Academic literature on the topic 'Prey-predator relationships'
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Journal articles on the topic "Prey-predator relationships"
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A.S., Taleb, and Alaa Khalaf. "Predator-Prey Relationships System." International Journal of Computer Applications 140, no. 5 (2016): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016909310.
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Nakazawa, Takefumi, Shin-ya Ohba, and Masayuki Ushio. "Predator–prey body size relationships when predators can consume prey larger than themselves." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (2013): 20121193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1193.
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As predator–prey interactions are inherently size-dependent, predator and prey body sizes are key to understanding their feeding relationships. To describe predator–prey size relationships (PPSRs) when predators can consume prey larger than themselves, we conducted field observations targeting three aquatic hemipteran bugs, and assessed their body masses and those of their prey for each hunting event. The data revealed that their PPSR varied with predator size and species identity, although the use of the averaged sizes masked these effects. Specifically, two predators had slightly decreased predator–prey mass ratios (PPMRs) during growth, whereas the other predator specialized on particular sizes of prey, thereby showing a clear positive size–PPMR relationship. We discussed how these patterns could be different from fish predators swallowing smaller prey whole.
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Juanes, Francis. "A length-based approach to predator–prey relationships in marine predators." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 4 (2016): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0159.
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Body size is a critical feature of the ecology of most organisms and has been used to describe and understand predator–prey interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Most previous studies have used prey mass to examine the relationships between predator size and prey size; however, using prey lengths may provide a different perspective, particularly for gape-limited fishes. Using a large database of predator and prey lengths for marine aquatic predators, I found the expected positive wedge-shaped relationship between predator length and prey length and a negative converging relationship between relative prey length (prey–predator length ratio = a measure of trophic niche breadth) and predator length. Distinct patterns in the size scaling of this measure of trophic niche breadth were identified using quantile regression: converging relationships were common among adults but absent among larvae. This difference suggests contrasting ontogenetic foraging opportunities between adults and larvae: a lack of large relative prey sizes for the largest adult predators, and a greater ability of larvae to include larger prey items in their diet as they grow.
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Inozemtseva, Iuliia, and James Braselton. "Epistasis in Predator-Prey Relationships." Open Journal of Applied Sciences 04, no. 09 (2014): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2014.49046.
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Schalk, Christopher M., and Michael V. Cove. "Squamates as prey: Predator diversity patterns and predator-prey size relationships." Food Webs 17 (December 2018): e00103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2018.e00103.
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Schmitz, Oswald. "Predator and prey functional traits: understanding the adaptive machinery driving predator–prey interactions." F1000Research 6 (September 27, 2017): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11813.1.
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Predator–prey relationships are a central component of community dynamics. Classic approaches have tried to understand and predict these relationships in terms of consumptive interactions between predator and prey species, but characterizing the interaction this way is insufficient to predict the complexity and context dependency inherent in predator–prey relationships. Recent approaches have begun to explore predator–prey relationships in terms of an evolutionary-ecological game in which predator and prey adapt to each other through reciprocal interactions involving context-dependent expression of functional traits that influence their biomechanics. Functional traits are defined as any morphological, behavioral, or physiological trait of an organism associated with a biotic interaction. Such traits include predator and prey body size, predator and prey personality, predator hunting mode, prey mobility, prey anti-predator behavior, and prey physiological stress. Here, I discuss recent advances in this functional trait approach. Evidence shows that the nature and strength of many interactions are dependent upon the relative magnitude of predator and prey functional traits. Moreover, trait responses can be triggered by non-consumptive predator–prey interactions elicited by responses of prey to risk of predation. These interactions in turn can have dynamic feedbacks that can change the context of the predator–prey interaction, causing predator and prey to adapt their traits—through phenotypically plastic or rapid evolutionary responses—and the nature of their interaction. Research shows that examining predator–prey interactions through the lens of an adaptive evolutionary-ecological game offers a foundation to explain variety in the nature and strength of predator–prey interactions observed in different ecological contexts.
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Gibert, Jean P., and John P. DeLong. "Temperature alters food web body-size structure." Biology Letters 10, no. 8 (2014): 20140473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0473.
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The increased temperature associated with climate change may have important effects on body size and predator–prey interactions. The consequences of these effects for food web structure are unclear because the relationships between temperature and aspects of food web structure such as predator–prey body-size relationships are unknown. Here, we use the largest reported dataset for marine predator–prey interactions to assess how temperature affects predator–prey body-size relationships among different habitats ranging from the tropics to the poles. We found that prey size selection depends on predator body size, temperature and the interaction between the two. Our results indicate that (i) predator–prey body-size ratios decrease with predator size at below-average temperatures and increase with predator size at above-average temperatures, and (ii) that the effect of temperature on predator–prey body-size structure will be stronger at small and large body sizes and relatively weak at intermediate sizes. This systematic interaction may help to simplify forecasting the potentially complex consequences of warming on interaction strengths and food web stability.
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Hone, Jim, Charles J. Krebs, and Mark O'Donoghue. "Is the relationship between predator and prey abundances related to climate for lynx and snowshoe hares?" Wildlife Research 38, no. 5 (2011): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11009.
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Context Predator dynamics may be related to prey abundance and influenced by environmental effects, such as climate. Predator–prey interactions may be represented by mechanistic models that comprise a deterministic skeleton with stochastic climatic forcing. Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climate on predator–prey dynamics. The lynx and snowshoe hare predator–prey system in the Kluane region of the Yukon, Canada, is used as a case study. The specific hypothesis is that climate influences the relationship between lynx and hare abundance. Methods We evaluate 10 linear relationships between predator and prey abundance and effects of climate. We use data on lynx and snowshoe hare abundance over 21 years in the Yukon as the predator–prey system, and three alternative broad-scale climate indices: the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Pacific North American (PNA) index and the North Pacific index (NPI). Key results There was more support, as assessed by Akaike weights (ωi = 0.600), evidence ratio (=4.73) and R2 (=0.77) for a model of predator (lynx) and prior prey (hare) abundance with an effect of prior climate (winter NAO) when combined in a multiplicative, rather than in an additive, manner. The results infer that climate changes the amplitude of the lynx cycle with lower predator (lynx) abundance with positive values of winter NAO for a given hare density. Conclusions The study provides evidence that predator–prey dynamics are related to climate in an interactive manner. The ecological mechanism for the interactive effect is not clear, and alternative hypotheses are proposed for future evaluation. Implications The study implies that changes in climate may alter predator–prey relationships.
