Journal articles: 'Prey use'

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Fujioka, Emyo, Ikkyu Aihara, Miwa Sumiya, Kazuyuki Aihara, and Shizuko Hiryu. "Echolocating bats use future-target information for optimal foraging." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 17 (April 11, 2016): 4848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515091113.

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When seeing or listening to an object, we aim our attention toward it. While capturing prey, many animal species focus their visual or acoustic attention toward the prey. However, for multiple prey items, the direction and timing of attention for effective foraging remain unknown. In this study, we adopted both experimental and mathematical methodology with microphone-array measurements and mathematical modeling analysis to quantify the attention of echolocating bats that were repeatedly capturing airborne insects in the field. Here we show that bats select rational flight paths to consecutively capture multiple prey items. Microphone-array measurements showed that bats direct their sonar attention not only to the immediate prey but also to the next prey. In addition, we found that a bat’s attention in terms of its flight also aims toward the next prey even when approaching the immediate prey. Numerical simulations revealed a possibility that bats shift their flight attention to control suitable flight paths for consecutive capture. When a bat only aims its flight attention toward its immediate prey, it rarely succeeds in capturing the next prey. These findings indicate that bats gain increased benefit by distributing their attention among multiple targets and planning the future flight path based on additional information of the next prey. These experimental and mathematical studies allowed us to observe the process of decision making by bats during their natural flight dynamics.

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Zhang, Hui, Zhihui Ma, Gongnan Xie, and Lukun Jia. "Effects of Behavioral Tactics of Predators on Dynamics of a Predator-Prey System." Advances in Mathematical Physics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/375236.

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A predator-prey model incorporating individual behavior is presented, where the predator-prey interaction is described by a classical Lotka-Volterra model with self-limiting prey; predators can use the behavioral tactics of rock-paper-scissors to dispute a prey when they meet. The predator behavioral change is described by replicator equations, a game dynamic model at the fast time scale, whereas predator-prey interactions are assumed acting at a relatively slow time scale. Aggregation approach is applied to combine the two time scales into a single one. The analytical results show that predators have an equal probability to adopt three strategies at the stable state of the predator-prey interaction system. The diversification tactics taking by predator population benefits the survival of the predator population itself, more importantly, it also maintains the stability of the predator-prey system. Explicitly, immediate contest behavior of predators can promote density of the predator population and keep the preys at a lower density. However, a large cost of fighting will cause not only the density of predators to be lower but also preys to be higher, which may even lead to extinction of the predator populations.

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Kolmann, Matthew A., Kenneth C. Welch, Adam P. Summers, and Nathan R. Lovejoy. "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1838 (September 14, 2016): 20161392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1392.

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Chewing, characterized by shearing jaw motions and high-crowned molar teeth, is considered an evolutionary innovation that spurred dietary diversification and evolutionary radiation of mammals. Complex prey-processing behaviours have been thought to be lacking in fishes and other vertebrates, despite the fact that many of these animals feed on tough prey, like insects or even grasses. We investigated prey capture and processing in the insect-feeding freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro using high-speed videography. We find that Potamotrygon motoro uses asymmetrical motion of the jaws, effectively chewing, to dismantle insect prey. However, CT scanning suggests that this species has simple teeth. These findings suggest that in contrast to mammalian chewing, asymmetrical jaw action is sufficient for mastication in other vertebrates. We also determined that prey capture in these rays occurs through rapid uplift of the pectoral fins, sucking prey beneath the ray's body, thereby dissociating the jaws from a prey capture role. We suggest that the decoupling of prey capture and processing facilitated the evolution of a highly kinetic feeding apparatus in batoid fishes, giving these animals an ability to consume a wide variety of prey, including molluscs, fishes, aquatic insect larvae and crustaceans. We propose Potamotrygon as a model system for understanding evolutionary convergence of prey processing and chewing in vertebrates.

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Skorczewski, Tyler, Angela Cheer, Samson Cheung, and Peter C. Wainwright. "Use of computational fluid dynamics to study forces exerted on prey by aquatic suction feeders." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 7, no. 44 (August 12, 2009): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0218.

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Suction feeding is the most commonly used mechanism of prey capture among aquatic vertebrates. Most previous models of the fluid flow caused by suction feeders involve making several untested assumptions. In this paper, a Chimera overset grids approach is used to solve the governing equations of fluid dynamics in order to investigate the assumptions that prey do not interact with the flow and that the flow can be modelled as a one-dimensional flow. Results show that, for small prey, both neglecting the prey and considering prey interaction give similar calculated forces exerted on the prey. However, as the prey item increases in size toward the size of the gape, its effect on the flow becomes more pronounced. This in turn affects both the magnitude of the hydrodynamic forces imparted to the prey and the time when maximum force is delivered. Maximum force is delivered most quickly to intermediate sized prey, about one-third of mouth diameter, and most slowly to prey less than 7 per cent or greater than 67 per cent of mouth diameter. This suggests that the effect of prey size on the timing of suction forces may have substantial consequences for the feeding ecology of suction feeders that are known to prefer prey between 25 and 50 per cent of mouth diameter. Moreover, for a 15 cm fish with a 15 mm gape, assuming a radial one-dimensional flow field can result in underestimating the maximum force exerted on a 5 mm diameter spherical prey 1 gape distance from the mouth by up to 28.7 per cent.

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Mills, L. Scott, and Frederick F. Knowlton. "Coyote space use in relation to prey abundance." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 1516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-212.

