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Journal articles on the topic 'Price affordability of parapharmaceuticals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Alla, Nemchenko, Nazarkina Vikotria, Mishchenko Viktoria, and Vinnik Elena. "Analysis of the Ukrainian market of parapharmaceuticals for prevention of keloid scars." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 2(12) (April 30, 2018): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2018.128867.

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An analysis of the anti-keloid parapharmaceuticals (AKPF) market, for preventing the formation of keloid scar (KS) and providing the population with affordable drugs is an urgent issue at this time. Doctors have not yet identified the reasons for the formation of KS. The tendency to keloid formation was noted in such cases as: after surgical interventions, heredity, ethnic factors, immune pathologies, etc. <strong>Aim of the research</strong> was to analyze the Ukrainian market of parapharmaceuticals (PF), which are used to prevent the formation of keloids. <strong>Materials and methods.&

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Nargis, Nigar, Michal Stoklosa, Jeffrey Drope, et al. "Trend in the affordability of tobacco products in Bangladesh: findings from the ITC Bangladesh Surveys." Tobacco Control 28, Suppl 1 (2018): s20—s30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054035.

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BackgroundThe price of tobacco products in relation to the income of tobacco users—affordability—is recognised as a key determinant of tobacco use behaviour. The effectiveness of a price increase as a deterrent to tobacco use depends on how much price increases in relation to the income of the potential users. The aim of this paper is to examine the distribution of and trends in the affordability of tobacco products in Bangladesh.MethodUsing four waves of International Tobacco Control Survey data on Bangladesh, this study measures affordability of tobacco products at the individual level as th

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Hu, Xiao, Yang Wang, Jidong Huang, and Rong Zheng. "Cigarette Affordability and Cigarette Consumption among Adult and Elderly Chinese Smokers: Evidence from A Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234832.

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China is in the midst of an epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which has increasingly accounted for a growing share of disease burden, due in part to China’s ongoing rapid socioeconomic changes and population aging. Smoking, the second leading health risk factors associated with NCDs in China, disproportionately affects the old population more than their younger counterparts. Using survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this study evaluated the impact of changes in cigarette affordability on smoking behavior among middle-aged and elderly (age 4

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Jiang, Guo Hui, Yan Long Xia, Dian Wu Wang, Sen Yan Jiang, and Xin Qiao Cai. "The Study of Analysis and Measurement of the Comprehensive Water Price through Interbasin Water Transfer." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.230.

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The price of water in China’s current water transfer projects is usually estimated based on the amount of project investment and the operation and management fees. However, it rarely considers the affordability of the users, unavoidably resulting in the estimates of the water’s price cannot be carried out effectively. For the purpose of estimating scientific and reasonable water supply price, AHP process of comprehensive water price assessment of water transfer projects is applied. The process not only considers meeting the supplier’s price of the project’s investment recovery and project’s no

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Tsachageas, Panagiotis Dimitrios. "GIS-Based Land Price Modelling for Housing Affordability Assessment: A Pilot Study in Volos, Greece." Critical Housing Analysis 12, no. 1 (2025): 12–24. https://doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2025.12.1.583.

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Land costs play a pivotal role in housing affordability but are often misrepresented in urban research. This pilot study assesses land price shifts and their implications for housing affordability in Volos, Greece, through GIS-based interpolation. Price surfaces were modelled using 2022 land plot price data and geostatistically validated to be used as a baseline. Comparison with 2024 data reveals rising land prices in areas where land was previously affordable, highlighting a growing challenge to housing affordability. This study also shows that land costs can be effectively monitored using ge

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Delipalla, Sophia, Fatimah El-Awa, Asmus Hammerich, Anne-Marie Perucic, and Sophia El-Gohary. "Impact of taxation on tobacco products prices in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 30, no. 11 (2024): 738–45. https://doi.org/10.26719/2024.30.11.738.

