Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prey use

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Prey use'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Prey use"

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Fujioka, Emyo, Ikkyu Aihara, Miwa Sumiya, Kazuyuki Aihara, and Shizuko Hiryu. "Echolocating bats use future-target information for optimal foraging." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 17 (April 11, 2016): 4848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515091113.

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When seeing or listening to an object, we aim our attention toward it. While capturing prey, many animal species focus their visual or acoustic attention toward the prey. However, for multiple prey items, the direction and timing of attention for effective foraging remain unknown. In this study, we adopted both experimental and mathematical methodology with microphone-array measurements and mathematical modeling analysis to quantify the attention of echolocating bats that were repeatedly capturing airborne insects in the field. Here we show that bats select rational flight paths to consecutively capture multiple prey items. Microphone-array measurements showed that bats direct their sonar attention not only to the immediate prey but also to the next prey. In addition, we found that a bat’s attention in terms of its flight also aims toward the next prey even when approaching the immediate prey. Numerical simulations revealed a possibility that bats shift their flight attention to control suitable flight paths for consecutive capture. When a bat only aims its flight attention toward its immediate prey, it rarely succeeds in capturing the next prey. These findings indicate that bats gain increased benefit by distributing their attention among multiple targets and planning the future flight path based on additional information of the next prey. These experimental and mathematical studies allowed us to observe the process of decision making by bats during their natural flight dynamics.
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Zhang, Hui, Zhihui Ma, Gongnan Xie, and Lukun Jia. "Effects of Behavioral Tactics of Predators on Dynamics of a Predator-Prey System." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/375236.

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A predator-prey model incorporating individual behavior is presented, where the predator-prey interaction is described by a classical Lotka-Volterra model with self-limiting prey; predators can use the behavioral tactics of rock-paper-scissors to dispute a prey when they meet. The predator behavioral change is described by replicator equations, a game dynamic model at the fast time scale, whereas predator-prey interactions are assumed acting at a relatively slow time scale. Aggregation approach is applied to combine the two time scales into a single one. The analytical results show that predators have an equal probability to adopt three strategies at the stable state of the predator-prey interaction system. The diversification tactics taking by predator population benefits the survival of the predator population itself, more importantly, it also maintains the stability of the predator-prey system. Explicitly, immediate contest behavior of predators can promote density of the predator population and keep the preys at a lower density. However, a large cost of fighting will cause not only the density of predators to be lower but also preys to be higher, which may even lead to extinction of the predator populations.
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Kolmann, Matthew A., Kenneth C. Welch, Adam P. Summers, and Nathan R. Lovejoy. "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1838 (September 14, 2016): 20161392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1392.

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Chewing, characterized by shearing jaw motions and high-crowned molar teeth, is considered an evolutionary innovation that spurred dietary diversification and evolutionary radiation of mammals. Complex prey-processing behaviours have been thought to be lacking in fishes and other vertebrates, despite the fact that many of these animals feed on tough prey, like insects or even grasses. We investigated prey capture and processing in the insect-feeding freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro using high-speed videography. We find that Potamotrygon motoro uses asymmetrical motion of the jaws, effectively chewing, to dismantle insect prey. However, CT scanning suggests that this species has simple teeth. These findings suggest that in contrast to mammalian chewing, asymmetrical jaw action is sufficient for mastication in other vertebrates. We also determined that prey capture in these rays occurs through rapid uplift of the pectoral fins, sucking prey beneath the ray's body, thereby dissociating the jaws from a prey capture role. We suggest that the decoupling of prey capture and processing facilitated the evolution of a highly kinetic feeding apparatus in batoid fishes, giving these animals an ability to consume a wide variety of prey, including molluscs, fishes, aquatic insect larvae and crustaceans. We propose Potamotrygon as a model system for understanding evolutionary convergence of prey processing and chewing in vertebrates.
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Skorczewski, Tyler, Angela Cheer, Samson Cheung, and Peter C. Wainwright. "Use of computational fluid dynamics to study forces exerted on prey by aquatic suction feeders." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 44 (August 12, 2009): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0218.

