, middle pole and lower pole. There are no significant differences in the entire variable. This study concludes that ESWL can be used as effective additional management to treat post-PCNL residual stones with satisfactory SFR.
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Radfar, Mohammad Hadi, Reza Valipour, Behzad Narouie, Mehdi Sotoudeh, and Hamid Pakmanesh. "Role of the gonadal vessels on the stone lodgment in the proximal ureter: Direct observation during laparoscopic ureterolithotomy." Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 90, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2018.3.163.
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Introduction: Previous radiological studies revealed that stones lodge more frequently in the ureterovesical junction (UVJ) as well as the proximal ureter. Factors that prevent stone passage from the proximal ureter are not well studied. Aim: To explore the site of the lodged stones in the proximal ureter with direct observation during laparoscopic ureterolithotomy. Materials and methods: Between November 2014 and February 2015, we included 26 patients including 18 men and 8 women with stones larger than 10 millimeters in the proximal ureter who were candidate for laparoscopic ureterolithotomy. We prospectively recorded the site of the lodged stones in the ureter during laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in relation with the sites of ureteral stenosis as well as the gonadal vessels. Results: Among 26 patients with ureteral stone, in 19 cases stone was found close to the gonadal vein compared with seven cases that stone was in other locations of the ureter (p = 0.02). The characteristics of patients and stones were not different in cases that the stone was close to gonadal vessels compared with other locations. Conclusions: This study showed that most of the stones lodged in the proximal ureter were in close proximity with gonadal vessels. Gonadal vessels may be an extrinsic cause of ureteral narrowing.
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Ibrahim, El-Sayed H., Joseph G. Cernigliaro, Mellena D. Bridges, Robert A. Pooley, and William E. Haley. "The Capabilities and Limitations of Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Kidney Stones: A Retrospective Study." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4935656.
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The purpose of this work was to investigate the performance of currently available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting kidney stones, compared to computed tomography (CT) results, and to determine the characteristics of successfully detected stones. Patients who had undergone both abdominal/pelvic CT and MRI exams within 30 days were studied. The images were reviewed by two expert radiologists blinded to the patients’ respective radiological diagnoses. The study consisted of four steps: (1) reviewing the MRI images and determining whether any kidney stone(s) are identified; (2) reviewing the corresponding CT images and confirming whether kidney stones are identified; (3) reviewing the MRI images a second time, armed with the information from the corresponding CT, noting whether any kidney stones are positively identified that were previously missed; (4) for all stones MRI-confirmed on previous steps, the radiologist experts being asked to answer whether in retrospect, with knowledge of size and location on corresponding CT, these stones would be affirmed as confidently identified on MRI or not. In this best-case scenario involving knowledge of stones and their locations on concurrent CT, radiologist experts detected 19% of kidney stones on MRI, with stone size being a major factor for stone identification.
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Anwer, S., R. Egan, N. Cross, S. Guru Naidu, and K. Somasekar. "Management of choledocholithiasis after previous gastrectomy." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 99, no. 7 (September 2017): e213-e215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2017.0129.
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Common bile duct stones in patients with a previous gastrectomy can be a technical challenge because of the altered anatomy. This paper presents the successful management of two such patients using non-traditional techniques as conventional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was not possible.
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Huang, Ho Shiang, Pao Chi Liao, and Chan Jung Liu. "Calcium Kidney Stones are Associated with Increased Risk of Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Link between Urinary Stone Risks, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, and Oxidative Stress Markers." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030729.
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Previous studies have suggested that kidney stone formers are associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events. To our knowledge, there have been no previous examinations of the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and urinary stone risk factors. This study was aimed toward an investigation of the association between dyslipidemia, IMT, and 24-hour urinalysis in patients with calcium oxalate (CaOx) or calcium phosphate (CaP) stones. We prospectively enrolled 114 patients with kidney stones and 33 controls between January 2016 and August 2016. All patients were divided into four groups, according to the stone compositions—CaOx ≥ 50% group, CaP group, struvite group, and uric acid stones group. Carotid IMT and the carotid score (CS) were evaluated using extracranial carotid artery doppler ultrasonography. The results of a multivariate analysis indicated that a higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were all associated with lower urinary citrate and higher CS in both the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups. Higher serum TC and LDL were also associated with increased serum 8-OHdG levels in both groups. The levels of carotid IMT and CS in the CaOx ≥ 50% and CaP groups were all significantly higher than in the controls. These findings suggest a strong link between dyslipidemia, carotid atherosclerosis, and calcium kidney stone disease.
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Bianchi, Grazia, Diego Marega, Roberto Knez, Stefano Bucci, and Carlo Trombetta. "Ultrasound follow up: Is an undetected spontaneous expulsion of stone fragments a sign of extracorporeal shock wave treatment failure in kidney stones?" Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 90, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2018.3.166.
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Introduction. After extracorporeal lithotripsy (SWL), a spontaneous expulsion of fragments is often reported. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the presence of a stone free status or the presence of clinically insignificant residual fragments (CIRFs, defined as “asymptomatic, noninfectious, ≤ 3 mm fragments”) in people with undetected spontaneous expulsion. Materials and methods. Between May and September 2017, we performed a total of 87 treatments. The device used was a Storz Medical Modulith® SLK. All the patients were treated in prone position to reduce respiratory movements and underwent sonography before and four to eight weeks after the treatment. An in line ultrasound targeting was possible with all the stones. People lost to follow up or with ureteral stones were excluded. Patients were divided in groups according to gender, previous treatments, stone diameter and position. Results. We enrolled 73 patients. 57 patients had a single stone and 16 multiple stones. A mean number of 3044 shock waves was administered with a maximum average energy of 0.68mj/mmq. At follow up, 41 patients (56.2%) were found stone free or with CIRFs. The association between undetected expulsion and the presence of CIRFs is considered to be not statistically significant (p = 0.89). Among patients with CIRFs, 25/41 didn’t report expulsion. Taking in account the groups our population was divided in, according to gender (p = 0.36), previous treatments (p = 0.44), stone diameter (p = 0.28) and stone position (p = 0.35), the association between undetected spontaneous expulsion and presence of CIRFs was never statistically significant. Conclusions. An undetected spontaneous expulsion of stone fragments could not be considered a sign of SWL treatment failure. The association between undetected expulsion and presence of CIRFs is never statistically significant if gender of the patients, previous treatments, stone diameter and stone position are considered.
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Flannigan, Ryan K., Andrew Battison, Shubha De, Mitchell R. Humphreys, Markus Bader, Ekaterina Lellig, Manoj Monga, Ben H. Chew, and Dirk Lange. "Evaluating factors that dictate struvite stone composition: A multi-institutional clinical experience from the EDGE Research Consortium." Canadian Urological Association Journal 12, no. 4 (December 16, 2017): 131–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.4804.
