Academic literature on the topic 'Price ending'
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Journal articles on the topic "Price ending"
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Tripathi, Avinash, and Neeraj Pandey. "Does impact of price endings differ for the non-green and green products? Role of product categories and price levels." Journal of Consumer Marketing 35, no. 2 (2018): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-06-2016-1838.
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Purpose The discount image associated with odd-ending prices has led to its extensive use by retailers. The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts and applications of nine-ending vs round-ending prices on the purchase of green and non-green products at different price levels and under different purchase motivations. Design/methodology/approach Three experiments are conducted. The first experiment is a 2 (price ending: nine-ending vs round-ending) × 2 (product appeal: green vs non-green) between-subjects study; the second experiment is a 2 (price ending: nine-ending vs round-ending) × 2 (price level: low price vs high price) × 2 (product appeal: green vs non-green) between-subjects study; and the third experiment examined buyers’ preferences of price endings regarding the purchase of green products having either utility (utilitarian) or pleasure (hedonic) motivation. Findings This research highlights that consumers prefer zero-ending prices for green products and pleasure motivation products, but they prefer odd endings for low-priced and utilitarian products. These results support the increased reception of round-ending prices. Accordingly, this study contributes to the literature by providing a boundary condition for odd-ending prices. Specifically, the study finds that the effect of nine-ending prices becomes weaker as the price of the product increases. Practical implications The findings of this study have practical implications for managers, as the results indicate that pricing green products and high-quality perception products using round digits and pricing low-priced and utility perception products using odd digits will increase consumers’ purchase intentions. Moreover, pricing the products using round-ending prices will reduce the perception of low quality and deter brand loyalty emanating from a low-priced/discount image of a product. Originality/value This research contributes to theoretical and practical aspects of behavioural pricing literature. This research uncovers the buyers’ distinct preferences for zero-ending prices and odd-ending prices when purchasing different products based on different motivations and varied price levels. This is the first research of its kind to explore and compare the impact of psychological pricing on green products. The study also resolves a contradiction in past literature regarding the use of nine-ending prices by providing boundary conditions.
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Schindler, Robert M., H. G. Parsa, and Sandra Naipaul. "Hospitality Managers’ Price-Ending Beliefs." Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2011): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965511421168.
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The use of “just-below” pricing (such as pricing an item at $6.99 or $6.95, rather than $7.00) has been common in some segments of the hospitality industry (such as quick-service and mid-scale dining). The results of a detailed survey of the price-ending beliefs of hospitality managers show that many believe that just-below prices connote good value and round-number prices connote high quality. Furthermore, the majority of these managers believe that consumers tend to drop off or otherwise give insufficient consideration to a price’s rightmost digits. Although one might expect this drop-off belief among those managers who use just-below price endings, it is found also in a majority of those managers who do not use just-below price endings. The survey results suggest that managers who decline the benefits of a consumer drop-off tendency do so because they also believe in one or more possible negative consequences of using just-below price endings. These include the beliefs that just-below endings (1) impair perceptions of high quality, (2) work against an upscale image, (3) give an impression of not being fully honest or straightforward, and (4) involve inconvenience in calculating or communicating the price or in making change.
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Jaber, Mazen, and Kylie Jaber. "Cause-related marketing and the effect of 99-ending pricing." Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 3 (2020): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-12-2018-2993.
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Purpose Cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns have become common features of the marketplace. CRM often involves a for-profit business agreeing to contribute a specified amount to a cause when the business’s customers engage in revenue-generating exchanges. Despite the central role that price is likely to play in a consumer’s decision to purchase or not to purchase an offer associated with a CRM campaign, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, very few have examined price framing effects in a CRM context. This paper aims to explore the effect of rightmost digits manipulation in prices on participation intentions for CRM campaigns. Design/methodology/approach In Study 1, 241 college students participated in an online experiment for class credit. The experiment used a 3 (price level: low, medium and high) × 2 (price ending: 99 ending and no ending) between-subjects design. The dependent variable was participation intention, and several moderators and mediators were considered. PROCESS was used to test the moderated mediation. In Study 2, 351 subjects participated in an online experiment with a design similar to the earlier study. In Study 2, however, new mediators were added and the moderated mediation was tested using SPSS PROCESS macro. Findings This research shows that price ending impacts the effectiveness of CRM as a tactic on consumers’ purchase intentions. Consistent with the authors’ prediction, this study shows that consumers exposed to a 99-ending CRM offer are more likely to participate in the offer compared to consumers exposed to a no-ending priced offer. Offer attractiveness, elaboration and corporate social responsibility were also shown to have a strong effect on participation intentions. Practical implications This research indicates that for moderately priced products, 99-ending prices led to an increased influence on consumer purchase intentions; on the other hand, no-ending/even-ending prices were more effective for high-priced products. Thus, the use of the right digit effect by managers in a CRM context as way of increasing consumers’ participation likelihood is likely to be more successful for moderately priced offers. Originality/value This research extends previous work on CRM and right digit effect in pricing. This study’s findings, in both Studies 1 and 2, demonstrate that the effectiveness of CRM campaigns on consumer choice is dependent on the offer price ending. Consumers exposed to the no-ending priced CRM offers tend to be affected less by CRM campaigns compared to consumers exposed to 99-ending offers, who perceive the offer as more attractive.
