To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Price basis.
Journal articles on the topic 'Price basis'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Price basis.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gebremeskel, Fekadu Petros. "The Constitutional and Legal Basis of Price Regulation in Ethiopia." Mizan Law Review 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mlr.v14i1.5.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines price regulation with its various objectives, forms and contexts. Navigating through the economic literature (that shows price regulation as a futile exercise for controlling inflation and solving commodity scarcity), the article analyses the constitutional foundations and the legislative enactments that authorize price regulation in Ethiopia. While there is a strong legal authority under the Constitution to regulate prices, there is lack of detailed standards to distinguish between the proper and improper exercise of price regulation power. Distinction is made between price regulation in normal times vis-à-vis price regulation during emergencies, and I argue that price regulation during emergencies should be evaluated against separate standards. With regard to price regulation in normal times, the recently enacted administrative procedure proclamation may help in solving the lack of standards.
2
Dastagiri, M. B., and L. Bhavigna. "The Theory of Agricultural Price Bubble & Price Crash in Global Economy." Applied Economics and Finance 6, no. 5 (August 21, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/aef.v6i5.4464.
Full textAbstract:
Agricultural prices play greater role in living Economics. Since many decades’ farmers faced declining agricultural prices and low prices in developing countries. Therefore, in these countries agricultural price policies are under closer appraisal. Government and policy makers worry about inflation. Economic precision is required in determining prices. This understanding led to conception of the study. The specific objectives are to review various agricultural price theories, research evidences and construct the theory of agricultural price bubble and crash and their effect on macro economy and suggest measures to improve. The study reviews various agricultural price theories, concepts, policies, research gaps and do meta-analysis and formulated the theory of Agricultural prices bubble and price crash. Since 1950, many development economists and practitioners prophesy in developing countries is that low agricultural commodities prices discourage poverty alleviation. Many countries are unable to make successful pricing policies due to there is not enough operative methodological and theoretical support for decision-making. According to the economic theory of cooperativism, the entities come closer to the pecking order theory. Unexpected changes and changes in regulations can have significant impact on the profitability of farming activities. “Demand channel" is the crucial factor in elucidation of commodity price growth. Future prices moments in agriculture have fat-tailed distributions and display quick and unpredicted price jumps. World Trade Organization study highlights the importance of strengthening multilateral disciplines on both import and export trade interventions to food price fluctuations to reduce beggar-thy-neighbor unilateral trade policy. The theory of NAFTA regionalism did not lead to regionalization and not increasing share of intraregional international trade. In EU countries land rents in modern agriculture causing upward trend in agricultural land prices. Information friction, agricultural supports, agricultural price & trade policies, agricultural price transmission are responsible price fluctuations. In economic theory, asymmetric price transmission has been the subject of considerable attention in agricultural gaps. Selection of forecasting models are based on chaos theory. Chaos in agricultural wholesale price data provides a good theoretical basis for selecting forecasting models. This theory can be applied to agricultural prices forecasting. Novelties in agricultural products fluctuations research offer scientific basis in planning of agricultural production.
3
Chen, Rong Fang, and Jun Tang. "Analysis of Influencing Factors of Housing Price in Xiangtan City." Advanced Materials Research 934 (May 2014): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.263.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of rationality evaluation index of housing price, the main influencing factors of housing price were proposed. Through the analysis of 2004-2013 Xiangtan land prices, housing price, construction costs and taxes and other factors, it is concluded that the four main factors that affect Xiangtan City’s housing price are land prices, housing supply, construction costs and taxes.
4
Chaudhry, M. Ghaffar. "Recent Input-Output Price Policy in Pakistan's Agriculture: Effects on Producers and Consumers." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i1pp.1-23.
Full textAbstract:
The paper analyses the impact of the input-output price policy in agriculture on producers and consumers. Trends in prices cause immense resource transfers from agriculture. with adverse consequences for investment, output, employment, and income distribution. To the extent that these transfers accrue to industrialists and the government, the poorest benefit the least. These deleterious effects can be minimised by assured world prices for agriculture and restoration of true competition in agricultural commodity and input marlcets. In agricultural input marlcets, elimination of corruption; excessive profiteering and overstaffing should serve as the basis of a cost reduction strategyand removal of input subsidies. In the specific case of irrigation water, equitable distribution, compatibility of water rate assessment and water supply bases, and elimination of overstaffing are the prime issues deserving immediate government attention.
5
van Geuns, Edward. "The dawn of LNG price reviews in Asia Pacific." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15094.
Full textAbstract:
LNG is often sold under long-term contracts with strong volume commitments from both sides, and a cost linked to the oil price. In volatile commodity markets, parties are under pressure to try to review the price under the agreement, either on the basis of price review clauses, hardship clauses, or by relying on general legal principles. This leads to great commercial and legal challenges for both buyers and sellers. The experience in Europe with gas price reviews can be a source of knowledge for companies on how to deal with price reviews. Long-term gas contracts in Europe also used to be linked to oil prices. This led to a great number of price reviews when oil prices started to soar as of 2005. After that, a new wave of price reviews arose when gas prices decoupled from oil prices in 2009. European gas companies are still dealing with the resolution of those reviews. On the basis of a number of case studies, this extended abstract sets out the key points that have been learned from a decade of price reviews in Europe with a focuses on practical advice for commercial and legal decision makers. It discusses how negotiations on price reviews are best approached; whether parties should voluntarily disclose confidential information about prices (also in view of competition law), and how arbitrators deal with a gas price review.
6
Friedenberg, Brent. "Financial Outlook for the Canadian Gas Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 13, no. 5 (October 1995): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879501300512.
Full textAbstract:
The financial outlook for the Canadian gas industry depends on the outlook for gas prices at Canadian producing basins, the cost of producing in Canada and the volume of production of Canadian natural gas. Price, cost and volume determine the health of the Canadian industry. Industry's costs are the basis of the supply (volume) offered on the market and price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand.
