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Gamba, Anthony <1993>. "Modelling electricity price and determination of the futures price." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16331.
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We discuss the characteristics of the electricity and its price in order to find suitable models for the specification of the fair futures price. The non-storability feature makes this commodity different from the others bringing several consequences in the determination of its price. Another difference with other commodities is that electricity has regional markets instead of global markets due to the fact that it is not simple to transport energy. It is also linked to other commodities such as natural gas because electricity can be produced from other sources of energy, and of course, this contributes to the formation of power prices. The consumption of electricity is also linked to the weather, so its usage is conditional to the seasons, implying evidence of seasonality in its time series. All these interesting features forced the researchers to find appropriate models to explain the behaviour of electricity spot prices because these models can be used for the determination of the forward prices. In this thesis we analyse the characteristics of electricity and its price, we discuss some of the models used in literature for the power price and the models to determine a fair futures price. The final part of the thesis is dedicated to the application of a model for the electricity spot price using real market data. Then, we want to determine if this model is a good choice for the determination of futures prices using futures contracts traded in the market.
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Ho, Kin-wai Patrick, and 何健偉. "Determination of issue price for share flotation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265327.
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Bryan, Jane Ann. "Price determination in the UK cereals market." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488068.
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Up until the mid 1980s it was consistently assumed that an increase in a policy price would lead to an equivalent and sustained increase in the corresponding market price. This has clearly not been the case for the UK cereals market. The principal concern of this research is therefore to identify the exact forces that determine market prices given imperfect policy price transmission. The UK cereals market exhibits unique characteristics which suggests particular directions for the analysis. The discontinuity of cereal production in combination with their non perishable nature implies that the supply of storage theory along with its intertemporal allocation aspects are of considerable importance in determining market prices. As a direct consequence of the supply of storage theory, one is compelled to consider the role that price expectations play in the decision of farmers to supply cereals onto the market. To fully incorporate these factors a structural model of monthly periodicity has been developed. A further advantage of this approach is that the impact of the Common Agricultural Policy's intervention system may be explicitly modelled. The marketing year is treated as finite implying that supply is given, initially by production and subsequently by carry in stocks. Farmers, food processors, international traders and the intervention agencies all have a demand for current consumption. Intervention demand is included in the modelling work as a function of the relationship between the spot price and the intervention price. Intervention demand is also subject to two conditions; firstly intervention must be active and secondly the market price must be below the intervention price. For the feed wheat and feed barley markets a separate set of ninety six simultaneous equations have been established to explain the seasonal interaction of prices and quantities within these dynamic markets. Since farmers are assumed to act rationally, price expectations are solved within a rational expectations hypothesis.
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Kitchenko, O. N. "Choice of marketing strategy of price determination." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/47019.
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Ho, Kin-wai Patrick. "Determination of issue price for share flotation /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302231.
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Runeson, Goran. "Models of construction price determination: A comparative appraisal." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107077/1/T%28BE%26E%29%201030%20Models%20of%20construction%20price%20determination%20a%20comparative%20appraisal.pdf.
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This study compares the neo-classical micro-economic theory with tendering theory in the context of price formation in the building industry. It examines the two theories and determins that while there are problems with the application of both theories, there are no a priori reasons why either theory should be inapplicable. After discussing the appropriate criteria for selecting between competing theories, the theories were compared on how well they explain and predict the impacts of changes in the level of activity in the market/industry, the distribution of tenders, the strategy for maximising profit, the winner's curse, the accuracy of estimates, the socially accepted price and adjustments to productive capacity. On all criteria the neo-classical model performed better than did the tendering theory. However, both theories have a non-falsifiable motivational core assumption. In
addition, neo-classical micro-economics has a set of ceteris paribus conditions and tendering theory has a probabilistic outcome which in practice means that neither theory is falsifiable. Although it is therefore not possible to verify or falsify either theory, the assumptions used in the neo-classical theory are more realistic and
clearly identify the domain of the theory, while the assumptions of tendering theory are such that the building industry is not likely to be part of its domain, and it is
therefore not applicable to the industry.
It is, however, possible to synthesise neo-classical micro-economics with elements of tendering theory into a neo-classical tendering theory that predicts the winning
price, the probability of success with a given bid and the potential profit probability density function. This theory has distinctly neo-classical characteristics. The units
of analysis are the firm and the market, not the individual tender or the industry. The profit maximising price is determined by market conditions. Tendering
decisions are made in two stages. The objective in stage 1 is to assess if the winning tender will be sufficiently high to satisfy the aims of the tenderer. In stage 2 the objective is to establish a bid with a desired probability of being successful or the desired risk/reward ratio.
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Jing, Yan. "Essays in competition and price determination in diverse markets." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45535.
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This thesis studies competition and price determination in three distinctly different markets. Chapter 2 carries out an empirical analysis of the effect of a non-uniform pricing strategy on box office revenues in the theatrical movie market. Using a rich and unique dataset of the Hong Kong market, a nested Principles of Differentiation (nested PD) demand model is estimated and the estimation results are used to simulate theaters' profits under the differential and uniform pricing strategies. The main finding is that differential pricing dominates the uniform pricing (demand effect) but gains from the differential pricing policy are limited due to intensified competition (competition effect).
Chapter 3 examines the relationship between prices and market structure in geographically isolated gasoline markets that are exposed to large demand shocks. The temporal variation in market size provides instrumental variables to overcome the classical endogeneity bias in the standard price-concentration regression. There is evidence of local market power in the studied markets. Additionally, the high margins that characterize concentrated markets dissipate quickly with the increase of the number of gas stations. The results also suggest that the regression analysis that does not account for the endogeneity between entry and prices will significantly underestimate the effect of market concentration on prices.
Chapter 4 studies a public sector problem in which a government faces the choice of using public-private partnerships (PPP) or more traditional public procurement approaches to procure public services. Specifically, a basic trade-off associated with PPPs is modeled: while PPPs marshal the power of competitive markets, they involve long-term contracts that may prove relatively inflexible. It is shown that the optimal choice between PPPs and public procurement depends on factors including the likelihood that changes will be necessary, the productivity of non-contractible effort exerted by private sector partners, the costs of switching, the difference between first-best and second-best projects, and the bargaining power of governments vis-à-vis private parties. It also shows that the optimal choice may depend on whether the government’s objective is to maximize “value for money” (i.e., deliver the right project at the lowest cost to taxpayers) or to maximize total social surplus.
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Fraser, W. D. "The price determination of property investments : Theory and evidence." Thesis, City University London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370931.
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Gehrig, Thomas. "Game theoretic models of price determination and financial intermediation." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1209/.
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The thesis is concerned with the evolution of prices in market economies. In the first chapter we analyze price competition among firms with limited capacities in the framework of the classical Bertrand Edgeworth model. For this model it is well known that a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies may not exist. We discuss the nature of this non-existence result. While enlarging the strategy space to include non-linear strategies in general does not suffice for existence in the simultaneous move game, the possibility of reactions to competitors' actions in a dynamic context may restore equilibrium. In the remaining part of the thesis we analyze intermediation in frictional markets. When market participants are informed only imperfectly about potential trading opportunities, search and negotiations may prove costly. In such markets intermediaries by publicly quoting prices can help to reduce the transactional costs of exchange. In chapter two we analyze the case, in which intermediaries have access to an information technology which informs the full market. We characterize equilibrium. The inability of market participants to coordinate market participation is reflected in a large variety of subgame perfect Nash equilibria. Using a refinement criterion we find that high valuation traders typically trade with intermediaries, while low valuation traders engage in search. Moreover, price competition among several intermediaries yields Walrasian outcomes. Nevertheless, the market exhibits the features of a natural monopoly. In chapter three we relax the assumption concerning the information technology. An intermediary's choice of an information network determines the size of his clientele and hence the probability of trading. In this case the size of the information network is viewed as a quality attribute by market participants and imperfect price competition among intermediaries obtains. We characterize the industrial structure of those markets as natural oligopolies. Consequently, there is no convergence to a fragmented industrial structure as the economy grows large. Still, as the largest competitors are of roughly equal size equilibrium allocations tend to be fairly competitive.
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Borggren, Lisa, Rebecca Grill, Susanna Lykken, and Maria Nilsson. "Demand based price determination for electricity consumers in private households." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295186.
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This report investigates the effects a demand based tariff would have on private electricity consumers and how it could contribute to a sustainable electrical grid. The fuse tariff that is currently used charges customers for their electricity usage and does not fully reflect the electrical grid load and thereby not the cost for the distribution system operators. A demand based tariff, that charges customers for their power peaks and promotes a change of behaviour better reflects the grid load and could lead to a more even grid distribution and a sustainable development. In light of this issue, two demand based tariffs have been constructed for the energy company Upplands Energi’s private customers’ current electricity consumption. One of the tariffs consists of a higher fixed cost and a lower variable cost and the other consists of a lower fixed cost and a higher variable cost, both leading to the same revenue för Upplands Energi. The two different demand based tariffs have been simulated and analysed, where the one with the lowest fixed cost is recommended since it gives customers higher economic incentives to change their electricity usage behaviour. It is essential that electricity retailers communicate the information of how the demand based tariff works to the customers in order to make them change their electricity behaviour to attain a sustainable grid.
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Tsogang, Motseothata Petrus. "Aspects of price determination using goal programming approaches / M.P. Tsogang." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/79.
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The use of goal programming in various real-world areas - including resource allocation,
engineering, agriculture and other applications - has increased a lot in the past few years.
The aim of this dissertation is to investigate goal programming approaches in determining
prices. Various aspects of price determination - such as cosls, existing prices, competitors'
prices, volume change due to price change and other aspects are incorporated in the
model in order to suggest reasonable and realistic prices. Taking just these factors into
account will not completely solve the problem, as there are usually certain goals that the
decision maker would like to achieve. For example, the decision maker would probably like
to attain an acceptable pre-specified minimum profit level without adjusting current prices
too much whilst keeping prices competitive to insure that customers are not lost in the
process of change. In this study, a goal programming model is developed for the
determining of products' prices with consideration of these goals. The model makes
provision for the change in demand due to the change in prices.Mini-dissertation (M.Com. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Gandil, Mohammad Maatoug. "The determination of housing price structures in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270160.