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Introduction: Struvite stones account for 15% of urinary calculi and are typically associated with urease-producing urinary tract infections and carry significant morbidity. This study aims to characterize struvite stones based on purity of stone composition, bacterial speciation, risk factors, and clinical features.Methods: Retrospective data was collected from patients diagnosed with infection stones between 2008 and 2012. Stone analysis, perioperative urine cultures, bacterial speciation, and clinical data were collected and analyzed. The purity of struvite stones was determined. Statistical comparisons were made among homogeneous and heterogeneous struvite stones.Results: From the four participating centres, 121 struvite stones were identified. Only 13.2% (16/121) were homogenous struvite. Other components included calcium phosphate (42.1%), calcium oxalate (33.9%), calcium carbonate (27.3%), and uric acid (5.8%). Partial or full staghorn calculi occurred in 23.7% of cases. Ureaseproducing bacteria were only present in 30% of cases. Proteus, E. coli, and Enterococcus were the most common bacterial isolates from perioperative urine, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy was the most common modality of treatment. Only 40% of patients had a urinalysis that was nitrite-positive, indicating that urinalysis alone is not reliable for diagnosing infection stones. The study’s limitation is its retrospective nature; as such, the optimal timing of cultures with respect to stone analysis or treatment was not always possible, urine cultures were often not congruent with stone cultures in the same patient, and our findings of E. coli commonly cultured does not suggest causation.Conclusions: Struvite stones are most often heterogeneous in composition. Proteus remains a common bacterial isolate; however, E. coli and Enterococcus were also frequently identified. This new data provides evidence that patients with struvite stones can have urinary tract pathogens other than urease-producing bacteria, thus challenging previous conventional dogma.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Previous stones"
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Russell, Palmira Farinha. "Does the sales-to-price ratio possess more explanatory power in determining percentage share returns for JSE data compared to previously assessed variables?" Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49934.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A number of financial variables have received extensive attention from those analysts determined to obtain that significant set of variables that improve their forecasts of expected returns. Barbee. Mukherji and Raines (1996: 56-60) suggested that the focus shift to the sales-to-price (S/P) ratio. Their findings indicated that the S/P ratio exhibited greater explanatory power in assessing share returns on Standard and Poars (S&P) American data compared to those variables already in the spot light. This study focuses on a seventeen-year period extending from 1985 to 2002, and includes a sample of industrial sector JSE-listed companies. The set of variables assessed are referred to as the "explanatory variables" and include the following: • Debt-to-equity (D/E) ratio, • Book-to-market value (B/M) ratio, • Market value of equity (MVE) variable; and • Sales-to-price (S/P) ratio. Correlation tests and regression analyses on permutations of these explanatory variables against percentage share return data revealed the MVE variable to possess the dominant relationship with percentage share returns. All models were shown (through inference) to exhibit some validity, with the exception of that model which excluded the MVE variable as an independent variable. The coefficient of the B/M ratio becomes significant when combined with the MVE variable in a regression analysis, accounting for most of the explanatory power of the model. Results from this study were compared with those in Barbee, et al., (1996), Fricker (1996) and Mouton (1998). The comparison revealed that Barbee, et al., (1996) is the only study (of the authors considered) with sufficient evidence to infer significance in the S/P ratio as a more powerful explanatory variable for determining share returns. This study has therefore shown no support for the S/P ratio as an explanatory power in determining percentage share returns, based on JSE data. The MVE variable was instead shown to have the greatest explanatory power, specifically when combined with the BlM ratio.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Aantal finansiele veranderlikes het aansienlike aandag van die analiste gekry ten einde 'n betekenisvolle stel van veranderlikes daar te stel wat help om hul vooruitskattings van opbrengste te verbeter. Barbee, Mukherji and Raines (1996: 56-60) het voorgestel dat die fokus verskuif na die verkope tot prys (S/P) verhouding. Hul het bevind dat die S/P verhouding groter verduidelikingsvermoe het by die beoordeling van aandeel opbrengste op Standard en Poors (S&P) se Amerikaanse data as daardie veranderlikes wat reeds onder die soeklig was. Die studie fokus op 'n sewentienjaar-periode van 1985 tot 2002, en dek 'n monster van genoteerde industriele aandele op die Johannesburg se Effektebeurs. Hierdie stel veranderlikes word na verwys as die "verduidelikende veranderlikes" en sluit in: • Skuld tot aandeelhouersfondse (D/E) verhoudings, • Boek tot markwaarde (B/M) verhouding, • Markwaarde van aandeelhouersbelang (MVE) veranderlike, en • Verkope tot prys (S/P) verhouding. Korrelasietoetse en regressie-analises op permutasies van hierdie verduidelikende veranderlikes teenoor persentasie aandeel opbrengste het aangetoon dat die MVE die dominante veranderlike met die persentasie aandeel opbrengste getoon het. Alle modelle (deur gevolgtrekking) het 'n mate van betekenisvolheid openbaar, behalwe die model wat die MVE veranderlike as onafhanklike veranderlike uitgesluit het. Die koeffisient van die B/M verhouding het betekenisvol geword toe dit met die MVE-veranderlike in 'n regressie-analise gekombineer is, en wat dan die grootste gedeelte van die verduidelikingswaarde van die model verklaar. Die resultate van die studie is vergelyk met die van Barbee, et aI., (1996), Fricker (1996) en Mouton (1998). Die vergelyking het aangedui dat Barbee, et al., (1996) die enigste studie is (van die skrywers ondersoek) wat genoegsame getuienis verkry het om die belangrikheid van die S/P verhouding as 'n sterk veranderlike vir die aandeel opbrengste te verklaar. Hierdie studie kon dus geen ondersteuning vind dat die S/P verhouding as 'n verduidelikende veranderlike by die vasstelling van persentasie-opbrengste op die JSE data gebruik kan word nie. Daarenteen het die MVE-veranderlike die grootste voorspellingswaarde gehad, veral as dit gekombineer is met die B/M verhouding.
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Leal, Cristiana Maria da Silva Cerqueira. "Individual investors' repurchasing behavior : preferences for stocks currently and previously owned." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/23564.