7
Zyga, Jacek. "Data Selection as the Basis for Better Value Modelling." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article is a voice in the debate on the scope of the application of statistical methods in real estate appraisal, written from the comparative perspective. It presents the results of an illustrative valuation of housing units with the use of databases of various sizes, constructed on the basis of publicly available data from the register of property prices and values. Against this background, the article presents an analysis of differences between the objectives and published results of valuations, which exemplify broadly understood property price modelling or property value modelling, as well as of activities focused around appraising a specific object. The conducted experiments demonstrated that, for the purposes of real estate appraisal itself, the selection of data is more useful than searching for a price model.
8
Oh, Jong-Moon, and Wan-Hee Kim. "Tax Effects on the Basis of KOSPI200 Index Futures." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2009): 105–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-04-2009-b0004.
Full textAbstract:
This paper conducts an empirical analysis to examine the tax effect on the basis (the difference between the futures price and the cash price) of KOSPI200 stock-index futures. The standard cost-of-carry model relies on a simple non-arbitrage argument in which a trader replicates a “synthetic bond” with short in the futures and long in the underlying basket of cash stocks. While the synthetic bond provides the same or similar economic profiles as a normal interest-bearing instrument, the tax treatment for each is different under Korean tax code. The implicit taxes are expected to lower the before-tax rate of return on the synthetic bond, and thus to shrink the size of the basis. The analysis indicates that implicit taxes are reflected and thus priced in the basis of KOSPI200 stock-index futures.
9
Каманина and Raisa Kamanina. "Production Prime Cost As a Key Indicator of Production and Economic Activity of the Enterprise." Economics of the Firm 5, no. 2 (June 10, 2016): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21637.
Full textAbstract:
The main task of development of economy at the present stage is to fully
improve the production efficiency and the sustainable occupation of positions
of enterprises on the domestic and international markets. To withstand the
intense competition and win the trust of customers, the company has to
favorably stand out against the enterprises of the same type. It is well known that
the consumer is interested in quality and price of products. The higher the
quality and lower the price, the better and more profitable for the buyer. These
indicators and enclosed in the cost of production.
Prime cost is the basis of determination of product prices. Systematic reduction
of production costs is one of the basic conditions of increase of efficiency of
production. It has a direct impact on the amount of profit, level of profitability.
10
Subiyanto, Sawitri, Hana Sugiastu Firdaus, and Nahar Dito Utama Giardi. "Land Price Modelling with Radial Basis Function (Case Study: Utan Kayu Selatan Village, East Jakarta)." Journal of Applied Geospatial Information 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jagi.v5i1.2637.
Full textAbstract:
The price of land is an important matter that needs to be assessed by stakeholders. The study of land prices has an important role in seeing the stability of the property market. Several factors affect the property business such as accessibility, public facilities and social facilities. Utan Kayu Selatan is the largest village in Matraman Sub-District with an area of 1,12 kilometers. The potential of the property business is very tempting for investors to property developers. One of the economic sector developments is Utan Kayu Raya Road, which can increase land prices in the surrounding area. The factors that influence land prices can be analyzed through several approaches such as regression, mass appraisal and other. In this study, the method used in estimating land prices is the Radial Basis Function (RBF), by looking at the relationship between the distance of plot to roads, public facilities and social facilities. Modeling is carried out based on samples determined on ZNT and NJOP land prices. Furthermore, the calculation of the distance is done by using network analysis. As a result, the RMSE value for the NJOP RBF model and the ZNT RBF model is IDR 1.179.839 and IDR 2.972.345. Meanwhile, the CoV values for both models were 6.2% and 6%. In the comparison of ZNT price predictions with market prices, the highest difference is IDR 13.119.915 and the lowest difference is IDR 537.009. While on the NJOP price prediction, the highest difference is IDR 15.797.583 and the lowest difference is IDR 291.270.
11
Kokot, Sebastian, and Marcin Bas. "The Comparative Analysis Of Asking And Traded Price Indices In Different Floor Area Subsegments Of The Residential Property Market." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract There are several acknowledged methods for determining residential property price indices. However, all of them have their drawbacks and advantages and reflect the averaged real movements of prices with varying accuracy. The paper attempts to answer the question: How faithfully do indices based on asking prices reflect the movements of traded prices? As a result we will find out whether, in the situation when property price indices cannot be determined, asking price based indices can be used instead. The paper specifies theoretical and practical aspects of constructing residential property price indices on the basis of asking and traded prices. It also contains an empirical analysis of these two index types.
12
Venkatesh, R., and Vijay Mahajaim. "A Probabilistic Approach to Pricing a Bundle of Products or Services." Journal of Marketing Research 30, no. 4 (November 1993): 494–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379303000408.
Full textAbstract:
The authors propose a probabilistic approach to optimally price a bundle of products or services that maximizes seller's profits. Their focus is on situations in which consumer decision making is on the basis of multiple criteria. For model development and empirical investigation they consider a season ticket bundle for a series of entertainment performances such as sports games and music/dance concerts. In this case, they assume consumer purchase decisions to be a function of two independent resource dimensions, namely, available time to attend performances and reservation price per performance. Using this information, the model suggests the optimal prices of the bundle and/or components (individual performances), and corresponding maximum profits under three alternative strategies: (a) pure components (each performance is priced and offered separately), (b) pure bundling (the performances are priced and offered only as a bundle), and (c) mixed bundling (both the bundle and the individual performances are priced and offered separately). They apply their model to price a planned series of music/dance performances. Results indicate that a mixed bundling strategy is more profitable than pure components or pure bundling strategies provided the relative prices of the bundle and components are carefully chosen. Limitations and possible extensions of the model are discussed.
13
Golovanova, S. "Incentive Domestic Gas Price Regulation in Russia: Comparative Analysis of Alternative “Price Cap” Indicators." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2014): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-8-106-121.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction of the price regulatory mechanism based on the principle of equal profitability of domestic and export gas sales is announced in Russia. In this article the “price cap” mechanism is considered as a form of incentive regulation; the experience of using the external market price as an indicator of the “fair” price level in antitrust enforcement is presented. Analyzing the existing wholesale gas price formation mechanisms around the world we identify alternative indicators of the external market price for gas and compare levels and volatilities of the “base” internal gas prices calculated on their basis with the use of retrospective data.