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Grandner, Thomas. "Market shares of price setting firms and trade unions." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1998. http://epub.wu.ac.at/236/1/document.pdf.
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In a unionized duopoly with price setting firms market shares in different wage determination settings are analyzed. I compare decentralized, centralized and sequential wage determination. In the decentralized setting the union in the more productive firm can exploit the differences in productivity for rising local wages. The rising wages in the more productive firm result in smaller differences of unit costs, therefore the market shares are split more equally in the decentralized setting than with centralized wage determination. Sequential wage determination results in an asymmetric outcome. Compared with the simultaneous case the market share of the wage-leader firm is smaller, because the competitor is able to undercut the wage. Additionally with sequential wage determination the union representing the workers of the more productive firm cannot exploit the productivity advantage by raising the wage rate by the same extent as in the simultaneous case. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Ersoz, Keriman Hande. "Price Determination For Bundled Products: Application For A Household Product Group." Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614640/index.pdf.
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The aim of this thesis is to search for the best way to allocate revenues gathered from a group of products in a household supplies company. In so doing, it purports to determine the price which brings customer perception and organizational benefit to equilibrium. To compare alternatives of revenue allocation methods, data obtained for a main product and its variants from a household company will be analyzed in an organized manner. Three ways of product bundling (pure bundling, mixed bundling, unbundling) is discussed as a framework for underlying different detailed aspects. In the end, pricing and promotional policies of the company is critically evaluated and simultaneous strategy changes are suggested.
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Okochi, Yoshie. "Endogenous participation and equilibrium price determination in housing and financial markets." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437840.
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Friberg, Kent. "Essays on Wage and Price Formation in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Economics, Stockholm University, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-304.
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Walker, Rachael. "Aggregate measures of output in transition economies : some practical and conceptual difficulties." Thesis, City University London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340051.
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Kahraman, Serhan. "Determination Of A Price Index For Escalation Of Building Construction Costs In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606388/index.pdf.
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Construction cost indices are developed to measure the degree of price variations in construction material and labor costs. However, each specific type of construction is a combination of unique set of materials and labor. As such, the degree of price variations referring to each specific type of construction shall be measured by specific price indices, in order to achieve more accurate results. In Turkey, Producer Price Index (PPI) published by State Statistics Institute is commonly used for the escalation of building costs. This study aims to compare the existing cost indices as well as new alternative cost indices in terms of their adequacy for the representation of variations in the building costs in Turkey. The developed price indices will be tested to measure their fit with the cost of building projects, will be compared with the price indices published by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and also State Statistics Institute, and finally the most adequate price indices among the examined ones to be used for building projects will be selected. Moreover, models representing past price movements will be developed.
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Bedrossian, Arakel. "An econometric analysis of the price determination process in the Greek manufacturing industries, 1963-1977." Thesis, University of York, 1986. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14053/.
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Paroissien, Emmanuel. "Essays in Empirical Economics on the Determination of Wine Prices." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0839.
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La vaste dispersion des prix et la grande variété des produits sur le marché du vin suscite un intérêt grandissant au sein de la communauté des économistes. Justement, les acteurs de ce marché sont en demande de nouveaux outils économiques pour comprendre les mutations récentes, dont la multiplication des experts influents et l'accélération de l'intégration des régions vinicoles à l'économie mondiale. Cette thèse se place au croisement des intérêts des économistes et des professionnels du vin en développant de nouvelles méthodes statistiques pour l'étude et la mesure de l'influences des déterminants des prix du vin. Chacun des quatre chapitres qui la compose propose une innovation méthodologique dont l'intérêt est illustré par une application empirique sur des données originales du marché des vins de Bordeaux. Le premier chapitre s'appuie sur des données météorologiques pour isoler la composante subjective des notes de dégustation et évaluer l'influence des critiques sur les prix de détail. Le deuxième chapitre introduit une méthode d'échelonnage pour comparer les scores de qualité estimés par plusieurs sources. Le troisième chapitre estime l'impact des médailles obtenues aux concours vinicoles sur les prix payés aux producteurs. Le quatrième et dernier chapitre compile une base de données exhaustive sur les déterminants macroéconomiques des fluctuations du marché Bordelais pour établir un modèle opérationnel de prévision des cours des vins par appellation d'origine contrôléeThe price dispersion and the variety of products on the wine market has attracted an increasing interest from the economists community. On the other end, the agents of this market require new economic tools to understand the recent evolutions, such as the multiplication of influential experts and the accelerating integration of the wine regions in the global economy. This dissertation aligns the interests of economists and wine professionals by developing new methods for the study and the impact measurement of wine prices determinants. Each of the four chapters constituting this thesis introduces a specific methodological innovation and illustrates its benefits with an empirical application using novel data on the Bordeaux wine market. The first chapter builds on weather data to identify the subjective component of tasting grades and assess the influence of experts on retail prices. The second chapter proposes a scaling method to compare quality scores among different sources. The third chapter estimates the causal impact of the obtention of a medal at wine competitions on the prices paid to producers. The fourth and last chapter assembles a comprehensive database on macro-level determinants of the fluctuations of the Bordeaux wine market to build an operational forecasting model of the average prices by protected appellation of origin
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Odifa, Fakunle Taiwo. "Monetary aspects of exchange rate determination, macroeconomic issues of a resource price increase in LDCs : a case study." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9109.
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The impact of the world oil price increases of the early 1970s and those that occured in the 1980s, and the corresponding growth in revenue for the Nigerian economy had two major effects. First, it affected the official exchange rates and its determination, hence fiscal developments for the country. At the same time, the windfall also led to an unbalanced sectoral change within the economy. Both the internal and external economic situation since the oil shock had shown persistent imbalances requiring adjustments. In analysing the oil shock effect, a comprehensive assessment of the influences of exchange rates and structural adjustment problems employs the valuable strengths of the monetary approach aspects of exchange rates determination; particularly on the question of external payments adjustment and of inflation of domestic price levels. The function of exchange rate as an instrument of stabilization policy in an economy such as Nigeria is imperative. A relatively stable exchange rate standard in a world of significant variability is important in evaluating the impact of exchange rate changes on the economy; precisely because the financial infrastructures are at the developing state. When tight controls on the foreign trade sector also lead to the establishment of an unofficial market in foreign exchange, the question of stability would depend on which of the two markets adjust quicker. The market with the more rapid rate of adjustment can therefore provide a guide to exchange rate policy performance. In analysing the stuctural adjustments impact of the oil revenues, features of both national and global economic environment that are significant for macroeconomic performance, which are also proximately related to exchange rates determination are considered by using the dutch-disease framework. By laying emphasis on the fuction of exchange rates mechanism and the impact of the oil revenue increases at macroeconomic level, the large and persistent misalignment of real exchange rates and the general economic policies of the oil boom era are thus analysed in-depth.
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Han, Frank Ming. "Seasonal and weekly price determination in a market for perishables : an econometric model of the California strawberry industry /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Westerberg, Tim, and Riad Karadja. "Price Development of Residential Assets in the Stockholm Inner City Areas : Regression Analysis of Macro Prudential Policies, Construction Levels and Determination of Price in the Tenant Owned Market." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254808.
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After the financial crisis in 2008 Sweden implemented a stricter monetary expansionary enforcement trying to stabilize the overall economy of the country. These measures have led to discussions about secular stagnation and an increased savings glut when the interest rate is lowered.Between 2013 and 2018, Stockholm has seen an increase of construction levels trying to meet the market demand of a somewhat neglected supply of housing. The import of the new tenant-owned assets has shown indications of not fulfilling the market demand as after stricter amortization requirements was implemented, the possibilities to purchase these assets has been somewhat limited.The research will focus on four inner city areas in Stockholm between the timeline, aiming to determine the household effect of a larger intake of supply and implemented regulations onto the price point of tenant-owned assets.Regression analysis is utilized to statistically determine the effects of these market conditions together with an overall analysis of the imposed dataset with a theoretical framework capitalizing models of the Stock-flow theory, Tobin’s Q and the four-quadrant model.Statistically the research regression model is built up with newly imposed variables such as user cost and new supply together with a variation of other independent variables determining effects the variables have had on the price development of tenant-owned assets. The empirical analysis then researches the mentioned scenarios together with individual area analysis in all of the specific research areas imposed by a hedonic cross-sectional method.The results of the paper indicate the amortization requirements as having a large part of the declining price development within the research areas. The new supply entering the market has had a small effect. Nevertheless, the intake of new supply has been greater than previous years, amounting to 30% over thetransaction volume at the end of 2018 indicating a large supply of tenant-owned assets that are not being sold.We conclude that the market is not in equilibrium and together with a large intake of new supply in a certain segment and strict amortization requirements, the price development has decreased indicating myopic and herd behavior by construction firms and developers that are advised to further increase and advance their strategies as well as tactics with deeper market analysis before processing new construction.Till följd av finanskrisen år 2008 implementerades striktare monetära krav på bostadsmarknaden med syftet att stabilisera ekonomin i landet och minska skuldsättningen hos hushållen. Dessa krav har skapat diskussioner om sekulär stagnation och en ökad benägenhet att spara vid låg ränta.Mellan 2013 och 2018 har Stockholm haft en betydlig ökning av nybyggda bostäder för att möta den efterfrågan som tillkommit som följd av tidigare låg byggnation. Tillkomsten av nya bostäder på marknaden har visat indikationer på att de inte möter den påstådda efterfrågan, detta till följd av de konsekvenser som striktare amorteringskrav har haft på hushållens förmåga att få tillgång till bostadslån.Denna uppsats kommer att fokusera på bostadsmarknaden i fyra områden av Stockholms innerstad med fokus på tidsramen innan samt efter implementeringen av amorteringskraven i samband med den ökade byggnationen. Målet är att redogöra för effekten på bostadspriserna av den ökade byggnationen i samband med de striktare amorteringskraven.Uppsatsen kommer att tillämpa regressionsanalys för att statistiskt kunna avgöra effekten av amorteringskraven samt nybyggnationen med data från Bostad 2.0 i samband med ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av Stock-flow, Tobin’s Q och Four-Quadrant modellen.Regressionsmodellen består av variabler som beskriver hushållens kostnader och mängden nytt utbud med en variation av andra oberoende variabler som bestämmer prisnivån på en bostad som storlek, antal rum, område och tiden för försäljningen.Resultatet av analysen påvisar att amorteringskraven har haft en betydande effekt av den nedåtgående prisutvecklingen i Stockholms innerstad. Den stora mängd nytt utbud har haft en liten effekt men transaktionsnivån har sjunkit vilket indikerar på att många bostäder inte har blivit sålda.Slutsatsen är att marknaden är i obalans där en stor mängd nytt utbud inte möter efterfrågan. Priset på bostäder har sjunkit det senaste året till följd av amorteringskraven och mängden nytt utbud indikerar att bostadsutvecklare inte har lyckats förutsemarknadsutvecklingen där bättre modeller och strategier behövs med mer djupgående analyser för att i framtiden kunna tillgodose marknadsutvecklingen för nybyggnation.