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Background: In 2016, the 6 Gulf Cooperation Council countries agreed to implement a harmonized excise tax on tobacco products, at a rate of 100% of the pre-tax price. Aim: To assess the implementation of tobacco taxation in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates and its impact on consumer prices, affordability and substitution possibilities. Methods: This study conducted simple descriptive analysis of open-source secondary data reported to WHO by Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates on cigarette excise taxes, price levels, price dispersion, and affordability. Results: The 3 c

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Owusu-Manu, DeGraft, David John Edwards, Erika Anneli Pärn, Richard Ohene Asiedu, and Alex Aboagye. "Determinants of mortgage price affordability: a study of Ghana." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 4 (2018): 734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-11-2017-0094.

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Purpose While mortgage markets have gradually emerged in many African countries, substantial barriers still hinder their growth and expansion. Affordability has been widely cited as a prominent issue that doggedly remains at the core of urban housing problems. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the determinants of mortgage price affordability. Design/methodology/approach Data were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires obtained from a sample drawn from three major West African mortgage financing institutions. Respondents rated the variables using a five-point Likert item rating. The

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Yulianis, Nita, Farit Mochamad Afendi, Achmad Suryana, et al. "Penyempurnaan indikator keterjangkauan pada sistem peringatan dini kerawanan pangan dan gizi." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 22, no. 2 (2025): 169–82. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v22i2.169-182.

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The Early Warning System for Food and Nutrition Vulnerability (SKPG) is an important measuring tool for identifying potential food insecurity. However, the current SKPG method shows that the food affordability indicator is less sensitive in capturing changes and does not sharply predict the potential consequences of price changes. This study aims to develop a method for calculating the affordability indicator using price data for six primary food commodities and evaluating alternative scenarios for calculating the price index. The scenarios tested include comparing the current month's price wi

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MUSADDAD, HAFIRDA, Selamah Maamor, and Zairy Zainol. "AFFORDABILITY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN NORTHERN REGION OF MALAYSIA." Malaysian Management Journal 27 (July 27, 2023): 183–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/mmj2023.27.8.

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The problem of housing affordability has emerged as a significant concern in urban centers, particularly in emerging countries. Whileeach country defines affordability differently, housing affordability refers to the capacity to possess a residential property or dwellingthat satisfies fundamental living requirements in relation to its price, standard, and whereabouts. However, the majority of generallycomprised of individuals and families with lower to moderate incomes, residing in various urban areas across Malaysia find itdifficult to purchase a home. The aim of this research is to evaluate

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Dauda, Saliman. "Access to Land: Effects on Housing Affordability in Abuja, Nigeria." International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management 12, no. 1 (2024): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijcecem.14/vol12n11940.

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The study attempted examination of the effects of access to land on housing affordability in Abuja, Nigeria. Sample population for the study was made up of 5,502 houses selected by purposive sampling techniques in the Six Area Councils in Abuja. The research adopted the 30% Bench Mark using Simple Housing Cost to Income Ratio, for measuring housing affordability status of residents. The 30% Benchmark is widely acceptable due to its simplicity, reliability, time and its effectiveness across markets. (Christopher et al;(2018), Desmond. M (2016). Hulchanski J.D(1995), Joint Center for Housing Stu

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Driezen, Pete, Nigar Nargis, Mary E. Thompson, et al. "State-Level Affordability of Factory-Made Cigarettes among Current US Smokers: Findings from the ITC US Survey, 2003–2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (2019): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132439.

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Cigarette affordability measures the price smokers pay for cigarettes in relation to their incomes. Affordability can be measured using the relative income price of cigarettes (RIP), or the price smokers pay to purchase 100 packs of 20 cigarettes divided by their per capita household income. Using longitudinal data from 7046 smokers participating in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) US Survey, the purpose of this study was to test whether affordability significantly changed following the US federal tax increase implemented on 1 April 2009. This study also estimated temporal trends in aff

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Nargis, Nigar, Rong Zheng, Steve S. Xu, et al. "Cigarette Affordability in China, 2006–2015: Findings from International Tobacco Control China Surveys." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (2019): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071205.