14
Karnon, Jonathan, Laura Edney, and Michael Sorich. "Costs of paying higher prices for equivalent effects on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 41, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15122.
Full textAbstract:
Objective The aims of the present study were to illustrate and discuss the effects of the non-maintenance of equivalent prices when the comparators of pharmaceuticals listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule (PBS) on a cost-minimisation basis come off-patent and are subject to statutory price reductions, as well as further potential price reductions because of the effects of price disclosure. Methods Service use, benefits paid, and price data were analysed for a selected sample of pharmaceuticals recommended for listing on a cost-minimisation basis between 2008 and 2011, and their comparators, to estimate the cost savings to the PBS of maintaining equivalent prices. Results Potential cost savings for 12 pharmaceuticals, including alternative compounds and combination products across nine therapeutic groups, ranged from A$570 000 to A$40 million to April 2015. Potential savings increased significantly following recent amendments to the price disclosure process. Conclusions Potential savings from maintaining equivalent prices for all pharmaceuticals listed on the PBS on a cost-minimisation basis could be over A$500 million per year. Actions to reduce these costs can be taken within existing policy frameworks, but legislative and political barriers may need to be addressed to minimise these costs, which are incurred by the taxpayer for no additional benefit. What is known about the topic? Pharmaceuticals listed on the PBS must provide value for money. Many pharmaceuticals achieve this by demonstrating equal effectiveness to an already listed pharmaceutical and requesting the same price as this comparator; that is, listing on a cost-minimisation basis. When the comparator moves off-patent, the price of the still-patented pharmaceutical is protected, whereas the off-patent drug is subject to price disclosure and often steep price reductions. What does this paper add? This paper adds to recent evidence on the costs to government of paying different prices for two or more pharmaceuticals that are equally effective. Between 2008 and 2011, the direct comparators for 68 pharmaceuticals listed on a cost-minimisation basis have moved onto the price disclosure list. Across 12 of these listings, the potential cost savings in the 10 months to April 2015 were A$73 million. What are the implications for practitioners? The PBS costs the Australian government over A$9 billion per year. Annual savings over A$500 million per year could be achieved by maintaining cost-minimisation across equally effective pharmaceuticals. This would improve the efficiency of the PBS at no risk to patients. Legislation is required to remove the existing F1 and F2 categorisation of listed pharmaceuticals, but the proposed changes would remove the need for therapeutic group premiums and simplify the pricing of PBS items.
15
Li, Hong Wei, Xiao Xiang Gao, and Ke Jun Cheng. "The Application of Wavelet Neural Network in Prediction of the Fish Price." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1945.
Full textAbstract:
The market fish price is an important factor that affects the income of fishermen, so how to accurately analyze and predict the fish pricet o obtain huge profits has caught people's attention. As science advances, various price forecasting and analysis methods have come into being. How to build a prediction theories and models with relatively high success rate has been the study of many scholars over the years. With the development of artificial intelligence, neural networks have become an important tool of predicting and analyzing changes in market prices. Neural networks are important artificial intelligence technology, which have simple structures, but are able to solve complicated problems. They have strong applicability in predicting the mature index fluctuations in a short period. This paper considers some shortcomings and deficiencies the BP network prototype, which tries to use the wavelet Functions to replace the excitation function in the traditional BP algorithm on the basis of a network of neurons and then forms into WNN. We can verify the feasibility of WNN by perch price forecasts, and then this method is used in price forecasts of the three main fish of the Ulungur Lake Aquatic, to provide the basis for the aquatic base decision
16
Cellmer, Radosław, and Katarzyna Szczepankowska. "Use of Statistical Models for Simulating Transactions on the Real Estate Market." Real Estate Management and Valuation 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/remav-2015-0019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The regularities and relations between real estate prices and the factors that shape them may be presented in the form of statistical models, thanks to which the diagnosis and prediction of prices is possible. A formal description of empirical observation presented in the form of regressive models also offers a possibility for creating certain phenomena in a virtual dimension. Market phenomena cannot be fully described with the use of determinist models, which clarify only a part of price variation. The predicted price is, in this situation, a special case of implementing a random function. Assuming that other implementations are also possible, regressive models may constitute a basis for simulation, which results in the procurement of a future image of the market. Simulation may refer both to real estate prices and transaction prices. The basis for price simulation may be familiarity with the structure of the analyzed market data. Assuming that this structure has a static character, simulation of real estate prices is performed on the basis of familiarity with the probability distribution and a generator of random numbers. The basis for price simulation is familiarity with model parameters and probability distribution of the random factor. The study presents the core and theoretical description of a transaction simulation on the real estate market, as well as the results of an experiment regarding transaction prices of office real estate located within the area of the city of Olsztyn. The result of the study is a collection of virtual real properties with known features and simulated prices, constituting a reflection of market processes which may take place in the near future. Comparison between the simulated characteristic and actual transactions in turn allows the correctness of the description of reality by the model to be verified.
17
Parcell, Joe L., Ted C. Schroeder, and Kevin C. Dhuyvetter. "Factors Affecting Live Cattle Basis." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (December 2000): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020629.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractCattle producers and beef packers need to understand basis determinants as they develop price expectations and make pricing, hedging, and forward contracting decisions. This study empirically estimated factors explaining variability in monthly fed cattle basis. The five main results regarding live cattle basis are 1) corn price is an important determinant, 2) a change in the value of the Choice-to-Select spread positively affects basis, 3) changes in the levels of captive supplies have no significant statistical or economic impact on basis, 4) the June 1995 live cattle futures contract did not impact basis, and 5) both market fundamentals and seasonal components are important basis determinants.
18
Shin, Jiwoong. "The Role of Selling Costs in Signaling Price Image." Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 3 (August 2005): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.3.302.