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Tese de doutoramento em Ciências EmpresariaisThe main purpose of this thesis is to study how individual investors behave concerning the repurchasing of stocks previously owned as well as the additional purchasing of stocks currently owned. We find, for a sample of 5,128 investors, that repurchases of stocks previously owned represent 29% of all purchases, while additional purchases of stocks currently owned represent 37%. In an exploratory study, we find that the purchase of more units of the stocks currently owned appears to be an established pattern in investors’ minds while the repurchase of previous holdings appears to be much hazier. Overall, investors report situations of additional purchasing of their current losers, while preferences to repurchase related with past returns and historical price patterns are not that well established. Based on a unique database of 5,128 individual investors trading in the period from 1st August 2003 to 31st July 2007, we find that investors prefer to repurchase prior winners and that decreased in price after being sold, in line with Strahilevitz, Odean and Barber (2011). We also find that investors prefer to additionally purchase their current losers. The larger the prior gain, or the decrease in price after the sell, the more likely the investor is to purchase the same stock again. In addition, the larger is the current loss the more likely the investor is to purchase more units of that stock. Moreover, we find statistically significant differences in these patterns related to firmspecific and investor-specific characteristics: the purchase of current and prior holdings is more likely for Portuguese visible stocks with negative market adjusted performance, and particularly for less active, under-diversified, and poor performance investors. Overall, we find that reference prices, prior stock returns, stock visibility, and investor performance and sophistication are determinants of the repurchasing behavior.
O objetivo desta tese é estudar o comportamento dos investidores individuais no que diz respeito à recompra de ações previamente detidas bem como à compra adicional de ações atualmente detidas. Para uma amostra de 5,128 investidores, verificamos que recompras de ações previamente detidas representam 29% de todas as compras, enquanto compras adicionais de ações detidas representam 37%. Num estudo exploratório, constatamos que a compra de mais unidades de ações atualmente detidas parece ser uma padrão definido na mente dos investidores, enquanto que a recompra de ações previamente detidas não parece tão claro. Globalmente, os investidores relatam situações de compra adicional quando as ações incorrem em perdas, enquanto que a existência de preferências de recompra relacionadas com ganhos e perdas passados, e evolução histórica dos preços, não parecem tão bem definidas. Com base numa amostra única das transações de 5,218 investidores individuais, constatamos que existe uma preferência para recomprar os ativos com os quais realizamos ganhos e cujo preço baixou após a venda, em linha com Strahilevitz, Odean and Barber (2011) e, simultaneamente, para comprar mais unidades das ações com perdas atualmente em carteira. Quanto maior o ganho prévio e a diminuição do preço após a venda, mais provável é a recompra dessa ação. Simultaneamente, quanto maior a perda atual, mais provável é a compra adicional dessa mesma ação. Adicionalmente, encontramos diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas preferências relacionadas com caraterísticas específicas da empresa e do investidor: a recompra de ativos atualmente ou previamente detidos é mais provável para títulos nacionais de visibilidade e com desempenho prévio negativo e para investidores pouco ativos, pouco diversificados e com fraco desempenho. Globalmente, constatamos que os preços de referência, a visibilidade e o desempenho prévio dos títulos, bem como o desempenho e sofisticação dos investidores são determinantes do comportamento de recompra.
Books on the topic "Previous stones"
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illustrator, Ingman Bruce 1963, ed. Previously. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 2011.
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Ellison, Harlan. Slippage: Precariously poised, previously uncollected stories. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
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Ellison, Harlan. Slippage: Precariously poised, previously uncollected stories. Shingletown, Calif: Mark V. Ziesing Books, 1997.
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1935-, Gāndhī Śāradā, ed. Rasavāhinī, a stream of sentiments: Being the previous birth stories of the Buddha. Delhi, India: Parimal Publications, 1988.
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Vedeha. Rasavāhinī, a stream of sentiments: Being the previous birth stories of the Buddha. Delhi, India: Parimal Publications, 1988.
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D, Osborne Brian, Armstrong Ronald 1940-, and Munro Neil 1864-1930, eds. Erchie ; &, Jimmy Swan: With fifty-nine previously uncollected stories. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1993.
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D, Osborne Brian, Armstrong Ronald 1940-, Munro Neil 1864-1930, Munro Neil 1864-1930, and Munro Neil 1864-1930, eds. Para Handy: The collected stories from 'The Vital Spark', 'In Highland harbours with Para Handy', and 'Hurricane Jack of the Vital Spark' : with eighteen previously uncollected stories. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2002.
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Strasser, Ulrike. Missionary Men in the Early Modern World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986305.
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How did gender shape the expanding Jesuit enterprise in the early modern world? What did it take to become a missionary man? And how did missionary masculinity align itself with the European colonial project? This book highlights the central importance of male affective ties and masculine mimesis in the formation of the Jesuit missions, as well as the significance of patriarchal dynamics. Focusing on previously neglected German actors, Strasser shows how stories of exemplary male behavior circulated across national boundaries, directing the hearts and feet of men throughout Europe toward Jesuit missions in faraway lands. The sixteenth-century Iberian exemplars of Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, disseminated in print and visual media, inspired late-seventeenth-century Jesuits from German-speaking lands to bring Catholicism and European gender norms to the Spanish-controlled Pacific. The age of global missions hinged on the reproduction of missionary manhood in print and real life.
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Beusterien, John. Transoceanic Animals as Spectacle in Early Modern Spain. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463720441.
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Animal spectacles are vital to a holistic appreciation of Spanish culture. In Transoceanic Animals as Spectacle in Early Modern Spain, Beusterien christens five previously unnamed animals, each of which was a protagonist in a spectacle: Abada, the rhinoceros; Hawa’i, the elephant; Fuleco, the armadillo; Jarama, the bull; and Maghreb, the lion. In presenting and analyzing their stories, Beusterien enriches our understanding of the role of animals in the development of commercial theater in Spain and in the modern bullfight. He also contributes to growing scholarly conversations on the importance of Spain in the history of science by examining how animal spectacles had profound repercussions on the emergence of the modern zoo and natural history museum. Combining scholarly content analysis and pedagogical sagacity, the book has a broad appeal for scholars of the early modern Spanish Empire, animal studies scholars, and secondary and postsecondary instructors looking for engaging exercises and information for their Spanish language, culture, and history students.
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Hearing on National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2006 and oversight of previously authorized programs before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session: Readiness Subcommittee hearing on military services' requirement on reconstitution of equipment, hearing held April 6, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Previous stones"
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Paulus, Andreas L. "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Italian Concerns Between Constitutional Rights and International Law." In Remedies against Immunity?, 337–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_18.