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RIBEIRO, MARCELA JACOB ALVES. "DETERMINATION OF BRAZILIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET PRICE AND VALUE OF ENERGY DERIVATIVES WITH MONTE CARLO SIMULATION APPROACH FOR GENETIC ALGORITHM." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18825@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRONo Brasil, o comportamento dos preços da energia elétrica no mercado de curto prazo é especialmente incerto, pois não segue um padrão definido e é obtido a partir de um modelo computacional e não pelo equilíbrio de mercado entre oferta e demanda. Diante disto o mercado de opções e derivativos ao mesmo tempo em que promissor, tendo em vista as experiências de outros países, é insipiente, pois os agentes não conseguem utilizar metodologias tradicionais para a precificação destes produtos e acabam formatando os valores por experiências empíricas e segundo aceitação do mercado. Muitos trabalhos já foram desenvolvidos propondo novas soluções para a previsão de preços modificando profundamente a estrutura atual, por outro lado o objetivo deste trabalho em sua primeira parte não busca modificar o modelo atual de previsão de preços que serve de alicerce para os contratos atuais, e por isso não pode ser desprezada. Este trabalho em sua primeira parte visa desenvolver um modelo para representar o comportamento dos preços no mercado de energia brasileiro e melhorar a previsão de preços que atualmente é fornecido pelo Newave, mas sem deslocar-se dos resultados gerados por ele. Em um segundo momento busca uma metodologia computacionalmente viável para determinar o valor de opções que podem ser oferecidas em contratos de opção de longo prazo. Para desenvolver a solução, foi proposto um processo estocástico que pudesse modelar a previsão dos preços no mercado de curto prazo reduzindo a volatilidade, mas sem se distanciar do atual modelo de previsão. Num segundo momento para permitir a precificação destes contratos este estudo aprofundou-se na teoria das opções que permite considerar as flexibilidades gerenciais, tendo por objetivo maximizar o retorno de uma determinada opção contratual. Assim, com o emprego de ferramentas como o Algoritmo Genético e Simulação Monte Carlo para aproximar a curva de exercício ótimo e o novo processo estocástico de formação de preço, foi possível determinar o valor das opções estudadas. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é criar uma metodologia coerente de precificação de opções contratuais, atualmente inexistente no mercado e que possa ser testada e avaliada pelos operadores, contribuindo para o aumento e desenvolvimento do mercado de derivativos no setor elétrico brasileiro.
In Brazil, the behavior of electricity prices in the short term market is especially uncertain, because it follows a pattern set and is obtained from a computer model rather than the market equilibrium between supply and demand. In view of this the market for options and derivatives at the same time as promising, given the experiences of other countries, know not, because the agents can not use traditional methods for the pricing of these products end up formatting the values and experiences and the second empirical market acceptance. Many works have been developed proposing new solutions for forecasting prices profoundly modifying the current structure, otherwise the objective of this work in the first part does not seek to modify the current model of forecasting prices that serves as the foundation for current contracts, and so it can not be neglected. This work in its first part aims to develop a model to represent the behavior of prices in the Brazilian energy market and improve the forecasting of prices that is currently provided by Newave, but without moving the results generated by it. In a second step a search computationally feasible method to determine the value of options that can be offered on contracts for the long term. To develop the solution, we proposed a stochastic model that could forecast the market price of reducing short-term volatility, but not away from the current forecasting model. In a second time to allow the pricing of these contracts this study deepened the theory of options that allows to consider the managerial flexibility, aiming to maximize the return on a particular option contract. Thus, with the use of tools such as Genetic Algorithms and Monte Carlo simulation to approximate the optimal exercise curve and the new stochastic process of price formation, it was possible to determine the value of the options studied. The main contribution of this work is to create a consistent methodology for pricing options contract, currently non-existent in the market and that can be tested and evaluated by the operators, contributing to the growth and development of the derivatives market in the Brazilian electric sector.
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Mugido, Worship. "The contribution of non-timber forest products to rural livelihoods and their price determination in different agro-ecological zones of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/5176.
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A large number of studies have been conducted on the contribution of different types of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to rural livelihoods. However, not many of these have considered the context in which these contributions are made, especially agro-ecological potential. Similarly, there are few studies that focus on the price setting of NTFPs in different settings as most are based on a single or relatively few sites. Thus, there is no indication of the prevalence of the different factors within a uniform macro context, nor how they might vary between different types of NTFPs. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to establish the contribution of NTFPs to rural livelihoods and their price determination in areas of varying agro-ecological potential of South Africa. The study used data from 1 200 randomly selected households across four agro-ecological zones of South Africa to quantify the contribution of NTFP income to total household income, the proportion of households selling at least a single NTFP and the nature and extent of use of NTFPs as safety nets in areas of varying agro-ecological potential. In addition, 300 sellers of NTFPs in 15 towns across South Africa were interviewed to assess the factors they take into account when setting prices. The findings of this study support the argument that the level of dependence on NFTPs varies with agro-ecological conditions. This was supported by the significant difference between the NTFP incomes of the following pairs of agro-ecological classes: very low and low, medium and high. About 6.4 % households reported selling one or more NTFPs for various reasons, with many (39 %) citing the need to earn cash income and limited employment opportunities (16.9 %). Income from trading NTFPs is undoubtedly an important source of cash income for many rural households. Thus, 300 sellers, selling either at home or in town, were interviewed and the majority (79.3 %) of the sellers reported that selling NTFPs was their main source of cash household income, with only 8 % and 5.7 % receiving their main cash household income from state child grants and state pension grants, respectively. The pricing factors considered by sellers when setting the prices of NTFPs tended to vary with the type of NTFP being sold, type of market (home markets or urban markets) and the method used by the seller to procure the stock. However, overall, transport costs (29 %), stock price (18.4 %), profit margin (12.7 %), time taken to collect or produce the product (7.3 %) and the market price (6.4 %) were the widely used factors to determine prices for NTFPs. The reported various pricing factors showed that there was no formal or certain price mechanism that was used by the sellers of NTFPs to establish the market prices of NTFPs. The study found that about 79 % of the total households interviewed experienced at least one shock of some magnitude in the previous 12 months. The most common shocks were illness (43 %), death (42 %), crop failure (29 %) and hunger (22 %). The households employed various coping strategies (21) in response to different types of shocks, with the three widely used strategies being assistance from friends and relatives (60.1 %), using cash savings (37.9%) and using NTFPs (35.6 %). Shocks, hunger or food shortage and crop failure were significantly and positively related to the usage of NTFPs as safety nets. Therefore, households who experienced hunger or food shortage and crop failure were likely to use NTFPs to cope with these shocks. The study concluded that NTFPs are an integral part of the rural livelihoods, especially for the households living close to the survival line.
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Shu, Buliao. "The impact of market structure on price determination : a simulation approach using multi-agent reinforcement learning in continuous state and action space." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90229.
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Thesis: M. Fin., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Master of Finance Program, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 37-38).
This thesis proposes a simulation tool to study the question of how market structure and market players' behavior affect price movements. The adaptive market simulation system consists of multiple agents and a centralized exchange. By applying reinforcement learning techniques, agents evolve and become capable of making intelligent trading decisions while adapting to changing market conditions. Trading dynamics in the real world are complex yet compelling. The presence of the human element in trading makes studying it via repeatable scientific models, especially on a large scale, very difficult and almost unfeasible. By making it possible to conduct controlled experiments under various market scenarios, this simulation seeks to help researchers gain a better understanding of how different types of traders affect price formation under distinct market scenarios. The impact of trading frequency on prices is also explored as a test of the simulation tool. Results suggest that the market generates richer information when the frequency of trading is high, and when the market is more frequently accessed, short-term market prices demonstrate higher volatilities and move faster in respond to market sentiments.
by Buliao (Jerry) Shu.
M. Fin.
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Marter, Gweneth. "Robert Parker’s Wine Advocate and the Consequential Pricing of Provençal Wines." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/973.