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China is world’s largest market of machine-made cigarettes. In 2015, more than 315 million or around 26.9% of the adult population in China were smokers—50.6% among men and 2.2% among women. Growing affordability of cigarettes led to increased cigarette consumption in China to the detriment of public health. This study investigated whether the level and growth in cigarette affordability in China was equally shared by smokers from all demographic and socio-economic statuses (SES) and across all price tiers of cigarette brands. The data came from the urban smoker sample (≥18 years) of the Intern

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Mu, Yan, Kuimeng Song, and Yan Song. "A Cross-Sectional Study of Price and Affordability of Drugs for Rare Diseases in Shandong Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (2022): 13319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013319.

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Objective: The affordability of rare disease drugs has become a social issue that cannot be ignored. This study aims to evaluate the current price and affordability of rare disease drugs in China, with evidence from Shandong province. Methods: Data on prices and affordability of 50 drugs for 22 rare diseases were collected from secondary and tertiary public hospitals in Shandong Province, using an adaptation of the World Health Organization/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. Prices were measured as Median Price Ratios (MPRs). Affordability was measured as days of daily per capi

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Mu’nis, Hilmy, and Rita Komaladewi. "Analisis komparatif online customer review dan survey customer review marketing mix." Jurnal Ekonomi Modernisasi 15, no. 3 (2020): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jem.v15i3.4476.

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The purpose of this study is to compare between online customer review and customer review survey also to see the performance mapping of culinary tourism in Bandung using 4A marketing mix namely acceptability, affordability, accessibility and awareness with comparative and descriptive methods. This study uses Mann Whitney on SPSS and Spider Web Chart. Online tracking on Google Review and survey questionnaire are used as a measurement to get 100 customer review online assessments and 125 customer review survey assessments. Based on research results there is a difference between marketing mix 4A

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Rahman, Md Aknur, Sauda Sumaya Dina, Md Monirul Islam, et al. "The Study of Availability, Affordability and Price Variation of Essential Antibiotics in Bangladesh." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 04 (2019): 1811–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1812.

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The increased prices and low availability of medicines are main obstacles to health care system in developing countries like Bangladesh. The main goal of this work is to gather and assessing the data on availability, affordability and price variations of essential antibiotics in Bangladesh. The data will help to improve the availability and affordability of essential antibiotics for the mass peoples. The present work was done using standard methodology described in guideline, “Price measurement, availability and affordability and price components of medicines. A total of eighteen essential ant

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Medvedeva, D. M., I. A. Narkevich, and O. D. Nemyatykh. "Analysis of the availability and affordability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 14, no. 2 (2021): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2021.094.

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Objective: to analyze the availability and affordability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care.Materials and methods. The price, affordability and physical availability of pharmaceuticals for children in need of palliative care were analyzed in accordance with the Health Action International guidelines of the World Health Organization. Linear distribution index (LDI) was calculated to produce the best estimates of availability. Research data was sourced from AlphaRM (as of April 26, 2021) and International Medicine Reference Piece Data. The data array was based on the fisc

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Zorbas, Christina, Amanda Lee, Anna Peeters, Meron Lewis, Timothy Landrigan, and Kathryn Backholer. "Streamlined data-gathering techniques to estimate the price and affordability of healthy and unhealthy diets under different pricing scenarios." Public Health Nutrition 24, no. 1 (2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020001718.

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AbstractObjective:To determine the reliability of streamlined data-gathering techniques for examining the price and affordability of a healthy (recommended) and unhealthy (current) diet. We additionally estimated the price and affordability of diets across socio-economic areas and quantified the influence of different pricing scenarios.Design:Following the Healthy Diets Australian Standardised Affordability and Pricing (ASAP) protocol, we compared a cross-sectional sample of food and beverage pricing data collected using online data and phone calls (lower-resource streamlined techniques) with

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Santoso, Rahmawati. "Affordability of Houses for Middle-Income People (MBM) in Greater Bandung Through Price to Income Ratio (PIR) Analysis." Jurnal Indonesia Sosial Sains 6, no. 6 (2025): 1949–59. https://doi.org/10.59141/jiss.v6i6.1753.