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AbstractSentenza 238/2014 has led to a sharp dissonance between the international law of state immunity as interpreted by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Italian constitutional law as understood and applied by the Corte Costituzionale. While the interpretation and application by the Italian Constitutional Court (ItCC) of the access-to-courts provision in the Italian Constitution may not have been inevitable, this does not remove the need for finding a solution to the stalemate between international and domestic law. On the one hand, the easy solution, namely that the rejection of German state immunity from jurisdiction does not necessarily remove immunity from execution into German property, appears unlikely to be accepted by the ItCC because it would give stones rather than bread to the complainants and render court access a futile exercise. On the other hand, bringing Sentenza to its logical conclusion would result in Italy having to return to Germany what Italian courts took from her by requiring compensation—either by way of the general international law of restitutio in integrum, which the Corte Costituzionale has neither contemplated nor contradicted, or by way of the 1961 Treaty between Germany and Italy in which Italy promises to indemnify Germany against any further claims. Thus, a compromise would have to distinguish between full access to the Italian courts notwithstanding international immunity—as required by the ItCC—and substantive law, which could accept a more symbolical recognition of the suffering of the victims. That recognition could stem from a direct source other than the two states involved, such as a common fund, and address only the small group of immediate victims who were unjustly, if arguably legally, excluded from the previous compensation scheme of the 1960s. It is by no means certain, however, whether such an outcome would be acceptable to all sides—including the Corte itself. Thus, legal certainty would have to be established as quickly as possible so that the victims can still receive at least symbolic compensation.
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Hong, Geonho, Youngsoo Chung, and Hyekyo Chung. "Rehabilitation of the Kumho Group Seoul Headquarters, Korea." In Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening of Structures, 95–114. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed012.095.
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<p>This paper is a case study of an office building rehabilitation in Seoul, Korea. The partly built building, originally designed as a general office building, contained 20 stories above and seven below ground. After the first floor slab was constructed, construction was stopped because of financial difficulties of the previous owner. The new owner revised the architectural plan, design, and height of the building with 29 stories above and eight below ground. Because of the long-term stop of the construction and change of the architectural design, large-scale repair and rehabilitation work was carried out in 2006.</p>
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Reinders, James, Ben Ashbaugh, James Brodman, Michael Kinsner, John Pennycook, and Xinmin Tian. "Buffers." In Data Parallel C++, 173–93. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_7.
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Abstract In this chapter, we will learn about the buffer abstraction. We learned about Unified Shared Memory (USM), the pointer-based strategy for data management, in the previous chapter. USM forces us to think about where memory lives and what should be accessible where. The buffer abstraction is a higher-level model that hides this from the programmer. Buffers simply represent data, and it becomes the job of the runtime to manage how the data is stored and moved in memory.
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Kobayashi, Tetsuro, and Hitoshi Okada. "The Effects of Similarities to Previous Buyers on Trust and Intention to Buy from E-Commerce Stores: An Experimental Study Based on the SVS Model." In IT Enabled Services, 19–38. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1425-4_2.
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Haberman, David L. "A God of Stone." In Loving Stones, 75–111. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190086718.003.0004.
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This chapter considers various theological conceptions of the mountain, much of which has never been presented in previous scholarly literature. This also helps illustrate the specific nature of the extreme cultural difference represented by Mount Govardhan. It argues that Mount Govardhan is a mountain of embodied love, and is identified with the very source of all love. Govardhan is a mountainous form of divinity that is said to give love quickly and is readily available for a loving relationship with those devotees who approach it. This goes for every stone on the mountain. In this sense, Govardhan is a mountain of “loving stones.” In return, what the mountain asks for is love. And indeed, Mount Govardhan and its stones are honored and loved intensely through a great variety of forms of worship.
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Davidson, Iain. "Evolution of Cognitive Archaeology through Evolving Cognitive Systems." In Squeezing Minds From Stones, 79–101. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854614.003.0005.
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Tom Wynn’s original work that looked at the evolution of stone tool technology using Piaget’s developmental sequence was the beginning of productive research into the evolution of hominin and human cognition. In this chapter, I evaluate those beginnings and discusses recent attempts to provide a more satisfactory understanding of changes in stone tool technologies, including work by Philip Barnard and William McGrew, subsequent work by Tom Wynn, and my own work with various collaborators. It suggests that some of the previous understandings of cognitive evolution were shaped by the fact that approaches to stone tools were largely determined in the nineteenth century. I propose some new ways of looking at stone tools and the sort of story that allows for more productive models of the evolution of human cognition.
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McCusker, Maeve. "Memory Materialized: Traces of the Past." In Patrick Chamoiseau, 101–26. Liverpool University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781846310485.003.0005.
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In contrast with the emphasis on orality in the previous chapter, ‘Memory Materialized: Traces of the Past’ looks in some detail at the growing significance of physical relics of the past – in particular the house, and the stones and bones which become increasingly prominent in Chamoiseau’s later work – as evidence of a yearning for a more material and ontologically grounded connection to the past.
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Azevedo, Nuno Monteiro, José V. Lemos, and João Rocha de Almeida. "Discrete Element Particle Modelling of Stone Masonry." In Computational Modeling of Masonry Structures Using the Discrete Element Method, 146–70. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0231-9.ch007.
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Circular Particle Models (PM) are a class of discrete elements which has been increasingly used for detailed analysis in rock and concrete structures. There have been few applications to masonry, but the potential of these techniques appears significant, due to their proven ability to simulate fracture processes through random particle assemblies representing quasi-brittle materials at the grain scale. The present chapter presents the fundamentals of this approach and reviews some previous applications of PM models to masonry. The model capabilities are first exemplified by simple models involving a few irregular blocks formed by particles. Irregular stone masonry wall specimens under compression and under in-plane shear loading are then presented. In these models both the units and the mortar are represented by circular particles, and failure processes through the joints or through joints and stones are analyzed. The main issues regarding the use of these models are finally discussed.
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Morrison, Bethany A., and Cosimo A. Sgarlata. "Forgotten Stones." In Historical Archaeology of the Revolutionary War Encampments of Washington's Army, 164–90. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056401.003.0007.
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During the winter of 1778–1779, part of Washington’s Continental army camped at three locations in Redding, Connecticut. This chapter focuses on the Middle Encampment occupied by Connecticut’s First Brigade under the command of General Samuel Parsons. Western Connecticut State University researchers spent four summers in field schools at the site, which had previously seen minimal professional research. The site was successfully nominated as a Connecticut Archaeological Preserve. The research identified numerous Revolutionary War structures, addressed important questions about the site’s spatial organization, and contributed new information about soldiers’ diets through FTIR analysis.
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O'Connor, Anne. "Chronologies of the Early Twentieth Century." In Finding Time for the Old Stone Age. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199215478.003.0015.