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Robert Parker is an esteemed, somewhat controversial wine-critic. Since 1978, Parker has assigned every wine he tastes a score between 50 and 100. He uses this method to communicate to both consumers and producers his opinion of the quality, taste, and aging potential of the wine. Between the years 2005 and 2015, Robert Parker graded 115 wines from the French region of Provence. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether and to what extent Robert Parker’s grades affect the price of wine. Through descriptive statistics and regression analysis of Robert Parker’s grade and year of production on the average price, I assess the effects of one expert’s opinion on the price of Provençal wine. My results show that, while there is a statistically significant relationship between Robert Parker’s grade and the price of wine, the relationship between the two variables has not varied considerably over the past ten years. In addition, my results show an indifference on the part of Provençal wine-producers in regards to pricing based on the grades their wines receive from the wine-critic. This led me to the conclusion that the relationship between price of wine and grade is not as strong as hypothesized. This is an interesting finding given the prevalence of consumer reports and expert-opinion based journals for consumable goods.
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Bukat, Michał Aleksander. "Purchasing Power Parity - Theory and Practice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206079.
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The thesis explains the theory of purchasing power parity and related concepts. It shows differences in prices and wages all around the globe and gives theoretical explanation of existing disparities. The goal is to find out how prices differ in reality, where costs of living are the highest or the lowest and what makes some products more or less expensive in different countries. In order to answer the questions the thesis deals with, the variety of sources was used, starting from economics textbooks, academic journals, literature reviews, the Economist website, a study of UBS 'Prices and Earnings', International Monetary Fund database and others.
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Tegze, Ondřej. "Vytvoření cenových podkladů pro stanovení tržního nájemného v bytech pro lokalitu Brno - Žabovřesky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232534.
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The aim of my diploma thesis is to prepare documents for price calculation and determination of the common rent in the suburb of Brno - Žabovřesky. In this work, I used information from executed leases Realtors Matras&Matras & Real Estate Ltd. and Dvorak. Analysis of factors affecting price formation I have devoted the factors that I considered at that locality as valid for determining the price and verifying their influence on rental prices. I added my own factor into the monitored critical factors. This factor is noise. As the analysis results showed it was a major factor that significantly affects the final price of the lease. His inclusion among the decisive factors was correct. By setting standards and calculation of coefficients, I obtain results that helped determine the normal cost of rent and contributed to the view of the importance of determining the level of the individual factors to calculate the final rental price. Data collection, analysis and examination of the relationships between the key factors, I see as a guide for calculating the normal price, which will be used by districts and the real estate market.
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Corey, Steven M. "The Trends In and Relationships Between Tuition Price, Institutional Aid, Enrollment, and Tuition Revenue and Their Determination of the Net Revenue Generated by Colleges and Universities from 1988 to 2000." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195551.
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This study utilizes descriptive statistics and regression analysis to evaluate trends in and relationships between tuition price, institutional aid, enrollment, and tuition revenue and their determination of the net revenue generated by colleges and universities. In doing so, it defines how much institutions generate in net revenue utilizing a new metric, net revenue generation rate (NRGR). This allows a new way of thinking about the relationship between the listed tuition price, the investment in aid, and the resultant gain or loss incurred by institutions due to pricing and aiding strategies. Additionally, it explores NRGR in the context of various tuition prices and institutional types over an extended period of time, as no other previous study has done. Publics institutions with higher tuition prices generate higher NRGR's. The opposite is found for private institutions. However as price increases, NRGR decreases. Larger enrollments relate to higher NRGR's, however increases in enrollment negatively influence NRGR for public institutions and positively influence private instituion's NRGR. Baccalaureate, Doctoral, and institutions of higher selectivity produce the largest net revenue per student, yet do so at the lowest NRGR's.This study also introduces the first assessment of marginal NRGR as a means of directly measuring the impact of increasing tuition price on aid and how much institutions make from an increase in tuition. As institutions increase tuition price, institutional aid increases, decreasing the amount of incremental revenue generated from the change in tuition price. This behavior is most clear for private institutions and varies by institutional type.This study also introduces a number of theoretical explanations for pricing and aiding behaviors and their potential effects on the net revenue they generate. This includes a commitment to meeting student financial need as well as attempts to maximize quality and net revenue.Finally, this study provides the first comprehensive use of IPEDS data to address these questions. In doing so, it provides significant gains in the methodology and application of this data set for use in answering questions about tuition price, institutional aid, and net revenue generation across a broad array of institutional types over extended periods of time.
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XAVIER, Nat??lia Magdaleno. "Evid??ncias de isomorfismo na forma????o do pre??o em empresas de micro e pequeno porte da regi??o do grande abc." FECAP, 2017. http://tede.fecap.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/771.
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Managers are always looking for innovation for their companies, but are often pressured to behave in a certain way, on account of an existing law, an established standard or seeking acceptance / legitimation. In this paper, we sought to identify and analyze the formation of sales price with the managers and verify the isomorphism evidence in the practices adopted in micro and small businesses in the region of Grande ABC Paulista. Since sales price is a vital decision for businesses regardless of size, area of focus, location or age, as there are several factors that influence this process and some different methods can be used to define it. It is a descriptive and quali-quantitative research, whose data were collected in two stages. In the first stage, in-depth interviews were conducted with nine managers of these businesses. The content analysis to was applied to the interpretation of the findings, seeking subsidies for the sequence of the investigation. It was possible to perceive that there is no pattern in the pricing process among the interviewees. About 50% reported having a logical process, and other 50% more intuitive; all the managers participating in the interviews stated that they were attentive to the market reaction on their price, consider mainly the price of their competitors and its own cost structure, but assign diferente degrees of importance. After conducting the interviews, the 122 questionnaires have applied to managers of micro and small business in Grande ABC Paulista region. It was verified that researched managers are aware of the strategic importance of pricing strategic, and the most most used pricing method among micro and small business in Grande ABC Paulista region is mixed sales price method, and it was possible to verify that there is isomorphism evidence in this process, especially the mimetic mechanism, despite haven???t appear in a strong and explicit way.
Os gestores est??o sempre em busca de inova????o para suas empresas, mas muitas vezes s??o pressionados a se comportar de forma semelhante ??s outras empresas, por conta de uma lei, um padr??o estabelecido ou em busca de aceita????o/legitima????o. Neste trabalho, buscou-se identificar e analisar evid??ncias de isomorfismo nas pr??ticas de forma????o do pre??o de venda junto aos gestores de micro e pequenas empresas da regi??o do Grande ABC Paulista. Visto que pre??o de venda ?? uma decis??o vital para as empresas independente do porte, ??rea de atua????o, localiza????o ou idade, visto que h?? v??rios fatores que influenciam este processo, e m??todos diferentes podem ser usados para defini-lo. ?? uma investiga????o descritiva, qualitativa e quantitativa, cujos dados foram coletados em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com nove gestores dessas empresas. Aplicou-se a an??lise de conte??do para interpreta????o dos achados, buscando subs??dios para a sequ??ncia da investiga????o. Constatou-se que n??o h?? um padr??o no processo de forma????o de pre??o de venda entre os entrevistados. Cerca de 50% afirmaram ter um processo l??gico, e os outros 50% mais intuitivo; todos os participantes das entrevistas declararam estar atentos ?? rea????o do mercado ao seu pre??o; consideram, principalmente, o pre??o dos seus concorrentes e a sua pr??pria estrutura de custos, mas atribuem graus de import??ncia diferentes. Ap??s a realiza????o das entrevistas foram aplicados 122 question??rios a gestores de micro e pequenas empresas da regi??o do Grande ABC Paulista. Constatou-se que os gestores pesquisados tem consci??ncia da import??ncia estrat??gica da decis??o de forma????o de pre??o, e que o m??todo de forma????o de pre??o de venda mais usado entre as micro e pequenas empresas da regi??o do Grande ABC Paulista ?? o misto, e foi poss??vel verificar que h?? evid??ncia de isomorfismo nesse processo, com destaque para o mecanismo mim??tico, apesar de n??o aparecer de maneira forte e expl??cita.
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Johnson, Ike Jay. "Essays on the microstructure of the market pre-opening period." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-the-microstructure-of-the-market-preopening-period(4cd12b17-fd99-49d8-b395-2fbd11192228).html.
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This thesis consists of three related essays that examine investors' order submission strategies during the pre-opening period on the Malta Stock Exchange. The pre-opening is a period of liquidity formation and price discovery characterised by the absence of trade execution. The three essays collectively examine the information content of the order book in relation to: the intensity of order submissions, the aggressiveness of investors' order placement strategy and the determination of returns generated over the pre-opening period.The first essay empirically investigates if public information concerning the current state of the order book impacts the duration between order arrivals. Utilizing an augmented ACD model, the research reveals that the information which can be inferred from the characteristics of incoming orders has a more significant impact on the intensity of buy order submissions as compared to sell order submissions during the pre-opening period. Furthermore, prospective buyers appear to be more responsive to liquidity provided by the sell side than the reverse. Locked or crossed order submissions tend to increases (decreases) the intensity of order flow on the own (opposite) side of the order book, corroborating Cao et al. (2000) that such order-types contain informative signals about the fundamental value of the asset.The second essay analyses the impact of limit order book information on the aggressiveness observed in the submission, revision and cancellation of limit orders during the market pre-opening period. The empirical results indicate that the aggressiveness of order submissions and forward price revisions react both to the existing and subsequent changes in the execution probability at market opening, driven in part by the depth on either side of the order book. The aggressiveness of order cancellations increases on both sides of the order book when the depth at the top of the ask order book increases. In addition, the results suggest that the order book height and size of the inside spread impacts the aggressiveness of order submissions, revisions and cancellations.The third essay studies the contribution of the pre-opening period to the daily price discovery process and the factors that impact the return generated over this period. The results indicate that approximately one third of daily price discovery occurs in the pre-opening period. In addition, the impact of relative depth and height of the overnight and opening order book are concentrated at the top of the order book. Furthermore, cumulative changes to relative depth attributable to order submissions most significantly impact the opening returns of less actively traded stocks. The results show a strong relationship between opening returns and cumulative changes in the relative height along the order book attributable to order submissions, cancellations and forward and backward price revisions over the pre-opening period.
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Neubauer, Ondřej. "Kalkulace výrobních nákladů ve firmě Tomášek Milan - TOMEX." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224527.
