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Engeset, Marit Gundersen, and Birger Opstad. "Evaluation effects of bundle size and price presentation." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 5 (August 14, 2017): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-02-2015-1320.
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Purpose Marketers often combine products in bundles to increase demand. Research has shown that itemizing the prices of the individual products in the bundle raises evaluations in some situations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how bundle size influences the effect itemizing prices have on bundle evaluation. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct two experiments. In the first, they test the effects of price presentation formats (itemized vs consolidated) and bundle size on consumers’ evaluations of product bundles. In the second experiment, they test the proposed mechanism that itemizing the price leads to a more realistic price expectation which in turn enhances evaluation. The authors also test whether this effect is stronger for larger bundles. Findings In Study 1, the authors find that large, but not small, bundles are evaluated more positive when presented with itemized prices. In Study 2, mediated moderation analysis supports the prediction that price expectation mediates the effect of the price presentation × bundle size interaction on bundle evaluations. The findings show that itemizing prices results in more realistic price expectations and that this effect is stronger for larger bundles. In turn, more realistic price expectations lead to higher evaluation. Research limitations/implications The implication of this research is that by directing attention to individual items in the bundle, consumers are better able to assess bundle benefits. More research is needed to investigate other potential explanations for the findings in Study 1. Further research should also investigate whether the findings reported here holds in other settings, with other products and with other types and size of bundles. Practical implications Managers are recommended to itemize the prices of product bundles, particularly when bundles are large. Originality/value This paper extends our knowledge about the effect itemizing the prices of individual items in a bundle has on consumer evaluation by demonstrating the moderating effect of bundle size and showing that more realistic price expectation explains these effects.
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Kotadia, Chaitali. "Evaluation of Equity-linked structured products and pricing." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 314–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss1.2902.
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Based on a unique data set, this research paper examines the pricing of equity-linked structured products in the market. The following section of this paper look at examining a few popular products available in the market, describing their key characteristics, and identifying one such product which will be examined closely for the purposes of determining if the issuing institution has priced the same fairly. The daily closing prices of a large variety of structured products are compared to theoretical values derived from the prices of options traded on the Eurex (European Exchange). This research paper also provides a brief background on the pricing of equity-linked structured products (‘products’) and issues around valuation of these products and look in detail fair pricing of the zero-coupon bond and the basket option. Comparing this with the market price of the instrument I could draw conclusions based on how close the real market price of the instrument is with the recomputed price.
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Salem Hiyassat, Mohammed A. "Construction bid price evaluation." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-111.
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To overcome the disadvantages of the low bid price policy in open competitive contracts, many are advocating the average bid method for bid evaluation. However, as elucidated in this study, this method has some disadvantages. The purpose of this paper is to propose an alternate statistical procedure for bid evaluation. Such procedure applies simple statistical analysis to identify unrealistically low-priced bids, based on either the t-distribution or the normal distribution of a previously established database of similar bids. In this procedure, the ratio of a contractor's bid to owner cost estimate is used to eliminate the distorting effect of the project size. The unrealistically low-priced contracts are then excluded and the bid with the lowest price among the remaining bids is accepted. The procedure requires establishing a database of previous bids.Key words: bid evaluation, competitive bidding, contractor qualification, tender evaluation, contract administration, contract management, bid management.
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Shaik, Reena, and Pradeep M Muragundi. "EVALUATION OF PRICE DISPARITY AMONG GENERIC MEDICINES IN INDIA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.28461.
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Objective: Even though the generic medicines are considered to be a cheaper option compared to the branded medicines in India, there is a need to study the price disparity among the generic medicines. Hence, the present study aims to evaluate the price disparity in generic medicines under Government Scheme in India.Methods: It was found that there were 101 generic medicines approved at a fixed price for procurement under the Central Government Health Services scheme. The prices of these medicines were searched for their availability as well as for current price in Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (under Jan Aushadhi scheme) website.Results: The major category of the generic medicine were antibiotics (53.45%) followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10.89%) and cardiovascular (6.93%) drugs. It was evident from the result obtained by comparing the prices across categories that there were both positive and negative deviations.Conclusion: It was very much evident from the results of the mean of differences that even though fixed price contracts being in place, there is a price disparity in the generic drug prices seen under Government Scheme.