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Dr Allen Sturge spelled out some of the problems facing researchers who worked on the British Palaeolithic in his first Presidential Address to the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia. For the Drift period, the main task was ‘to ascertain the relative ages of the humanly-worked stones, and the number of the periods concerned’.1 In 1908, when Sturge made this suggestion, he was troubled by suspicions that the French divisions—Chellean, Acheulian, and Mousterian—were too broad to encompass the variety of British tools. He called on the younger school of geologists to help solve the dificulty. A few elderly Wgures, familiar from previous chapters, would accompany Sturge’s younger school of geologists as they worked on various sequences that could give a date to the stone tools of Britain. James Geikie published The Antiquity of Man in Europe in 1914, still defending his sequence of interglacials. 2 Harmer was inspired to take up the glacial researches of his old friend Wood as the twentieth century dawned. The refiection left by the Glacial epoch in East Anglia also led the young geologist Percy Boswell (1886–1960) to consider the connections between boulder clays and Palaeolithic industries. Dawkins continued to promote his classification of Quaternary mammals and to attack Geikie’s views, but two newcomers took a different approach to the palaeontological sequence. Martin A. C. Hinton and Alfred Santer Kennard used the bones of smaller mammals and the shells of molluscs to reconstruct the geological history of the Thames Valley. They maintained the traditional antagonism of palaeontologists towards the theories of glacial geologists by suggesting controversial links between the river drifts and the glacial sequence.3 Meanwhile, Warren, the eolith sceptic, developed his own opinions about the British Palaeolithic sequence and its place in geological time as he worked on Palaeolithic sites around Essex. Several different answers to Sturge’s question about the relative ages of stone tools would be extracted with the help of these sequences of glacial deposits, bones and shells, and river sediments.
Conference papers on the topic "Previous stones"
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Patil, Shahabazali, Balamurugan Rathinavelu, Khan Maheen Asiya, and Vijay Papineni. "Management of Intrahepatic Ductal Stones with or without Previous Biliary-Enteric Anastomosis, Single-Center Experience from the UAE." In PAIRS Annual Meeting. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729062.
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Gouskov, Alexander M., Sergey A. Voronov, Eric A. Butcher, and Subhash C. Sinha. "Simulation of Machined Surface Formation While Honing." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59268.
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The dynamics of deep hole honing is considered. The mathematical model of the process including the dynamic model of the tool and the interaction of the workpiece surface and honing sticks is analyzed. The honing tool is modeled as a continuous slender beam with a honing mandrel attached at the intermediate cross section. A single row of stones tool rotates and has reciprocational motion in the axial direction. The honing stones are expanded to the machined surface by a special rigid mechanism that provides cutting of workpiece cylindrical surface. The removal of chip and the tool vibrations cause the variation of expansion pressure and depend on the surface state formed by previous honing stone. The equations of new surface formation are separated as a specific set of the dynamic model. These equations inherently consider the regenerative effect of oscillations during machining. The numerical algorithm of machined surface generation has been developed which facilitates the 3D graphical representation and evaluation of the topography of the generated surface. The simulation model accounts for not only the nominal tool motion but also takes into account errors during machining such as tool components deformations and vibrations, tool runout, as well as initial surface distortions produced by previous operation. Based on the surface formation model software for evaluation of typical surface quality and accuracy criteria such as eccentricity, out-of-round, conicity, barrel, axial waviness, misalignment, faceting has been developed. The expansion pressure, tool stiffness, and technology conditions are considered as varying parameters since their influence on the process are different. The process productivity and accuracy can be improved by choosing rational conditions evaluated by simulation. The corresponding models and results of numerical simulation are presented. All the results are given in dimensionless form and therefore they are applicable to a wide range of real manufacturing process conditions. The model of new surface formation presented allows the simulation of the machined surface topography variation in time and to predict workpiece accuracy and possible correction of surface errors.
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Gouskov, Alexander M., Sergey A. Voronov, Eric A. Butcher, and Subhash C. Sinha. "Influence of Honing Dynamics on Surface Formation." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48573.
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The dynamics of the rotating tool commonly employed in deep hole honing is considered. The mathematical model of the process including the dynamic model of the tool and the interaction of the workpiece surface and honing sticks is analyzed. The honing tool is modeled as a continuous slender beam with a honing mandrel attached at the intermediate cross section. A single row of stones on the tool rotates and has reciprocational motion in the axial direction. The honing stones are expanded to the machined surface by a special rigid mechanism that provides cutting of workpiece cylindrical surface and which vibrates in the transverse and axial directions. The removal of chip and the tool vibrations cause the variation of expansion pressure and depend on the surface state formed by previous honing stone. The equations of new surface formation are separated as a specific set of the dynamic model. These equations inherently consider the regenerative effect of oscillations during cutting. The expansion pressure, tool stiffness, and technology conditions are considered as varying parameters since their influence on the process are different. The process productivity and precision can be improved by choosing rational conditions evaluated by simulation. The corresponding models and results of numerical simulation are presented. All the results are given in dimensionless form and therefore they are applicable to a wide range of real manufacturing process conditions. The model of new surface formation presented allows the simulation of the machined surface variation in time and to predict workpiece accuracy and possible correction of surface errors.
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de Schoesitter, Philippe, Sarah Audenaert, Leen Baelus, Annelies Bolle, Andrew Brown, Luciana Das Neves, Tiago Ferradosa, et al. "Feasibility of a Dynamically Stable Rock Armour Layer Scour Protection for Offshore Wind Farms." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24426.
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Armour layer scour protections around offshore wind turbine foundations are commonly designed to provide a static protection in storm conditions, which means no or limited movement of rock is allowed (Den Boon et al., 2004, De Vos et al., 2011). This approach often results in large stone sizes and high scour protection costs. Therefore, a dynamic approach can be an interesting alternative. Such a dynamic design can be achieved by decreasing the armour stone size allowing movement of the stones and increasing the armour layer thickness to prevent filter layer exposure. A physical test program was conducted to investigate the feasibility and behaviour of such a dynamically stable scour protection. In this model, a monopile foundation exposed to typical North Sea combinations of unidirectional currents and waves was reproduced in a wave flume. The program included a number of test series each with different water depths. In each test series, the armour layer stone size and the armour layer thickness were varied, in order to obtain a reshaping scour protection, without filter material exposure. Damage and failure were assessed both visually and using a 3D-laser profiler. Because previous works on damage numbers of rock armour layer scour protections mainly focus on static design, a new damage number was introduced and compared to the visual observation. This allowed the definition of a ‘dynamic area’ between static design and failure. Scour pit development in time and equilibrium profiling were also analyzed. The results of the tests showed that the concept of a dynamically stable scour protection is feasible.
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Abdulsada, Ghanim K., and Mohammed H. Alhamdo. "Enhancement Performance of Rotary Air Preheater for Thermal Power Plants." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18058.