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This thesis is focused on the calculation of production costs with the introduction of licensed production of submersible sludge pumps in company Tomasek Milan - TOMEX. The aim of this work is the introduction of licensed production and determine the manufacturing cost. In the theoretical section describes the methods for determining a production layout, calculation methods and methods of return on investment. The practical part deals with the determination of a suitable arrangement of production, production calculations and evaluation of overall investment.
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Bernardi, Arlos Renato. "Cálculo do preço de venda como fator de competitividade para produtos fabricados por micro e pequenas indústrias." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2476.
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Previous issue date: 2005-03-15T00:00:00ZThis thesis, entitled "Calculation of retail price as an important factor of competitive advantage for manufactured products by small business", will present a mathematical model for product price calculation in small business. These model are founded in the Accountant Theory and in the way that prices are calculated by these industries. These retail prices, calculated by this model, must be seen by the companies as the smallest possible prices able to lead them to their planned targets, since the products made by them are manufactures and sold according to a deadline and quantity previously considered at the moment of prices arrangements, and not further investments will be needed. Therefore, these prices are classified as competitive for some products, regarding the real competition.
Esta tese de conclusão do curso de doutoramento em Administração de Empresas, a qual tem por título Cálculo do preço de venda como fator de competitividade para produtos fabricados por micro e pequenas indústrias, tem como objetivo apresentar e validar um modelo, o qual consiste em uma equação matemática. O referido modelo está fundamentado na teoria contábil e os preços de venda dos produtos, através dele calculados, deverão ser interpretados pelas empresas, suas fabricantes, como sendo os menores possíveis de serem praticados, capazes de conduzi-las aos seus objetivos de resultados previamente estabelecidos, desde que esses produtos sejam fabricados e vendidos por essas indústrias dentro dos padrões de tempos de produção e em quantidades periódicas previamente orçadas e consideradas no modelo no momento das suas precificações, bem como sem investimentos adicionais aos já estabelecidos. Portanto, esses preços são classificados como sendo os competitivos desses produtos, em vista da realidade competitiva.
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Chen, M. C. "The determination of house prices in Taiwan : long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597523.
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The primary purpose of this thesis is to formulate long-run equilibrium and short-run dynamic models to explain house price behaviour in Taiwan. The dynamic causal relationships between house price and its determinants are also examined. There are three key elements in this study; the influence of economic growth and housing investment demand through money supply on house prices; the significance of the structural change in the late 1980s; the effect of short-run excess demand fuelling price expectations. The main contribution of this study is to use cointegration analysis to model house prices in Taiwan. The house price models basically follow the stock adjustment approach with the housing market as service and investment markets. Given the strong investment demand, particularly over the past thirty years, monetary variables are considered in the models to capture the impact of liquidity emanating both from domestic and foreign monetary expansion in the economy. In addition, both backward and forward looking concepts are introduced into the user cost term to capture the price expectations. This thesis also attempts to use the non-linear function to capture the rapid price adjustment. The long-run equilibrium model suggests that house price is a function of permanent income, housing completions and construction costs. The results find that housing completions having the largest elasticity coefficient appear to be the driving force behind fluctuation in Taiwanese house prices in the long-run. For the short-run analysis, all the dynamic house price models successfully capture the rapid adjustment behaviour of house price series and achieve satisfactory results. The investment demand variables represented by domestic and foreign monetary expansion are significant in the short-run models. The non-linear variable that captures the rapid adjustment behaviour in house price series is significant, but its improvement to model's explanation is limited.
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Остап'юк, Н. А. "Інфляція у визначенні фінансового результату." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62103.
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Інфляція проникає в усі галузі економіки, впливає на діяльність
підприємства, не обмежуючись окремими суб’єктами чи операціями. Свого
часу К. Дигало влучно відмітив, що “Інфляція, як і час, не щадить нікого і
нічого, в тому числі й активи підприємства. Тому баланс підприємства, що
не враховує вплив інфляції, як фотографія тридцятирічної давності дами
похилого віку абсолютно не відповідає тому, що ми бачимо”.
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BLOQUEL, FRANCOIS. "Prise en compte du caractere biphase des couches cementees dans la determination des contraintes residuelles par diffractometrie x." Paris, ENSAM, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENAM0032.
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Le traitement thermochimique de cementation par le carbone genere en surface des aciers des contraintes residuelles macroscopiques benefiques de compression. La nature biphasee des couches cementees est generalement omise dans la determination des contraintes residuelles par diffraction des rayons x car seule la martensite, phase majoritaire, est consideree. La prise en compte de l'austenite residuelle permet d'aborder l'etude des contraintes residuelles de cementation d'une nouvelle maniere. Dans ce travail, les contraintes evaluees dans chaque phase sont en compression a l'issue de la trempe ou des post-traitements thermiques. Une caracterisation basee sur la diffraction des rayons x (quantification de phases, mesures de parametres de maille, elargissement de pic et contraintes residuelles) permet d'obtenir des resultats necessaires a la description de la distribution des contraintes en profondeur dans chaque phase. Tous ces parametres obtenus par diffraction x sont decrits pour differents etats de traitements thermiques: brut de trempe, revenu ou traite par le froid. Les contraintes dans chaque phase ont ensuite ete etudiees sous sollicitation de flexion quatre points monotone et cyclique. La destabilisation d'une fraction d'austenite residuelle a ete mise en evidence lors du chargement en traction des couches cementees, generant ainsi des contraintes residuelles macroscopiques de compression supplementaires. Le chargement en compression n'affecte pas les contraintes macroscopiques mais genere la relaxation des contraintes dans l'austenite et l'augmentation des contraintes dans la martensite. Ces observations traduisent la plastification de l'austenite residuelle lors de la mise en compression alors que la martensite presente un comportement purement elastique dans le domaine de charge etudie
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Semenenko. "SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZING THE DETERMINATION OF PRICES FOR AIR TICKETS IN CONDITIONS OF CASUAL DEMAND." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33899.
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NOAT, PIERRE. "Determination experimentale et prise en compte dans un code de calcul par elements finis de l'anisotropie mecanique d'alliages d'aluminium lamines." Paris, ENMP, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENMP0706.
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L'objet de ce travail a ete l'etude de l'influence de l'anisotropie mecanique d'alliages d'aluminium au cours du laminage et de sa prise en compte dans un code par elements finis. L'analogie du developpement de la texture cristallographique au cours du laminage a chaud et du bipoinconnement a ete etudiee pour differents alliages d'aluminium. L'anisotropie mecanique a ete determinee par la mesure du coefficient de lankfod et de la contrainte d'ecoulement suivant sept angles dans la direction de laminage pour des toles presentant des textures de deformation et de recristallisation. A partir de ces essais, les coefficients d'un critere de hill quadratique ont ete determines pour chacune des toles. Trois modeles polycristallins, un modele cmtp, un modele de taylor et un modele auto-coherent ont ete utilises pour predire les developpements d'anisotropie mecanique et de texture cristallographique au cours de la deformation. Le modele auto-coherent a donne les resultats les plus en accord avec l'experience. Le critere de hill et une loi de comportement de sellars et teggart ont ete implementes dans un code tridimensionnel par elements finis. L'influence de l'anisotropie sur l'elargissement au cours du laminage et du bipoinconnement a ete mise en evidence. Une procedure qui prevoie la fraction recristallisee pendant l'inter passe et qui utilise cette valeur pour calculer la contrainte d'ecoulement a ete developpee et integree dans le code de calcul. Les previsions de fraction recristallisee apres la derniere passe du laminage reversible ont ete en accord avec les observations effectuees sur des toles industrielles. Le champ de vitesse calcule par le code de calcul a ete utilise par un modele de taylor pour predire l'evolution de texture au cours des quatre passes du laminage tandem, le modele de taylor a ete integre au code de calcul
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Filho, Edmar Honorato de Sousa. "AnÃlise da demanda e modelos de preÃos hedÃnicos no mercado imobiliÃrio da cidade de Fortaleza." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2004. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1472.
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nÃo hÃO presente trabalho consiste no estudo dos determinantes econÃmicos que contribuem para a formaÃÃo dos preÃos do mercado imobiliÃrio da cidade de Fortaleza, Estado do CearÃ, na Ãtica dos agentes econÃmicos de demanda, fundamentado na teoria dos preÃos hedÃnicos ou preÃos implÃcitos. O modelo proposto pelo trabalho investiga preÃos implÃcitos na curva de utilidade de um agente de demanda segmentado em dois grupos: consumidor direto do bem habitaÃÃo e o investidor em imÃveis, que incorpora adicionalmente atributos econÃmicofinanceiros que medem o grau de risco e retorno na formaÃÃo dos preÃos hedÃnicos. O estudo estima os preÃos hedÃnicos atravÃs de uma regressÃo segmentada por tipo de imÃvel dos preÃos observados contra os diversos atributos distribuÃdos nos vetores de caracterÃsticas fÃsicas, locacionais, econÃmicas e financeiras. A amostra selecionada para estimaÃÃo do modelo à formada pelas transaÃÃes imobiliÃrias de lanÃamentos ocorridas na cidade (perÃodo de 1995 a 2003), bem como terrenos urbanos (perÃodo de 1995 a 1998), perfazendo o montante de 4.467 ocorrÃncias imobiliÃrias, sendo 876 apartamentos residenciais, 1969 flats, 539 terrenos e 1622 salas comerciais. O trabalho investiga ainda as principais caracterÃsticas do mercado imobiliÃrio, estima a funÃÃo de demanda imobiliÃria para a cidade de Fortaleza, fornecendo diagnÃstico da dinÃmica habitacional dessa metrÃpole e identifica o comportamento de risco imobiliÃrio dos bairros da cidade de Fortaleza.