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Housing affordability is an important issue in the national and global development agenda, especially for middle-income people in metropolitan areas such as Greater Bandung. This study aims to evaluate the affordability of subsidized and non-subsidized housing in 2024 and project it until 2045, using a quantitative approach through Price to Income Ratio (PIR) analysis. The results showed that households with double income had a better level of affordability than households with single income. However, even dual-income households in the BMA still have difficulty reaching non-subsidized type 36

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Abdul Kadir, Juliana Mohd, Geetha Subramaniam, and Imaduddin Ghazali. "Housing Affordability among Middle-Income Earners in Selangor, Malaysia." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 15 (2020): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2514.

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Significant changes in the Malaysian housing market in the last decade has resulted in critical housing affordability issues among the middle-income earners. This study examines the issue of housing affordability among middle-income earners in Selangor, Malaysia. The main aim of the study is to investigate the effect of housing price, income, housing choice and housing policies on housing affordability. Using a purposive sampling technique, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 200 respondents. The results show that housing price, housing choice and housing policies significantl

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Hung, Ming-Feng, and Bin-Tzong Chie. "Residential Water Use: Efficiency, Affordability, and Price Elasticity." Water Resources Management 27, no. 1 (2012): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0185-z.

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Yap, Jeffrey Boon Hui, and Xin Hua Ng. "Housing affordability in Malaysia: perception, price range, influencing factors and policies." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (2018): 476–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0069.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the affordability of Malaysian housing market, sufficiency of affordable housing and factors influencing the housing affordability in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach In this study, qualitative research approach was adopted. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten industry practitioners from developers and real estate agencies and further validation with three industry experts. Findings The findings reveal that housing affordability is a grave concern to average Malaysians, and the supply of affordable housing is insufficient in t

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Turner, Bengt. "Wealth Effects and Price Volatility – How Vulnerable are the Households?" Public Finance and Management 6, no. 1 (2006): 41–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152397210600600106.

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High and increasing house prices generally constitute an affordability problem to many homebuyers. This paper questions the conventional view of a close link between price appreciation and affordability problem by arguing that many homebuyers in the market are also home sellers. as different submarkets in the owner-occupied sector tend to move in the same pace – price wise, a substantial part of the homebuyers are less sensitive to price movements as the price increase for a new home is paralleled by an increase in equity from the old house. This phenomenon may then even contribute to a furthe

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Ocran Mattila, Phyllis, Richard Berko Biritwum, and Zaheer Ud-Din Babar. "A comprehensive survey of cancer medicines prices, availability and affordability in Ghana." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (2023): e0279817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279817.

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Introduction In Ghana, prices for cancer medicines are characterized by high retail markups, forex fluctuations and high variation in prices of medicines. Most patients cannot afford the cancer medicines. There is a problem of unaffordability and limited availability of essential cancer medicines which suggests potential inequity in patient access to cancer medicines. The study objective was to assess the prices, availability, and affordability of cancer medicines in Ghana. Prices of cancer medicines are a major contributor to the cost of treatment for cancer patients and the comparison of the

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Samad, Diwa, Nurshuhada Zainon, Faizul Azli Mohd Rahim, and Eric Lou. "Malaysian Affordability Housing Policies Revisited." Open House International 42, no. 1 (2017): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2017-b0007.

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Housing has always been a significant aspiration of family expression and distinctly priciest investment by household. It plays a momentous role in the country's economy and so central to the societal well-being that is emplaced in the United Nation Universal declaration of Human rights. Yet in developed and developing world alike, cities struggle to provide decent housing for lower and middle income population. The provision of affordable housing is a major policy concern around the world with Malaysia being no exception; rising income hardly keep pace with price hike of housing unit and hous

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Eva Prihatiningsih and Harries Arizonia Ismail. "Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Keterjangkauan Harga, Online Customer Rating Dan Digital Marketing Terhadap Minat Beli Produk Di Online Shop Shopee (Studi Kasus pada Masyarakat di Desa Bolo)." Future Academia : The Journal of Multidisciplinary Research on Scientific and Advanced 2, no. 4 (2024): 874–84. https://doi.org/10.61579/future.v2i4.308.