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Suction feeding is the most commonly used mechanism of prey capture among aquatic vertebrates. Most previous models of the fluid flow caused by suction feeders involve making several untested assumptions. In this paper, a Chimera overset grids approach is used to solve the governing equations of fluid dynamics in order to investigate the assumptions that prey do not interact with the flow and that the flow can be modelled as a one-dimensional flow. Results show that, for small prey, both neglecting the prey and considering prey interaction give similar calculated forces exerted on the prey. However, as the prey item increases in size toward the size of the gape, its effect on the flow becomes more pronounced. This in turn affects both the magnitude of the hydrodynamic forces imparted to the prey and the time when maximum force is delivered. Maximum force is delivered most quickly to intermediate sized prey, about one-third of mouth diameter, and most slowly to prey less than 7 per cent or greater than 67 per cent of mouth diameter. This suggests that the effect of prey size on the timing of suction forces may have substantial consequences for the feeding ecology of suction feeders that are known to prefer prey between 25 and 50 per cent of mouth diameter. Moreover, for a 15 cm fish with a 15 mm gape, assuming a radial one-dimensional flow field can result in underestimating the maximum force exerted on a 5 mm diameter spherical prey 1 gape distance from the mouth by up to 28.7 per cent.
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Mills, L. Scott, and Frederick F. Knowlton. "Coyote space use in relation to prey abundance." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-212.

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Food abundance is an important factor determining space use in many species, but its effect on carnivore home range and territory size has rarely been investigated. We explored the relationship between food abundance for the coyote (Canis latrans) and space use in two study areas in the northern Great Basin, where the primary prey, the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), fluctuates dramatically in abundance. At one site, home ranges and territories were significantly larger during a time of prey-scarcity than when prey was abundant. Coyotes on the second site had similar-size home ranges and territories at low and high prey abundance, but a higher proportion and probably a higher number of individuals were transients during the prey-scarcity period. We propose mortality rates of coyotes as an important factor mediating adjustments in space use to food abundance, and suggest two mechanisms by which mortality might interact with food abundance. Higher mortality rates may simply permit more rapid adjustment of home range size to changing food conditions. Alternatively, higher mortality may selectively eliminate transients, thus reducing the impact of intruders in limiting the size of the remaining territories.
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Feord, R. C., M. E. Sumner, S. Pusdekar, L. Kalra, P. T. Gonzalez-Bellido, and Trevor J. Wardill. "Cuttlefish use stereopsis to strike at prey." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (January 2020): eaay6036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6036.

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The camera-type eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods exhibit remarkable convergence, but it is currently unknown whether the mechanisms for visual information processing in these brains, which exhibit wildly disparate architecture, are also shared. To investigate stereopsis in a cephalopod species, we affixed “anaglyph” glasses to cuttlefish and used a three-dimensional perception paradigm. We show that (i) cuttlefish have also evolved stereopsis (i.e., the ability to extract depth information from the disparity between left and right visual fields); (ii) when stereopsis information is intact, the time and distance covered before striking at a target are shorter; (iii) stereopsis in cuttlefish works differently to vertebrates, as cuttlefish can extract stereopsis cues from anticorrelated stimuli. These findings demonstrate that although there is convergent evolution in depth computation, cuttlefish stereopsis is likely afforded by a different algorithm than in humans, and not just a different implementation.
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Kelly, Jeffrey F. "Effects of substrate on prey use by belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon): a test of the prey abundance – availability assumption." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-078.