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Rodewald, Amanda D., Laura J. Kearns, and Daniel P. Shustack. "Anthropogenic resource subsidies decouple predator–prey relationships." Ecological Applications 21, no. 3 (2011): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/10-0863.1.
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Vadas, Robert L. "Predator-prey relationships in the lower vertebrates." Environmental Biology of Fishes 22, no. 1 (1988): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00000545.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Prey-predator relationships"
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Pupovac-Velikonja, Ankica. "Environmental factors affecting predator-prey relationships among yeasts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39869.pdf.
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Akkas, Sara Banu. "The Effect Of Ecotoxicants On The Aquatic Food Web And Prey-predator Relationships." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610823/index.pdf.
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There is considerable need for higher-tier aquatic risk assessment and information on toxicant-induced molecular alterations in lower aquatic invertebrates. Thus the current study&rsquo<br>s priorities were two-fold: a novel approach utilizing higher-tier ecotoxicity bioassay-guided ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy to better understand the impact of the presence of fish predation pressure &ndash<br>mimicked by predator-exuded info-chemicals &ndash<br>on cypermethrin or salinity toxicity to Daphnia pulex &ndash<br>key-stone species in lake ecosystems &ndash<br>and ultimately better assess toxicant-induced alterations at both organismal and molecular levels.
This approach indicates that even low concentrations of cypermethrin/salinity had significant molecular and organismal effects on daphnids. Fish kairomone acted as a major factor affecting toxicant severity, interacting antagonistically below a threshold and synergistically above. Moreover, molecular ATR-FTIR spectroscopic results, clearly consistent with organismal responses, showed that both cypermethrin and salinity lead to decreased contributions of lipid and proteins to the investigated daphnid systems. It is further suggested that the action mechanism of the fish-exuded kairomone occurs via the lipid metabolism of Daphnia. Hence, infrared spectroscopic results enabled detection of early molecular alterations, whose effects might not always be observable at the organismal level.
The results of this study clearly indicate that the simplistic nature of standard ecotoxicology tests hinders a precise judgment of threats imposed by chemicals of interest. Furthermore, it has been shown that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has considerable potential for studies on daphnid responses to varying environmental conditions. Thus, this study presents a starting point for increasing the environmental realism of aquatic risk assessment.
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Funderburk, James. "Modern Variation in Predation Intensity: Constraints on Assessing Predator-Prey Relationships in Paleoecologic Reconstructions." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3491.
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The complex interaction between predators and their prey is rarely preserved in the fossil record. However, predation of marine mollusks by drilling gastropods leaves a diagnostic hole in the shell of the prey, possibly allowing for quantitative analysis of this ecological interaction. Drilling frequency, as measured in marine mollusks both in the Modern and fossil record, has been heralded as a potential opportunity to quantify these ecological interactions and use these values in the testing of hypotheses.
This study employed the collection, tallying, and analysis of bulk samples derived from shelly deposits on 45 Modern beaches along the contiguous coast of the southeast United States (Virginia Beach, VA to Port Isabella, TX). The tallying scheme allowed for pooling and reduction of the data to compare drilling frequencies at several taxonomic and geographic scales. In addition, multivariate clustering analyses was used to generate groups of similar taxonomic abundances for direct comparison.
Understanding potential spatial variation in the natural environment is paramount to using quantified values of drilling frequency in temporal and spatial studies in the fossil record. Calculated drilling frequencies for bulk (location) samples ranged from 0 to over 100%. Similar ranges of drilling frequency were observed in more finely defined taxonomic groups. Calculated drilling frequency was higher in the Carolinian province as compared to the Gulf-Louisianian and Virginian provinces. No correlation between drilling frequency and latitude was observed at any scale. An area of substantially increased drilling frequency was observed along the Carolina coast, at the ecotone between the Carolinian and Virginian provinces, suggesting that some environmental condition is present and responsible for the local increase in drilling frequency.
Finally, little attention has been paid to sampling techniques and their subsequent impact on the analysis of drilling frequency. As the bulk samples represent aggregate accumulations of shells from a myriad of environments, this introduces pronounced variation in the analysis that has not been previously accounted for. Statistically, much larger abundances of specimens in individual taxa, approaching 450 values for bivalves, are needed to effectively constrain this variability.
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Freytes-Ortiz, Ileana M. "An Interdisciplinary Approach to Understanding Predator-Prey Relationships in a Changing Ocean: From System Design to Education." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7673.
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Climate change is ecologically and socially complex, deemed the most important issue of our generation. Through this dissertation I have approached climate change research through an interdisciplinary perspective, investigating how this phenomenon will affect marine ecological systems, how we can better develop experimental systems to answer ecological questions, and how we can effectively educate about this issue.
In Chapter 2, I provided accessible alternatives for researching the effects of climate change (elevated temperatures and pCO2) on marine ecosystems. I designed, built, and troubleshooted two accurate and inexpensive climate-controlled experimental systems capable of maintaining target conditions: a temperature-controlled system and an ocean acidification system. The temperature-controlled system was designed to manipulate experimental tank temperatures indirectly by controlling the temperature in a surrounding water bath, which buffered fluctuations and resulted in a high level of control. The ocean acidification experimental system was designed to elevate normally fluctuating pCO2 levels by a constant factor, which allowed pCO2 to fluctuate as expected in natural environments and made it more ecologically relevant than active pCO2-controlled systems.