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Food abundance is an important factor determining space use in many species, but its effect on carnivore home range and territory size has rarely been investigated. We explored the relationship between food abundance for the coyote (Canis latrans) and space use in two study areas in the northern Great Basin, where the primary prey, the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), fluctuates dramatically in abundance. At one site, home ranges and territories were significantly larger during a time of prey-scarcity than when prey was abundant. Coyotes on the second site had similar-size home ranges and territories at low and high prey abundance, but a higher proportion and probably a higher number of individuals were transients during the prey-scarcity period. We propose mortality rates of coyotes as an important factor mediating adjustments in space use to food abundance, and suggest two mechanisms by which mortality might interact with food abundance. Higher mortality rates may simply permit more rapid adjustment of home range size to changing food conditions. Alternatively, higher mortality may selectively eliminate transients, thus reducing the impact of intruders in limiting the size of the remaining territories.

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Feord, R. C., M. E. Sumner, S. Pusdekar, L. Kalra, P. T. Gonzalez-Bellido, and Trevor J. Wardill. "Cuttlefish use stereopsis to strike at prey." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (January 2020): eaay6036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6036.

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The camera-type eyes of vertebrates and cephalopods exhibit remarkable convergence, but it is currently unknown whether the mechanisms for visual information processing in these brains, which exhibit wildly disparate architecture, are also shared. To investigate stereopsis in a cephalopod species, we affixed “anaglyph” glasses to cuttlefish and used a three-dimensional perception paradigm. We show that (i) cuttlefish have also evolved stereopsis (i.e., the ability to extract depth information from the disparity between left and right visual fields); (ii) when stereopsis information is intact, the time and distance covered before striking at a target are shorter; (iii) stereopsis in cuttlefish works differently to vertebrates, as cuttlefish can extract stereopsis cues from anticorrelated stimuli. These findings demonstrate that although there is convergent evolution in depth computation, cuttlefish stereopsis is likely afforded by a different algorithm than in humans, and not just a different implementation.

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Kelly, Jeffrey F. "Effects of substrate on prey use by belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon): a test of the prey abundance – availability assumption." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-078.

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Foraging trials were conducted using belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) to examine relationships among prey abundance, availability, and use. Because these relationships are affected by the preference of the predator, I also determined the prey preference of belted kingfishers. Fish (Pimephales promelas and Catostomus commersoni) and crayfish (Orconectes spp.) were exposed to predation by 12 wild belted kingfishers under 4 treatments in which prey availability was manipulated by altering habitat structure. The preferred prey of belted kingfishers were relatively large fish (11–13 cm long). In structurally simple habitats, prey use by belted kingfishers reflected this preference. Complex habitat structure reduced the availability of preferred prey items and resulted in prey use that did not differ from the initial prey abundance distribution. These experiments demonstrated that prey abundance was not equivalent to availability and that habitat structure and prey preference had important effects on the relationships among prey abundance, availability, and use. Thus, evaluating the importance of prey resources to predators on the basis of prey abundance–use comparisons, while ignoring prey availability and the dynamic factors that influence it, may lead to erroneous conclusions.

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Lawson, Riley R., Dillon T. Fogarty, and Scott R. Loss. "Use of visual and olfactory sensory cues by an apex predator in deciduous forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0134.

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Predator–prey interactions influence behaviors and life-history evolution for both predator and prey species and also have implications for biodiversity conservation. A fundamental goal of ecology is to clarify mechanisms underlying predator–prey interactions and dynamics. To investigate the role of predator sensory mechanisms in predator–prey interactions, specifically in predator detection of prey, we experimentally evaluated importance of visual and olfactory cues for an apex predator, the coyote (Canis latrans Say, 1823). Unlike similar studies, we examined use of sensory cues in a field setting. We used trail cameras and four replicated treatments — visual only, olfactory only, visual and olfactory combined, and a control — to quantify coyote visitation rates in North American deciduous forests during fall 2016. Coyote visitation was greatest for olfactory-only and visual-only cues, followed by the combined olfactory–visual cue; all cues attracted more coyotes than the control (i.e., olfactory = visual > olfactory–visual > control). Our results suggest this apex predator uses both olfactory and visual cues while foraging for prey. These findings from a field study of free-roaming coyotes increase understanding of predator foraging behavior, predator–prey interactions, and sensory ecology. Our study also suggests future directions for field evaluations of the role of different sensory mechanisms in predator foraging and prey concealment behaviors.

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Janssen, John, Warren R. Jones, Audrey Whang, and Philip E. Oshel. "Use of the lateral line in particulate feeding in the dark by juvenile alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-037.

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The alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) is an obligate planktivore which uses a variety of methods for capturing zooplankton. Alewife eat Mysis relicta, especially larger individuals, at night during a vertical migration by both predator and prey. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that alewife use the lateral line to sense prey and feed particulately (single prey at a time) in the dark. We used Daphnia magna and Artemia salina adults as prey. Prey densities were such that they did not elicit filter feeding. Observations using infrared video showed that alewife captured individual prey and bit at a vibrating inert bead. We concluded that under appropriate conditions, alewife were size selective and that streptomycin (which blocks the lateral line sensory cells) eliminated this feeding behavior.

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Wainwright, Peter C., Lara A. Ferry-Graham, Thomas B. Waltzek, Andrew M. Carroll, C. Darrin Hulsey, and Justin R. Grubich. "Evaluating the use of ram and suction during prey capture by cichlid fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 17 (September 1, 2001): 3039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.17.3039.

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SUMMARYWe characterized prey-capture strategies in seven species of cichlid fishes representing diverse trophic habits and anticipated feeding abilities. The species examined were Petenia splendida, Cichla ocellaris, Cichlasoma minckleyi, Astronotus ocellatus, Crenicichla geayi, Heros severus (formerly Cichlasoma severum) and Cyprichromis leptosoma. Three individuals per species were filmed with video at 500Hz as they captured live adult Artemia sp. and Poecilia reticulata. For each feeding sequence, we measured the contribution of predator movement towards the prey (i.e. ram) and the movement of prey towards the predator due to suction. The use of ram differed significantly among prey types and predator species, varying as much as sixfold across predator species. High values of ram resulted in high attack velocities. Jaw protrusion contributed as much as 50% to overall ram values in some species, verifying its role in enhancing attack velocity. Suction distance did not vary significantly among species. Diversity in prey-capture behavior was therefore found to reflect differences among species in the strategy used to approach prey. Limited variation in the distance from which prey were sucked into the mouth is interpreted as the result of an expected exponential decline in water velocity with distance from the mouth of the suction-feeding predator. We propose that this relationship represents a major constraint on the distance over which suction feeding is effective for all aquatic-feeding predators.