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All the previous theoretical models of the dynamic thermal behavior of the periodic–flow Air Pre-Heater (APH) have ignored the effects of the baskets walls. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to develop experimental and a numerical model simulating transient energy transport in a periodic-flow regenerative APH to involve the important thermal effect of the basket walls surrounding the heating element matrices. Three main different types of matrices that are intended to be used in periodic-flow APH have been investigated and comparison was made between them. These materials are corrugated plates matrices (CPMs), wire mesh matrices (WMMs) and stone media matrices (SMMs). Total of (13) different configurations of matrices have been tested. The investigations covered a range of geometrical parameters of corrugated plate angle, wire diameter of mesh, pitch and screen to screen position and size of stones. The investigation has been carried out for hydraulic – diameter base Reynolds number, Re, in the range of 680<Re < 10100. The basket wall was determined to have a significant influence on the thermal behavior of the packing matrices especially in the near–wall region, and had been seen to introduce different thermal response for each type of the tested materials. New (13) correlation equations for the overall J-factor have been developed for each matrix type to provide the best matching between the gathered experimental data with the numerical model.
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Daugule, Ilva, Silvija Remberga, Daiga Karklina, Dmitrijs Perminovs, Mikus Gavars, and Ingrida Rumba-Rozenfelde. "Prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli in stools of healthy children and association with previous antibacterial therapy." In 75th Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/luzkms.2017.01.
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Buddee, Samard. "Comparison between the previous and new earthquake design standards in Thailand." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.1205.
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<p>This study was conducted on the seismic performance of the new DPT 1301/1302 - 61 earthquake design standard in Thailand, the ACI 318-11:2014, and the ASCE 7-16 Standard. The selected sample structure for the case study was an existing five-storey building located in Bangkok. It was designed as a shopping mall having a length of 350 m, a width of 35 m, and a height of 26 m, resulting in a total constructed usable area of 62,000 m2, and consists of shops, restaurants and car-park spaces. Construction started on 15th February 2013, and it was opened on 31st August 2019. Bangkok is situated on a large plain underlain by the thick alluvial and deltaic sediments of the Chao Phraya Basin. The design spectral accelerations, as specified in the previous DPT standard 1302 - 52, were established based on the data of the site characteristics available from the past. However, recent studies have revealed several key features of the site characteristics that are essential for improvement of the previous standard. The structural analysis and design of this building were performed by using computer software programs so as to comply with the previous standard. This paper presents a comparison between the previous and the newly revised standards and examines the design differences by using the selected building as a case study on the structural design of typical existing low-rise buildings in Bangkok.</p>
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Hutcheson, Ryan S., Joseph A. Donndelinger, Daniel A. McAdams, and Robert B. Stone. "FUNdesign: A Function-Based Method for Addressing Uncertainty During the Design of Engineering Systems — Representations and Knowledge Storage." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-85293.
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This paper outlines a function-based method for addressing design parameter uncertainty during the conceptual design phase of an engineering system. The method is given the name FUNdesign and represents a set of tools for obtaining and storing sensitivity information of functions from previous designs as well as tools for applying this information to designing new systems. To store the sensitivity information, functional models created using the Functional Basis are first created for previous designs. Performance models for each function in the model are then identified and a sensitivity analysis performed on each model with respect to each design parameter. This sensitivity information and its associated performance models are then stored according to functionality in an engineering design repository. The information stored in the repository is then used to aide the allocation of design and modeling resources during the design of a system with similar functionality. The specific focus areas of this paper are the sensitivity parameters and methods required to store the sensitivity information.
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Hollis, Michael S. L., and Fred J. Brandon. "Design and Analysis of a Fuze-Configurable Trajectory Correction Device for an Artillery Projectile." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/rsafp-14467.
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Abstract With the advances in microelectronics, sensor technology, and packaging design, the reality of an artillery projectile, range correction device is conceivable. A previous report entitled “Preliminary Design of a Range Correction Module for an Artillery Shell” (Hollis 1996) demonstrated a possible concept called the D-ring range correction device. One of the main objectives of the range correction device concept was to contain all the mechanical and electrical components within a fuze-like envelope, while maintaining certain constraints that would allow the fuze to fit into a variety of artillery shells used by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries. Another objective of the range correction device concept was to avoid any changes within the ogive of any of the projectiles in the existing stockpile. Range correction is achieved by a mechanism that symmetrically deploys four D-shaped blades, or drag blades, with the sole purpose of increasing drag. Estimates have been made of the percent change in drag as related to increases in frontal area. The deployed D-rings, with a spread of 80 mm, will increase the frontal area by 1.63 times. If the D-rings are extended a centimeter farther to a deployment diameter of 100 mm, the increase in frontal area is 2.39 times. An initial study by Brandon and Jara has indicated that reasonable maneuver authorities can be achieved for frontal areas of 7.3 in2 (47.1 cm2) and 10.7 in2 (69.0 cm2), which corresponds, respectively, to the 80-mm and 100-mm deployment diameters. This report is a culmination of many design iterations, numerical analyses, shock tests, and actual cannon launchings. Most of the design iterations and numerical analyses are not mentioned in this report simply because they were stepping stones that led to the final design. Structural analyses indicate that the overall prototype design is durable enough to withstand the most severe artillery cannon launching available today. The design should be capable of withstanding 15,000 g’s of inertial set-back loads with 150,000 rad/s2 of angular acceleration. In addition, the design is also capable of deploying at a velocity of 650 m/s, while spinning at 250 cycles per second. The next step would be to fabricate the design in order to truly verify the integrity of the structure and to determine the overall effect of the deployed drag blades on the range of flight.
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Hirai, Taishi, Isamu Nishida, Ryuta Sato, and Keiichi Shirase. "Machining Operation Process Planning System Considering User Strategies and Intentions." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2749.
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In this study, we propose a new process planning system for machining operations, one which considers user strategies and intentions for such operations. In previous process planning systems, the machining sequence is calculated geometrically, based on the Total Removal Volume (TRV) and the machining primitive region split from TRV. However, it remains difficult to determine the best machining sequence from among the large number of machining sequences calculated. Also, previous process planning systems do not consider user strategies and intentions in determining the appropriate machining sequence. Our new approach stores geometrical properties of the machining primitives when the user selects a machining sequence. Using these stored geometrical properties, the appropriate machining sequence can be automatically selected. User strategies and intentions are thus considered in determining a machining sequence based on learned geometrical properties. A case study was conducted to show the effectiveness of our proposed process planning approach. In the case study, user-specific machining sequences were automatically determined for various users, based on the relation among the geometrical properties of the machining primitives and the individual user’s strategies and intentions.
Reports on the topic "Previous stones"
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.