In Chapter 3, I experimentally tested the morphological responses of southern ribbed mussels Geukensia granosissima to two simultaneous stressors (elevated temperatures and the presence of water-borne predation cues from blue crab Callinectes sapidus) and if any effects of these treatments led to differences in handling times by predatory crabs. Bivalves may become more susceptible to predation as increased temperatures decrease the protection afforded by their shells, but few studies have tested the effects of elevated temperatures on inducible defenses in bivalves. Results showed that chronic heat stress can have detrimental morphological effects on intertidal mussels. Mussels reared in elevated temperatures manifested elongated shell shapes, exhibited a disruption of the predator effect on inducible defenses, and experienced decreased predator handling times. The observed responses to elevated temperatures could make southern ribbed mussels more vulnerable to predation.
In Chapter 4, I experimentally tested the morphological responses of southern ribbed mussels to elevated pCO2 levels and the presence of water-borne predation cues from blue crabs, and if these effects led to differences in handling times by predatory crabs. Elevated pCO2 can have negative effects on bivalves’ morphology and physiology, but the consequences of these effects on predator-prey interactions are still unclear. I found that adult southern ribbed mussels’ inducible defenses were not affected by a medium-term exposure to elevated pCO2. Mussels grew more in shell length and width as a response to predation cues, independent of pCO2 conditions. However, and unexpectedly, mussels reared under elevated pCO2 exhibited greater growth in shell width independent of predator treatment, driving mussels reared in the presence of a predator under elevated pCO2 conditions to develop rounder shapes. On average, these effects on mussel morphometrics did not affect crab handling times, but mussels reared in the presence of a predator under elevated pCO2 conditions had highly variable handling times. It is important to consider the complexity of animal physiology, morphology, and interspecies relationships when making deductions on predator-prey relationships in a changing ocean.
In Chapter 5, I analyzed the effectiveness of using an interdisciplinary approach to climate change education. Literature suggests that an interdisciplinary instructional framework in an outdoor setting, using tools from the experiential, active, and inquiry- and place-based learning approaches, as well as the socioscientific issues pedagogical framework, would be an excellent approach for climate change education. I found that students: increased their content knowledge on climate change causes and consequences, exhibited a deeper understanding of climate change through the words they used to describe it, and corrected common climate change misconceptions. This work can serve as an example for the development of effective climate change programs that uses already available instructional materials with intentional interdisciplinary goals.
Our search to understand how marine ecosystems will cope with a changing climate has emphasized emerging issues in the way we gather data, the questions we seek to answer through research, and how we translate science of social importance to the public. Through this dissertation I strove to seek the answers to some of these questions and provide feasible solutions to some of the problems in climate change research and education through an interdisciplinary approach. As science continues to move towards answering questions of concern for both science and society, science research is moving towards more interdisciplinary approaches. This dissertation is an example of how this can be an efficient and comprehensive approach.
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Vaudo, Jeremy. "Habitat Use and Foraging Ecology of a Batoid Community in Shark Bay, Western Australia." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/367.
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Worldwide declines in populations of large elasmobranchs and the potential cascading effects on marine ecosystems have garnered considerable attention. Far less appreciated are the potential ecological impacts of changes in abundances of small to medium bodied elasmobranchs mesopredators. Crucial to elucidating the role of these elasmobranchs is an understanding of their habitat use and foraging ecology in pristine conditions. I investigated the trophic interactions and factors driving spatiotemporal variation in abundances of elasmobranch mesopredators in the relatively pristine ecosystem of Shark Bay, Australia. First, I describe the species composition and seasonal habitat use patterns of elasmobranch mesopredator on the sandflats of Shark Bay. Juvenile batoids dominated this diverse community and were extremely abundant in nearshore microhabitats during the warm season. Stomach content analysis and stable isotopic analysis revealed that there is a large degree of dietary overlap between common batoid species. Crustaceans, which tend to be found in seagrass habitats, dominated diets. Despite isotopic differences between many species, overlap in isotopic niche space was high and there was some degree of individual specialization. I then, investigated the importance of abiotic (temperature and water depth) and biotic (prey and predator abundance) factors in shaping batoid habitat use. Batoids were most abundant and tended to rest in shallow nearshore waters when temperatures were high. This pattern coincides with periods of large shark abundance suggesting batoids were seeking refuge from predators rather than selecting optimal temperatures. Finally, I used acoustic telemetry to examine batoid residency and diel use of the sandflats. Individual batoids were present on the sandflats during both the warm and cold seasons and throughout the diel cycle, suggesting lower sandflat densities during the cold season were a result of habitat shifts rather than migration out of Shark Bay. Combined, habitat use and dietary results suggest that batoids have the potential to seasonally impact sandflat dynamics through their presence, although foraging may be limited on the sandflats. Interestingly, my results suggest that elasmobranch mesopredators in pristine ecosystems probably are not regulated by food supply and their habitat use patterns and perhaps ecosystem impacts may be influenced by their predators.
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Cavalcanti, Sandra Maria Cintra. "Predator-Prey Relationships and Spatial Ecology of Jaguars in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil: Implications for Conservation and Management." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/112.