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Mukherjee, Debasis. "Study of refuge use on a predator–prey system with a competitor for the prey." International Journal of Biomathematics 10, no. 02 (January 18, 2017): 1750023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500231.

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In this paper, we propose a predator–prey system with a competitor for the prey. The model incorporates a constant prey refuge and predation process follows Holling type II response function. Using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the sufficient conditions of locally asymptotically stable of all the equilibria are obtained. Furthermore, global stability of the positive equilibrium is investigated by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. The occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation of the system is shown at a critical value “[Formula: see text]” and the system can be stabilized by increasing amount of prey refuge. The result includes the sufficient conditions for uniform persistence. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the obtained results and the dependence of the dynamic behavior on the prey refuge.

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DEVI, SAPNA. "NONCONSTANT PREY HARVESTING IN RATIO-DEPENDENT PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEM INCORPORATING A CONSTANT PREY REFUGE." International Journal of Biomathematics 05, no. 02 (March 2012): 1250021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524511001635.

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This paper deals with the problem of nonconstant harvesting of prey in a ratio-dependent predator–prey system incorporating a constant prey refuge. Here we use the reasonable catch-rate function instead of usual catch-per-unit-effort hypothesis. The existence, as well as the stability of possible equilibria, is carried out. Bionomic equilibrium of the system is determined and optimal harvest policy is studied with the help of Pontryagin's maximum principle. The key results developed in this paper are illustrated using numerical simulations. Our results indicate that dynamic behavior of the system very much depends on the prey refuge parameter and increasing amount of refuge could increase prey density and may lead to the extinction of predator population density.

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Villares Junior, GA, and R. Goitein. "Variations of Salminus hilarii diet (Ostariophysi, Characidae): seasonal and ontogenetic effects." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.17213.

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AbstractThis study described the variations seasonal and ontogenetic of Salminus hilarii diet. Samples were collected in the Sorocaba River, São Paulo, Brazil, one of the few rivers where individuals of the species still occur in a higher frequency. The preys consumed were analyzed by Importance Alimentary Index (AIi). To determine similarities between year seasons, the AIi data were analyzed by the Morisita-Horn index and reduced in cluster analysis, along with a statistical comparison made by one-way ANOSIM test (5%). The feeding activity was analyzed according to the stomach repletion index and compared among the year seasons using non parametric variance analysis Kruskal-Wallis test (5%). Comparison of prey consumed between immature and adult individuals was made by Spearman correlation (5%). A Pearson correlation (5%) was applied between the standard length of the fish and prey consumed, as well as between the mouth and prey heights. The analyzes of stomach contents showed that the diet of this species was exclusively piscivorous, with significant difference of prey consumption during the period, the same happening among adult and immature individuals. It was observed that these fishes use to swallow their prey whole and that significant correlations between size of predator and prey size can be observed. There is also correlation between the mouth height and the maximum prey depth. Salminus hilarii feeds on the available prey, and the species food composition and feeding activity depends on prey`s abundance, their size and morphology, as do the water temperatures.

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Vitt, Laurie J., and Peter A. Zani. "Prey use among sympatric lizard species in lowland rain forest of Nicaragua." Journal of Tropical Ecology 14, no. 4 (July 1998): 537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467498000388.

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The diets of 17 lizard species (seven families) studied simultaneously in a Caribbean lowland forest of Nicaragua were compared. Lizards varied in body size over nearly one order of magnitude. Twelve species for which there were adequate samples separated by prey types and most diet overlaps were low. A pseudocommunity analysis on volumetric diet data revealed significant guild structure in the assemblage. At each nearest neighbour rank in niche space, observed overlaps were higher than expected based on chance alone when all values in the consumer-resource matrix were randomized. There was no difference between observed and pseudocommunity overlaps with zero positions in the consumer-resource matrix retained (conserved-zero overlaps) indicating that the zero structure of the community matrix was important in maintaining structure and that lizards were converging on key resources. Individual prey size varied among species and mean prey size was significantly correlated with body size of lizard species. A phylogenetic analysis revealed no relationship between similarity in prey use (dietary overlap) and evolutionary relationships — more closely related species did not eat more similar prey types. Based on this analysis of Nicaraguan lizard diets and comparisons with other New World tropical lizard assemblages, it is suggested that factors contributing to the organization of tropical lizard assemblages are complex including historical differences in morphology (size), prey types and sizes, habitat structure and species interactions.

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Arias-Del Razo, Itzel, Lucina Hernández, John W. Laundré, and Lourdes Velasco-Vázquez. "The landscape of fear: habitat use by a predator (Canis latrans) and its main prey (Lepus californicus and Sylvilagus audubonii)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 6 (June 2012): 683–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-036.

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We evaluated the degree of mutual exclusivity of distributions of coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823) and their main prey (two lagomorph species: the black-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus Gray, 1837, and the desert cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus audubonii (Baird, 1858)) within the landscape by testing two models. The first assumes that prey seek high resource patches and, subsequently, predators seek prey within these patches, and predicts a high degree of overlap in patch use by both. The second model assumes that predator and prey balance not only food resources but reciprocal levels of predation risk and predation success in making decisions on whether or not to use a patch. This model predicts discordance in patch use between predator and prey. We used a combination of GPS-telemetry and camera-trapping data to assess habitat use patterns of predator and prey. Results from this study support the second model regarding spatial use of the landscape by a predator and its prey. Where the use of the landscape by predators and prey seem to be mediated by environmental constraints, both will adjust their predatory or antipredatory strategies based on these constraints. This results in a partial spatial separation of predator and prey across the landscape, providing patches of relative safety for prey but sufficient areas of overlap for predators to be successful.