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Asamoah, Emmanuel Selase, and Miloslava Chovancová. "The influence of price endings on consumer behaviour: an application of the psychology of perception." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 7 (2011): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159070029.
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Price ending is an important pricing strategy that has been used by retailers over the years. The trend seems to be effective considering how consumers react especially to products with odd price endings. This review is aimed at providing an understanding of the psychological influences of price ending on buyers, using the theory of perception. It analysis theories and existing literature on the topic and brings out augmentative pricing strategies that retailers can adopt in consumer markets. Also, an exploratory study was conducted to identify the prevalence of odd prices in the Czech retail sector. The exploratory study was based on 16 different home-drop advertising material, short magazines and leaflets by retails shops in the Zlin region. These leaflets, short magazines and home-drop advertising material were collected and analyzed over 3 month period to identify the dominance of odd and even pricing strategy (total number of advertisements = 922). Also, in order to have a comprehensive coverage of the odd-even pricing phenomenon, opinions of some buyers were sought on their perception of odd-pricing and how the odd-pricing influence their buying decisions. Opinions of a total of 173 shoppers were sampled. The study found clear evidence of the predominant use and preference by shoppers for odd prices compared to even prices in different product categories, especially fast moving consumer goods. The paper concludes by providing the marketing implications and suggestions on when odd and even price ending strategies should be used and for what category of products this strategy can be used. Also, the implications of price endings on marketing communication are highlighted.
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Prieto, Marc. "Do Amateur Sellers Adopt The Professionals Price Ending Formats? Lessons From The Used Car Market." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 30, no. 2 (2014): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v30i2.8408.
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This study investigates the differences between professional retailers and amateur resellers in their adoption of different price ending formats. We conduct our analysis on a 1,700 ads car pool representative of the French used car market to demonstrate how seller profiles and car attributes impact price ending formats adoption. The results reveal that amateur sellers are more likely to use round ending prices than professionals, especially for expensive and high mileage cars. Furthermore, product attributes (extras) and obsolescence indicators significantly moderate the choices of price ending formats.
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Fraccaro, Annalisa, and Sandrine Macé. "Never too rich to care about prices: Effects of price endings on customer perceptions of luxury." Recherche et Applications en Marketing (English Edition) 35, no. 3 (2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051570720908036.
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In this article, we build on the existing literature on price endings in the fast-moving consumer goods and luxury pricing to highlight the potential paradox of adopting odd pricing (i.e. setting prices just below the round number) for luxury goods, which should mostly use even pricing (i.e. round numbers). In a first experiment concerning luxury handbags, we test the impact of three types of price endings (–90, –00, and “other”) on luxury image and its sub-facets. We propose four mediators of the relationship between price endings and overall luxury image, that is, quality, prestige, uniqueness, and expensiveness. In a second experiment, we find that price endings have connotations specific to the luxury sector and to different segments of consumers. We conclude with recommendations to help pricing managers strategically adjust their price-ending practice to target different consumer segments.
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C. Larson, Alexander, Rita L. Reicher, and David William Johnsen. "Threshold effects in pricing of high-involvement services." Journal of Product & Brand Management 23, no. 2 (2014): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2013-0278.
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Purpose – The purpose of this research is to test for price threshold effects in the demand for high-involvement services for small businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a stated preference choice-based conjoint study of small business telecommunications demand. Using survey data, individual-level parameter estimates for a demand model are achieved via the Hierarchical Bayes method of estimation. Findings – For demand for small business telecommunications services, the authors find very strong positive impacts of nine-ending and zero-ending prices on the demand for a common bundle of telecommunications services (wired telephone service, broadband internet, and cellular telephone service), even at prices so high a shift in the left-most digit does not occur. Practical implications – The advertising, brand, or product manager or statistician who assumes threshold effects are not extant in high-involvement service demand may find conventional demand estimation methods lead to erroneous conclusions and less effective pricing strategies. Originality/value – In the statistical literature on price-ending effects on product demand, most products for which demand is modelled are low-involvement consumer products priced at less than ten monetary units per unit of product. There is a lacuna in this price-ending effects literature regarding small businesses and high-involvement services offered at three-digit prices via monthly subscription. This research indicates that testing for threshold effects should be de rigeur in the methodology of demand estimation for telecommunications or other high-involvement services.