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Foraging trials were conducted using belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) to examine relationships among prey abundance, availability, and use. Because these relationships are affected by the preference of the predator, I also determined the prey preference of belted kingfishers. Fish (Pimephales promelas and Catostomus commersoni) and crayfish (Orconectes spp.) were exposed to predation by 12 wild belted kingfishers under 4 treatments in which prey availability was manipulated by altering habitat structure. The preferred prey of belted kingfishers were relatively large fish (11–13 cm long). In structurally simple habitats, prey use by belted kingfishers reflected this preference. Complex habitat structure reduced the availability of preferred prey items and resulted in prey use that did not differ from the initial prey abundance distribution. These experiments demonstrated that prey abundance was not equivalent to availability and that habitat structure and prey preference had important effects on the relationships among prey abundance, availability, and use. Thus, evaluating the importance of prey resources to predators on the basis of prey abundance–use comparisons, while ignoring prey availability and the dynamic factors that influence it, may lead to erroneous conclusions.
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Lawson, Riley R., Dillon T. Fogarty, and Scott R. Loss. "Use of visual and olfactory sensory cues by an apex predator in deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0134.

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Predator–prey interactions influence behaviors and life-history evolution for both predator and prey species and also have implications for biodiversity conservation. A fundamental goal of ecology is to clarify mechanisms underlying predator–prey interactions and dynamics. To investigate the role of predator sensory mechanisms in predator–prey interactions, specifically in predator detection of prey, we experimentally evaluated importance of visual and olfactory cues for an apex predator, the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). Unlike similar studies, we examined use of sensory cues in a field setting. We used trail cameras and four replicated treatments — visual only, olfactory only, visual and olfactory combined, and a control — to quantify coyote visitation rates in North American deciduous forests during fall 2016. Coyote visitation was greatest for olfactory-only and visual-only cues, followed by the combined olfactory–visual cue; all cues attracted more coyotes than the control (i.e., olfactory = visual > olfactory–visual > control). Our results suggest this apex predator uses both olfactory and visual cues while foraging for prey. These findings from a field study of free-roaming coyotes increase understanding of predator foraging behavior, predator–prey interactions, and sensory ecology. Our study also suggests future directions for field evaluations of the role of different sensory mechanisms in predator foraging and prey concealment behaviors.
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Janssen, John, Warren R. Jones, Audrey Whang, and Philip E. Oshel. "Use of the lateral line in particulate feeding in the dark by juvenile alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-037.

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The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an obligate planktivore which uses a variety of methods for capturing zooplankton. Alewife eat Mysis relicta, especially larger individuals, at night during a vertical migration by both predator and prey. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that alewife use the lateral line to sense prey and feed particulately (single prey at a time) in the dark. We used Daphnia magna and Artemia salina adults as prey. Prey densities were such that they did not elicit filter feeding. Observations using infrared video showed that alewife captured individual prey and bit at a vibrating inert bead. We concluded that under appropriate conditions, alewife were size selective and that streptomycin (which blocks the lateral line sensory cells) eliminated this feeding behavior.
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Wainwright, Peter C., Lara A. Ferry-Graham, Thomas B. Waltzek, Andrew M. Carroll, C. Darrin Hulsey, and Justin R. Grubich. "Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 17 (September 1, 2001): 3039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.17.3039.

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SUMMARYWe characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The species examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly Cichlasoma severum) and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per species were filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. and Poecilia reticulata. For each feeding sequence, we measured the contribution of predator movement towards the prey (i.e. ram) and the movement of prey towards the predator due to suction. The use of ram differed significantly among prey types and predator species, varying as much as sixfold across predator species. High values of ram resulted in high attack velocities. Jaw protrusion contributed as much as 50% to overall ram values in some species, verifying its role in enhancing attack velocity. Suction distance did not vary significantly among species. Diversity in prey-capture behavior was therefore found to reflect differences among species in the strategy used to approach prey. Limited variation in the distance from which prey were sucked into the mouth is interpreted as the result of an expected exponential decline in water velocity with distance from the mouth of the suction-feeding predator. We propose that this relationship represents a major constraint on the distance over which suction feeding is effective for all aquatic-feeding predators.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prey use"

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Roxburgh, David James. "Prey and range use of lions on Tswalu Kalahari Reserve." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac/thesis/available/etd-12132009-154240.

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Rosenburg, Charles Patrick. "Barn Owl Habitat and Prey use in Agricultural Eastern Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625342.

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Hodder, Kathryn H. "The common buzzard in lowland UK : relationships between food availability, habitat use and demography." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340525.