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Nelson, Ximena J., and Robert R. Jackson. "Aggressive use of Batesian mimicry by an ant-like jumping spider." Biology Letters 5, no. 6 (July 2009): 755–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0355.

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Batesian and aggressive mimicry are united by deceit: Batesian mimics deceive predators and aggressive mimics deceive prey. This distinction is blurred by Myrmarachne melanotarsa , an ant-like jumping spider (Salticidae). Besides often preying on salticids, ants are well defended against most salticids that might target them as potential prey. Earlier studies have shown that salticids identify ants by their distinctive appearance and avoid them. They also avoid ant-like salticids from the genus Myrmarachne. Myrmarachne melanotarsa is an unusual species from this genus because it typically preys on the eggs and juveniles of ant-averse salticid species. The hypothesis considered here is that, for M. melanotarsa , the distinction between Batesian and aggressive mimicry is blurred. We tested this by placing female Menemerus sp. and their associated hatchling within visual range of M. melanotarsa , its model, and various non-ant-like arthropods. Menemerus is an ant-averse salticid species. When seeing ants or ant mimics, Menemerus females abandoned their broods more frequently than when seeing non-ant-like arthropods or in control tests (no arthropods visible), as predicted by our hypothesis that resembling ants functions as a predatory ploy.

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Guinan, Daniel M., and Spencer G. Sealy. "Foraging-substrate use by house wrens nesting in natural cavities in a riparian habitat." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-010.

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Foraging behaviour and substrate use by the primarily insectivorous house wren (Troglodytes aedon) were studied during the 1982 breeding season at 10 natural nesting sites in the dune-ridge forest, Delta Marsh, Manitoba. The foraging variables, i.e., time of season, gender, nesting stage, nest site, and time of day, interacted significantly. Wrens gleaned prey off substrate in 82.5% of the prey captures observed. Foraging behaviour varied greatly among the nest sites studied because of prevailing local differences in habitat, and possibly prey availability. The plant species from which wrens gleaned their prey correlated closely with the availability of the substrates in the habitat surrounding each nest site.

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CABLE, JOANNE, GABRIELLE A. ARCHARD, RYAN S. MOHAMMED, MARK MCMULLAN, JESSICA F. STEPHENSON, HAAKON HANSEN, and COCK van OOSTERHOUT. "Can parasites use predators to spread between primary hosts?" Parasitology 140, no. 9 (May 29, 2013): 1138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201300067x.

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SUMMARYParasites typically have low reproductive fitness on paratenic hosts. Such hosts offer other significant inclusive fitness benefits to parasites, however, such as increased mobility and migration potential. The parasite fauna of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) is dominated by the directly transmitted ectoparasites Gyrodactylus bullatarudis and Gyrodactylus turnbulli. In the wild, close predatory and competitive interactions occur between the guppy and the killifish Rivulus hartii. Previous observations suggest that these fish can share gyrodactylids, so we tested experimentally whether these parasites can use R. hartii as an alternative host. In aquaria, G. bullatarudis was the only species able to transmit from prey to predator. Both parasite species transferred equally well to prey when the predator was experimentally infected. However, in semi-natural conditions, G. bullatarudis transmitted more successfully to the prey fish. Importantly, G. bullatarudis also survived significantly longer on R. hartii out of water. As R. hartii can migrate overland between isolated guppy populations, G. bullatarudis may have an enhanced ability to disperse and colonize new host populations, consistent with its wider distribution in the wild. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study demonstrating a predator acting as a paratenic host for the parasites of its prey.

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Harveson, Louis A., Michael E. Tewes, Nova J. Silvy, and Jimmy Rutledge. "Prey Use by Mountain Lions in Southern Texas." Southwestern Naturalist 45, no. 4 (December 2000): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672595.

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López-Bao, José V., Francisco Palomares, Alejandro Rodríguez, and Pablo Ferreras. "Intraspecific interference influences the use of prey hotspots." Oikos 120, no. 10 (March 17, 2011): 1489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19194.x.

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Hansen, Bo Terning, Øistein Haugsten Holen, and Johanna Mappes. "Predators use environmental cues to discriminate between prey." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 64, no. 12 (July 9, 2010): 1991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-010-1010-4.

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de Boer, W. F., A. F. Blijdenstein, and F. Longamane. "Prey choice and habitat use of people exploiting intertidal resources." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 2 (June 2002): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000140.

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The impact of human exploitation depends mostly on the size of the catch and the species targeted. The value of a species is an important explanatory variable in understanding human impact. Co-management of resources should take into account these different resource values, when evaluating exploitation strategies. The prey choice and foraging behaviour of women and children searching for crabs and shells on the intertidal area at Inhaca Island, South Mozambique, were investigated using optimal foraging theory. This theoretical framework offers the possibility to understand the reasoning of an exploitation strategy and the preference for certain prey species. The number of people was registered, catches were analysed, and timing and substrate choice were recorded. The value of species was estimated using contingency tables. Women were more efficient than children, as their catch was heavier, and the mean weight/animal was larger. The density of women and their timing were positively correlated to prey availability. During neap tide, they spread their visit over more of the low water period and collected crabs by digging in the mangrove forests. No digging occurred during spring tide when a larger area was exposed, the total abundance of species increased, and more species became available. Women then switched to a second strategy, targeting swimming crabs in the tidal channel. Mean neap and spring tide catches were equal (133 g ash-free dry weight per person), but spring catches comprised significantly fewer animals per catch (42 against 123 per person), and mean animal weight was larger (5.4 against 3.0 g ash-free dry-weight per person). Diet breadth was narrower during spring tide, and decreased significantly with increased catch weight. Species with profitabilities (energy intake/handling time) lower than the mean intake rate of 0.024–0.028 g ash-free dry weight s−1 were generally excluded from the diet. The prey preference was positively related to the relative value ranks of the prey species, as measured by ranking of species by women. Women maximized the cumulative relative value ranks during spring tide, instead of total weight. Using this analysis, differences in prey choice and spatial differences in exploitation can be understood as a strategy aimed at maximizing intake and the relative value of a prey species.