Full textAbstract:
To attract potential customers, retailers often advertise low prices with appeals such as “Prices start at $49” or “One week in the Caribbean from $449.” These appeals are deliberately vague in the sense that they give little information about the product to which the prices refer. The author offers an explanation of how such advertisements can construct a credible price image even with this vagueness. When retailers must incur costs in the process of selling a product, advertising low prices to lure potential consumers can backfire. This is because attracting too many consumers who are less likely to purchase the retailer's higher-priced products on the basis of vague promises imposes unwanted selling costs but yields little extra revenue. Therefore, a store with a relatively high selling cost will be dissuaded from attempting to use such a strategy. The author shows analytically that such advertising can be credible only when there is a substantial difference in retailers' costs or when the selling cost is high.
19
Barańska, Anna. "Linear and Nonlinear Weighing of Property Features." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Determining the weights of market features of real estate in explaining their prices is one of the basic objectives of market analysis, performed as part of the property value estimation process. In practice, property appraisers usually settle for basic methods of determining weights, for example based on the principle of ceteris paribus or on the basis of linear correlation coefficients. The article proposes the use of curvilinear correlation coefficients for this purpose; an attempt of such use was made and the obtained results were compared with the weights determined on the basis of linear correlations. The conducted analyses proved that the inclusion of curvilinear correlations at the stage of market analysis, allows for extracting a greater number of features recognized as price-creating, i.e. leads to a smaller loss of market information and is a more reliable tool for determining the weights of attributes in price explanation.
20
Crabtree, R. M. "Certification/Classification Targets for Beef." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1987 (March 1987): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034851.
Full textAbstract:
Successive UK Governments have supported the market for finished cattle by various subsidy schemes. One of these depended on making up the difference between the average market price and a predetermined guaranteed price on an individual animal basis when market prices fell below the guaranteed price. To operate this deficiency payment scheme the classes of stock eligible for payment had to be defined and their average market price calculated, and so the concept of a “certification standard” or grade evolved.
21
Zhang, Hua Zhi, Fang Pan, Zhen Hua Zhang, and Cai Yun Cheng. "Study on the Engineering Cost Management Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.2621.
Full textAbstract:
A basic engineering cost management system is basis about the engineering cost management for national or regional. As the main basis of engineering cost is determined by two factors are engineering quantity and unit price, so the basic engineering cost management system should reflect the management and control model in the project of "quantity" and "price" of these two aspects in any country or region.
22
Tsai, Ming Tang, and Yu Teing Kuo. "Application of Radial Basis Function Neural Network for Carbon Price Forecasting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 590 (June 2014): 683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.590.683.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes a carbon price forecasting system for the participants to quickly and accurately predict the carbon price. The data including the carbon trading price, oil price, coal price and gas price, are first calculated and the data clusters are embedded in the Excel Database by year and season. The Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is constructed in the searching process. The optimal parameters obtained from the RBFNN enable the learning rate parameters to regulate and improve the predicting errors during the training process, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of predictions. By linking the RBFNN and Excel Database, the training stages of the RBFNN retrieve the input data from the Excel Database so that the efficiency and accuracy of the predicting system can be analyzed. Simulation results in this paper will provide an accurate and real-time method for participants to forecast carbon price and raise the market competition in a carbon trading market.
23
Lapan, Harvey, and Giancarlo Moschini. "Futures Hedging Under Price, Basis, and Production Risk." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 76, no. 3 (August 1994): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243658.
Full text
24
Schroeder, Ted C., and B. K. Goodwin. "Price discovery and basis risk for live hogs." Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, no. 10 (January 1, 1990): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.6250.
Full text
25
Gerhard, Frank, and Nikolaus Hautsch. "Volatility estimation on the basis of price intensities." Journal of Empirical Finance 9, no. 1 (January 2002): 57–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5398(01)00045-7.
Full text
26
Brodová, M., and M. Ševčíková. "The development of the price parity in the foodstuffs production and consumption vertical." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 1 (February 29, 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5261-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of the development of prices in the foodstuffs vertical, it means the prices of inputs into the agriculture, agricultural products, food products and consumption prices of foodstuffs, on the basis of the price scissors, and with crucial products on the basis of the price shares and differences, has shown that price liberalisation with the applied partial regulation of their development within the market-oriented reform has evoked the greatest raise of prices within 1991–2001 regarding inputs into the agriculture, while prices of agricultural products were growing slower. The parity coefficient (the ratio of price indices) between the development of the prices of inputs and outputs became worse as of 1989 to the detriment of agriculture from 93.9 reached in 1990 to 50.3 in 2001, what means a significant opening of the price scissors to the detriment of agricultural producers. That situation was influenced mostly by the development in the first year of the reform but the trend of opening the price scissors, except for 1994, was persisting, though in the last two years the differences in the trends of the development of prices of inputs and outputs have been moderated. At the beginning of the development, the effect of the low level of the agricultural products prices was not adequately reflected in the prices of food producers and consequently in consumer prices. This was influenced mainly by the pressure of food producers evoked by the need of settlement of additional costs connected with the transformation, in particular to the detriment of the agricultural products prices (opening of the price scissors with the parity coefficient dropping from 90.8 in 1990 to 56.5 in 2001), but this negative trend has been stopped in the last two years. A gradual accommodation of demand and supply and a growing competition environment also through large retails established in our country has been reflected in closing the price scissors between the prices of food producers and consumer prices of foodstuffs (the parity coefficient raised from 76.6 in 1991 to 88.7 in 2001). The development of the shares and differences in prices as of 1994 pointed to a substantial differentiation in the development of prices in the vertical of the production and consumption of individual products what was effected by the applied regulation system as well. With milk and milk products, the majority of the evaluated products was showing a slightly raised share of the raw cow milk price in the final food products prices, and in the last three years, also the processor price share in the consumer price. This narrowed the difference between the producer and dealer prices. With slaughter cattle and the major kinds of beef, a gradual decline of the slaughter cattle price share in the processor price was interrupted in 2001, what, to a certain extent, was also caused by the crisis evoked by the BSE and by the minimum price which prevented transferring of these consequences, to a larger extent, to farmers. Similarly, in 2001, a non-standard situation occurred between the processor and consumer prices of the individual kinds of beef. With slaughter pigs and the evaluated kinds of pork, after the period of dropping slaughter pig prices share in the processor price of the major kinds of pork, its growth was recorded mostly in 2001, when the processor price share in the consumer price dropped as well.