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Palma, Cristián R. (Cristián Ricardo). "The use of tarsal scale patterns to identify individual birds of prey." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23929.

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The ability to accurately identify individuals is required for the detailed study of animals. Numerous artificial markers have been developed for this purpose. Negative effects on survival, reproductive success and behavior have been reported for most marking methods, significantly affecting the very parameters being studied.
Birds of prey have suffered the shortcomings of artificial marking methods. In light of the known and potential deleterious effects of marking, attention has been focused on developing new techniques to identify individual raptors without attaching artificial markers.
This study investigated the use of tarsal scale patterns as unique individual identifiers in birds of prey. The American kestrel (Falco sparverius) was chosen as a model. Both legs of seventy-five kestrels were photographed over a two-year period.
Photographic comparisons of 150 scale patterns demonstrated the uniqueness of each and therefore its ability to be used as an individual's natural identifier. Furthermore, patterns were found to remain unchanged from one year to the next. These findings support the hypotheses that tarsal scale patterns are unique to each bird and do not change over time.
A method of coding the tarsal scale patterns was developed. These codes can be used in a computerized data base to significantly enhance the speed of pattern searches.
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Beja, Pedro Rui. "Patterns of availability and use of resources by otters (Lutra lutra L.) in southwest Portugal." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295746.

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The use of resources by otters (Lutra lutra L.) living along coasts and streams in Southwest Portugal was described, and related to their spatial and temporal patterns of availability. The use of freshwater along coasts was inferred from the spatial distribution of spraints, and from radio-tracking. Spraints were mostly concentrated at the mouth of streams that provided freshwater throughout the dry season, and where rest-sites were found within dense thickets of brambles. Rest-sites were considered a scarce resource, because they seemed to be associated with the few permanent sources of freshwater. Along the coast prey availability was highest in winter and lowest in later summer and autumn. The corkwing wrasse was the dominant prey, and the seasonal variation in diet was primarily related to fluctuations in its abundance: wrasse were consumed when they were most abundant, other prey being taken to compensate for lows in their availability. In streams there were large year-to-year fluctuations in fish abundance, and these were related to the severity of summer droughts. Spring was probably the period of maximum prey abundance. Eels and crayfish were the dominant prey, but cyprinids, toads and frogs were also important seasonally. Prey were consumed relative to availability, except eels, which were consumed less than expected during the peak abundance of crayfish. Crayfish and eels were more associated in spraints that expected by chance. The introduction of the American crayfish to Iberia contributed to increase food abundance from spring to early autumn. Breeding of otters occurred seasonally, but births were earlier on the coast (October-December) than inland (January-March), most probably as a consequence of the seasonal patterns of food availability. Litter sizes inland were larger than on the coast. Differences between otter habitats in Southwest Portugal and elsewhere were discussed. A conservation strategy for otters in this region was developed.
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Denerley, Chloe. "The impact of land use change on a brood parasite system : cuckoos, their hosts and prey." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=205390.

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Land use change is one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, and agricultural intensification has severely affected farmland birds in Europe. As a rapidly declining long-distance migrant and obligatory brood parasite, the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus is an interesting species on which to investigate the impacts of land use on birds. My thesis focuses on understanding the causes and mechanisms behind cuckoo declines in Britain by exploring relationships between land use, cuckoos, their hosts and adult cuckoo prey. Cuckoo population trends vary between habitat types, resulting in changes to cuckoo-habitat associations. There was little evidence of preference for semi-natural or agricultural habitats where cuckoos were widespread before their declines began, but they were strongly selective of semi-natural grass, heath and woodland by the 2000s while avoiding farmland. This suggests that female cuckoos specialised in parasitizing dunnocks (Prunella modularis) are now scarce while meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) cuckoos have been retained in semi-natural habitats. However, as habitat cover had a consistently stronger statistical effect than host abundance on the presence or retention of cuckoos, the availability of other resources may limit current cuckoo distribution. The probability of cuckoo presence increased with the abundance of known cuckoo prey, predominantly large, hairy moth caterpillars. These species have undergone greater declines than other moths and their population trends also vary by habitat: abundance has increased in semi-natural habitats but declined in improved grassland and woodland. Therefore changing prey abundance may be a key driver of cuckoo declines in farmland. Although fundamental questions on the causes of cuckoo declines remain unanswered, maintaining semi-natural habitats as a stronghold for cuckoos in Britain might be an effective conservation strategy in the immediate future. However, measures adopted under agri-environment schemes which increase moth abundance may offer long-term mitigation of cuckoo declines while benefiting other insectivorous species.
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Bloxton, Thomas David. "Prey abundance, space use, demography, and foraging habitat of northern goshawks in western Washington /." Thesis, PURL, 2002. http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/A/52084482.pdf.