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Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Jessica Li, Priyamvadha Rangan, Promothesh Chatterjee, and Surendra N. Singh. "The odd-ending price justification effect: the influence of price-endings on hedonic and utilitarian consumption." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 42, no. 5 (2014): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0369-6.
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Guéguen, Nicolas, and Céline Jacob. "Odd versus Even Prices and Consumers' Behavior." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3_suppl (2005): 1121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3c.1121-1122.
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Schindler and Kibarian reported prices ending with a nine were associated with more purchases among customers who were women. To generalize this effect to a new business context, two groups of 200 people were solicited at home and asked to buy pancakes to raise money for a charitable organization. In half of the cases, the price of pancakes was 1.99€, and in the other half they were proposed at 2.00€. Analysis showed that the price ending with nine was associated with more subjects agreeing to the request, 118 of 200 vs 91 of 200.
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Boyol Ngan, Henrique Fátima, Lianping Ren, and Grant O'Bree. "Lucky 8-ending – A case study on managerial price-ending beliefs in Macao." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 36 (September 2018): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.06.002.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Price ending"
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Kupadakvinij, Naree, and Saruta Cholviroj. "Internationalization of Pricing Strategy : A case study on 9-Ending Prices using by Thai and Swedish retailers." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-10633.
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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The quantitative research approach is the chosen method in order to evaluate the differences between 9-ending on promotion prices used by Thai retailers and Swedish retailers. The collection of data will be mainly concentrated on primary data through brochures from retailers in both countries. Evaluation of the price endings for advertised products in the brochures from Thai and Swedish retailers founded the distinctions between the use of 9-ending prices in many ways such as the way the retailers used left and right digits for price endings, the way they set the prices compared between the same product category and the same product sub-category.
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Zheng, Chen Chen. "The effect of price-ending on luxury and necessity." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1532.
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The purpose of this study is to see whether price endings affect people's perceptions of luxury and necessity goods. There is evidence that the rightmost digits, or endings, of retail prices can communicate meanings to consumers. Some researchers (Schindler and Kirby, 1997; Stiving and Winer, 1997; Thomas and Morwitz, 2005) argued that there are two price ending effects level effects (those effects in which consumers may underestimate the price); and image effects (those effects in which consumers may infer meaning from the right-hand digits). In the study, ninety-three participants were recruited from the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. All participants were given questionnaires to rate the quality and necessity-luxury of the good first; then a distraction session which used for distracting participants' attention from memorizing the prices of the goods; then a recall-test was given. Participants gave significantly different ratings for luxuries and necessities according to the different price-endings. In addition, the idea that the prices ending in 9 tend to be underestimated was also found.
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Fraccaro, Annalisa. "Price endings of luxury handbags : managerial practices customers' perceptions and preferences." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E071.
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En se basant sur la littérature en marketing sur les terminaisons de prix et le pricing du luxe, cette thèse met en évidence le paradoxe résultant de l’utilisation de prix odd (i.e., des prix juste en dessous d’un nombre rond) dans le contexte des produits de luxe où, intuitivement, les prix devraient majoritairement être des nombres ronds. Les pratiques en termes de terminaisons de prix sont étudiées dans la catégorie des sacs à main de luxe. Dans une première partie, la thèse identifie les catégories de terminaison de prix utilisés et les déterminants d’utilisation. Dans une seconde partie, la thèse explore les perceptions des consommateurs concernant différentes facettes du luxe et leur perception globale du caractère luxueux d’un produit selon les terminaisons de prix utilisées. Dans une dernière partie, la thèse étudie les préférences des consommateurs de luxe pour une terminaison de prix ou l’autre. Les résultats de cette thèse offrent de nouvelles perspectives par rapport à la littérature existante sur les terminaisons de prix, dans le sens où ils indiquent que les connotations de prix inférieur, qualité inférieure et prestige inférieur, associées aux prix odd et bien établies dans la littérature n’existent pas pour les produits de luxe, ou du moins pour la catégorie des sacs à main de luxe de niveau intermédiaire<br>Drawing from existing literature on price endings and luxury pricing, this thesis highlights the paradox of adopting odd prices (i.e., prices just below a round number) in a luxury context, where, intuitively, prices should mostly be round numbers. Price endings practices are investigated in the product category of luxury women handbags. In a first empirical analysis, different types of price endings and the determinants of their use by pricing managers are identified. In a second part, the results of two experiments measure customers’ perceptions of different facets of luxury and overall perceived luxury itself. In the last part, a conjoint analysis reveals customers’ preferences for odd price endings. The findings of this thesis challenge previous research on price endings practices, in that they show that well-know low-price, low-quality, low-prestige connotations typical of odd prices in a non-luxury context, might not subsist in a luxury environment, at least for the handbag product category and for an intermediate level of luxury
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Murray, Catriona Anne. ""Wee reign in heaven" : the representation, commemoration and enduring memory of the deceased prince under the Stuart monarchy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7753.