27
Kryzia, Dominik, and Lidia Gawlik. "Forecasting the price of uranium based on the costs of uranium deposits exploitation." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0026.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper presents the concept of forecasting uranium prices on the basis of the uranium deposits exploitation costs. The model for estimating the costs of raw material extraction over time, depending on the supply level sufficient to meet the demand from nuclear power plants, has been developed. The aforementioned costs, given the inelastic demand for uranium, determine the price of this raw material. This allows estimating the future price of uranium on the basis of knowledge of the resource base and the relationships determining changes in parameters characterizing the resources. As these estimates are affected by considerable uncertainty, the study has used a stochastic approach, constructing the precise probability distributions of uncertain parameters. Based on literature analysis, the variables that are correlated with each other have been identified. The model has implemented the identified correlations between variables. A number of assumptions regarding the input data, model limitations, and the relationship between the variables has been adopted. On the basis of the Monte Carlo simulation, the probability distribution of uranium prices in the coming years until 2050 has been obtained. According to the obtained estimation, uranium prices will remain stable at around 90 USD/kg by 2030. The prices are expected to increase in the next years. It can be assumed that this trend will grow in the future. In 2050, the expected uranium price will be about 130 USD/kg.
28
Blažková, Ivana, and Pavel Syrovátka. "Price formation and transmission along the food commodity chain." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040031.
Full textAbstract:
The article is focused on analysis of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain in the Czech Republic, with the distinction on wheat products with low value added (wheat flour), respectively high value added (wheat rolls). The degree of vertical price transmission is measured to identify potential market failures, because asymmetric price transmission can be the result of existence of market power within the food commodity chain. The data basis is made up from monthly prices on partial markets of the analyzed commodity chain published by Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The monitored time period is from January 2000 till October 2009. The analysis is based on calculation of the price transmission elasticity coefficient (evaluation of price transmission along the chain) and the intensity of dependency of positive and negative inter-market price differences (evaluation whether positive or negative price changes are better transmitted among particular vertical markets). Time lag is tested as well. The assessment of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain confirmed the existence of market power especially on the retail stage and low impact of price changes of farm prices on final consumer food prices.
29
Petříček, Martin, and Štěpán Chalupa. "Consumer Behaviour in the Accommodation Services Market – a Comparison of Vienna, Bratislava and Prague in 2018." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 137–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.16.
Full textAbstract:
The paper aims to compare three accommodation services markets using empirical data from more than 250 accommodation facilities in specific destinations (Vienna, Bratislava, Prague). The data are available on a daily basis, but the resulting comparison is then performed on a monthly basis within 2018. The comparison is performer based on three basic criteria – occupancy, average daily rate and an indicator of price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity is measured using a log‑log regression analysis. The key findings of the comparison are as follows: (1) The Vienna and Prague markets are similar in terms of occupancy and coefficient of price elasticity. In contrast, the Bratislava market showed statistically significant differences from the other two markets in all the criteria under review. (2) The Bratislava market operates at a significantly lower price range compared to the other markets analysed. In the long term, this market has also been lower in the field of occupancy. (3) The markets in Vienna and Prague respond more dynamically to changes in consumer behaviour by changing prices. (4) The so‑called “November Phenomenon” has been identified, where all indicators in all markets behave unconventionally. (5) All markets have in common the fact that they have shown price‑inelastic demand over the long term, and at the turn of the year, they all face Giffen’s paradox.
30
Żelazowski, Konrad. "Price Convergence in the Regional Housing Markets in Poland." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Average prices of residential real estate usually show significant variation on a regional basis. This reflects different social, economic or historical conditions for the development of these markets. In addition, research so far has not provided strong evidence supporting convergence in the level of property prices in the regional dimension. The lack of price convergence, however, does not exclude convergence in the direction and strength of price changes. The article is an attempt to answer the question of whether price trajectories in the regional housing markets in Poland show long-term similarity. To this end, econometric analysis of the dynamics of relative prices in the voivodship markets with the use of quarterly data from the years 2002-2016 has been conducted.
31
Kwark, Noe-Keol, Hyoung-Goo Kang, and Sang-Gyung Jun. "Can Derivative Information Predict Stock Price Jumps?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9222.
Full textAbstract:
<p>This study examines the predictability of jumps in stock prices using options-trading information, the futures basis spread, the cross-sectional standard deviation of returns on components in the stock index, and exchange rates. A stock price jump was defined as a large fluctuation in the stock price that deviated from the distribution thresholds of the past rates of return. This empirical analysis shows that the implied volatility spread between ATM call and put options was a significant predictor for both upward and downward jumps, whereas the volatility skew was less significant. In addition, the futures basis spread was moderately significant for downward stock price jumps. Both the cross-sectional standard deviation of the rates of return on component stocks in the KOSPI 200 and the won-dollar exchange rates were significant predictors for both upward and downward jumps.</p>
32
R. Jumiyanti, Kalzum. "Analisis Location Quotient dalam Penentuan Sektor Basis dan Non Basis di Kabupaten Gorontalo." Gorontalo Development Review 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/golder.v1i1.112.
Full textAbstract:
Identifying basic sectors and sub-sectors is one of stages to plan strategic area expansion for the centre of economy growth. Therefore, Location Quotient Analysis is needed to understand how far the level of specialization of economy sectors in particular area in utilizing its basis sectors or leading sectors. Basic sectors can be determined by using Location Quotient (LQ) method. Variables used to calculate basis economy are from local GDP of an activity focused on activities in the local economy structures. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an important indicator to understand economy condition particularly in Gorontalo Regency in particular period, either based on current prices or constant price. Data collection process done by using secondary data survey based on documents from Statistics of Gorontalo Regency and Statistics of Gorontalo Province. From 2012 up to 2016, processing industry sectors and service sectors have been stable basis in terms of improving LQ value and its GDP in an analysis period. This can be possible that those two sectors have contributed on the improvement of GDP of Gorontalo Regency including all other sectora that also become basis such as Mining and Excavation sector, agriculture sector and others.