The present work consists of the study of the economical determinants that contribute to the formation of the prices of the real estate market of the city of Fortaleza (CearÃ), in the optics of the economical agents of demand, based in the hedonic or implicit prices theory. The model considered for the work investigates implicit prices in the curve of utility of an agent of demand segmented in two groups: direct consumer of the good house and the investor in properties, that it incorporates economical-financial additionally that measure the degree of risk and return in the formation of the hedonic prices. The study esteem the hedonic prices through a regression segmented by type of property of the prices observed against the several attributes distributed in the vectors of physical, location, economical and financial characteristics. The sample selected for estimate of the model is formed by the real estate transactions of occured launchings in the city (period from 1995 to 2003), as well as urban lands (period from 1995 to 1998), totalize the sum of 4.467 real estate occurrences, being 876 residential apartments, 1969 flats, 539 lands and 1622 commercial rooms. The work still investigates the main characteristics of the real estate market, it esteem the function of real estate demand for the city of Fortaleza, supplying diagnosis of the habitation dynamics of that metropolis and identifies the behavior of real estate risk of the quarters of the city of Fortaleza.
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Al, Mdagho Almokhtar. "La notion de dommage causé par le dumping selon les accords de l'OMC." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR1004/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner, selon les règles et la jurisprudence de l’OMC, la définition et le contenu du dommage causé par le dumping à une branche de production de l’industrie nationale. Cela nécessite, d’une part, d’établir les éléments qui entrent en ligne de compte dans le calcul du dommage ainsi que dans la détermination de l’existence de ce dommage, et d’autre part, d’identifier un lien de causalité entre le dommage subi et le dumping. Une fois ces éléments établis, les Membres de l’OMC sont autorisés à recourir à des mesures antidumping dont l’objectif est de neutraliser les effets dommageables du dumping et de rétablir l’équilibre dans le marché local. Par conséquent, dans le souci d’éviter que des mesures abusives soient mises en place, les mesures et leur modalité d’application sont prescrites par les règles de l’OMC. Elles sont au nombre de trois, à savoir les droits antidumping provisoires, les droits définitifs et l’engagement de prixThe purpose of this research is to examine, in accordance with WTO rules and case law, the definition and the content of the injury caused to one part of the domestic industry by dumping. This requires the need to establish the elements to be taken into account when determining then calculating the injury, and to identify a causal link between the injury suffered by the domestic industry and dumping. Once these elements have been established, WTO members are allowed to use anti-Dumping measures aimed at cancelling out the damaging effects of dumping and restoring balance in the local market. Therefore, with the view to avoiding abusive measures to be put in place, WTO rules prescribe three measures which are provisional anti-Dumping duties, definitive duties and price undertaking, as well as their conditions for application
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ABEDI, MOHAMMAD-TAGHI. "L'arbitre international de droit prive face au probleme des conflits de lois. (etude du probleme du droit applicable au fond du litige et des methodes de sa determination a la lumiere des sentences arbitrales de la c. C. I. )." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT4003.
Full textAbstract:
L'absence de lex fori dans l'arbitrage international de droit prive a ete generalement consideree comme un signe fort de la soustraction de l'institution - avec tous ses aspects (la convention d'arbitrage, la procedure proprement dite et le fond du litige)- a l'emprise de toute loi etatique, de sorte qu'on n'ait pas hesite de le considerer comme un terrain ou l'internationalisation et le depassement des conflits de lois se realiserait avec toutes les consequences qui en decoulent. En somme, l'arbitrage est considere comme un facteur de l'elimination des conflits de lois et de l'unification du droit. En effet, cette unification s'est confirmee, dans les annees recentes, par l'emergence de la doctrine lex mercatoria autour de laquelle la discussion est ardente. En fait, l'intitule de notre recherche atteste suffisamment a la position prise dans ce debat, puisqu'il suppose qu'il soit toujours possible de maintenir l'arbitrage, du moins en ce qui concerne le fond du litige, sous l'emprise d'un ordre juridique national sans pour autant considerer l'arbitre comme l'organe de l'etat dont la loi est jugee apte a regir le contrat litigieux. L'idee est concevable a condition que l'on se fonde sur le principe general et fondamental du rattachement des contrats internationaux a un ordre juridique determine soutenu tant sur le plan interne qu'international. C'est en quelque sorte la creation d'un rattachement ou d'un for arbitral- proche de celui propose par la doctrine de states contracts- qui a pour fonction de combler le vide juridique devant lequel se trouve l'arbitre international. Ceci dit, l'ordre juridique de base de, sinon tous les contrats internationaux du moins ceux prives est regulierement un ordre juridique national quelconque. Partant de cet element de base, l'arbitre pourra, par une synthese, localiser les contrats litigieux dans la sphere d'un systeme juridique determine. Dans cette perspective, l'application frequente, par l'arbitre, des usages du commerce international sans le souci de la designation de l'ordre juridique dans lequel ces derniers puisent leur autorite, ne contredit en rien ce rattachement de base. Car, ces usages font parties integrantes du principe general de l'interpretation suppletive admis par tous les systemes juridiques du monde. En d'autres termes, ils ne disposent pas d'une particularite, tant par leur nature que par leur origin
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Ananias, Camila Roberta. "Uma reflexão sobre a precificação dos honorários contábeis, mudanças e tendências do mercado." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20881.
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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-16T12:14:05Z
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The present study looked for how to know the impact of the Brazilian economic recessive situation, as this has influenced the pricing policy of accounting remunerations. The future of accounting in Brazil has been bringing changes regarding the virtual accounting firms that provide the service in an on-line and digital way, acting technologically with the client. The general objective was to reflect on the ways in which the market prices are priced and the technological world reality in accounting firms. The research approach was qualitative and descriptive, whose objective was to analyze the pricing characteristics used by accounting firms, the use of the questionnaire was employed. The study concluded that the accounting entrepreneur should measure in each remuneration, the hours provided, the costs involved, the margin of costs, the taxation for the definition of the price and the limit of the discount, if any. The study showed that there are accounting offices that do not have pricing criteria for their remunerations. The work has helped to alert managers of accounting firms to rethink pricing
O presente estudo procurou conhecer o impacto da situação econômica recessiva brasileira e como ela tem influenciado a política de preços dos honorários contábeis. O futuro da contabilidade no Brasil vem trazendo mudanças para as empresas contábeis virtuais que prestam serviço de modo on-line e digital, atuando tecnologicamente com o cliente. O objetivo geral foi refletir sobre formas e tendências da precificação no mercado quanto aos custos e sobre a realidade mundial tecnológica existente nas empresas de contabilidade. A abordagem da pesquisa foi qualitativa e descritiva. Para analisar as características de precificação utilizadas por empresas contábeis foi empregado o uso de questionário. A conclusão deste estudo é que o empresário contábil deve mensurar, em cada honorário, as horas prestadas, os custos envolvidos, a margem, a tributação para a definição do preço e o limite do desconto, se houver. Demonstrou que ainda existem escritórios de contabilidade que não têm critério de precificação dos seus honorários. O trabalho contribuiu para alertar gestores de empresas contábeis sobre a necessidade de repensar formas de precificação
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Paglia, Gianluca. "Determination of the structure of y-alumina using empirical and first principle calculations combined with supporting experiments." Thesis, Curtin University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2341.