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This thesis examines the consequences and implications of the premature deaths of royal heirs in seventeenth-century Britain. In just four generations between 1603 and 1700 the Stuart dynasty suffered the loss of over twenty-five legitimate offspring before their twenty-first year. Several of these deaths had significant political repercussions, threatening both the continuity of the royal line and consequently the security of the nation. The cultural memory of these lost heirs continued decades and even centuries later. My work seeks to establish the historical significance of their long-lasting appeal by assessing their princely representation in life and analysing its development after death. This study is firmly located within visual culture. However, definitions and classifications of the “visual” are necessarily broad. The emphasis is upon the consideration of seventeenth-century British art as part of a wider cultural process. The opening chapter addresses an apparently obvious, though somewhat neglected, issue - the critical importance of royal heirs. Through examination of the imagery and ceremonial attached to Stuart childbearing and christenings, it asserts the real symbolic significance of princely progeny. Chapter Two develops the study of youthful princely representation. It assesses the portrayal of Stuart heirs as they matured and seeks to identify the principal characteristics. Specifically, it is argued that, from a young age, the projection of Protestantism and martial aptitude was crucial to the formation of their personae. Chapter Three analyses how deceased Stuart heirs were commemorated in the months and years immediately after their deaths. It is contended that the enduring memory of these princes was the result, not of official commemoration, but of the large-scale public response to their deaths. The loss of an heir not only threatened the future of the dynasty but also the stability of the realm. The fourth chapter explores how, through visual and cultural propaganda, the surviving Stuarts attempted to re-group and to assuage social and political anxieties. Chapters Five and Six assess the long-term legacy of these princes in the decades and centuries after their deaths, as well as the political circumstances which gave rise to their enduring memory. These concluding chapters reveal the extent to which memories of deceased Stuart princes lingered, asserting that their representations were often employed for negotiation of the issues and anxieties of later ages. Throughout, my work seeks to establish the importance of these lost heirs and protectors of the Stuart Protestant line. I have endeavoured to retrieve the reputations of princes who came to represent potent symbols of both promise and loss.
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Pelger, Gregor. "Joshua Teplitsky: Prince of the Press: How One Collector Built History's Most Enduring and Remarkable Jewish Library." HATiKVA e.V. – Die Hoffnung Bildungs- und Begegnungsstätte für Jüdische Geschichte und Kultur Sachsen, 2020. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71014.
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Joshua Teplitsky: Prince of the Press: How One Collector Built History’s Most Enduring and Remarkable Jewish Library, Yale: University Press 2019, 336 S., ISBN: 978-0-300-23490-9, EUR 32,50. Besprochen von Gregor Pelger.
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LIN, YU-TING, and 林羽亭. "Ending Price Matching Effect On Reference Price." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44107187297066658376.
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碩士<br>國立中正大學<br>企業管理系研究所<br>104<br>External reference price research has focused on the cognitive process between the original price and the sale price. A portion of literature focuses on location between the original price and the sale price, such as vertical, horizontal, and overlapped display. (Coulter&Norberg, 2009; Kahn et al., 2013) Besides, other literature discussed on the numerical relation between the original price and the sale price such as left-right display location(Biswas et al, 2013).
In this paper, we want to prove the numerical design between the original price and the sale price may influence customers' judgement. We find the rightmost two digits as the same between the original price and the sale price in three digits(i.e. Sale price $679, original price $879). Besides, we name this design as “ending price matching effect” and design three experiments to test this phenomenon.The result showed that consumers perceive a cheaper price when the ending price of the original price and sale price are matching than not matching. Moreover, consumers perceive a higher purchase intention when the ending price of the original price and the sale price are matching than not matching.We found that different ending price (include 0,5,6,8,9-ending price) not influence “ending price matching effect”.However, the ending price matching effect only above three digits.
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Chang, Chien-en, and 張千恩. "The Effects of Price Unit and Price Ending of Insurance Products." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yvbj3f.
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碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>財務管理學系研究所<br>106<br>Premium is one of the important considerations when people buy insurance products. Consumers can also decide the premium payment frequency (ie, annually paid/monthly paid) by themselves. In some insurance advertisements, companies can choose a different way to reveal the premium payment such as annual payment, monthly payment even daily payment. Furthermore, the insurance price can be simply divided into rounded and non-rounded price segments. In the past, many researchers found that the way we set the price would have a great influence on consumer attitude and behavior.
The current study takes health insurance products as the research topic and discusses how unit effect and rounded-price effect influence consumers’ attitudes toward the health insurance. In this research, we consider not only the interaction between unit effect and rounded-price effect but also the emotion effect aroused by the advertisement leaflets. We further include consumers’ characteristics as moderate variables in this study. The results of the 5 experiments reveal the following findings,
1. In the non-rounded price situation, if the payment revealed in daily payment, it makes consumer feel the price much cheaper and more affordable than the payment revealed in monthly or annually frequency.