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The Pantanal wetland of Brazil is an important area for the conservation of jaguars (Panthera onca) and a stronghold for the species. Although our knowledge of jaguar ecology has increased since the first field studies in the mid 1980’s, a detailed study of this cryptic species remains challenging. In the following chapters, we investigated the ecology of jaguars in the southern Pantanal of Brazil. In Chapter II, we examined the foraging ecology of jaguars, documenting predation rates, patterns, and species killed. We found individual jaguars differed in the selection of their prey. There were differences in the proportion of native prey versus cattle killed by individual cats. We found that cattle (31.7%), caiman (24.4%), and peccaries (21.0%) comprised the majority of their kills. The mean predation rate on all prey for all jaguars combined was 5.1 ± 5.0 (SD) days between kills. In Chapter III, we described jaguar habitat use and spatial patterns of predation in relation to vegetation and other landscape attributes. Jaguars used some habitats disproportionatelly to their availability both in the wet and dry seasons. Forest and shrubland habitats were generally selected by jaguars. However, the type of vegetation did not have an influence on the locations of prey killed. Contrary to expectations, jaguars did not select forested habitats nor did they avoid open fields to make kills, but killed prey in these habitats proportionatelly to their availability. Our results do not support earlier findings about jaguar habitat use in the southern Pantanal but illustrate the highly opportunistic nature of jaguars. In Chapter IV, we examined space use, site stability and fidelity, movement rates, and interactions of jaguars. Our results suggested a pattern of spatial avoidance among females during the wet season. Among males, home range overlap was extensive, both in the wet and dry seasons, suggesting males did not retain exclusive ranges. Our study provided insights into the dynamic land tenure system of jaguars. Future research would benefit from radio-collaring a large number of individuals and monitoring them over a longer time span to provide a better understanding of their spatial ecology and social interactions.
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Mathers, Kate L. "The influence of signal crayfish on fine sediment dynamics and macroinvertebrate communities in lowland rivers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25493.
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The spread of non-native species is a global threat and the rate at which biological invasions occur is likely to increase in the future. This thesis examines the implications of the invasive signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), for instream communities and abiotic processes within lowland rivers in England. The potential effects on lotic macroinvertebrate communities and fine sediment dynamics are investigated at a range of spatial and temporal scales, from the examination of national long-term datasets through to short-term detailed mesocosm experiments. Interrogation of macroinvertebrate community data from three English regions was undertaken to understand the temporal and spatial extent of signal crayfish effects. Invasive crayfish had significant long-term and persistent effects on resident macroinvertebrate communities regardless of the lithology or other environmental characteristics of the region. The resultant modifications to community composition had repercussions for several widely employed freshwater biomonitoring tools which employ faunal abundance in their derivation. A reach-scale field study was undertaken at two sites, one invaded by crayfish and one which did not support populations of crayfish (control), to assess the potential contribution of signal crayfish for fine sediment dynamics (ingress, fluxes and ultimately the overall implications for sediment budgets). Reach-scale field experiments examining the effect of crayfish invasion on resident macroinvertebrate communities over a 126-day period indicated that once crayfish populations are well-established their effects are persistent. However, separating the effects of crayfish from wider macroinvertebrate community dynamics and life-history characteristics of the invader and resident taxa means that attributing the effects is far from clear. The thesis presents the results of a series of novel mesocosm experiments which examined the dynamic and two-way interactions of predator-prey relationships and potential zoogeomorphological effects of signal crayfish and the freshwater shrimp, Gammarus pulex. Signal crayfish had a significant effect on the mass of fine sediment infiltrating into the gravel matrix associated with foraging and predatory activity; however this was strongly controlled by prey availability. Finally, through the development of conceptual models, the thesis illustrates the need for greater integration of ecological and geomorphological theories, at relevant environmental scales (temporal and spatial) to achieve truly interdisciplinary research.
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Ferry, Nicolas. "Processes involved in the functioning of large mammal communities : the role of the African elephant in the ecology of predator-prey relationships." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1054/document.
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Les communautés écologiques sont connues pour être des systèmes complexes composés de multiple espèces entrant en interaction les unes avec les autres. De nombreux modèles théoriques ont été développés pour étudier les communautés. Certains ont souligné l'importance des effets indirects que les espèces pouvaient avoir les unes sur les autres, tels que les chaînes d'interactions et les modifications d'interactions (par modification du trait d'une des espèces en interaction ou de l'environnement où se déroule l'interaction). Bien que la science expérimentale vienne confirmer le rôle fondamental que pourrait avoir ces effets indirects, peu d'études à l'échelle des communautés en milieu naturel ont été conduites, et encore moins chez les grands mammifères. Le Parc National de Hwange, au Zimbabwe, est un écosystème de savane arborée semiaride caractérisé par une quasi-absence d'eau de surface naturelle (point d'eau, rivière) pendant la saison sèche, et ce n'est qu'avec la création de points d'eau artificiels pompés que la richesse spécifique des communautés de grands mammifères et les fortes abondances animales sont maintenues. De plus, cet écosystème a la remarquable particularité à la fois d'abriter l'une des plus fortes densités d'éléphants, et d'être considéré comme l'un des bastions africains pour sa population de lions. Le lion est connu comme étant un chasseur à l'affût, utilisant les éléments de son habitat (fourrés, souches, hautes herbes, etc.) pour se rapprocher au maximum de sa proie et lui bondir dessus par surprise. De plus, cette espèce semble profiter de l'agrégation des herbivores aux points d'eau pendant la saison sèche pour chasser autour de ces points d'eau. L'éléphant d'Afrique quant à lui est capable d'aménager son milieu et est ainsi susceptible de favoriser l'accès à certaines ressources pour les autres espèces, telles que des abris ou au contraire une meilleure visibilité. En revanche, de par sa masse corporelle exceptionnelle et son régime alimentaire généraliste, il est possible qu'il soit un compétiteur clé pour les autres herbivores. Enfin, étant très nombreux dans l'écosystème étudié, nécessitant de grandes quantités d'eau, et devenant de plus en plus agressifs au fil de la saison sèche, les éléphants influencent l'utilisation des points d'eau par les autres herbivores. Cette thèse porte donc sur le rôle que peuvent avoir les éléphants sur les interactions trophiques entre les lions et leurs proies, via des mécanismes d'effets indirects. Différents axes de recherche sont abordés. Le premier porte sur l'effet des éléphants sur la communauté de grands herbivores