33
Page, M. J. "Gold futures prices: An investigation into the theories of storage and forecast power and premium." South African Journal of Business Management 21, no. 1/2 (March 31, 1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v21i1.908.
Full textAbstract:
There are two principal theories of commodity futures prices. The theory of storage, which explains the difference between contemporaneous futures and spot prices (the basis) in terms of interest rates, warehousing costs, and convenience yields, and the theory of forecast power and premium, which is based on the assumption that the futures price is a biased estimate of the expected spot price. This research paper examines the applicability of the two theories to the pricing of short term gold futures contracts. The findings suggest that, in terms of the theory of storage, the basis variability is explained principally by interest rate changes for contracts of between three and six months duration, while for one-month contracts varying convenience yields appear to be the dominant factor. The low basis variability of gold futures contracts results in inconclusive findings with respect to the theory of forecast power and premium. There is, however, evidence to suggest that the basis contains some ability to predict the expected premium or bias.
34
Vásquez Duque, Omar. "No Alarms and Many Surprises: Salience as a Basis For Excessive Pricing Intervention in an Antitrust Context." Journal of Competition Law & Economics 16, no. 4 (June 25, 2020): 552–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhaa017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article explores how consumers’ bounded rationality can justify antitrust intervention when a firm becomes a monopoly and exploits a product attribute that was not policed by market forces when there was competition for the market. Behavioral economics predicts product complexity leads consumer demand to be a function of salient costs and benefits rather than of actual costs and benefits of products. The divergence between the former and the latter hinders and distorts competition. In fact, comparison shopping is costlier, and sellers can backload part of their prices to nonsalient product attributes. Consumers perceive only a distorted lower price by focusing on salient product features, which leaves room for inefficient matching and opportunistic behavior given the risk of ex post exploitation. These are behavioral limits of competition. In this work, I argue that when (i) there is a lock-in problem, (ii) consumers do not control the probability of triggering a hidden price, and (iii) a typical consumer could not have reasonably expected to find such a hidden price, antitrust intervention would not only deter ex post exploitation but would also enhance competition on the real price of goods. Antitrust would correct a behavioral market failure.
35
Данилова and Oksana Danilova. "Competitive strategy – a basis for identifying key success factors of meat industry." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 8, no. 3 (October 24, 2013): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1319.
Full textAbstract:
This article discusses the analysis of external conditions and factors of competitive advantage to identify the key success factors of the meat industry, which are a set of actions to ensure the competitiveness and financial success. To assess the formation of competitive advantages of meat industry, identify their characteristics is not enough statistical data. The objectives of the study was to identify the main areas of investment , relationships with suppliers of raw materials, ways to improve the profitability of the enterprise . The study suggests that the main competitive strategies remains a quality of product . On the basis of this, the pricing and sales policies of the meat industry are based. According to respondents, changes in demand for meat, is equally dependent on the quality of meat products and prices. For sausages the price factor plays a more significant role. The predominant mode of competition in the meat industry is currently the price competition on the basis of cost savings as a competitive advantage .
36
Langford, Craig. "Gas price reviews in long-term contracts—past, present, and future." APPEA Journal 54, no. 2 (2014): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13066.
Full textAbstract:
Price reviews in long-term gas contracts have been part of the commercial landscape in the Australian gas market. Any industry senior executive who has been heavily involved in a gas price review, in particular a review involving a gas arbitration, usually asks themselves at the end of the process if a better way exists. How can gas price reviews be improved is the basis of this extended abstract. Analysis of the past, present and future gas price reviews assists this objective. The past considers the historical nature and the commercial philosophy of price reviews addresses questions such as: Why do we need them? What price is a price review trying to establish? What is a market price in the Australian gas market context? Do price reviews determine present or future prices ? The present considers current price reviews, covering topics such as what’s good and bad practice in today’s price reviews, including the arbitration process. The future looks issues such as the role and importance of price reviews in the next 10 years, what’s needed to make gas price reviews obsolete, how do price reviews work in a transitional market with both Australian and US oil-linked-contract prices under review and better commercial and legal concepts for future price reviews.
37
Ayyıldız, Merve, and Adnan Çiçek. "Kırmızı Et Fiyatlarının GARCH Yöntemiyle Analizi: Türkiye Örneği." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 17, 2018): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i12.1775-1780.2095.
Full textAbstract:
Approximately 90% of the red meat consumption in Turkey is the beef. On the basis of consumption, beef is mostly equated with veal and therefore the price of veal is widely used in price evaluations. It is known that the change in veal prices is a very effective factor on consumption. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the fluctuations in veal prices. GARCH (1,1) model was used to determine the price uncertainty in the period between January 2005 and December 2017. According to the model results, veal prices reacted with big jumps to any shock such as economic and political instability, food crisis, natural events. It was determined that the price of veal meat could return to normal for a long time period according to the average price. In the study, foreign trade policies towards gaining a stable structure of red meat prices in Turkey should not be ignored. However, it has been concluded that policies supporting bovine supply should be developed as a complement to supply policies for cattle breeding.
38
Galchynsky, Leonid, and Andriy Svydenko. "Multiagent model of prices dispersion on the retail market of petroleum products." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504021.
Full textAbstract:
In this study a multiagent model of behaviour of the dispersion of retail prices for petroleum products has been developed, depending on changes of external factors, in particular, sharp changes in wholesale prices. Therefore, there is a need for a model that would not only have the potential to test the existence of a price dispersion as a consequence of the specifics of competition in the market of petroleum products and consumer search strategies, but would have the ability to quantify the price variance as a consequence of the behaviour of individual market agents. The basis of the behaviour of market agents of this model is algorithms of price oligopolistic competition from traders and user price search strategies. Calibration models and verification of historical data of the Kyiv region, where they were previously established empirical data on the dispersion of prices showed a fairly good correspondence between the model and the actual data. In particular, the existence of a price pattern has been established at jump-like changes of wholesale prices. The presence of price strategy of buyers, which are based on the strategy of the base price, is shown. The coincidence of model and real data still needs to be improved.