2. In the negative emotion advertisement, the rounded price will bring positive attitude toward the health insurance product compare to non-rounded price one.
3. For consumers with high insurance purchase demand, the use of rounded price will create high purchase intention compared to the use of non-rounded price. For consumers with low insurance purchase demand, the use of non-rounded price will create more positive attitude compare to the use of rounded price.
4. In the case of high health consciousness consumers, the non-rounded price will bring better product attitude compare to the use of rounded price. On the other hand, for the low health consciousness consumers, the use of rounded price will bring better purchase intention.
In conclusion, firstly, we found the rounded-price effect moderates the unit effect. Secondly, the rounded-price effect is also moderated by emotion, purchase demand, and health consciousness. The study provides practical suggestions for designing health insurance advertisements. Insurance companies may use more fear-appealed advertisements with the rounded prices; on the contrary, the companies may use customer segmentation (ie, purchase demand, health consciousness) in the situation of positive emotion advertisement and non-rounded prices.
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Yeh, Chun-Yin, and 葉俊吟. "The study on Influence Factor of Ending Price for Online Auction." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31738264971380310558.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>運輸科技與管理學系<br>95<br>The growth of internet in recent years enables sellers and buyers to finish transactions in a less expensive way. In addition, online auction has markedly improved the transaction process, such that interested bidders could offer their prices without being together, and with less time restrictions as traditional auction does. According to the survey of MIC in 2006, the internet auction websites have experienced an approximately 60 percent increase in revenue per year during 2004 and 2007. In the face of online auction is more and more popular, but disputes occur a lot. This study reviews auction theory in literature to comprehensively understand the important influences on the ending price. Those influences are generalized as three categories which involve different levels of information disclosure, including: (1) commodity information; (2) price information; and (3) other information.
The differences between past studies and this study lie in that most researchers merely excerpt the bidding results directly from the websites and/or employ the questionnaire in which the possible disturbances may be included. In this paper, we devise sixteen experimental scenarios to verify our assumption, set up a personal online auction field on “Ruten.com.tw,” and advertise on “Yahoo.com.tw” and “Ruten.com.tw” for recruiting bidders who live in Taiwan and have rich experiences towards online auction. To measure the impacts of information disclosure on the ending price, by following our direction, the bidders were randomly assigned to a specific auction. In total, 649 effective observations are generated from 559 unique bidders. Several statistical analysis tools were employed in this study, including descriptive statistics, t-test and multivariate statistical analysis. By the analysis above, some helpful suggestions could be made for the online auction service provider and auctioneers in eliminating auction disputes.
We present three important findings about how the ending price is affected by information disclosure. First, the more product information is disclosed, the higher ending price is. Second, no matter how high the starting price is, once there’s a reserved price in the auction, the ending price will be the same. However, without a setting reserved price, a low staring price will attract more bidders, thereby resulting in a high ending price. Third, negative feedback ratings have a much greater effect than positive feedback ratings do.
Key Words: Online auction; Information; Ending price
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Chou, Wei-yi, and 周維儀. "A study of the effect of price ending on perception variables." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w72z7z.
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碩士<br>國立高雄第一科技大學<br>行銷與流通管理所<br>96<br>There is evidence that the rightmost digits, or price ending, can have substantial effects on consumer sales and communicate some meanings to consumers. But the relation between these meanings and the sales is not entirely clear. Thus, it is important to know how the price ending can effect comsumer perceptions and purchase intention.The aim of this article attempts to explore how consumers actually behave toward both price image and quality image (those effects in which consumers may infer meaning from the rightmost digits), and how they impact on perception variables.
The method to carry out this study is using a questionnaire survey, which aims at general consumers. Total received 391 questionnaires. Then, in order to clarify the linear relationship of these variables, regression analysis was done. Further, we address whether variables in this article has differences between sex, income and education.
The results show that there is a clear relation in the marketplace between the 9 price ending and the presence of cues for a low-price appeal, this relation appears to be quite strong, i.e. the existence of price image. On the other hand 9 price ending effects purchase intention, and on the other there is no negative quality image. Our findings suggest that price ending cause purchase intention through perception variables. We further address there is no relation between price image and quality image.