aux points d'eau, et plus particulièrement comment ils peuvent influencer leur distribution spatiale, et à terme leur vulnérabilité vis-à-vis des prédateurs. Un évitement spatial des éléphants par les autres herbviores en début de saison sèche suggère fortement que les éléphants sont de potentiels compétiteurs. Cependant, à la fin de la saison sèche, le phénomène s'inverse et certaines espèces d'herbivores se rapprochent fortement des éléphants. Deux scénarios portant sur les mécanismes pouvant expliquer ce patron ont été explorés, sans succès : une nécessité croissante d'accéder à de l'eau de meilleure qualité au niveau des pompes des points d'eau, et une augmentation du risque de prédation qui pourrait rendre les éléphants « attractifs » aux yeux des herbivores, les éléphants adultes étant invulnérables à la prédation et capables de les faire fuir par des comportements de harcèlement. Le deuxième axe de recherche porte sur l'effet des éléphants sur la distribution spatiale des herbivores à l'échelles du paysage et de l'habitat, et sur les conséquences possibles que cela peut avoir sur l'écologie spatiale des prédateurs. L'absence de ségrégation entre éléphants et herbivores ne supporte pas l'hypothèse d'un effet de compétition par exploitation, et l'investigation quant à l'effet sur les prédateurs n'a pas été poussée plus avant... [etc]<br>Species can indirectly affect other species and their interactions. The trophic interaction between a predator and its prey can be modified by the presence of a third species either through chain interactions (e.g. successive predation link) either through interaction modification. However, these indirect received few attentions in theorical modelling of food web, and fewer studies tried to explore this phenomenon at the scale of natural complex communities of large mammals. The role of the elephants as modifier of lion’s trophic interaction is explored in the semi-arid woodland savannah ecosystem of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. African elephants, as key competitor (male body mass ~ 4000 kg with aggressive behaviour) shape the behaviour of herbivores at waterholes results do not allow to state on the elephant mediation of lion trophic interaction at waterholes. In addition, elephants seem to facilitate the availability of food resources for impalas, possibly by increasing regrowth of shoots by breaking twigs and stem, as these last select habitats used by elephants. However, not effect of facilitation or competition were observed for the other herbivores, which lead to think that elephants do not influence lion trophic interaction in that way. Finally, by altering the physical environment (i.e. engineer species) the elephants affect the visibility and ambush sites for lions in the woody vegetation and ultimately seem to influence the lion kill site selection. This study suggests that indirect effects may act at the community level even if their observation and quantification are difficult in natural communities. Moreover, it supports the observation that it is important to take into account these indirect effects in order to have a thorough understanding and have a better ability to predict the consequences that disruptions may have on the structure and functioning of communities
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Tirok, Katrin. "Predator-prey dynamics under the influence of exogenous and endogenous regulation : a data-based modeling study on spring plankton with respect to climate change." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2452/.
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Understanding the interactions of predators and their prey and their responses to environmental changes is one of the striking features of ecological research. In this thesis, spring dynamics of phytoplankton and its consumers, zooplankton, were considered in dependence on the environmental conditions in a deep lake (Lake Constance) and a shallow marine water (mesocosms from Kiel Bight), using descriptive statistics, multiple regression models, and process-oriented dynamic simulation models.
The development of the spring phytoplankton bloom, representing a dominant feature in the plankton dynamics in temperate and cold oceans and lakes, may depend on temperature, light, and mixing intensity, and the success of over-wintering phyto- and zooplankton. These factors are often correlated in the field. Unexpectedly, irradiance often dominated algal net growth rather than vertical mixing even in deep Lake Constance. Algal net losses from the euphotic layer to larger depth were induced by vertical mixing, but were compensated by the input from larger depth when algae were uniformly distributed over the water column.
Dynamics of small, fast-growing algae were well predicted by abiotic variables, such as surface irradiance, vertical mixing intensity, and temperature. A simulation model additionally revealed that even in late winter, grazing may represent an important loss factor of phytoplankton during calm periods when losses due to mixing are small. The importance of losses by mixing and grazing changed rapidly as it depended on the variable mixing intensity. Higher temperature, lower global irradiance and enhanced mixing generated lower algal biomass and primary production in the dynamic simulation model. This suggests that potential consequences of climate change may partly counteract each other. The negative effect of higher temperatures on phytoplankton biomass was due to enhanced temperature-sensitive grazing losses. Comparing the results from deep Lake Constance to those of the shallow mesocosm experiments and simulations, confirmed the strong direct effect of light in contrast to temperature, and the importance of grazing already in early spring as soon as moderate algal biomasses developed.
In Lake Constance, ciliates dominated the herbivorous zooplankton in spring. The start of ciliate net growth in spring was closely linked to that of edible algae, chlorophyll a and the vertical mixing intensity but independent of water temperature. The duration of ciliate dominance in spring was largely controlled by the highly variable onset of the phytoplankton bloom, and little by the less variable termination of the ciliate bloom by grazing of meta-zooplankton. During years with an extended spring bloom of algae and ciliates, they coexisted at relatively high biomasses over 15-30 generations, and internally forced species shifts were observed in both communities. Interception feeders alternated with filter feeders, and cryptomonads with non-cryptomonads in their relative importance.
These dynamics were not captured by classical 1-predator-1-prey models which consistently predict pronounced predator-prey cycles or equilibria with either the predator or the prey dominating or suppressed. A multi-species predator-prey model with predator species differing in their food selectivity, and prey species in their edibility reproduced the observed patterns. Food-selectivity and edibility were related to the feeding and growth characteristics of the species, which represented ecological trade-offs. For example, the prey species with the highest edibility also had the highest maximum growth rate. Data and model revealed endogenous driven ongoing species alternations, which yielded a higher variability in species-specific biomasses than in total predator and prey biomass. This holds for a broad parameter space as long as the species differ functionally.
A more sophisticated model approach enabled the simulation of a continuum of different functional types and adaptability of predator and prey communities to altered environmental conditions, and the maintenance of a rather low model complexity, i.e., low number of equations and free parameters. The community compositions were described by mean functional traits --- prey edibility and predator food-selectivity --- and their variances. The latter represent the functional diversity of the communities and thus, the potential for adaptation. Oscillations in the mean community trait values indicated species shifts.