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This study aims to examine the influence of product quality, price affordability, online customer ratings, and digital marketing on purchase intention for products on the Shopee online shopping platform. The research sample consisted of 100 Shopee users in Desa Bolo, Demak Regency, selected using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through questionnaires with a Likert scale. The findings revealed that product quality, price affordability, online customer ratings, and digital marketing positively and significantly influence purchase intention. Based on regression analysis, product quality (

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Qi, Xi Jing, Huan Zhang, Bing Xue Guan, and Liang Zhao. "The Analysis of Housing Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1931.

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This paper reveals generating mechanism and reasons of housing consumption by analyzing potential demand and the effective demand. Based on defect analysis of house price-to-income ratio and factors of influencing housing affordability, this paper puts forward the establishing method and process of resident housing affordability index. Finally, in order to keep the housing prices in a reasonable range and active the consumption of the urban residents, the corresponding measures and suggestions are put forward based on present residents housing affordability.

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Soon, Amy, and Consilz Tan. "An analysis on housing affordability in Malaysian housing markets and the home buyers’ preference." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 3 (2019): 375–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-01-2019-0009.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the housing preference and housing affordability in Malaysian housing markets. There is a lack of research on the gap between supply and demand of houses in this market. Urbanization has increased the demand of houses in urban areas. However, the high demand in residential units increases the housing price which causes the affordability level dropped. Besides, the residences that provided by developers do not meet the expectation of the home buyers. There are three attributes that examined in this research to understand the home buyers’ preference. Design

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Julius, Kadir, Muhammad Kurniawan, Erfan Robyardi, and Joni Iswan. "Analisis Keterjangkauan Harga, Kesesuaian Harga Dan Daya Saing Harga Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Pelanggan Pada Toko Kopel Bulog Divre Sumsel Palembang." Jurnal Media Wahana Ekonomika 20, no. 3 (2023): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/jmwe.v20i3.13443.

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ABSTRAK Tujuan dalam penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh Keterjangkauan Harga, Kesesuaian Harga Dan Daya Saing Harga Terhadap Tingkat Kepuasan Konsumen Pada Toko Kopel Bulog Divre Sumsel Palembang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang bersifat pengaruh atau (regresi) penelitian ini menggunakan sampling jenuh karena semua anggota populasi digunakan sebagai sampel. Hal ini dilakukan bila jumlah populasi relative kecil kurang dari 30 orang. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner, dokumentasi dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data ya

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Ismail, Azizah Binti. "Single Mother Affordability to Own a House." Journal of Applied Philosophical Management and Innovation 1, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26805/japmai.v1i1.20.

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The issue of housing affordability often involves middle and lower income groups. However, the problem of housing affordability is more critical, experienced by single mothers due to single mother is an individual who is the head of the family. The objective of this research to examine the factors that influences the problem of single mothers to own their own house. In addition, this research also to identify the type and price range of affordable house for single mothers. The process of the study begins from problem identification, literature review, case study, data collection, analysis and

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Trofimov, Ivan D., Nazaria Md Aris, and Dickson C. D. Xuan. "Macroeconomic and Demographic Determinants of Residential Property Prices in Malaysia." Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business 21, no. 2 (2018): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/zireb-2018-0015.

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Abstract This paper studies the relationship between residential property prices and macroeconomic and demographic determinants in Malaysia. In the years following the Asian financial crisis, property prices in Malaysia rose substantially, resulting in an affordability crisis and ultimately policy responses to the problem. Using unit root, Johansen-Juselius cointegration, VECM-based Granger causality tests and variance decomposition, and considering quarterly data that covers 2000-2015 period, we established that residential property price growth is principally driven by strong demographic per

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Kunji Koya, Ridzuan, J. Robert Branston, and Allen W. A. Gallagher. "Exploring the value in variations of the Relative Income Price (RIP) for calculating cigarette affordability: An illustration using Malaysia." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0313695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313695.