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Lai, Yi-Ju, and 賴薏如. "The Effects of Odd-Ending Price and Consumer Characteristics on the Perception of Prices for Consumer Goods." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w2wx88.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>企業管理系碩士班<br>94<br>Many retailers endeavor to encourage consumers to purchase products through the monetary promotions in order to attract consumer''s attention and the purchase desire, however, different characteristics of consumers may create different consumer reactions toward promotions. This research main purpose is discusses in the monetary promotion directly to reduce prices through odd-ending price effect and joins discusses the consumer characteristics (need for cognition and tolerance of ambiguity) on consumable price cognition influence. The results showed that different monetary promotions will significantly affect consumers and that odd-ending price effect is able to reveal to the even-ending price effect. And also finding, odd-ending price effect will significantly the consumer personality special characteristic (need for cognition and tolerance of ambiguity) the disturbing effect, the low NFC consumer its odd-ending price effect can significantly the consumer which is higher than the high NFC；But the high TA consumer its odd-ending price effect can significantly is being higher than a low TA consumer.
Books on the topic "Price ending"
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Paying the price: Ending the great recession and beginning a new American century. FT Press, 2013.
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Roth, Alvin E. Last minute bidding and the rules for ending second-price auctions: Theory and evidence from a natural experiment on the internet. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.
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Pottie, Laura. Their dreams, never ending: A history of women's institutes in PEI. Federated Women's Institute of Prince Edward Island, 2000.
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Service, Quantitative Analysis, ed. Market indices international: Daily/weekly, week ending October 31, 1990. Quantitative Analysis Service, 1990.
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Hood, Susan. Max'S Train Ride: A Squeaky Storybook With A Surprise Ending (Fisher Price Squeaky). Reader's Digest, 1997.
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Jango-Cohen, Judith, and Fisher-Price (Firm). The School Bus Adventure: A Squeaky Storybook With a Surprise Ending! (Fisher-Price Squeaky Shape Playbooks). Reader's Digest Association, 1997.
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Shaver, Lea. Ending Book Hunger. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300226003.001.0001.
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Worldwide, billions of people suffer from book hunger. For them, books are too few, too expensive, or do not even exist in their languages. This book argues that this is an educational crisis: the most reliable predictor of children's achievement is the size of their families' book collections. This book highlights innovative nonprofit solutions to expand access to print. First Book, for example, offers diverse books to teachers at bargain prices. Imagination Library mails picture books to support early literacy in book deserts. Worldreader promotes mobile reading in developing countries by turning phones into digital libraries. Pratham Books creates open access stories that anyone may freely copy, adapt, and translate. Can such efforts expand to bring books to the next billion would-be readers? The book reveals the powerful roles of copyright law and licensing, and sounds the clarion call for readers to contribute their own talents to the fight against book hunger.
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Service, Quantitative Analysis, ed. International stocks, week ending December 19, 1990. Quantitative Analysis Service, 1990.
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Service, Quantitative Analysis, ed. Cross indices, month ending October 31, 1990: Base country, Germany. Quantitative Analysis Service, 1990.
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Tuckett, Christopher. Women in the Gospels of Mark and Mary. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814801.003.0008.
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While the Gospels of Mark and Mary are very different and neither gospel makes the role of women the prime focus of attention, the prominence of female characters is striking in both. This chapter explores how, despite their great differences, the two texts show a remarkable similarity in their depiction of Jesus’ women followers. In both, women take on crucial roles at the conclusion of Jesus’ earthly career. Although the original ending of Mark may suggest that the women disciples failed to communicate the message entrusted to them at the, this impression is countered by the later Markan endings and by most other post-Markan retellings of the tomb story. In the Gospel of Mary, Peter and Andrew’s attack on Mary is countered by Levi’s defence of her as a uniquely privileged disciple. Both Mark and the Gospel of Mary use women figures to present a message of discipleship.
Book chapters on the topic "Price ending"
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Jaber, Mazen, and Kylie Jaber. "Cause-Related Marketing and Price Endings: Right-Digit Effect: An Abstract." In Back to the Future: Using Marketing Basics to Provide Customer Value. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66023-3_202.
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Baumgartner, Bernhard, and Anjulie Hähnchen. "Consumer Preferences for Bundles and Bundle Components with Odd and Even Price Endings." In Rediscovering the Essentiality of Marketing. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29877-1_114.
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King, Nicholas B. "Technological Fixes and Antimicrobial Resistance." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_19.
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Abstract A ‘technological fix’ reduces the negative impact of a problem without addressing its underlying political, economic, or social causes. This chapter examines antimicrobials’ central role in both the modern faith in technological fixes in medicine, and critiques of over-reliance on technological interventions that produce unintended consequences. The enduring appeal of technological fixes is rooted in their promise to provide simple, efficient, measurable, and effective solutions to complex problems; but this practically is purchased at the price of eliding important distributive concerns.
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Sydes, Michelle, and Rebecca Wickes. "The Land of the ‘Fair Go’? Mapping Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation Across Melbourne Neighbourhoods." In The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_12.