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Klecka, Jan, and David S. Boukal. "The effect of habitat structure on prey mortality depends on predator and prey microhabitat use." Oecologia 176, no. 1 (August 2, 2014): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-3007-6.

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Rewicz, Tomasz, and Radomir Jaskuła. "Catch fast and kill quickly: do tiger beetles use the same strategies when hunting different types of prey?" PeerJ 6 (November 21, 2018): e5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5971.

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BackgroundTiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) are fast running predatory insects preying on different small insects and other terrestrial arthropods. Prey is located by sight and captured after short and fast pursuit interspersed with pause-and-look behaviour. At least some tiger beetle species can recognise the size and location of prey using memory, which probably allows them to achieve greater hunting success.Material and MethodsTwo eurytopic tiger beetle species known to occur in different types of habitat were used in the study:Cicindela hybrida hybrida, a very common central European beetle found even in artificial habitats such as sandy roads or gravel pits, andCalomera littoralis nemoralis, a species widely distributed in southern European countries and occurring on sandy sea beaches, in salt marshes, as well as on sandy banks of rivers and lakes. Both species are very similar in body size. Specimens used in the study were collected in the field and later tested in the laboratory. We checked whether tiger beetles use different hunting strategies when attacking prey of different sizes and abilities to escape as well as whether the sex of the studied species makes a difference in its hunting behaviour.ResultsThe hunting strategies of both tiger beetle species consist of the following main phases: identification, pursuit (often with stops), attack, and optional release of the prey, and then the secondary attack, abandonment of the prey, or consumption of the prey. Considerable differences were noticed in hunting behaviour depending on the type of prey, its movement ability and escape potential. Caterpillars were attacked without pursuit, in the head or directly behind the head where a concentration of nerves and main muscles responsible for walking are located. Effective attacks on beetles were executed at the connection between the thorax and the abdomen.Calomera littoralisstrongly preferred slow moving prey, whileCicindela hybridapreferred in equal measure slow moving prey and medium-sized fast moving prey. The experiment on the preferred size of prey indicated small beetles and small caterpillars as favoured byCalomera littoralis, whileCicindela hybridapreferred medium-sized fast moving prey and large caterpillars.DiscussionThe hunting behaviour ofCalomera littoralisandCicindela hybridais complicated and includes a number of phases allowing to locate, capture and kill the prey. Beetles are able to discriminate between different types of prey and apply different behavioural tactics to hunt it. As the particular strategies are used to increase hunting success, and as a result allow to accumulate energy for future activity of the predator, it can be expected that such a type of hunting behaviour is characteristic also of other tiger beetle species.

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Lönnstedt, Oona M., Maud C. O. Ferrari, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Lionfish predators use flared fin displays to initiate cooperative hunting." Biology Letters 10, no. 6 (June 2014): 20140281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0281.

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Despite considerable study, mystery surrounds the use of signals that initiate cooperative hunting in animals. Using a labyrinth test chamber, we examined whether a lionfish, Dendrochirus zebra , would initiate cooperative hunts with piscine partners. We found that D. zebra uses a stereotyped flared fin display to alert conspecific and heterospecific lionfish species Pterois antennata to the presence of prey. Per capita success rate was significantly higher for cooperative hunters when compared with solitary ones, with hunt responders assisting hunt initiators in cornering the prey using their large extended pectoral fins. The initiators would most often take the first strike at the group of prey, but both hunters would then alternate striking at the remaining prey. Results suggest that the cooperative communication signal may be characteristic to the lionfish family, as interspecific hunters were equally coordinated and successful as intraspecific hunters. Our findings emphasize the complexity of collaborative foraging behaviours in lionfish; the turn-taking in strikes suggests that individuals do not solely try to maximize their own hunting success: instead they equally share the resources between themselves. Communicative group hunting has enabled Pteroine fish to function as highly efficient predators.

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Stobbe, Nina, Marina Dimitrova, Sami Merilaita, and H. Martin Schaefer. "Chromaticity in the UV/blue range facilitates the search for achromatically background-matching prey in birds." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1516 (November 10, 2008): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0248.

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A large variety of predatory species rely on their visual abilities to locate their prey. However, the search for prey may be hampered by prey camouflage. The most prominent example of concealing coloration is background-matching prey coloration characterized by a strong visual resemblance of prey to the background. Even though this principle of camouflage was recognized to efficiently work in predator avoidance a long time ago, the underlying mechanisms are not very well known. In this study, we assessed whether blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) use chromatic cues in the search for prey. We used two prey types that were achromatically identical but differed in chromatic properties in the UV/blue range and presented them on two achromatically identical backgrounds. The backgrounds had either the same chromatic properties as the prey items (matching combination) or differed in their chromatic properties (mismatching combination). Our results show that birds use chromatic cues in the search for mismatching prey, whereupon chromatic contrast leads to a ‘pop-out’ of the prey item from the background. When prey was presented on a matching background, search times were significantly higher. Interestingly, search for more chromatic prey on the matching background was easier than search for less chromatic prey on the matching background. Our results indicate that birds use both achromatic and chromatic cues when searching for prey, and that the combination of both cues might be helpful in the search task.