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White, Kevin Robert. "Prey use by male and female cougars in an elk and mule deer community." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/K_White_042209.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in natural resource sciences)--Washington State University, May 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 21, 2009). "Department of Natural Resource Sciences." Includes bibliographical references (p. 19-24).
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Berg, Ivan. "Effects of doc and water temperature on prey use and performance of nine-spine stickleback." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184306.

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Climate change is causing water temperature to rise, and many lakes in the boreal zone will experience browning of waters (brownification) due to increased input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In fish, warming may cause resource limitation and decrease both fish size and population abundance. Many fish species display ontogenetic niche shifts during their lifetime, shifting to larger prey as they grow. Brownification may change the timing for, the benefits from or prevent individuals from displaying ontogenetic niche shifts by decreasing large prey abundance in the benthic zone or making fast-moving prey harder to see. This can cause resource limitations, suppressing growth and population growth. This study investigated the effects of increasing DOC and water temperature on ontogenetic diet shifts, size structure, and population abundance in nine-spine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in an experimental pond system with a warming treatment and a gradient of DOC concentration. Warming had a negative effect on population number, biomass, maximum fish size, stomach fullness, and consumption of large prey. Contrary to expected outcomes, increasing DOC input resulted in higher population, biomass, and larger maximum sized fish as DOC increased. DOC did not negatively affect ontogenetic diet shifts. In the relatively shallow enclosures, the highest DOC concentration may not have reached the threshold where the shading effect of DOC overturns the benefits of extra nutrients associated with DOC. Hence, in shallow lake ecosystems, climate change induced DOC increase may support fish production, while warming may have strong negative effects on fish population abundance and size.
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Evans, Meredith Morgan. "Land use and Prey Density Changes in the Nakuru Wildlife Conservancy, Kenya Implications for Cheetah Conservation /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0007420.

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Books on the topic "Prey use"

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McNay, Mark E. Development and testing of a general predator-prey computer model for use in making management decisions. Juneau, AK (P.O. Box 25526, Juneau 99802): State of Alaska, Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1998.

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How to read and pray the parables. Liguori, MO: Liguori Publications, 1992.

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McKean, Zyromski Page, ed. How to pray with the Bible. Brewster, Mass: Paraclete Press, 2010.

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Learning to pray through the Psalms: A guide for individuals and groups. Downers Grove, Ill: InterVarsity Press, 2005.

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Feaux, Valmy. Valmy: Une bataille, un prenom, une reflexion./ Pref de Benigno Caceres. Bruxelles: Labor, 1988.

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(Firm), Advantage Education, ed. LSAT exam prep. Indianapolis, IN: Pearson Education, 2007.

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Pray the scriptures when life hurts: Experience hope and healing through the power of God's word. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany House, 2014.

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The use of standard pretrial procedures: An assessment of Local Rule 235 of the Northern District of Georgia. Washington, D.C. (1520 H. St., N.W., Washington 20005): Federal Judicial Center, 1986.

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When children pray: How God uses the prayers of a child. Sisters, Or: Multnomah Publishers, 1998.

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Jean, Danet, ed. La composition pénale: Une première évaluation. Paris: Harmattan, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prey use"

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Canal, David, and Juan José Negro. "Use of Drones for Research and Conservation of Birds of Prey." In Birds of Prey, 325–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4_14.