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AbstractDespite enduring political rhetoric that promotes Australia as ‘the lucky country’ and ‘the land of the fair go’, recent decades have seen a noticeable increase in levels of income inequality. This growing economic divide has driven housing prices up and left lower-income families unable to access the housing market in inner-city locations. In contrast to other countries, Australia’s socioeconomic segregation does not overlap with ethnic segregation. Australia’s highly regulated immigration program has resulted in a relatively well-educated and employable foreign-born population who largely reside in middle-income neighbourhoods. These particularities make Australia an interesting context to explore patterns of socioeconomic segregation over time. In this chapter, we will utilise both traditional measures of segregation (such as the dissimilarity index) as well more spatialised measures (such as location quotients and Local Morans I) to assess socioeconomic segregation at the local level. Drawing on four waves of census data (2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016), we explore how socioeconomic segregation has changed over time across nearly 500 neighbourhoods in Melbourne. We further examine the degree to which socioeconomic segregation aligns with ethnic segregation patterns and levels in this city. We find patterns of socioeconomic segregation remain relatively unchanging over time in Melbourne. Additionally, our findings highlight important differences in patterns and levels of socioeconomic and ethnic segregation in the Australian context.
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Ferraro, Antonio J. "The Price of an Ending:." In Graphic Embodiments. Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1ccbg8p.15.
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Granville, Brigitte. "Ending Inflation Without Prolonged Recession." In Remembering Inflation. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691145402.003.0003.
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This chapter describes how, since the 1980s, policymakers have managed to reduce and control inflation without unacceptably adverse welfare impacts by changing the monetary policy regime in a way that subjects policy to an external rule. The record in this period suggests that policymakers and economists have arrived at a better understanding of monetary policy and on how to keep the price level low and stable, while at the same time keeping real growth high and stable. This understanding incorporates three key beliefs. First, there is a natural rate of unemployment at which inflation is stable. Second, there is a transmission mechanism through which monetary policy actions affect the economy. Third monetary policymakers face trade-offs.
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Baker, Jeff, and Jaeki Song. "Exploring Decision Rules for Sellers in Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Internet Auctions." In Electronic Business. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-056-1.ch121.
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The recent growth of business-to-consumer (B2C) Internet auctions challenges researchers to develop empirically-sound explanations of critical factors that allow merchants to earn price premiums in these auctions. The absence of a comprehensive model of Internet auctions leads us to conduct an exploratory study to elucidate and rank critical factors that lead to price premiums in Internet auctions. We employ Classification and Regression Trees (CART), a decision-tree induction technique, to analyze data collected in a field study of eBay auctions. Our analysis yields decision trees that visually depict noteworthy factors that may lead to price premiums and that indicate the relative importance of these factors. We find shipping cost, reputation, initial bid price, and auction ending time as the factors most predictive of price premiums in B2C Internet auctions.
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Baker, Jeff. "Exploring Decision Rules for Sellers in Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Internet Auctions." In Selected Readings on Electronic Commerce Technologies. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-096-7.ch026.
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The recent growth of business-to-consumer (B2C) Internet auctions challenges researchers to develop empirically-sound explanations of critical factors that allow merchants to earn price premiums in these auctions. The absence of a comprehensive model of Internet auctions leads us to conduct an exploratory study to elucidate and rank critical factors that lead to price premiums in Internet auctions. We employ Classification and Regression Trees (CART), a decision-tree induction technique, to analyze data collected in a field study of eBay auctions. Our analysis yields decision trees that visually depict noteworthy factors that may lead to price premiums and that indicate the relative importance of these factors. We find shipping cost, reputation, initial bid price, and auction ending time as the factors most predictive of price premiums in B2C Internet auctions.
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Stout, Daniel M. "The One and the Manor." In Corporate Romanticism. Fordham University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823272235.003.0003.
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Chapter two reassesses the conservatism of Jane Austen’s 1814 novel, Mansfield Park. It argues that we have misunderstood the novel by reading it in relation to the late eighteenth-century philosophy of Edmund Burke and socially conservative novelists like Jane West when, in fact, Mansfield Park is governed by a much older of social organization—the manor—not based on the liberal assumption of possessive individualism. Seeing the novel through the lens of the manor, the chapter argues, helps explain many of its most perplexing and difficult features: among them, the meekness of Fanny Price; the dissatisfactions of its ending; and the often distant or impersonal strategies of narration.
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Sornette, Didier. "Autopsy of Major Crashes: Universal Exponents and Log-Periodicity." In Why Stock Markets Crash. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691175959.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the universal nature of the critical log-periodic precursory signature of stock market crashes. It considers the crash of October 1987 and of October 1929; the Hong Kong crashes of 1987, 1994, and 1997; the crash of October 1997 and its resonance on the U.S. market; currency crashes; and the crash of August 1998. It also discusses a nonparametric test of log-periodicity, the slow crash of 1962 ending the so-called “tronics boom,” and the Nasdaq crash of April 2000. Finally, it looks at “antibubbles,” taking into account the “bearish” regime on the Nikkei starting from January 1, 1990, the price of gold after the burst of the bubble in 1980. The chapter shows that large stock market crashes are analogous to critical points studied in the statistical physics community in relation to magnetism, melting, and similar phenomena.