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Quiroga, María Fernanda, Marcos Vaira, and Maria Ines Bonansea. "Population diet variation and individual specialization in the poison toad, Melanophryniscus rubriventris (Vellard, 1947)." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 2 (2011): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x546530.

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AbstractFew studies have investigated the level of individual variation in diet composition of poisonous frogs and toads. We compare the diet composition of three populations of a poisonous toad, Melanophryniscus rubriventris, and predicted that toads within a population might be constrained to forage on particular types of alkaloid-containing prey and consequently diets among populations might not diverge from each other. Most important prey categories in the diets of the three populations consisted of the same ground-dwelling arthropods. We found evidence for individuals consuming different arrays of prey types in all populations implying that this “generalist” species is actually comprised of individuals eating different sets of the available range of prey. Formicidae, Acari, and Coleoptera were all important alkaloid-containing prey items in the diets of all populations and individuals, although there were differences in their order of importance among populations and individuals use different sets of the entire range of alkaloid-containing preys. Future research should evaluate individual diet variation in other poisonous anurans taxa given that shifts in diet composition might have important implications for understanding the consequences of alternate foraging strategies in the evolution of defensive strategies among species.

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Catania, Kenneth C. "Electric Eels Wield a Functional Venom Analogue." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010048.

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In this paper, I draw an analogy between the use of electricity by electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) to paralyze prey muscles and the use of venoms that paralyze prey by disrupting the neuromuscular junction. The eel’s strategy depends on the recently discovered ability of eels to activate prey motor neuron efferents with high-voltage pulses. Usually, eels use high voltage to cause brief, whole-body tetanus, thus preventing escape while swallowing prey whole. However, when eels struggle with large prey, or with prey held precariously, they often curl to bring their tail to the opposite side. This more than doubles the strength of the electric field within shocked prey, ensuring maximal stimulation of motor neuron efferents. Eels then deliver repeated volleys of high-voltage pulses at a rate of approximately 100 Hz. This causes muscle fatigue that attenuates prey movement, thus preventing both escape and defense while the eel manipulates and swallows the helpless animal. Presumably, the evolution of enough electrical power to remotely activate ion channels in prey efferents sets the stage for the selection of eel behaviors that functionally “poison” prey muscles.

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Catania, Kenneth C. "Electric Eels Wield a Functional Venom Analogue." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010048.

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In this paper, I draw an analogy between the use of electricity by electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) to paralyze prey muscles and the use of venoms that paralyze prey by disrupting the neuromuscular junction. The eel’s strategy depends on the recently discovered ability of eels to activate prey motor neuron efferents with high-voltage pulses. Usually, eels use high voltage to cause brief, whole-body tetanus, thus preventing escape while swallowing prey whole. However, when eels struggle with large prey, or with prey held precariously, they often curl to bring their tail to the opposite side. This more than doubles the strength of the electric field within shocked prey, ensuring maximal stimulation of motor neuron efferents. Eels then deliver repeated volleys of high-voltage pulses at a rate of approximately 100 Hz. This causes muscle fatigue that attenuates prey movement, thus preventing both escape and defense while the eel manipulates and swallows the helpless animal. Presumably, the evolution of enough electrical power to remotely activate ion channels in prey efferents sets the stage for the selection of eel behaviors that functionally “poison” prey muscles.

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Domenici, P., A. D. M. Wilson, R. H. J. M. Kurvers, S. Marras, J. E. Herbert-Read, J. F. Steffensen, S. Krause, P. E. Viblanc, P. Couillaud, and J. Krause. "How sailfish use their bills to capture schooling prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (June 7, 2014): 20140444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0444.

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The istiophorid family of billfishes is characterized by an extended rostrum or ‘bill’. While various functions (e.g. foraging and hydrodynamic benefits) have been proposed for this structure, until now no study has directly investigated the mechanisms by which billfishes use their rostrum to feed on prey. Here, we present the first unequivocal evidence of how the bill is used by Atlantic sailfish ( Istiophorus albicans ) to attack schooling sardines in the open ocean. Using high-speed video-analysis, we show that (i) sailfish manage to insert their bill into sardine schools without eliciting an evasive response and (ii) subsequently use their bill to either tap on individual prey targets or to slash through the school with powerful lateral motions characterized by one of the highest accelerations ever recorded in an aquatic vertebrate. Our results demonstrate that the combination of stealth and rapid motion make the sailfish bill an extremely effective feeding adaptation for capturing schooling prey.

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Valiñas, Macarena, Eduardo M. Acha, and Oscar Iribarne. "Habitat use and feeding habits of juvenile fishes in an infrequently flooded Atlantic saltmarsh." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 10 (2010): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09109.

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In saltmarshes, marsh creeks provide an important corridor between the marsh and the subtidal habitat for fishes. We compare fish and prey in a Spartina densiflora marsh creek with a tidal flat in the SW Atlantic (Argentina) to evaluate the hypotheses that: (1) benthic prey abundance is higher in the marsh creek, and therefore the abundance of benthivorous fishes and predation pressure on benthos is higher in this area; and (2) marsh creeks act as refuge areas for fishes. Fish abundance and benthic prey availability were sampled over four seasons, and dietary composition of Odontesthes argentinensis and Micropogonias furnieri was assessed. Brevoortia aurea was more abundant in the marsh creek, Micropogonias furnieri showed the opposite pattern, and Odontesthes argentinensis and Ramnogaster arcuata did not dominate either habitat. As expected, smaller fishes were more abundant in the marsh creek. Food abundance was higher in the marsh creek but only M. furnieri consumed more prey in this area, while O. argentinensis consumed more in the tidal flat. Differences in prey accessibility and sediment features between areas could explain these results. This work highlights the importance of marsh creeks as refuge and/or feeding grounds for fishes in infrequently flooded saltmarshes.