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Bolton, M. "Birds of prey and modern falconry." In Conservation and the Use of Wildlife Resources, 153–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1445-2_9.

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Wainwright, Peter C., and Barton A. Richard. "Predicting patterns of prey use from morphology of fishes." In Ecomorphology of fishes, 97–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1356-6_7.

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Rasran, Leonid, and Ubbo Mammen. "Population Development and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Relation to the Development of Wind Energy Use in Germany." In Birds of Prey and Wind Farms, 309–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53402-2_15.

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SÁnchez, Marta I., Andy J. Green, and Eloy M. Castellanos. "Spatial and temporal fluctuations in presence and use of chironomid prey by shorebirds in the Odiel saltpans, south-west Spain." In Limnology and Aquatic Birds, 329–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5556-0_24.

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Codario, Ronald A. "Insulin Use." In Type 2 Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome, 123–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-441-8_7.

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Aartsma-Rus, Annemieke, and Judith C. T. van Deutekom. "Use of Oligonucleotides to Change Splicing." In Alternative pre-mRNA Splicing, 510–20. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527636778.ch47.

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Crown, Patricia L. "Pre-hispanic Use of Cocoa." In Chocolate in Health and Nutrition, 3–9. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-803-0_1.

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J. Foxon, Timothy. "Energy use in pre-industrial societies." In Energy and Economic Growth, 47–53. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [2018] |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315618180_5.

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Tarini, Chetty. "Sensor Use in Toddlers and Pre-school Children." In Glucose Sensor Use in Children and Adolescents, 49–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42806-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prey use"

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Barbier, Charlotte, and Joseph A. C. Humphrey. "Numerical Calculation of the Flow in the Fish Lateral Line Canal: Applications to Predators Tracking Prey." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14165.

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Fish use sensors inside the lateral line trunk canal (LLTC) to detect the motion of water in their surroundings. The LLTC is a complex sensory organ consisting of a long tube no more than a few millimeters in diameter embedded immediately under the skin of the fish on each side of its body. In most fish, pore-like openings are regularly distributed along the LLTC, and a minute sensor enveloped in a gelatinous cupula, referred to as a neuromast, is located between each pair of pores. Drag forces resulting from fluid motions induced inside the LLTC by pressure fluctuations in the external flow stimulate the neuromasts. The present study investigates the motion-sensing characteristics of the LLTC and how it may be used by fish to track prey. A two-level numerical model is presented that couples the surrounding flow outside the LLTC to that stimulating the neuromasts within it. First the unsteady flow past a pair of simulated prey/predator fish in coasting motion is calculated using a Navier-Stokes solver. Then the pressure field associated with this external flow is used to drive the flow inside the LLTC of the predator, which creates the drag forces acting on the neuromast. The model is used to investigate the filtering properties and performance characteristics of the LLTC for a range of unsteady flows of biological interest. The results obtained suggest that the LLTC preferentially filters high frequency pressure gradient oscillations, and hence high frequency accelerations, associated with the external flow.
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Yedavalli, Rama K., and Nagini Devarakonda. "Qualitative Principles of Ecology and Their Implications in Quantitative Engineering Systems." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2621.

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In this paper, we briefly review some fundamental qualitative features of ecological sign stability and transform these principles of ecology to a set of mathematical results in matrix theory with quantitative information, which is usually encountered in engineering sciences. This type of cross fertilization of ideas of life sciences and engineering sciences is deemed to be highly beneficial to both fields. In particular, we show in this paper what effect the signs of elements of a matrix have on the matrix properties such as eigenvalues and condition number. Similarly, it is also shown that under some assumptions on the magnitudes of the elements, predator-prey phenomenon in ecology renders some special properties like ‘normality’ to matrices. It is also shown that these predator-prey models have better robustness properties when compared to other matrices. The results presented in this paper can assist in the use of ecological system principles to build highly robust engineering systems.
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Petrunenko, Y. K., R. A. Montgomery, I. V. Seryodkin, O. Y. Zaumyslova, D. G. Miquelle, and D. W. Macdonald. "ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ АМУРСКОГО ТИГРА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПЛОТНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И УЯЗВИМОСТИ ОСНОВНЫХ ВИДОВ ЖЕРТВ." In GEOGRAFICHESKIE I GEOEKOLOGICHESKIE ISSLEDOVANIIA NA DAL`NEM VOSTOKE. ИП Мироманова Ирина Витальевна, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2019.76.93.013.