Full textAbstract:
Aluminas have had some form of chemical and industrial use throughout history. For little over a century corundum (α-Al2O3) has been the most widely used and known of the aluminas. The emerging metastable aluminas, including the γ, δ, η, θ, κ, β, and χ polymorphs, have been growing in importance. In particular, γ-Al2O3 has received wide attention, with established use as a catalyst and catalyst support, and growing application in wear abrasives, structural composites, and as part of burner systems in miniature power supplies. It is also growing in importance as part of the feedstock for aluminium production in order to affect both the adsorption of hydrogen fluoride and the feedstock solubility in the electrolytic solution. However, much ambiguity surrounds the precise structure of γ-Al2O3. Without proper knowledge of the structure, understanding the properties, dynamics and applications will always be less than optimal. The aim of this research was to contribute towards settling this ambiguity. This work was achieved through extensive computer simulations of the structure, based on interatomic potentials with refinements of promising structures using density functional theory (DFT), and a wide range of supporting experiments. In addition to providing a more realistic representation of the structure, this research has also served to advance knowledge of the evolution of the structure with changing temperature and make new insights regarding the location of hydrogen in γ-Al2O3.Both the molecular modelling and Rietveld refinements of neutron diffraction data showed that the traditional cubic spinel-based structure models, based on m Fd3 space group symmetry, do not accurately describe the defect structure of γ-Al2O3. A more accurate description of the structure was provided using supercells of the cubic and tetragonal unit cells with a significant number of cations on c symmetry positions. These c symmetry based structures exhibited diffraction patterns that were characteristic of γ-Al2O3. The first three chapters of this Thesis provide a review of the literature. Chapter One provides a general introduction, describing the uses and importance of the aluminas and the problems associated with determining the structure of γ-Al2O3. Chapter Two details the research that has been conducted on the structure of vi γ-Al2O3 historically. Chapter Three describes the major principles behind the computational methods employed in this research. In Chapter Four, the specific experimental and computational techniques used to investigate the structure of γ-Al2O3 are described. All preparation conditions and parameters used are provided. Chapter Five describes the methodology employed in computational and experimental research. The examination of the ~ 1.47 billion spinel-based structural possibilities of γ-Al2O3, described using supercells, and the selection of ~ 122,000 candidates for computer simulation, is detailed. This chapter also contains a case study of the structure of κ-Al2O3, used to investigate the applicability of applying interatomic potentials to solving complex structures, where many possibilities are involved, and to develop a systematic procedure of computational investigation that could be applied to γ-Al2O3. Chapters Six to Nine present and discuss the results from the experimental studies.Preliminary heating trials, performed to determine the appropriate preparation conditions for obtaining a highly crystalline boehmite precursor and an appropriate calcination procedure for the systematic study of γ-Al2O3, were presented in Chapter Six. Chapter Seven details the investigation of the structure from a singletemperature case. Several known structural models were investigated, including the possibility of a dual-phase model and the inclusion of hydrogen in the structure. It was demonstrated that an accurate structural model cannot be achieved for γ-Al2O3 if the cations are restricted to spinel positions. It was also found that electron diffraction patterns, typical for γ-Al2O3, could be indexed according to the I41/amd space group, which is a maximal subgroup of m Fd3 . Two models were presented which describe the structure more accurately; Cubic-16c, which describes cubic γ-Al2O3 and Tetragonal-8c, which describes tetragonal γ-Al2O3. The latter model was found to be a better description for the γ-Al2O3 samples studied. Chapter Eight describes the evolution of the structure with changing calcination temperature. Tetragonal γ-Al2O3 was found to be present between 450 and 750 °C. The structure showed a reduction in the tetragonal distortion with increasing temperature but at no stage was cubic γ-Al2O3 obtained. Examination of the progress of cation migration indicates the reduction in the tetragonal nature is due to ordering within inter-skeletal oxygen layers of the unit cell, left over from the breakdown of the hydroxide layers of boehmite when the transformation to γ-Al2O3 occurred. Above 750 °C, δ-Al2O3 was not observed, but a new phase was identified and designated γ.-Al2O3.The structure of this phase was determined to be a triple cell of γ-Al2O3 and is herein described using the 2 4m P space group. Chapter Nine investigates the presence of hydrogen in the structure of γ-Al2O3. It was concluded that γ-Al2O3 derived from highly crystalline boehmite has a relatively well ordered bulk crystalline structure which contains no interstitial hydrogen and that hydrogen-containing species are located at the surface and within amorphous regions, which are located in the vicinity of pores. Expectedly, the specific surface area was found to decrease with increasing calcination temperature. This trend occurred concurrently with an increase in the mean pore and crystallite size and a reduction in the amount of hydrogen-containing species within the structure. It was also demonstrated that γ-Al2O3 derived from highly crystalline boehmite has a significantly higher surface area than expected, attributed to the presence of nano-pores and closed porosity. The results from the computational study are presented and discussed in Chapter Ten. Optimisation of the spinel-based structural models showed that structures with some non-spinel site occupancy were more energetically favourable. However, none of the structural models exhibited a configuration close to those determined from the experimental studies. Nor did any of the theoretical structures yield a diffraction pattern that was characteristic of γ-Al2O3. This discrepancy between the simulated and real structures means that the spinel-based starting structure models are not close enough to the true structure of γ-Al2O3 to facilitate the derivation of its representative configuration.Large numbers of structures demonstrate migration of cations to c symmetry positions, providing strong evidence that c symmetry positions are inherent in the structure. This supports the Cubic-16c and Tetragonal-8c structure models presented in Chapter Seven and suggests that these models are universal for crystalline γ-Al2O3. Optimisation of c symmetry based structures, with starting configurations based on the experimental findings, resulted in simulated diffraction patterns that were characteristic of γ-Al2O3.
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ORLOVAS, Anatoli Dias. "A utiliza????o de m??ltiplos para a precifica????o de IPO???s no mercado brasileiro." FECAP, 2017. http://tede.fecap.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/751.
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The objective of this study is to verify if the use of multiples for valuation of companies during their initial public offering is a good predictor of their stock prices. For this study, 71 IPO???s from the Brazilian market that met the selection criteria were analyzed among 117 IPO???s that were approved by the CVM during the period from 2004 to 2014, using the three valuation multiples with higher incidence of recommendations among the analyzed scientific studies surveyed for the elaboration of this work: Price to Book, Price to Earnings and Enterprise Value to EBITDA. This study has compared the multiples of IPOs with the same multiples of companies belonging to the same sector of activity (peers), in two distinct moments: (i) the day of the IPO's and (ii) the day before of the IPO. The analysis was structured in three models: (i) relating the multiple of the IPO to the mean, median and harmonic mean of this same multiple for their peers, (ii) adding dummies related to the year of IPO in the previous model and (iii) adding variables related to size, leverage and return to the previous model. For all models, MQO regressions were performed. As a result, the work found statistical significance to the multiple Price to Earnings when the mean was used in the Model III, showing significance with the use of the difference of returns. Statistical significance was also founded to the multiple Enterprise Value to EBITDA when the mean was used to the Model I, which show the best adjustments demonstrated by R??, although it did not find statistical significance for the Price to Book multiple.
O trabalho a seguir tem por objetivo analisar se a utiliza????o de m??ltiplos para a avalia????o de empresas no momento de sua abertura de capital ?? um bom previsor para o pre??o das a????es destas empresas. Para este trabalho foram analisados 71 IPO???s do mercado brasileiro que atenderam aos crit??rios de sele????o entre os 117 IPO???s que foram aprovadas pela Comiss??o de Valores Mobili??rios ??? CVM, durante o per??odo de 2004 a 2014, utilizando-se dos tr??s m??ltiplos com maior incid??ncia de recomenda????es entre os estudos pesquisados para a elabora????o deste trabalho: Price to Book, Price to Earnings e Enterprise Value to EBITDA. O trabalho comparou os m??ltiplos dos IPO???s com os mesmos m??ltiplos de empresas pertencentes ao mesmo setor de atua????o (peers), em dois momentos distintos: (i) o dia da estreia do IPO na bolsa e (ii) o dia de negocia????es anterior a esta estreia. As an??lises foram estruturadas em 3 modelos, sendo: (i) relacionando o m??ltiplo do IPO com a m??dia, mediana e m??dia harm??nica deste mesmo m??ltiplo para seus peers, (ii) acrescentando dummies referente ao ano da emiss??o do IPO ao modelo anterior e (iii) acrescentando vari??veis relacionadas ao tamanho, alavancagem e endividamento ao modelo anterior. Para todos os modelos, foram realizadas regress??es MQO. Como resultado, o trabalho encontrou signific??ncia estat??stica para os m??ltiplos Price to Earnings quando utilizada a m??dia para o Modelo III, apresentando signific??ncia com a utiliza????o da diferen??a dos retornos. Encontrou tamb??m signific??ncia estat??stica para o m??ltiplo Enterprise Value to EBITDA, quando utilizada a m??dia para o Modelo I, o qual apresentou melhores ajustes demonstrados pelo R??, embora n??o tenha encontrado signific??ncia estat??stica para o m??ltiplo Price to Book.
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Paglia, Gianluca. "Determination of the structure of y-alumina using empirical and first principle calculations combined with supporting experiments." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics & Department of Applied Chemistry, 2004. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14992.
Full textAbstract:
Aluminas have had some form of chemical and industrial use throughout history. For little over a century corundum (α-Al2O3) has been the most widely used and known of the aluminas. The emerging metastable aluminas, including the γ, δ, η, θ, κ, β, and χ polymorphs, have been growing in importance. In particular, γ-Al2O3 has received wide attention, with established use as a catalyst and catalyst support, and growing application in wear abrasives, structural composites, and as part of burner systems in miniature power supplies. It is also growing in importance as part of the feedstock for aluminium production in order to affect both the adsorption of hydrogen fluoride and the feedstock solubility in the electrolytic solution. However, much ambiguity surrounds the precise structure of γ-Al2O3. Without proper knowledge of the structure, understanding the properties, dynamics and applications will always be less than optimal. The aim of this research was to contribute towards settling this ambiguity. This work was achieved through extensive computer simulations of the structure, based on interatomic potentials with refinements of promising structures using density functional theory (DFT), and a wide range of supporting experiments. In addition to providing a more realistic representation of the structure, this research has also served to advance knowledge of the evolution of the structure with changing temperature and make new insights regarding the location of hydrogen in γ-Al2O3.Both the molecular modelling and Rietveld refinements of neutron diffraction data showed that the traditional cubic spinel-based structure models, based on m Fd3 space group symmetry, do not accurately describe the defect structure of γ-Al2O3. A more accurate description of the structure was provided using supercells of the cubic and tetragonal unit cells with a significant number of cations on c symmetry positions. These c symmetry based structures exhibited diffraction patterns that were characteristic of γ-Al2O3. The first three chapters of this Thesis provide a review of the literature. Chapter One provides a general introduction, describing the uses and importance of the aluminas and the problems associated with determining the structure of γ-Al2O3. Chapter Two details the research that has been conducted on the structure of vi γ-Al2O3 historically. Chapter Three describes the major principles behind the computational methods employed in this research. In Chapter Four, the specific experimental and computational techniques used to investigate the structure of γ-Al2O3 are described. All preparation conditions and parameters used are provided. Chapter Five describes the methodology employed in computational and experimental research. The examination of the ~ 1.47 billion spinel-based structural possibilities of γ-Al2O3, described using supercells, and the selection of ~ 122,000 candidates for computer simulation, is detailed. This chapter also contains a case study of the structure of κ-Al2O3, used to investigate the applicability of applying interatomic potentials to solving complex structures, where many possibilities are involved, and to develop a systematic procedure of computational investigation that could be applied to γ-Al2O3. Chapters Six to Nine present and discuss the results from the experimental studies.
Preliminary heating trials, performed to determine the appropriate preparation conditions for obtaining a highly crystalline boehmite precursor and an appropriate calcination procedure for the systematic study of γ-Al2O3, were presented in Chapter Six. Chapter Seven details the investigation of the structure from a singletemperature case. Several known structural models were investigated, including the possibility of a dual-phase model and the inclusion of hydrogen in the structure. It was demonstrated that an accurate structural model cannot be achieved for γ-Al2O3 if the cations are restricted to spinel positions. It was also found that electron diffraction patterns, typical for γ-Al2O3, could be indexed according to the I41/amd space group, which is a maximal subgroup of m Fd3 . Two models were presented which describe the structure more accurately; Cubic-16c, which describes cubic γ-Al2O3 and Tetragonal-8c, which describes tetragonal γ-Al2O3. The latter model was found to be a better description for the γ-Al2O3 samples studied. Chapter Eight describes the evolution of the structure with changing calcination temperature. Tetragonal γ-Al2O3 was found to be present between 450 and 750 °C. The structure showed a reduction in the tetragonal distortion with increasing temperature but at no stage was cubic γ-Al2O3 obtained. Examination of the progress of cation migration indicates the reduction in the tetragonal nature is due to ordering within inter-skeletal oxygen layers of the unit cell, left over from the breakdown of the hydroxide layers of boehmite when the transformation to γ-Al2O3 occurred. Above 750 °C, δ-Al2O3 was not observed, but a new phase was identified and designated γ.-Al2O3.