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Estrella, Sora M., José A. Masero, and Alejandro Pérez-Hurtado. "Small-Prey Profitability: Field Analysis of Shorebirds’ use of Surface Tension of Water to Transport Prey." Auk 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 1244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1244.

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AbstractPrevious laboratory studies have shown that Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), Wilson’s Phalarope (P. tricolor), Western Sandpiper (Calidris mauri), and Least Sandpiper (C. minutilla) use the surface tension of water surrounding a prey item to transport it from bill tip to mouth. Although such experimental work suggests that many species of shorebird may be capable of surface-tension feeding, no field studies have been done that examine this possibility. We studied the occurrence and interspecific variation in the performance of surface-tension transport (STT) in wild shorebirds feeding on identical prey items in shallow water. All shorebirds videotaped—Little Stint (C. minuta), Dunlin (C. alpina), Sanderling (C. alba), Curlew Sandpiper (C. ferruginea), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), and Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)—used STT to feed on small prey items. Individuals employing STT used one or several cycles of jaw spreading to transport the prey contained in a drop of water upward along the bill cavity, an action indicative of STT. Two distinct types of prey transport were observed: (1) use of STT in isolation by calidridine species following the description given in previous studies (i.e., an absence of other feeding mechanisms such as tongue movements, suction, or inertial transport), and (2) STT aided by inertial transport (head jerks) as seen in Common Redshank and Black-winged Stilt. Measured prey-transport variables (number of cycles, total time, and speed of transport) varied among species. The absence of significant relationships between these variables and measures of external morphology (bill length, bill length-to-width ratio, and bill length-to-depth ratio) suggests that some interspecific variations in STT performance may be attributable to differences in internal bill morphology. We show that STT is a common feeding mechanism in small or medium- sized shorebird species that feed on small prey items in shallow water. Birds using STT transported ≤3.6× faster than the theoretical value predicted by a previous model and can achieve high intake rates when foraging on high densities of available small prey items.Ventajas de las Presas Pequeñas: Análisis de Campo del Uso de la Tensión Superficial del Agua por las Aves Playeras para Transportar las Presas

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Kosma, Madison M., Alexander J. Werth, Andrew R. Szabo, and Janice M. Straley. "Pectoral herding: an innovative tactic for humpback whale foraging." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 10 (October 2019): 191104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191104.

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Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) have exceptionally long pectorals (i.e. flippers) that aid in shallow water navigation, rapid acceleration and increased manoeuvrability. The use of pectorals to herd or manipulate prey has been hypothesized since the 1930s. We combined new technology and a unique viewing platform to document the additional use of pectorals to aggregate prey during foraging events. Here, we provide a description of ‘pectoral herding’ and explore the conditions that may promote this innovative foraging behaviour. Specifically, we analysed aerial videos and photographic sequences to assess the function of pectorals during feeding events near salmon hatchery release sites in Southeast Alaska (2016–2018). We observed the use of solo bubble-nets to initially corral prey, followed by calculated movements to establish a secondary boundary with the pectorals—further condensing prey and increasing foraging efficiency. We found three ways in which humpback whales use pectorals to herd prey: (i) create a physical barrier to prevent evasion, (ii) cause water motion to guide prey towards the mouth, and (iii) position the ventral side to reflect light and alter prey movement. Our findings suggest that behavioural plasticity may aid foraging in changing environments and shifts in prey availability. Further study would clarify if ‘pectoral herding’ is used as a principal foraging tool by the broader humpback whale population and the conditions that promote its use.

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Hazen, Elliott Lee, Ari Seth Friedlaender, and Jeremy Arthur Goldbogen. "Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) optimize foraging efficiency by balancing oxygen use and energy gain as a function of prey density." Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500469.

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Terrestrial predators can modulate the energy used for prey capture to maximize efficiency, but diving animals face the conflicting metabolic demands of energy intake and the minimization of oxygen depletion during a breath hold. It is thought that diving predators optimize their foraging success when oxygen use and energy gain act as competing currencies, but this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested because it has been difficult to measure the quality of prey that is targeted by free-ranging animals. We used high-resolution multisensor digital tags attached to foraging blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) with concurrent acoustic prey measurements to quantify foraging performance across depth and prey density gradients. We parameterized two competing physiological models to estimate energy gain and expenditure based on foraging decisions. Our analyses show that at low prey densities, blue whale feeding rates and energy intake were low to minimize oxygen use, but at higher prey densities feeding frequency increased to maximize energy intake. Contrary to previous paradigms, we demonstrate that blue whales are not indiscriminate grazers but instead switch foraging strategies in response to variation in prey density and depth to maximize energetic efficiency.

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Estrella, Sora M., José A. Masero, and Alejandro Pérez-Hurtado. "SMALL-PREY PROFITABILITY: FIELD ANALYSIS OF SHOREBIRDS’ USE OF SURFACE TENSION OF WATER TO TRANSPORT PREY." Auk 124, no. 4 (2007): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1244:spfaos]2.0.co;2.

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Johannesen, Asa, Alison M. Dunn, and Lesley J. Morrell. "Olfactory cue use by three-spined sticklebacks foraging in turbid water: prey detection or prey location?" Animal Behaviour 84, no. 1 (July 2012): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.024.

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Stanek, Ashley E., Nathan Wolf, Grant V. Hilderbrand, Buck Mangipane, Douglas Causey, and Jeffrey M. Welker. "Seasonal foraging strategies of Alaskan gray wolves (Canis lupus) in an ecosystem subsidized by Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 95, no. 8 (August 2017): 555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0203.