The community traits were related to growth and grazing characteristics representing similar trade-offs as in the multi-species model. The model reproduced the observed patterns, when nonlinear relationships between edibility and capacity, and edibility and food availability for the predator were chosen. A constant minimum amount of variance represented ongoing species invasions and thus, preserved a diversity which allows adaptation on a realistic time-span.<br>Eine der großen Herausforderungen der heutigen ökologischen Forschung ist es, Veränderungen von Ökosystemen vorherzusagen, die mit dem Klimawandel einhergehen. Dafür sind ein umfassendes Verständnis der verschiedenen Steuerungsfaktoren des entsprechenden Systems und Kenntnisse zur Anpassungsfähigkeit des Systems nötig. Auf der Grundlage dieses Wissens, können mit mathematischen Modellen Klimaszenarien gerechnet und Vorhersagen erstellt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Regulation des Phytoplanktons (kleine freischwebende einzellige Algen) und seiner Konsumenten (Zooplankton, tierische Kleinstlebewesen) sowie deren Wechselspiel während des Frühjahrs mit Bezug auf den Klimawandel. Als Basis dienten langjährige Daten von einem großen tiefen See (Bodensee) sowie Daten von Versuchen mit Organismen aus einem flachen marinen Gewässer (Kieler Förde, Ostsee). Diese Daten wurden mit statistischen Verfahren und mathematischen Modellen ausgewertet.
In Gewässern sind Algen als Primärproduzenten die Nahrungsgrundlage für tierische Organismen bis hin zu Fischen und Meeresfrüchten, und bestimmen die Wasserqualität der Gewässer. Daher ist es wichtig zu verstehen, welche Mechanismen die Dynamik der Algen steuern. Der Grundstein für die saisonale Entwicklung von Phyto- und Zooplankton in Gewässern unserer Breiten wird mit dem Beginn des Wachstums im Frühjahr gelegt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass es bereits im zeitigen, noch kalten Frühjahr ein Wechselspiel physikalischer und biologischer Steuerungsmechanismen für die Algenentwicklung gibt. Physikalische Faktoren sind die Wassertemperatur, die Globalstrahlung und die Durchmischung des Gewässers, die durch die Stärke des Windes beeinflusst wird. All diese Steuerungsmechanismen sind eng miteinander verwoben und werden unterschiedlich stark vom Klimawandel beeinflusst. Mit mathematischen Modellen gelang es den Einfluss einzelner Faktoren voneinander zu trennen und zu zeigen, dass Effekte durch den Klimawandel sich gegenseitig aufheben oder aber auch verstärken können. Schon geringe Änderungen an der Basis der Nahrungsnetze können weitreichende Auswirkungen auf höhere Ebenen habe. Wie stark diese Auswirkungen im Einzelnen sind, hängt entscheidend von der Anpassungsfähigkeit gesamter Ökosysteme und ihrer Artengemeinschaften sowie einzelner Individuen ab. Beispielsweise reagiert die Algengemeinschaft auf einen starken Fraßdruck ihrer Räuber mit einer Verschiebung zu weniger gut fressbaren Algenarten. Diese weniger gut fressbaren Arten unterscheiden sich jedoch auch in anderen Eigenschaften, wie zum Beispiel der Ressourcenausnutzung, von besser fressbaren Algen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Modellansätze entwickelt, die diese Fähigkeit zur Anpassung berücksichtigen. Auf dieser Grundlage und mit Einbeziehung der physikalischen Steuerungsfaktoren können Klimaszenarien gerechnet werden und Vorhersagen für den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf unsere Gewässer gemacht werden, die letztlich auch Perspektiven für Handlungsmöglichkeiten aufzeigen.
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Sjöberg, Kjell. "Temporal relationships between fish-eating birds and their prey in a north Swedish river." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Ekologi och geovetenskap, 1987. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100702.
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The seasonal and diel feeding habits of the goosander, Mergus merganser, the red-breasted merganser, M. serrator, gulls (Larus canus, L. argentatus and L. fuscusj and terns, Sterna hirundo/paradisaea were studied at 64V05'N. Birds' activity patterns were influenced by the nocturnal spawning of the river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). Food selection and food consumption by hand-raised mergansers together with aquarium studies of the diel activity patterns of their most important prey supplemented the field data. River lamprey dominated the diet of the goosander by weight and the sculpin Cottus gobio by number. The fish consumption of the goosanders was found to be about 12% of the available river lamprey biomass and about 17% of the sculpin biomass during the breeding season. In experimental situations the river lamprey was a low- pritority species compared with salmon , Salmo salar, brown trout, 53. trutta, and minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus, when presented to satiated birds of both Mergus species. When hungry, however, the birds caught the available prey irrespective of species, but they selected larger prey when two size classes were present. Experimental results were compared with field data on availability, consumption and the escape behaviour of the various fish species. The rivers emptying in the Bothnian Bay are regarded as important feeding areas for birds breeding along the coast. In early spring they get access to abundant and reliable food resources, e.g the river lamprey. Later on the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, supply both Mergus species with food in the river and also along the coast. From the middle of June potential food supply available to birds decreases in the rivers and becomes more abundant in the coastal area.<br><p>S. 1-41: sammanfattning, s. 43-227: 7 uppsatser</p><br>digitalisering@umu
Books on the topic "Prey-predator relationships"
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Taylor, Iain R. Barn owls: Predator-prey relationships and conservation. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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Barn owls: Predator-prey relationships and conservation. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
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Taylor, Iain. Barn Owls: Predator-Prey Relationships and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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Helms, Doris R. Predator-Prey Relationships: Separate from Biology in the Laboratory 3e. W. H. Freeman, 1997.
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E, Feder Martin, and Lauder George V, eds. Predator-prey relationships: Perspectives and approaches from the study of lower vertebrates. University of Chicago Press, 1986.
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(Editor), George V. Lauder, ed. Predator-Prey Relationships: Perspectives and Approaches from the Study of Lower Vertebrates. Univ of Chicago Pr (Tx), 1986.