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Теоретические и эмпирические исследования показывают, что распределение хищников в значительной степени определяется доступностью основных видов жертв. Доступность зависит не только от плотности населения животных, но также от их уязвимости, на которую влияет конфигурация атрибутов ландшафта, увеличивающих шанс удачной охоты для хищника. Остается плохо изученным то, как именно пространственные вариации в этих процессах формируют модель поведения хищников в масштабах индивидуального участка. В данном исследовании рассматривалось влияние плотности популяций и уязвимости жертв на использование индивидуального участка амурским тигром Panthera tigris altaica на Дальнем Востоке России в течение 20 снежных сезонов. Всего было построено 80 карт, изображающих предсказание относительной плотности населения видов жертв тигра, как по отдельности, так и для всех видов, объединенных в группу, для каждого снежного сезона года в течение 20 лет исследований. Модель, прогнозирующая относительную уязвимость основных видов жертв в зависимости от ландшафта, в основном включала высоту над уровнем моря, близость к поселкам/сельскохозяйственным районам, крутизну склона, средний уровень покрытия снегом, и близость к ближайшим водотокам. Изюбрь, пятнистый олень и кабан чаще всего добывались в местах с более низкой высотой над уровнем моря в удалении от поселков/сельскохозяйственных районов. Кабан оказался единственным видом, для которого уязвимость увеличивалась в местообитаниях с большей высотой снежного покрова. Обнаружено, что амурский тигр в пределах своего индивидуального участка использует места с наивысшей плотностью населения изюбря Cervus elaphus и кабана Sus scrofa. Важнейшую роль в формировании индивидуального участка тигра играет территория, где изюбрь наиболее уязвим для хищничества, а места с наибольшей плотностью населения изюбря используются на периферии участка обитания хищника. Выявлено две стратегии хищнического поведения тигра. Так как распределение ресурсов в пределах индивидуального участка обитания влияет на выживание и размножение хищника, исследование имеет большое значение не только для более детального понимания взаимоотношений в системе тигржертва , но и для сохранения тигра.Theoretical and empirical studies show that the distribution of predators is largely determined by the availability of the main species of prey. Accessibility depends not only on the population density of animals, but also on their vulnerability, which is affected by the configuration of landscape attributes that increase the chance of successful predator hunting. It remains poorly studied how exactly spatial variations in these processes form a predator behavior model on the scale of an individual site. This study examined the impact of population density and prey vulnerability on the home range use by the Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East for 20 snow seasons. A total of 80 maps were constructed depicting the prediction of the relative population density of tiger prey species, both individually and for all species combined for each snow season for over 20 years of research. The model predicting the relative vulnerability of the main prey species depending on the landscape mainly included altitude, proximity to villages / agricultural areas, slope steepness, average snow cover, and proximity to nearby watercourses. Red deer, sika deer and wild boar were most often killed in places with a lower altitude, away from villages / agricultural areas. The wild boar turned out to be the only species for which vulnerability increased in habitats with greater snow cover. We found that the Amur tiger, within its individual home range, used places with the highest population density of the Manchurian deer Cervus elaphus and wild boar Sus scrofa. The most important role in the formation of tiger individual home range had area where red deer was most vulnerable to predation, and places with the highest density of red deer used at the periphery of individual home ranges. Revealed two strategies of tiger predation. Since the distribution of resources within an individual home range affect the survival and reproduction of the predator, the study is of great importance not only for a more detailed understanding of the relationship in the tigerprey system, but also for the conservation of Amur tiger.
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Almekhlafi, Abdurrahman G., Mohamed H. Al-Mekhlafy, and Sufian A. Forawi. "Investigating UAE pre-service teachers' perceptions and validation of use of electronic portfolios." In 2011 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccrd.2011.5764155.