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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, Ian Blazina, Erika Brodt, David I. Buckley, Tamara P. Cheney, et al. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer240.
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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of opioid, nonopioid pharmacologic, and nonpharmacologic therapy in patients with specific types of acute pain, including effects on pain, function, quality of life, adverse events, and long-term use of opioids. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to August 2020, reference lists, and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatient therapies for eight acute pain conditions: low back pain, neck pain, other musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain following discharge, dental pain (surgical or nonsurgical), pain due to kidney stones, and pain due to sickle cell disease. Meta-analyses were conducted on pharmacologic therapy for dental pain and kidney stone pain, and likelihood of repeat or rescue medication use and adverse events. The magnitude of effects was classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria, and strength of evidence was assessed. Results. One hundred eighty-three RCTs on the comparative effectiveness of therapies for acute pain were included. Opioid therapy was probably less effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for surgical dental pain and kidney stones, and might be similarly effective as NSAIDs for low back pain. Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, but opioids were less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. For postoperative pain, opioids were associated with increased likelihood of repeat or rescue analgesic use, but effects on pain intensity were inconsistent. Being prescribed an opioid for acute low back pain or postoperative pain was associated with increased likelihood of use of opioids at long-term followup versus not being prescribed, based on observational studies. Heat therapy was probably effective for acute low back pain, spinal manipulation might be effective for acute back pain with radiculopathy, acupressure might be effective for acute musculoskeletal pain, an opioid might be effective for acute neuropathic pain, massage might be effective for some types of postoperative pain, and a cervical collar or exercise might be effective for acute neck pain with radiculopathy. Most studies had methodological limitations. Effect sizes were primarily small to moderate for pain, the most commonly evaluated outcome. Opioids were associated with increased risk of short-term adverse events versus NSAIDs or acetaminophen, including any adverse event, nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Serious adverse events were uncommon for all interventions, but studies were not designed to assess risk of overdose, opioid use disorder, or long-term harms. Evidence on how benefits or harms varied in subgroups was lacking. Conclusions. Opioid therapy was associated with decreased or similar effectiveness as an NSAID for some acute pain conditions, but with increased risk of short-term adverse events. Evidence on nonpharmacological therapies was limited, but heat therapy, spinal manipulation, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, a cervical collar, and exercise were effective for specific acute pain conditions. Research is needed to determine the comparative effectiveness of therapies for sickle cell pain, acute neuropathic pain, neck pain, and management of postoperative pain following discharge; effects of therapies for acute pain on non-pain outcomes; effects of therapies on long-term outcomes, including long-term opioid use; and how benefits and harms of therapies vary in subgroups.
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Cannon, Mariah, and Pauline Oosterhoff. Bonded: Life Stories from Agricultural Communities in South-Eastern Nepal. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.003.
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In the Terai region of South-Eastern Nepal, there persists a form of agricultural bonded labour called Harwa-Charwa, rooted in agricultural feudal social relations. The Terai has a long and dynamic political history with limited employment opportunities and high levels of migration. This paper is an external qualitative analysis of over 150 life stories from individuals living in an area with high levels of bonded labour. These stories were previously analysed during a workshop through a collective participatory analysis. Both the participatory analysis and external analysis found similar mechanisms that trap people in poverty and bonded labour. The disaggregation by age in the external analysis could explain why child marriage and child labour were very important in the collective analysis but did not match the results of a baseline survey in the same geographical area that found only a few cases. The respondents were aged between 15 and 65. Child marriage and child labour had shaped the lives of the adults but have since decreased. Methodologically, the different ways of analysis diverge in their ability to differentiate timelines. The participatory analysis gives historical insights on pathways into child labour, but although some of the social norms persist this situation has changed.
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DiGrande, Laura, Christine Bevc, Jessica Williams, Lisa Carley-Baxter, Craig Lewis-Owen, and Suzanne Triplett. Pilot Study on the Experiences of Hurricane Shelter Evacuees. RTI Press, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0035.1909.
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Community members who evacuate to shelters may represent the most socially and economically vulnerable group within a hurricane’s affected geographic area. Disaster research has established associations between socioeconomic conditions and adverse effects, but data are overwhelmingly collected retrospectively on large populations and lack further explication. As Hurricane Florence approached North Carolina in September 2018, RTI International developed a pilot survey for American Red Cross evacuation shelter clients. Two instruments, an interviewer-led paper questionnaire and a short message service (SMS text) questionnaire, were tested. A total of 200 evacuees completed the paper survey, but only 34 participated in the SMS text portion of the study. Data confirmed that the sample represented very marginalized coastline residents: 60 percent were unemployed, 70 percent had no family or friends to stay with during evacuation, 65 percent could not afford to evacuate to another location, 36 percent needed medicine/medical care, and 11 percent were homeless. Although 19 percent of participants had a history of evacuating for prior hurricanes/disasters and 14 percent had previously utilized shelters, we observed few associations between previous experiences and current evacuation resources, behaviors, or opinions about safety. This study demonstrates that, for vulnerable populations exposed to storms of increasing intensity and frequency, traditional survey research methods are best employed to learn about their experiences and needs.
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Latané, Annah, Jean-Michel Voisard, and Alice Olive Brower. Senegal Farmer Networks Respond to COVID-19. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0045.2106.
Full textAbstract:
This study leveraged existing data infrastructure and relationships from the Feed the Future Senegal Naatal Mbay (“flourishing agriculture”) project, funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by RTI International from 2015 to 2019. The research informed and empowered farmer organizations to track and respond to rural households in 2020 as they faced the COVID-19 pandemic. Farmer organizations, with support from RTI and local ICT firm STATINFO, administered a survey to a sample of 800 agricultural households that are members of four former Naatal Mbay–supported farmer organizations in two rounds in August and October 2020. Focus group discussions were conducted with network leadership pre- and post–data collection to contextualize the experience of the COVID-19 shock and to validate findings. The results showed that farmers were already reacting to the effects of low rainfall during the 2019 growing season and that COVID-19 compounded the shock through disrupted communications and interregional travel bans, creating food shortages and pressure to divert seed stocks for food. Food insecurity effects, measured through the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale and cereals stocks, were found to be greater for households in the Casamance region than in the Kaolack and Kaffrine regions. The findings also indicate that farmer networks deployed a coordinated response comprising food aid and access to personal protective equipment, distribution of short-cycle legumes and grains (e.g., cowpea, maize) and vegetable seeds, protection measures for cereals seeds, and financial innovations with banks. However, food stocks were expected to recover as harvesting began in October 2020, and the networks were planning to accelerate seed multiplication, diversify crops beyond cereals, improve communication across the network. and mainstream access to financial instruments in the 2021 growing season. The research indicated that the previous USAID-funded project had likely contributed to the networks’ COVID-19 resilience capacities by building social capital and fostering the new use of tools and technologies over the years it operated.