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The relationships between cigarette affordability, consumer income levels and distribution, and tax increases are complex and underexplored. This study investigates different ways of calculating the Relative Income Price (RIP) measure of affordability using Malaysia as a case study. We calculate cigarette affordability in Malaysia between 2009–2019 using government data, and multiple RIP variants. The conventional RIP calculation relies on 2,000 sticks and GDP (henceforth standard RIP). We explore that and other variants that use annual cigarette consumption estimates and/or proportions of var

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Wang, Zhimin, Jung Hoon, and Benson Lim. "The Impacts of Housing Affordability on Social and Economic Sustainability in Beijing." Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building - Conference Series 1, no. 1 (2013): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb-cs.v1i1.3154.

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China has undergone significant housing price growth since its 1998’s policy reformation – triggering housing affordability issues in large cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. Although studies have been done to investigate Chinese cities’ housing market policies, it appears that hitherto little is known about the effect of housing affordability on the cities’ social and economic sustainability. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationships among housing affordability, macro-economic performance and socio-demographic trends in Beijing. Under this aim, the specific objectives are to

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Chittenden, William T., Janet D. Payne, and J. Holland Toles. "A Note on Affordability and the Optimal Share Price." Financial Review 45, no. 1 (2010): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2009.00243.x.

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Litvack, JennieI, DonaldS Shepard, and JonathanD Quick. "SETTING THE PRICE OF ESSENTIAL DRUGS: NECESSITY AND AFFORDABILITY." Lancet 334, no. 8659 (1989): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90549-7.

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Suhaida, M. S., N. M. Tawil, N. Hamzah, A. I. Che-Ani, H. Basri, and M. Y. Yuzainee. "Housing Affordability: A Conceptual Overview for House Price Index." Procedia Engineering 20 (2011): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.176.

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Ankit Khandelwal. "Agricultural Price Optimization: Balancing Farmer Sustainability with Consumer Affordability." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 2 (2025): 1465–73. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit25112526.

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This article examines the intricate relationship between agricultural pricing strategies and their impact on farmer sustainability and consumer affordability. The article explores multiple dimensions of agricultural pricing, including market dynamics, core pricing models, supply chain economics, risk management strategies, government interventions, and future sustainability trends. The article reveals how modern digital technologies, climate change considerations, and evolving consumer preferences are reshaping traditional pricing approaches in agriculture. The article demonstrates that succes

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Pitros, Charalambos, and Yusuf Arayici. "Housing cycles in the UK: a historical and empirical investigation." Property Management 35, no. 1 (2017): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-12-2015-0063.

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Purpose The study looks at the characteristics of upswings and downswings for UK housing cycles. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse cycles in house prices and housing affordability on the characteristics of persistence, magnitude and severity. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws upon the triangular methodology of cycles and utilises housing data from the last three decades. Findings From an empirical perspective, the study obtained four main results. First, the graphical trajectory of cycles in house price and housing affordability is highly synchronized.

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Lum, Sau Kim, and Xuefeng Zhou. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 22, no. 4 (2019): 597–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100292.

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Housing affordability for many Singaporean households has been declining since the 1990s. While eligible households are directly allocated new-built public housing at subsidized rates, these rates reflect price behavior in the laissez faire resale market and would be higher during periods of excess demand. We examine two policy initiatives since 2011 to improve housing affordability for targeted population segments. First, the government has stabilized the prices at which it sells new- built units by increasing supply-side producer discounts to moderate the extent to which new unit prices trac

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Xu, Rixiang, Shuting Li, Tingyu Mu, Xuefeng Xie, Caiming Xu, and Xiongwen Lv. "Substantial Increase in Accessibility to Essential Anticancer Medicines in Anhui, China: A Longitudinal Study." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 60 (January 2023): 004695802311517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00469580231151783.