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Sherstyuk, A., A. Treskunov, and M. Gavrilova. "Predator-prey vision metaphor for multi-tasking virtual environments." In 2012 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3dui.2012.6184188.

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Ogasawara, Mellisa, Atsuko Chiba, Kie Kawauchi, and Yoshihide Sorimachi. "P4.007 Back seat safety belt use and child restraint seat use in Japan." In Virtual Pre-Conference Global Injury Prevention Showcase 2021 – Abstract Book. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2021-safety.210.

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Bavinton, Benjamin, Stefanie Vaccher, Martin Holt, Rebecca Guy, Garrett Prestage, Fengyi Jin, Janaki Amin, et al. "P435 Use of condoms for the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) among HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) users." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.521.

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Burrell, Amy, Carla Tilchin, Sebastian Ruhs, Christina Schumacher, Errol Fields, Jessica Wagner, Adena Greenbaum, and Jacky Jennings. "P450 Prep use, STD acquisition and sexual risk behavior." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.534.

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Lapic, Whitney, Jansen A. Smith, and Gregory P. Dietl. "DO NATICID GASTROPODS LEAVE PREDATORY MICROTRACES WHEN THEY DRILL THEIR BIVALVE PREY?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-308463.

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Hughes, Emily S., and James C. Lamsdell. "DETERMINING THE PREY SIZES OF SWEEP-FEEDING EURYPTERIDS VIA ANALYSIS OF APPENDAGE ARMATURE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-334476.

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Reports on the topic "Prey use"

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Gastelum, Zoe N., and Michael J. Henry. Precision Information Environment (PIE) for International Safeguards: Pre-Demonstration Development Use Cases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1122329.

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Braymer-Hayes, Katelyn. A Spatial Analysis of Ceramics in Northwestern Alaska: Studying Pre-Contact Gendered Use of Space. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6250.

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Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, Amy Finkelstein, Lawrence Katz, Benjamin Olken, and Anja Sautmann. In Praise of Moderation: Suggestions for the Scope and Use of Pre-Analysis Plans for RCTs in Economics. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26993.

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Place, Matthew, Ronald Hoeppel, Tanwir Chaudhry, Sarah McCall, and Travis Williamson. Application Guide for Bioslurping Principles and Practices of Bioslurping Addendum: Use of Pre-Pump Separation for Improved Bioslurper System Operation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada604102.

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Markowski, Adria E. Live, Virtual, Constructive Integrating Architecture (LVC IA) Integrated Training Environment (ITE) Pre-Fielding User Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1008554.

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Edward, Deirdre Elizabeth. PrEP: Probability of Encounter between Ports of Entry A case study of the US-Mexico border. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1468552.

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O'Donnell, Kevin, and Anne Greene. A Risk Management Solution Designed to Facilitate Risk-Based Qualification, Validation, and Change Control Activities within GMP and Pharmaceutical Regulatory Compliance Environments in the EU—Part I. Institute of Validation Technology, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21506590.wp7132006agko-rmsdfrbq.

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A risk management solution is described that is designed to facilitate risk-based qualification, validation, and change control activities within GMP and regulatory compliance environments in the EU. This solution is based upon a set of pre-defined, fundamental principles and design criteria, which were considered important. It offers a documented and ready-to-use ten-step process for determining and managing, on a risk basis, the scope and extent of qualification and validation, and the likely impact of changes.
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Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.

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The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.
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Ferguson, Dennis E., John C. Byrne, William R. Wykoff, Brian Kummet, and Ted Hensold. Response of ponderosa pine stands to pre-commercial thinning on Nez Perce and Spokane Tribal forests in the Inland Northwest, USA. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rp-88.

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Wijsman, J. W. M., and A. C. Smaal. The use of shellfish for pre-filtration of marine intake water in a reverse electro dialysis energy plant : Inventory of potential shellfish species and design of conceptual filtration systems. Yerseke: Wageningen Marine Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/424555.

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