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DOURRA, HUSSEIN, and PEPE SIY. "STOCK EVALUATION USING FUZZY LOGIC." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 04, no. 04 (August 2001): 585–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024901001188.
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We use fuzzy logic engineering tools to detect human behavior in the finance arena, specifically in the technical analysis field. Since technical analysis theory consists of indicators used by experts to evaluate stock prices, the new proposed method maps these indicators into new inputs that can be fed into a fuzzy logic system. This system can create an optimum computerized model to evaluate stock price movement. This method relies on human psychology to predict human behavior when certain price movements or certain price formations occur. The success of the system is measured by comparing system output versus stock price movement. The new stock evaluation method is proven to exceed market performance and it can be an excellent tool in the technical analysis field. The flexibility of the system is also demonstrated.
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Bulíř, P. "Testing of Koch method applied for evaluation of ornamental trees in the Czech Republic." Horticultural Science 36, No. 4 (November 20, 2009): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/60/2008-hortsci.
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Koch method of ornamental trees evaluation is based on interest paid on costs invested in tree-growing up to their maturity stage minus deductions for age, defects and damage. The aim of this paper is to apply the above mentioned method in the economic conditions of the Czech Republic. The paper presents essential economic data generated in accordance with the technological model of tree growing at a permanent site. We also describe the mechanism of the so-called base tree price calculation as a basis for the subtraction of deductions derived from its current condition. The calculated base tree prices are illustratively compared to prices based on the to-date applied calculating techniques and the relevant regulation. We also refer to the method of base price adjustment based on the criterion of landscape tree value. The mechanism of price calculation applied for Koch method testing included two modifications. The first relates to due consideration of growth qualities when calculating development care costs; the other introduces landscaping value indicator as the only base price adjustment to achieve the resulting price, corresponding with the current tree condition.
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Larson, Ronald B. "Price Promotion Evaluation Using Price Discrimination Theory." Journal of Promotion Management 4, no. 1 (January 22, 1997): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j057v04n01_07.
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Nyamsuren, O., and T. Gerelkhuu. "Method of compensations evaluation in Ulaanbaatar." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, no. 2 (November 25, 2014): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.233.
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It is significant to make evaluation of ger area, determine market price of compensation, process evaluation procedure of compensation evaluation, transfer land for need of capital city and determine compensation using methods in international evaluation standards of land and cadastre evaluations methods. Land of Ulaanbaatar city is divided in 65 regions for evaluation, market price per a square meters of land is 156063 Tugrugs. In making adjustment on regional market price using factors to impact on land in accordance with certain methods, price of land per square meter reached 220049 Tugrugs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v11i2.233 Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Vol.11(2) 2013 pp.129-132
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Wang, Gang. "Evaluation System’s Research on Textile Fiber Material Ecological Recycling." Advanced Materials Research 1055 (November 2014): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1055.92.
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This article evaluate the recycling of renewable fiber feasibility from the economic cost, the key factor is the treatment methods, reuse direction, and its economic costs. Textile fiber material recycling economic cost, mainly through analysis the cost of new textile fiber materials prices and the price of recycled fiber, of which the price of recycled fiber is the recovery of the prices of textile fibers combined with the recycling processing costs.
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Choi, Choongbeom, and Anna S. Mattila. "The Effects of Internal and External Reference Prices on Travelers’ Price Evaluations." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 8 (October 30, 2017): 1068–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517735910.