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Despite frequent observations of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758) using nonungulate prey, the seasonal and interannual variation in the use and relative importance of alternative prey sources to gray wolf diets have not been studied at the individual scale. We used stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of guard hair and blood components (clot and serum) collected over 4 years to examine the occurrence, extent, and temporal variation of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus Suckley, 1861) as a food resource by both individual wolves and social groups in Lake Clark National Park and Preserve in southwestern Alaska, USA. Our results demonstrate substantial variability in the use of salmon over time. During summer, diets of five wolves consisted of at least 50% salmon, while the diets of 17 wolves consisted of primarily terrestrial prey. Over 3 years, one group of wolves consistently consumed salmon in summer and switched to terrestrial prey in winter. Prey choices were generally similar within social groups; however, the degree to which individuals consumed salmon was highly variable. The use of salmon as exhibited by wolves in Lake Clark is likely widespread where salmon are abundant and this finding should be taken into consideration in the conservation and management of wolves and their prey.

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Welch, K. D., T. D. Whitney, and J. D. Harwood. "Non-pest prey do not disrupt aphid predation by a web-building spider." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 1 (November 20, 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000875.

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AbstractA generalist predator's ability to contribute to biological control is influenced by the decisions it makes during foraging. Predators often use flexible foraging tactics, which allows them to pursue specific types of prey at the cost of reducing the likelihood of capturing other types of prey. When a pest insect has low nutritional quality or palatability for a predator, the predator is likely to reject that prey in favour of pursuing alternative, non-pest prey. This is often thought to limit the effectiveness of generalist predators in consuming aphids, which are of low nutritional quality for many generalist predators. Here, we report behavioural assays that test the hypothesis that the generalist predator, Grammonota inornata (Araneae: Linyphiidae), preferentially forages for a non-pest prey with high nutritional quality (springtails), and rejects a pest prey with low nutritional quality (aphids). In no-choice assays, molecular gut-content analysis revealed that spiders continued to feed on the low-quality aphids at high rates, even when high-quality springtails were readily available. When provided a choice between aphids and springtails in two-way choice tests, spiders did not show the expected preference for springtails. Decision-making by spiders during foraging therefore appears to be sub-optimal, possibly because of attraction to the less frequently encountered of two preys as part of a dietary diversification strategy. These results indicate that behavioural preferences alone do not necessarily compromise the pest-suppression capacity of natural enemies: even nutritionally sub-optimal pest prey can potentially be subject to predation and suppression by natural enemies.

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Price, Victoria E., Peter J. Auster, and Laura Kracker. "Use of High-Resolution DIDSON Sonar to Quantify Attributes of Predation at Ecologically Relevant Space and Time Scales." Marine Technology Society Journal 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.47.1.6.

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AbstractPredator-prey interactions of large vagile fishes are difficult to study in the ocean due to limitations in the space and time requirements for observations. Small-scale direct underwater observations by divers (ca. <10 m radius) and large-scale hydroacoustic surveys (10 s m2 to 100 s km2) are traditional approaches for surveying fish. However, large piscivorous predators identify and attack prey at the scale of meters to tens of meters. Dual-Frequency Identification Sonar (or DIDSON) is a high-resolution acoustic camera operating in the MHz range that provides detailed continuous video-like imaging of objects up to a range of 30 m. This technology can be used to observe predator-prey interactions at ecologically relevant space and time scales often missed by traditional methods. Here we establish an approach for quantifying predation-related behaviors from DIDSON records. Metrics related to predator and prey group size, prey responses to predation, predation rate, predator strategies, and the nonrandom use of landscape features by both predator and prey are described. In addition, relationships between patterns in these attributes are tested and issues regarding sampling strategies for future studies are discussed. We suggest that approaches combining direct visual observation and acoustic sampling at multiple scales are required to quantify variation in these relationships across underwater landscapes.

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Eklov, Peter, and Tobias VanKooten. "Facilitation among Piscivorous Predators: Effects of Prey Habitat Use." Ecology 82, no. 9 (September 2001): 2486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2679930.

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Janssen, Arne, Jan Bruin, Gerrit Jacobs, Ruud Schraag, and Maurice W. Sabelis. "Predators Use Volatiles to Avoid Prey Patches with Conspecifics." Journal of Animal Ecology 66, no. 2 (March 1997): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/6024.

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Eklöv, Peter, and Tobias VanKooten. "FACILITATION AMONG PISCIVOROUS PREDATORS: EFFECTS OF PREY HABITAT USE." Ecology 82, no. 9 (September 2001): 2486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2486:fappeo]2.0.co;2.

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Braun, Cody A., and Troy A. Baird. "Collared Lizard Juveniles Use Caudal Displays while Stalking Prey." Journal of Herpetology 52, no. 2 (June 2018): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/17-098.

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Marshall, Michael. "Zoologger: Alligators use tools to lure in bird prey." New Scientist 220, no. 2948-2949 (December 2013): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62935-8.

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Kozik, V. V., and Yu I. Sidorov. "Problems of «Predator–Prey» Model Use in Economic Practice." Nauka ta innovacii 7, no. 1 (January 30, 2011): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scin7.01.005.

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Wainwright, Peter C., and Barton A. Richard. "Predicting patterns of prey use from morphology of fishes." Environmental Biology of Fishes 44, no. 1-3 (October 1995): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005909.

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Redoan, A. C. M., C. R. S. Silva, and I. Cruz. "Serologies Use in the Identification of Insects Predators Prey." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v15n2p157-170.

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Jürgens, Andreas, Ashraf M. El-Sayed, and D. Max Suckling. "Do carnivorous plants use volatiles for attracting prey insects?" Functional Ecology 23, no. 5 (October 2009): 875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01626.x.

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Peckarsky, Barbara L., and R. Stimson Wilcox. "Stonefly nymphs use hydrodynamic cues to discriminate between prey." Oecologia 79, no. 2 (1989): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00388487.

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Harborne, A. R., and B. A. Tholan. "Tool use by Choerodon cyanodus when handling vertebrate prey." Coral Reefs 35, no. 3 (April 12, 2016): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1448-6.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Prey use'

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