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The study aimed to evaluate the change in accessibility of essential anticancer medicines, from 2015 to 2018 in a pilot province for health care reform in China. Data on access to 23 essential anticancer medicines was obtained from 6 provincial tertiary hospitals. A comprehensive analysis was applied to explore these trends. The total utilization of anticancer medicines had increased by an average of 2.57 times ( P < .001) during the study period, of which targeted anticancer medicines had the fastest growth rate of 6.45 times ( P < .001). The prices of all targeted medicines and origina

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Liu, Jian, and Huay Ying Ong. "Can Malaysia’s National Affordable Housing Policy Guarantee Housing Affordability of Low-Income Households?" Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168841.

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Housing affordability is a long-held issue in Malaysia, and housing policies have been implemented for low-income households over the years. However, there is a contradiction that housing affordability of low-income households has not been met, while the bulk of affordable housing is still vacant. In 2019, Malaysia enacted the National Affordable Housing Policy (DRMM) which was intended to improve housing affordability for low-income groups. This paper aims to answer why Malaysia’s long-term implementation of affordable housing policies cannot guarantee housing affordability, and whether the D

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Mello, Michelle M. "Barriers to Ensuring Access to Affordable Prescription Drugs." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 60, no. 1 (2020): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023518.

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High and rising prescription drug costs have become a preoccupying policy problem in the United States. Notwithstanding broad, bipartisan interest in finding effective policy solutions, several aspects of the drug affordability problem make it an uncommonly difficult one to solve. This article reviews the moral, market, and political factors contributing to the difficulty. Among the moral problems is lack of agreement about how to weigh the fundamental tradeoff involved in regulating drug prices—affordability versus incentives for innovation—and about what constitutes a fair price. Market-rela

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Saraswati, Halinda, and Nensy Megawati Simanjuntak. "The Role of Price and Country of Origin in the Purchase Decision of Bangkok Fashion Products at Monzninoen Store, Royal Plaza Mall, Surabaya." Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Multidisciplinary Research 4, no. 2 (2025): 65–80. https://doi.org/10.55927/modern.v4i2.51.

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The fashion industry is highly competitive, with price and brand origin significantly influencing consumer preferences. Bangkok fashion, known for its trendy designs, quality materials, and affordability, has gained popularity in Indonesia. This study examines the role of price and country of origin in consumer decisions to purchase Bangkok fashion products at a store in Royal Plaza Mall, Surabaya. This research utilizes a quantitative approach, analyzing consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior. Findings indicate that consumers are attracted to Bangkok fashion due to its affordability and

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Idee, Takako, and Toru Kurahashi. "Dynamics of Housing Affordability and Effects of Regional Migration: Evidence From England and Japan." Journal of Business and Economics 14, no. 03 (2023): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/03.14.2023/001.

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This study aims to identify the primary driving forces behind the recent high appreciation in housing prices, discover how regional mobility influences housing affordability, and determine what policies are effective to address the problem. To do this, we estimate the structural model of housing prices and regional mobility using 2012/2013 to 2020/2021 panel data for England and Japan. The results reveal that the housing market in England is quite responsive to changes in expected housing price appreciation and that regional mobility alleviates the housing affordability problem; however, the J

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Khadka, Ajaya Kumar, and Srijana Khadka. "Factors affecting customer satisfaction in fitness clubs: Study from Kathmandu Valley." NCC Journal 7, no. 1 (2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nccj.v7i1.58616.

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This study examined the factors influencing consumer satisfaction in fitness clubs, focusing on affordability (price), location, advertising, and equipment quality. The objective was to provide fitness facility owners and managers with information to enhance their services and retain customers. Although equipment quality is essential, other factors may affect customer satisfaction. The regression analysis results indicate that affordability, location, and advertising significantly impact customer satisfaction, while equipment quality does not. These findings highlight the need for fitness club

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Nargis, Nigar, Michal Stoklosa, Ce Shang, and Jeffrey Drope. "Price, Income, and Affordability as the Determinants of Tobacco Consumption: A Practitioner’s Guide to Tobacco Taxation." Nicotine & Tobacco Research, July 22, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa134.