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Uhlig, Leslie J. Comparison of predator-prey relationships between stoneflies and mayflies in various habitats of Padden Creek. 1991.
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Kasperbauer, T. J. Evolved Attitudes to Animals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695811.003.0002.
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This chapter looks at how our attitudes to animals have been shaped by different roles animals played in our evolutionary history. It reviews research on attitudes toward animals across cultures and among very young children. The main argument of the chapter is that we primarily inherited antagonistic attitudes toward animals from our evolutionary forebears. Antagonistic and aversive reactions to animals are discussed within the context of predator–prey relationships and disease avoidance. Positive attitudes to animals are also accounted for by looking at the evolution of pet-keeping and caring for animals. Attitudes toward animals among groups of indigenous people are considered in order to test the validity of the evolutionary account presented in the chapter.
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King, Carolyn M., Grant Norbury, and Andrew J. Veale. Small mustelids in New Zealand: invasion ecology in a different world. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0010.
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This chapter reviews the ecology of the three species of small mustelids introduced into New Zealand: the ferret (Mustela furo), the stoat (M. erminea) and the weasel (M. nivalis), for biological control of rabbits. New Zealand offers a mosaic of environments totally different from those in which the three species evolved, including a diminishing array of endemic fauna especially vulnerable to mammalian predators. Mustelids in New Zealand display significant adaptive flexibility in diet, habitat selection, co-existence, dispersal, body size, population biology and predatory impact, with results contrasting with those observable in their northern-hemisphere ancestors. These evolutionary and ecological responses by mustelids to new opportunities are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecologists, especially those interested in competition and predator-prey relationships. Likewise, the need to protect New Zealand’s native fauna has stimulated extensive research on alternative options for mitigating the effects of invasive predators, applicable to pest management problems in other countries.
Book chapters on the topic "Prey-predator relationships"
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Weis, Judith S. "Predator–Prey Relationships." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries. Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_21.
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Herzig, Alois. "Predator-prey relationships within the pelagic community of Neusiedler See." In Nutrient Dynamics and Biological Structure in Shallow Freshwater and Brackish Lakes. Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2460-9_8.
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Rayor, Linda S., and Steven Munson. "Larval feeding experience influences adult predator acceptance of chemically defended prey." In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2776-1_22.
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Skeen, Judy. "Predator–Prey Relationships: What Humans Can Learn from Horses about Being Whole." In The Psychology of the Human-Animal Bond. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9761-6_5.
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Trites, Andrew W. "Predator–Prey Relationships." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804327-1.00207-7.
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"Predator–Prey Relationships." In Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482295986-12.
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Trites, Andrew W. "Predator–Prey Relationships." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00211-x.
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Bécus, Georges A. "Stochastic Prey-Predator Relationships." In Modeling and Differential Equations in Biology. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203746912-6.
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Bretagnolle, Vincent, and Julien Terraube. "Predator–prey interactions and climate change." In Effects of Climate Change on Birds. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824268.003.0015.
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Climate change is likely to impact all trophic levels, although the response of communities and ecosystems to it has only recently received considerable attention. Further, it is expected to affect the magnitude of species interactions themselves. In this chapter, we summarize why and how climate change could affect predator–prey interactions, then review the literature about its impact on predator–prey relationships in birds, and provide prospects for future studies. Expected effects on prey or predators may include changes in the following: distribution, phenology, population density, behaviour, morphology, or physiology. We review the currently available information concerning particular key topics: top-down versus bottom-up control, specialist versus generalist predators, functional versus numerical responses, trophic cascades and regime shifts, and lastly adaptation and selection. Finally, we focus our review on two well-studied bird examples: seabirds and raptors. Key future topics include long-term studies, modelling and experimental studies, evolutionary questions, and conservation issues.
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McLaughlin, Órla B., Tomas Jonsson, and Mark C. Emmerson. "Temporal Variability in Predator–Prey Relationships of a Forest Floor Food Web." In Advances in Ecological Research. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-381363-3.00004-6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Prey-predator relationships"
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Ito, Takashi, Marcin Pilat, Reiji Suzuki, and Takaya Arita. "Coevolutionary Dynamics Caused by Asymmetries in Predator-Prey and Morphology-Behavior Relationships." In European Conference on Artificial Life 2013. MIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-31709-2-ch063.
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Wittmer, Jacalyn M., Michael Meyer, and G. Robert Ganis. "NEW EVIDENCE OF PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PLANKTIC ECOSYSTEM DURING THE GREAT ORDOVICIAN BIODIVERSITY EVENT: A REPORT OF A SUGGESTED PREDATOR OF GRAPTOLITES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-286456.
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Beech, James D. "RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BODY SIZE AND TAPHONOMIC SIGNAL IN THE PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS OF LAND CRABS AND SNAILS ON SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, THE BAHAMAS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304101.
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Hara, Akira, Kazumasa Shiraga, and Tetsuyuki Takahama. "Heterogeneous Particle Swarm Optimization including predator-prey relationship." In 2012 Joint 6th Intl. Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems (SCIS) and 13th Intl. Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (ISIS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scis-isis.2012.6505194.
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Defterli, Sinem Gozde, and Yunjun Xu. "Virtual Motion Camouflage Based Visual Servo Control of a Leaf Picking Mechanism." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9042.
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For a lately constructed disease detection field robot, the segregation of unhealthy leaves from strawberry plants is a major task. In field operations, the picking mechanism is actuated via three previously derived inverse kinematic algorithms and their performances are compared. Due to the high risk of rapid and unexpected deviation from the target position under field circumstances, some compensation is considered necessary. For this purpose, an image-based visual servoing method via the camera-in-hand configuration is activated when the end-effector is nearby to the target leaf subsequent to performing the inverse kinematics algorithms. In this study, a bio-inspired trajectory optimization method is proposed for visual servoing and the method is constructed based on a prey-predator relationship observed in nature (“motion camouflage”). In this biological phenomenon, the predator constructs its path in a certain subspace while catching the prey. The proposed algorithm is tested both in simulations and in hardware experiments.