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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41523.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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Sinclair, Samantha, and Sandra LeGrand. Reproducibility assessment and uncertainty quantification in subjective dust source mapping. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41542.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate dust-source characterizations are critical for effectively modeling dust storms. A previous study developed an approach to manually map dust plume-head point sources in a geographic information system (GIS) framework using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery processed through dust-enhancement algorithms. With this technique, the location of a dust source is digitized and recorded if an analyst observes an unobscured plume head in the imagery. Because airborne dust must be sufficiently elevated for overland dust-enhancement algorithms to work, this technique may include up to 10 km in digitized dust-source location error due to downwind advection. However, the potential for error in this method due to analyst subjectivity has never been formally quantified. In this study, we evaluate a version of the methodology adapted to better enable reproducibility assessments amongst multiple analysts to determine the role of analyst subjectivity on recorded dust source location error. Four analysts individually mapped dust plumes in Southwest Asia and Northwest Africa using five years of MODIS imagery collected from 15 May to 31 August. A plume-source location is considered reproducible if the maximum distance between the analyst point-source markers for a single plume is ≤10 km. Results suggest analyst marker placement is reproducible; however, additional analyst subjectivity-induced error (7 km determined in this study) should be considered to fully characterize locational uncertainty. Additionally, most of the identified plume heads (> 90%) were not marked by all participating analysts, which indicates dust source maps generated using this technique may differ substantially between users.
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Niles, John, and J. M. Pogodzinski. TOD and Park-and-Ride: Which is Appropriate Where? Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1820.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the sharp drop in transit ridership throughout the USA that began in March 2020, two different uses of land near transit stations continue to be implemented in the United States to promote ridership. Since 2010, transit agencies have given priority to multi-family residential construction referred to as transit oriented development (TOD), with an emphasis on housing affordability. In second place for urban planners but popular with suburban commuters is free or inexpensive parking near rail or bus transit centers, known as park-and-ride (PnR). Sometimes, TOD and PnR are combined in the same development. Public policy seeks to gain high community value from both of these land uses, and there is public interest in understanding the circumstances and locations where one of these two uses should be emphasized over the other. Multiple justifications for each are offered in the professional literature and reviewed in this report. Fundamental to the strategic decision making necessary to allocate public resources toward one use or the other is a determination of the degree to which each approach generates transit ridership. In the research reported here, econometric analysis of GIS data for transit stops, PnR locations, and residential density was employed to measure their influence on transit boardings for samples of transit stops at the main transit agencies in Seattle, Los Angeles, and San José. Results from all three cities indicate that adding 100 parking spaces close to a transit stop has a larger marginal impact than adding 100 housing units. Previous academic research estimating the higher ridership generation per floor area of PnR compared to multi-family TOD housing makes this show of strength for parking an expected finding. At the same time, this report reviews several common public policy justifications for TOD as a preferred land development emphasis near transit stations, such as revenue generation for the transit agency and providing a location for below-market affordable housing where occupants do not need to have a car. If increasing ridership is important for a transit agency, then parking for customers who want to drive to a station is an important option. There may also be additional benefits for park-and-ride in responding to the ongoing pandemic.
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Butler, Afrachanna, Catherine Thomas, Nathan Beane, Anthony Bednar, and William Frederick. Phytomanagement of soil and groundwater at the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) using hybridized trees. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42083.
Full textAbstract:
The Manhattan Engineer District previously used the 191-acre Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) in Niagara County, New York, to store radioactive residues and wastes from uranium (U) ore processing. At present, management practices will determine whether enhanced evapotranspiration rates produced by hybridized shrub willow cuttings planted in 2016 will affect groundwater hydrology. Two shrub willow varieties were planted in an approximately one-half acre area to examine growth performance along a U impacted sanitary sewer line. Additionally, control plots will compare the effectiveness of shrub willows to unplanted areas. Observations of the planted area after 18 months showed success of shrub willow growth with increasing biomass. Chemical analysis from tree tissue samples of the field study showed no significant uptake of U or thorium (Th) to date. A greenhouse study conducted in parallel to the field study tested the willows under controlled greenhouse conditions and evaluated their ability to grow and accumulate contaminants under controlled conditions. Results from the greenhouse study demonstrated that U accumulation was minimal. Thus, this study demonstrates that the shrub willows are not accumulators of U or Th, an advantageous characteristic that implies stabilized contaminants in the soil and no translocation of U into the aboveground biomass.
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Ramm-Granberg, Tynan, F. Rocchio, Catharine Copass, Rachel Brunner, and Eric Nelsen. Revised vegetation classification for Mount Rainier, North Cascades, and Olympic national parks: Project summary report. National Park Service, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284511.
Full textAbstract:
Field crews recently collected more than 10 years of classification and mapping data in support of the North Coast and Cascades Inventory and Monitoring Network (NCCN) vegetation maps of Mount Rainier (MORA), Olympic (OLYM), and North Cascades (NOCA) National Parks. Synthesis and analysis of these 6000+ plots by Washington Natural Heritage Program (WNHP) and Institute for Natural Resources (INR) staff built on the foundation provided by the earlier classification work of Crawford et al. (2009). These analyses provided support for most of the provisional plant associations in Crawford et al. (2009), while also revealing previously undescribed vegetation types that were not represented in the United States National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). Both provisional and undescribed types have since been submitted to the USNVC by WNHP staff through a peer-reviewed process. NCCN plots were combined with statewide forest and wetland plot data from the US Forest Service (USFS) and other sources to create a comprehensive data set for Washington. Analyses incorporated Cluster Analysis, Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS), Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and Indicator Species Analysis (ISA) to identify, vet, and describe USNVC group, alliance, and association distinctions. The resulting revised classification contains 321 plant associations in 99 alliances. A total of 54 upland associations were moved through the peer review process and are now part of the USNVC. Of those, 45 were provisional or preliminary types from Crawford et al. (2009), with 9 additional new associations that were originally identified by INR. WNHP also revised the concepts of 34 associations, wrote descriptions for 2 existing associations, eliminated/archived 2 associations, and created 4 new upland alliances. Finally, WNHP created 27 new wetland alliances and revised or clarified an additional 21 as part of this project (not all of those occur in the parks). This report and accompanying vegetation descriptions, keys and synoptic and environmental tables (all products available from the NPS Data Store project reference: https://irma.nps.gov/DataStore/Reference/Profile/2279907) present the fruit of these combined efforts: a comprehensive, up-to-date vegetation classification for the three major national parks of Washington State.