39
Bailey, Warren, and Lan Truong. "Opium and Empire: Some Evidence from Colonial-Era Asian Stock and Commodity Markets." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 32, no. 2 (June 2001): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002246340100008x.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of a new database of stock and commodity prices, along with measures of government revenues, commodity exports and immigration, the article assesses the impact of the opium trade on the economies of colonial Malaya, the Netherlands Indies and China from 1873 to 1911. Stock returns for a few Malayan industries related to international trade are significantly correlated with opium price changes, as are prices for labour-intensive, Chinese-dominated export commodities such as tin and gambier. However, opium price changes explain, at most, only a small fraction of the behaviour of stock and commodity prices. On balance, stock and commodity markets ascribed only secondary importance to ups and downs in the opium trade as measured by the price of the drug.
40
Weijermars, R., and Z. Sun. "Regression analysis of historic oil prices: A basis for future mean reversion price scenarios." Global Finance Journal 35 (February 2018): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2017.10.007.
Full text
41
Buday, Š. "Agricultural land market in selected regions of the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 4 (March 1, 2012): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5378-agricecon.
Full textAbstract:
One of the conditions of accession of Slovakia into the European Union is the existence of a developed land market. At present, the official land price is mostly used in the evaluation of agricultural land. The price was calculated on the basis of normative production and normative costs required to achieve such production. As the land market gradually develops, market prices come into being; reflecting the effect of real market forces. With the full-fledged market prices, the task of official prices will be just an informative one. The land market prices will gradually assume all the tasks of the current official prices of the agricultural land.
42
Zhang, Jian Hua, Fan Tao Kong, Jian Zhai Wu, Meng Shuai Zhu, Ke Xu, and Jia Jia Liu. "Tomato Prices Time Series Prediction Model Based on Wavelet Neural Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 2636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.2636.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate prediction of agricultural prices is beneficial to correctly guide the circulation of agricultural products and agricultural production and realize the equilibrium of supply and demand of agricultural area. On the basis of wavelet neural network, this paper, choosing tomato prices as study object, tomato retail price data from ten collection sites in Hebei province from January, 1st, 2013 to December, 30th, 2013 as samples, builds the tomato price time series prediction model to test price model. As the results show, model prediction error rate is less than 0.01, and the correlation (R2) of predicted value and actual value is 0.908, showing that the model could accurately predict tomatoes price movements. The establishment of the model will provide technical support for tomato market monitoring and early warning and references for related policies.
43
Zhu, Meng Shuai, Jian Hua Zhang, Sheng Wei Wang, Jian Zhai Wu, Chen Shen, and Xiang Yang Zhou. "Statistical Analysis of Hainan Farmer Household Consumption Structure Based on Factor Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 5580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5580.
Full textAbstract:
Accurate prediction of agricultural prices is beneficial to properly guide the circulation of agricultural products and agricultural production and realize the equilibrium of supply and demand of agricultural area. On the basis of wavelet neural network, this paper, choosing tomato prices as study object, tomato retail price data from ten collection sites in Hebei province from January 1, 2013 to December 30, 2013 as samples, builds the tomato price time series prediction model to test price model. As the results show, model prediction error rate is smaller than 0.01, and the correlation (R2) of predicted value and actual value is 0.908, showing that the model could accurately predict tomatoes price movements. The establishment of the model will provide technical support for tomato market monitoring and early warning and references for related policies.
44
Lan, Feng, and Ying Tian. "Study on Commodity Residential House Price Volatility of the Guanzhong Urban Agglomeration Using Spatial Econometric Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2436.
Full textAbstract:
This paper was based on the theory of spatial econometric model. It selected the panel datas of the guanzhong urban agglomeration of five core cities from 1998 to 2012, and inspected the commodity residential house price if there is a space dependency relationship between the two cities. On the basis to analyze the main factors influencing the commodity residential house price volatility and research on the influence of the housing price direction. Results show that the sample is significant spatial correlation between urban housing prices. Xi 'an have great influence on regional cities housing price. The urban population, household disposable income, land acquisition costs, sales area are the main influence factors affecting housing price volatility.
45
Shi, Ruyi, Di Wang, and Yueying Zhao. "The effect of international energy market shocks on coal price of China based on the fuzzy integrated vector auto regressive and error correction model." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 40, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 8451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-189665.
Full textAbstract:
From the perspective of external market shocks, this paper proposed fuzzy integrated vector auto regression (FVAR) model that determines the long-term basis and short-term basis interactions of China’s coal price with international energy prices. The proposed FVAR preform coal price fluctuation based on long-term and short term span in six stages including unit root testing, Johansen cointegration test, vector auto regression (VAR) model construction, fuzzification of VAR model, vector error correction (VEC) model and an impulse response function(IRF). It is observed that there is a steady long-term stability and equilibrium bond between the China’s domestic coal price, international coal price and the international crude (unrefined) oil price. The international coal and international crude oil price have an opposite effect on China’s domestic coal price. In addition, the former has a stronger fuzzy price discovery function on China’s domestic coal market than the latter. In the short term, China’s domestic coal price is more complex to instability reactions and is affected by market expectations. The international energy market is more effective than domestic coal market, and there is a relatively stable price adjustment mechanism between the two, with the international coal price playing a leading role in the fuzzy guidance of China’s coal price. Therefore, in reference to international energy pricing models, the paper proposes a fuzzy pricing model for a coal futures index based on the coal futures trading price and supplemented by the premium and discount agreed to by both trading parties.
46
Grinblatt, Mark, and Konark Saxena. "When Factors Do Not Span Their Basis Portfolios." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 53, no. 6 (October 12, 2018): 2335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018000376.