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Knadler, Charles E. "Models of a predator-prey relationship in a closed habitat." In 2008 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2008.4736407.
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Ito, Takashi, Marcin Pilat, Reiji Suzuki, and Takaya Arita. "Population and Evolutionary Dynamics Based on Predator-Prey Relationship in 3D Physical Simulation." In Artificial Life 14: International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems. The MIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-32621-6-ch018.
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Layton, Astrid, Bert Bras, and Marc Weissburg. "Designing Sustainable Manufacturing Networks: The Role of Exclusive Species in Achieving Ecosystem-Type Cycling." In ASME 2017 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2017-68334.
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Ecology is proving to be an innovative source for design principles. Studies have examined how ecological principles can enhance sustainability in industrial networks. Ecologically-inspired manufacturing networks tend to focus on supporting symbiotic relationship formation, creating a cyclical flow structure that has been shown to result in efficiency and resource consumption improvements. Despite successes, bio-inspired manufacturing networks still fail to accurately mimic ecosystem cycling. The roles of exclusive actors and specialized predators in achieving the high cycling characteristic of ecosystems is investigated here. Exclusive actors participate in the network as either only a consumer (predator) or only a producer (prey). Specialized predators consume only one producer inside the system boundary. The populations of these special actors in manufacturing networks versus ecological food webs speaks to the potential influence these roles have on the cycling the network achieves. The trends shown here suggest less exclusivity is necessary for achieving ecologically-strong network cycling.
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Petrunenko, Y. K., R. A. Montgomery, I. V. Seryodkin, O. Y. Zaumyslova, D. G. Miquelle та D. W. Macdonald. "ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ АМУРСКОГО ТИГРА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПЛОТНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И УЯЗВИМОСТИ ОСНОВНЫХ ВИДОВ ЖЕРТВ". У GEOGRAFICHESKIE I GEOEKOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIIA NA DAL`NEM VOSTOKE. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.76.93.013.
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Теоретические и эмпирические исследования показывают, что распределение хищников в значительной степени определяется доступностью основных видов жертв. Доступность зависит не только от плотности населения животных, но также от их уязвимости, на которую влияет конфигурация атрибутов ландшафта, увеличивающих шанс удачной охоты для хищника. Остается плохо изученным то, как именно пространственные вариации в этих процессах формируют модель поведения хищников в масштабах индивидуального участка. В данном исследовании рассматривалось влияние плотности популяций и уязвимости жертв на использование индивидуального участка амурским тигром Panthera tigris altaica на Дальнем Востоке России в течение 20 снежных сезонов. Всего было построено 80 карт, изображающих предсказание относительной плотности населения видов жертв тигра, как по отдельности, так и для всех видов, объединенных в группу, для каждого снежного сезона года в течение 20 лет исследований. Модель, прогнозирующая относительную уязвимость основных видов жертв в зависимости от ландшафта, в основном включала высоту над уровнем моря, близость к поселкам/сельскохозяйственным районам, крутизну склона, средний уровень покрытия снегом, и близость к ближайшим водотокам. Изюбрь, пятнистый олень и кабан чаще всего добывались в местах с более низкой высотой над уровнем моря в удалении от поселков/сельскохозяйственных районов. Кабан оказался единственным видом, для которого уязвимость увеличивалась в местообитаниях с большей высотой снежного покрова. Обнаружено, что амурский тигр в пределах своего индивидуального участка использует места с наивысшей плотностью населения изюбря Cervus elaphus и кабана Sus scrofa. Важнейшую роль в формировании индивидуального участка тигра играет территория, где изюбрь наиболее уязвим для хищничества, а места с наибольшей плотностью населения изюбря используются на периферии участка обитания хищника. Выявлено две стратегии хищнического поведения тигра. Так как распределение ресурсов в пределах индивидуального участка обитания влияет на выживание и размножение хищника, исследование имеет большое значение не только для более детального понимания взаимоотношений в системе тигржертва , но и для сохранения тигра.Theoretical and empirical studies show that the distribution of predators is largely determined by the availability of the main species of prey. Accessibility depends not only on the population density of animals, but also on their vulnerability, which is affected by the configuration of landscape attributes that increase the chance of successful predator hunting. It remains poorly studied how exactly spatial variations in these processes form a predator behavior model on the scale of an individual site. This study examined the impact of population density and prey vulnerability on the home range use by the Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East for 20 snow seasons. A total of 80 maps were constructed depicting the prediction of the relative population density of tiger prey species, both individually and for all species combined for each snow season for over 20 years of research. The model predicting the relative vulnerability of the main prey species depending on the landscape mainly included altitude, proximity to villages / agricultural areas, slope steepness, average snow cover, and proximity to nearby watercourses. Red deer, sika deer and wild boar were most often killed in places with a lower altitude, away from villages / agricultural areas. The wild boar turned out to be the only species for which vulnerability increased in habitats with greater snow cover. We found that the Amur tiger, within its individual home range, used places with the highest population density of the Manchurian deer Cervus elaphus and wild boar Sus scrofa. The most important role in the formation of tiger individual home range had area where red deer was most vulnerable to predation, and places with the highest density of red deer used at the periphery of individual home ranges. Revealed two strategies of tiger predation. Since the distribution of resources within an individual home range affect the survival and reproduction of the predator, the study is of great importance not only for a more detailed understanding of the relationship in the tigerprey system, but also for the conservation of Amur tiger.
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Huntley, John Warren, Tara Selly, Kelly Elizabeth Hale, Daniel A. Clapp, and James D. Schiffbauer. "ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS IN A TIDAL CARBONATE LAGOON (PIGEON CREEK, SAN SALVADOR ISLAND, BAHAMAS) AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO MOLLUSCAN DIVERSITY, BODY SIZE, AND PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-282623.
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