The structure of this phase was determined to be a triple cell of γ-Al2O3 and is herein described using the 2 4m P space group. Chapter Nine investigates the presence of hydrogen in the structure of γ-Al2O3. It was concluded that γ-Al2O3 derived from highly crystalline boehmite has a relatively well ordered bulk crystalline structure which contains no interstitial hydrogen and that hydrogen-containing species are located at the surface and within amorphous regions, which are located in the vicinity of pores. Expectedly, the specific surface area was found to decrease with increasing calcination temperature. This trend occurred concurrently with an increase in the mean pore and crystallite size and a reduction in the amount of hydrogen-containing species within the structure. It was also demonstrated that γ-Al2O3 derived from highly crystalline boehmite has a significantly higher surface area than expected, attributed to the presence of nano-pores and closed porosity. The results from the computational study are presented and discussed in Chapter Ten. Optimisation of the spinel-based structural models showed that structures with some non-spinel site occupancy were more energetically favourable. However, none of the structural models exhibited a configuration close to those determined from the experimental studies. Nor did any of the theoretical structures yield a diffraction pattern that was characteristic of γ-Al2O3. This discrepancy between the simulated and real structures means that the spinel-based starting structure models are not close enough to the true structure of γ-Al2O3 to facilitate the derivation of its representative configuration.
Large numbers of structures demonstrate migration of cations to c symmetry positions, providing strong evidence that c symmetry positions are inherent in the structure. This supports the Cubic-16c and Tetragonal-8c structure models presented in Chapter Seven and suggests that these models are universal for crystalline γ-Al2O3. Optimisation of c symmetry based structures, with starting configurations based on the experimental findings, resulted in simulated diffraction patterns that were characteristic of γ-Al2O3.
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Letellier, Michel. "Etude du comportement microdynamique de l'eau dans les suspensions et gels d'argiles par la technique de resonance magnetique nucleaire : methode de determination d'aires de surfaces et application a la prise des ciments." Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2009.
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Etude des temps de relaxation de l'eau normale, de l'eau lourde et des protons en contact avec une surface d'argile, analysant les phenomenes en fonction de la concentration, de la temperature et de la nature de l'argile. Mesure du volume de la couche d'eau absorbee a la surface du solide, deduction de son epaisseur et determination de l'aire de la surface hydratee. Fonde sur le concept de tactoide, ce travail nombre l'existence de forces d'interaction a courte portee entre une molecule d'eau et une surface argileuse. Dans la deuxieme partie, etude du composant principal d'un ciment (silicate tricalcique), mesurant aire d'absorption en fonction du temps de prise; la methode rmo est une technique de surface simple et non destructrice, pouvant mesurer l'effet des adjuvants
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Collet-Thiry, Nicolas. "L'encadrement contractuel de la subordination." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020012/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le contrat de travail fonde la relation de travail et institue le rapport de subordination qui se concrétise par la concession d’un pouvoir à l’employeur. C’est donc aux parties qu’il revient de définir l’étendue, le domaine et les limites du pouvoir patronal. Le salarié ne consent qu’à une subordination strictement définie et encadrée par le contrat. Une analyse objective de la volonté implicite des contractants, au regard de leurs attentes légitimes et de la finalité du pouvoir institué, et à la lumière des exigences du droit commun des contrats (notamment l’exigence de détermination de l’objet des obligations) et des droits fondamentaux (en premier lieu le droit à la protection de la santé) permet d’identifier leurs droits et obligations réciproques : quelles sont les prérogatives que l’employeur est habilité à exercer ? Quelles sont les données du rapport d’emploi qui ne peuvent être remises en cause unilatéralement ? Par ailleurs, le salarié tire du contrat plusieurs pouvoirs d’initiative (exception d’inexécution, prise d’acte) lui permettant de réagir à un manquement de l’employeur. Ceux-ci concourent à l’effectivité des prévisions contractuelles et témoignent d’une réhabilitation du salarié en tant que contractant : contractant subordonné, certes, mais contractant à part entière avant toutThe employment agreement establishes the work relationship and institutes the relation of subordination which is reflected by a grant of power to the employer. It is thus up to the parties to define the extent, scope and limits of the employer’s authority. The employee only consents to a subordination strictly defined and controlled by the contract. An objective analysis of the implicit will of the contracting parties, with regard to their legitimate expectations and the finality of the authority instituted, and in light of requirements of contract law (notably the requirement to determine the object of obligations) and fundamental rights (primarily the right to health protection) enables to identify their mutual rights and obligations: which prerogatives the employer is entitled to exercise ? Which elements of the employment relationship cannot be altered unilaterally ? Besides, there are several powers of initiatives which the employee derives from the contract (exception of non-performance, constructive dismissal) allowing the employee to react to a breach by the employer. These contribute to the effectiveness of the contractual provisions and reflect a reinstatement of the employee as contractor : a subordinate contracting party, certainly, but a contracting party in its own right first and foremost
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Mogade-Saint, Auret Willy. "La cession entre proches." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D085.
Full textAbstract:
Le régime de cession des droits sociaux applicable des entre les membres d’une même famille est certes privilégié. Mais le législateur ne prend en compte que certains d’entre eux, à savoir, les ascendants, les descendants et certains collatéraux. Pourtant, les parts sociales ou actions font parties des biens patrimoniaux de la famille. Cette mise en société sert de prétexte à une meilleure gestion du patrimoine familial, mais aussi à sa cession au sein de la famille. L’objectif souvent non avoué est la pérennisation de l’entreprise familiale au sein de la famille. Toutefois, législateur ne reconnait toujours pas tous les types de schémas familiaux contemporains. Et pour cause, la notion de famille n’est pas définie en droit. Pourtant cette définition serait bien utile pour soumettre les cessions entre proches à un régime bien spécifique. La conséquence est que la pratique des affaires a développée quantité de règles pour permettre aux associés familiaux soit de rester ensemble au sein de la société ou d’en sortir. En effet, les aléas de la vie familiale commandent les cessions. Ce sont souvent des pactes extra-statutaires qui servent de support à la cession des titres. Le problème est qu’ils n’engagent que leurs signataires. Autrement dit, les associés familiaux non signataires de ces pactes ne sont pas concernés par ceux-ci. Pourtant, ils font partie de la même société et de la même famille. Peuvent-ils pour autant élever contestation en justice ? Car à bien des égards, ces pactes sont souvent à la frontière de l’illégalité notamment celle de l’interdiction des pactes sur succession future. Alors, la liberté de cession du cédant serait-elle empêchée dans le cadre d’une société familiale ? L’élément de réponse se trouve sans doute dans la consécration du pacte de famille, un nouvel outil juridique autonome destiné à compléter efficacement les statuts de la sociétéThe system of transfer of the corporate holdings of the company applicable between members of the same family is certainly privileged. But the legislator only takes into account some of them namely, ascendants, descendants and some collaterals. However, shares or stocks are part of the family's patrimonial assets. This incorporation serves as a pretext for better management of the family patrimony, but also for its transfer within the family. The often unstated aim is the sustainability of the family business within the family. However, legislator still does not recognize all types of contemporary family patterns. And for good reason, the notion of family is not defined in law. Yet this definition would be very useful to submit the transfers between relatives to a specific regime. The consequence is that business practice has developed a lot of rules to allow family partners to either stay together in society or get out of it. Indeed, the vagaries of family life command shares disposal. These are often extra-statutory pacts that serve as a support for the sale of securities. The problem is that they only commit their signatories. In other words, non-signatory family members of these pacts are not affected by them. Yet they are part of the same company and the same family. Can they raise a challenge in court? Because in many ways, these pacts are often on the borderline of illegality, including the prohibition of pacts respecting a future succession. Could the transferor's freedom of assignment be prevented in the context of a family company? The element of response is undoubtedly in the consecration of the family pact, a new independent legal tool designed to effectively supplement the company statutes
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Sheikh, Farah Naz. "Apprentissage à distance d'un langue étrangère, mythe ou réalité ? : autonomie et prise de repsonsabilité dans un environnement d'autoapprentissage, enjeux et défis pour les acteurs du processus de l'autoformation." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1030.
Full textAbstract:
Les nouvelles technologies ont beaucoup modifié l’apprentissage en général et l’apprentissage des langues en particulier. Cela, à son tour, a changé les représentations et les rôles traditionnels des acteurs impliqués dans l’acte d’apprentissage : apprenants et enseignants. Cette recherche décrit l’apprentissage à distance du français mettant au point l’apprentissage du FLE au Pakistan via Internet et les problèmes liés à cette nouvelle approche d’apprentissage en autonomie qui requiert la modification des rôles des apprenants ainsi que des enseignants en suggérant des stratégies à utiliser afin d’autonomiser et responsabiliser les apprenants habitués à une méthode d’apprentissage traditionnel qui est différente de celle utilisée dans l’apprentissage de la langue française en ligneThe technology of information and communication has revolutionized the teaching in general and teaching of language in particular. This in its turn has altered the traditional concepts of roles attributed to the actors involved in the act of learning and teaching. This research work describes the distance learning especially online learning of French language in Pakistan using Internet and the problems related to this new approach of autonomous learning that requires the modification of roles and duties of both the learner and the teacher focusing on strategies to be used in order to make the learners get used to a method of learning that is totally different from traditional learning and to make them take responsibility of their learning