Conference papers on the topic "Price ending"
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Davelaar, Maarten, Lia Van Doorn, Aly Gruppen, and Jeroen Knevel. "Welcome in my backyard: how having good neighbours can help ending homelessness." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10194.
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In the Netherlands, the city of Utrecht is leading in providing adequate accommodation through mixed housing projects for ‘regular’ tenants and people previously living in homeless services or protected housing facilities. ‘New’ homeless persons also obtain the possibility for making a new start, instead of having to depend on shelters first. The concept of mixed housing, not to be confused with mixed income housing, relates in our definition to small and medium-sized (up to 500 residents) housing projects that are home to different groups of people who intentionally live next to each other, connect and engage in joint activities.In this paper, we examine three projects, with mainly self-contained dwellings: ‘Groene Sticht’ (since 2003), a small neighbourhood with 69 regular tenants and home-owners, and 35 ex-homeless persons; ‘Parana’ (2014), a purpose build complex with 24 regular and 44 (ex-)homeless individuals/families; ‘Majella Wonen’ (2016), older basic, post-war dwellings with 39 regular tenants and 35 homeless persons/families. These price-winning projects, co-created by a homeless service, social integration services and a social housing provider are built on an innovative concept of social management, with a high level of self-organisation. All residents are fully eligible members of the residents-committees and take responsibility for activities such as festivities, gardening, and the selection of new tenants. If necessary, ex-homeless inhabitants receive individualised support.We discuss structures and mechanisms that help homeless people feel at home amidst their (new) neighbours and foster their social integration. In addition, we identify several tensions that hamper integration and analyse the ways in which both residents and professionals try to tackle these obstacles.We collected data (2016 -2018) through the participatory meetings of a Community of Practice on Mixed housing, the study of documents, in-depth interviews with inhabitants of the housing complexes, focus group-sessions with professionals and interviews with local stakeholders.Based on this research we will apply for follow up funding. Through national funds and/or European funds.
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Dechamps, P. J., and Ph Mathieu. "Phasing the Construction of an IGCC Plant for Fuel Flexibility." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-144.
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The Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle technique allows a come back to coal: starting with a Combined Cycle plant, it is possible to add gasification units several years later and hence to switch from natural gas to coal. However, the price to pay will be capital cost but also a loss of performances of the resulting plant compared to a genuine Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle. In this paper, we investigate the phasing option starting with a new Combined Cycle plant, optimized on natural gas operation, and ending with an Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle plant. We calculate the performances of the resulting plants with four types of gasifiers based on Texaco, Shell, Dow and British-Gas-Lurgi processes. We then compare the performances of these four plants with the performances of new Integrated Coal Gasification in Combined Cycle plants, optimized on coal operation and fully integrated, comprising the same four gasifiers. We finally compare the loss of performances in the four cases and recommend the selection of a gasifier type for such a phasing strategy.
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Goodson, Troy, Emily Gist, Yungsun Hahn, et al. "Cassini-Huygens Maneuver Experience: Ending the Prime Mission." In AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6751.
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Liao, Yanfen, Changhong Wu, and Xiaoqian Ma. "Research on Optimization Model for Power Coal Blending Based on Genetic Algorithm." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50305.
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The slagging process is a popular problem in coal-fired power plants because the coal properties deviate from designed condition, at the same time, power plants is enduring a great pressure with the increasing of coal prices. Power coal blending provides an effective way to solve these two problems. In some traditional methods, blended-coal properties were usually treated by the weighted average method which induced the optimization solutions deviating from the actual results. The reason is that different coal property indexes are based on different benchmarks; for example, the sulphur content in coal is based on applied basis, while the slagging properties of blended-coal are calculated on air-dried basis, which was influenced by the contents of moisture and ash in each coal. In order to study the effects, based on the genetic algorithm, a model considering these two factors was build up to optimum the coal-blending scheme. Compared with the traditional weighted average method, the new model got higher slagging property indexes, as means the former method may include some coal blending schemes into the optimizing process, in which the real slagging parameters go beyond constraint standards. Therefore, in the case of coal-blending optimization to prevent slagging in furnace, these two factors are especially important and should be considered carefully to ensure the precise of slagging parameters, so as to obtain the optimum results both in the prices of coals and in slagging property.
Reports on the topic "Price ending"
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Roth, Alvin, and Axel Ockenfels. Last Minute Bidding and the Rules for Ending Second-Price Auctions: Theory and Evidence from a Natural Experiment on the Internet. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7729.
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