Full textAbstract:
To price assets with a parsimonious set of factor-mimicking portfolios, one typically identifies and weights well-diversified basis portfolios. Traditional weightings lead to factor-mimicking portfolios that are unlikely to price even the basis portfolios from which they are formed. We offer a method to combine basis portfolios into a single factor-mimicking portfolio that is closely linked to the optimal portfolio. In practice, this method improves the pricing accuracy of parsimonious factor models, even for anomaly portfolios formed from characteristics that are distinct from those underlying the basis portfolios.
47
Herliana, Sri, Dedi Budiman Hakim, Yusman Syaukat, and Tanti Novianti. "The Impact of Oil Price Shock on Rice Prices in Asean Area: A Framework." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(112).
Full textAbstract:
The conditions of the world rice market and the domestic rice market are unstable markets and are heavily influenced by external factors. There are many factors that can affect the price of unhulled rice and rice at the farm level, one of which is the effect of the integration of world and domestic rice markets. Thus the events or shocks that occur on the world market will affect the conditions of the domestic rice market. External factors affecting rice trade include petroleum. Oil as one of the factors influencing changes in the demand and supply of various traded commodities because of its vital role. Oil price fluctuations are often used as a benchmark for the stability of world trade conditions.Research specifically on the impact of rice was carried out by Chintia (2013) which states that oil price shocks cause domestic rice prices to have a fluctuating pattern and have an increasing trend, but domestic rice prices always fluctuate on trend. An attractive characteristic of the domestic rice price is that it is always above the world rice price. This occurs because rice is a commodity that has many interventions by the government in maintaining domestic rice price stability and maintaining the purchasing power of the public as consumers and farmers as producers. In the short term, the domestic rice price is influenced by the domestic rice price itself, the imported rice price, and the world crude oil price. In the long run, the domestic rice price is influenced by world rice prices, imported rice prices, and rice production. This paper will discuss the framework for the impact of oil shocks on rice prices in the ASEAN region. This framework is the basis for the stages in conducting further research Keywords: Impact, Rice, oll price, Rice, ASEAN
48
Przywara, Daniel, and Adam Rak. "Analysis construction industry on the basis of price trends of labor cost." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817404005.
Full textAbstract:
Records of the national, average pay rates in the construction industry, at quarterly intervals, allow cost - planning departments of contractors and investment services to assess current market conditions in the construction industry. Price quarterly publications, such as Sekocenbud and Intercenbud, contain important information, enabling production preparation departments to prepare a comparison of the production in-house labor rates with the market production labor rates. The article attempts to analyze the economic situation of domestic construction production in the years 2010-2016 based on the emerging price trends of the of labor cost estimates in this period, taking into account the impact of seasonal construction services. In "Polish cost estimates standards", the labor cost estimate rate is present in one form: the net labor cost estimate rate, which fully corresponds to the rate defined in calculation formulas. The rates of labor cost estimates, in individual regions of Poland, are shaped according to the presented market situations. This clearly is reflected in the periodic (quarterly) regional records of labor rates in the Sekocenbud system. The Act on prices of July 5, 2001 does not contain any normative regulations regarding the methods of cost estimation of construction works. The necessity to remain competitive forces large construction corporations to use a subcontracting system, involving several or even several dozen smaller, specialized in a narrow range of works, business entities in which labor costs are definitely lower, because they are reduced by a lower value of internal costs.
49
Mach, Łukasz. "Prices of accommodation rental as functioning on the basis of a sharing economy in the capitals of cee states." Argumenta Oeconomica 2020, no. 2 (2020): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2020.2.06.
Full textAbstract:
Housing rental from private resources, thanks to the growing popularity of a sharing economy, is becoming more and more common. The principles of market activities compliant with the assumptions of a sharing economy create new frameworks in the science of economics, simultaneously subjecting classical methods and tools of management to verification. Making use of new information technologies and peer-to-peer technology, which as part of the former, has facilitated using a sharing economy in the hotel industry, creating a new community in the rental of housing market – people providing services of short-term renting of private accommodation facilities. The conducted research presents one-day rental (of the Bed & Breakfast type) functioning in compliance with the principles of a sharing economy. Its parametrization was carried out in the area of the formation of prices and their distribution. The resources of B&B rental were examined in the capital cities of Central and Eastern Europe. For each city the average prices of rental were determined, as were the average prices of extra services provided within the business activity (i.e. mean service charges and mean charges for cleaning). Additionally, a comparative analysis was carried out regarding the pricing of average rental costs with a simultaneous study of the significance of the differences observed in them. The conducted research allowed defining the structure of the total price of rental, which is composed of the price of the rental displayed on the webpage including offers of B&B rental and additional charges, i.e. the service and the cleaning fees. It follows from the conducted research, among others, that about one-third of the offered housing rental resources did not charge fees for cleaning and that the mean total price of housing rental for all the capitals of European the post-communist states ranged between 50 and 60 euros per night. From the point of view of the mean total rental price, the most expensive cities are Tallinn and Bratislava, whereas the cheapest countries are Bulgaria and Romania. The mean total rental prices for the capitals of Bulgaria and Romania are considerably lower than in the other capital cities of European post-communist states
50
Sakamoto, Shoma, and Shintaro Sengoku. "Predictability of Stock Price Fluctuations Based on Business Relationships: A Comparison of Normal and the COVID-19 Pandemic Periods in Japan." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 10146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810146.
Full textAbstract:
The stock prices of a company are significantly influenced by changes of its business relationships. However, the effectiveness of stock price prediction based on such inter-firm business relationships has been partially confirmed in limited region and/or timeframe cases. In particular, it has not been verified under highly volatile market conditions such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. To address these issues, we analyzed the impact of supplier–customer relationships on stock prices in the case of the Japanese stock market using The Fama-French three-factor model and publicly available information of business relationships. The subjects were classified into two conditions—normal and COVID-19—and the stock price predictability associated with changes of stock prices of related companies for both short and long holding periods. As a result, the significance of stock price predictability was confirmed on a daily and monthly basis in the given region. In addition, specific factors including a volatile event caused by a customer company, a stock price downturn, and the company size of a customer particularly improved stock price predictability in the pandemic.