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Abstract Introduction Tobacco product prices and consumers’ income are the two major economic determinants of tobacco demand. The affordability of tobacco products is dependent on the price of tobacco products relative to consumer income. Increase in tobacco tax is expected to lead to higher price, lower affordability, and reduced consumption. Price elasticity and affordability elasticity are used in analyzing the effect of tobacco tax increases on tobacco consumption and public health. The availability of both parameters raises the question of which one to apply in policy discussions. Aims an

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Squires, Graham, Don Webber, Hai Hong Trinh, and Arshad Javed. "The connectedness of house price affordability (HPA) and rental price affordability (RPA) measures." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2021-0029.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between house price affordability (HPA) and rental price affordability (RPA) in New Zealand. The cointegration of HPA and RPA is of particular focus given rising house prices and rising rents. Design/methodology/approach The study examines the lead-lad correlation between HPA and RPA. The method uses a generalised least square technique and the development of an ordinary least squares model. Findings The study shows that there is an existence of cointegration and unidirectional statistical causality effects between HPA and RPA ac

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Liu, Zheng, Kun Zou, Dan Liu, et al. "The price and affordability of essential medicines, progress and regional distribution in China: a systematic review." Frontiers in Pharmacology 14 (May 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1153972.

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Background: Essential medicine is a vital component to assure universal access to quality healthcare. However, the trend of affordability to essential medicines in China and its regional differences were not yet fully understood. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the price and affordability of essential medicines, their progress, and regional distribution in China in the last decades.Methods: We searched seven databases and three websites for potentially eligible studies from inception until March 2022. Studies on the price and affordability of essential medicines investigated in Chi

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Mhlanga, Brenda S., and Fatima Suleman. "Price, availability and affordability of medicines." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 6, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v6i1.604.

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Background: Medicines play an important role in healthcare, but prices can be a barrier to patient care. Few studies have looked at the prices of essential medicines in low- and middle-income countries in terms of patient affordability.Aim: To determine the prices, availability and affordability of medicines along the supply chain in Swaziland.Setting: Private- and public-sector facilities in Manzini, Swaziland.Methods: The standardised methodology designed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International was used to survey 16 chronic disease medicines. Data were collected in o

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Hoxha, Visar. "Examining the nexus of building regulations, urban planning, and housing prices and affordability: insights from Prishtina, Kosovo." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, August 28, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-11-2023-0172.

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PurposeThe present study aims to investigate the relationship between building regulations, urban planning, and perceptions of housing affordability and prices in Prishtina, Kosovo.Design/methodology/approachA self-report survey with 1,000 respondents, selected through stratified probability sampling, provided the necessary data. Principal component analysis was applied to the questionnaire's internal structure, while regression analysis helped uncover housing affordability and housing prices perception predictors.FindingsThe study found that building regulation standards and zoning/land-use r

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Mohamed Osman, Mariana, Farah Eleena Zainudin, Noor Suzilawati Rabe, Mizan Hitam, and Muhammad Faris Abdullah. "AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING AFFORDABILITY INDEX AT DISTRICTS LEVEL IN KELANTAN." PLANNING MALAYSIA 18, no. 11 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i11.706.

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The purpose of this paper is to assess the housing affordability level in every district in Kelantan. The goal of this study is to determine the affordability level and the affordable housing price in every district in Kelantan. In order to determine the housing affordability level, the Price-to-Income Ratio approach or known as median multiple is used in this study. The study found that the overall affordable leve in Kelantan from 2012, 2014 to 2016 has increased from 4.5 to 4.8 to 5.4 which clearly showed the level worsen over the years. In term of afforadablee housing price, the Kelantan me

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