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The relative use of an internal reference price (IRP) versus an external reference price (ERP) becomes an important issue in the travel and lodging contexts as the increased promotional activity by destinations and hotels is likely to be based on price-comparison advertisements. However, there is little guidance on how tourism and hospitality organizations can use pricing structure to influence reference price, which is cardinal to travelers’ evaluation of price acceptability. Thus, the current research examines how pricing characteristics of the lodging services shift travelers’ sensitivity to two different types of reference prices, and therefore, influence their price evaluations. Compared with IRP, our findings indicate that individuals are more sensitive to and affected by ERP. The results also demonstrate that information accessibility and perceived diagnosticity are key mechanisms that lead to the differential effect of IRP versus ERP on travelers’ price evaluations. Relevant managerial implications are drawn regarding price and promotion strategies.
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Chen, Rong Fang, and Jun Tang. "Analysis of Influencing Factors of Housing Price in Xiangtan City." Advanced Materials Research 934 (May 2014): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.934.263.
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On the basis of rationality evaluation index of housing price, the main influencing factors of housing price were proposed. Through the analysis of 2004-2013 Xiangtan land prices, housing price, construction costs and taxes and other factors, it is concluded that the four main factors that affect Xiangtan City’s housing price are land prices, housing supply, construction costs and taxes.
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Franken, Jason R. V., and Joe L. Parcell. "Evaluation of Market Thinness for Hogs and Pork." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 44, no. 4 (November 2012): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800024044.
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We investigate thinness of hog and pork markets in terms of quantity and representativeness of negotiated transactions. Transactional volume imparts marginally greater confidence in pricing precision for Iowa-Southern Minnesota negotiated hogs than for the national carcass cut-out, suggesting that contracts tying prices to the former rather than the latter may be more representative of industry conditions. Extending mandatory price reporting to pork may remedy this discrepancy. Despite declining volume, terminal hog markets may price accurately off of Iowa-Southern Minnesota prices. Hog quality differentials across procurement methods are documented, and quality of negotiated hogs is shown to decline with declining volume.
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Rudko, G. I., M. M. Kurylo, V. V. Bala, and Yu S. Makovskyi. "METHODS FOR PRICE DETERMINATION (JUSTIFICATION) AT ECONOMIC-GEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF COAL DEPOSITS." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2018.4.45-48.
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The purpose of research is systematization and analysis of methods of price determining for geological and economic assessment of coal deposits in domestic and international practice. Price indicators and income from sale of coal affect significantly reserves value, profitability of their development, and determine industrial significance of reserves. In domestic practice commodity exchanges, contractual, regulated, world and transfer prices are used. In international practice coal prices are formed at the result of futures, spot or stock exchange contracts. Now international coal trade realizes in the framework of futures contracts and spot transactions. In recent years, short-term contracts prevail, rarely it’s used medium-term contracts. A sequence of coal pricing for geological and economic assessment has been determined, which is the following: classification of coal by grades and classes in accordance with current standards; statistical analysis of prices by grades and classes, coal enrichment products; determination of a system of discounts/surcharges to the price of each class depending on coal quality; correction of actual producer prices for assessment reserves. The values of surcharges or discounts for individual indicators of coal quality are determined. The sensitivity analysis of reserves value and profitability from changes in selling coal prices has been carried out. The determination of the coal price or enrichment products requires a detailed justification depending on the stage of geological and feasibility study of reserves. For detailed assessment of explored or exploited deposits it is reasonable to use actual prices of coal sales for the previous period and contract prices for future periods in the presence of medium and long-term contracts. For preliminary geological and economic assessment, it is possible to use the price of the analogue deposit, which is developed, or wholesale coal prices with correction by quality.
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Blažková, Ivana, and Pavel Syrovátka. "Price formation and transmission along the food commodity chain." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040031.
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The article is focused on analysis of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain in the Czech Republic, with the distinction on wheat products with low value added (wheat flour), respectively high value added (wheat rolls). The degree of vertical price transmission is measured to identify potential market failures, because asymmetric price transmission can be the result of existence of market power within the food commodity chain. The data basis is made up from monthly prices on partial markets of the analyzed commodity chain published by Czech Statistical Office and Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The monitored time period is from January 2000 till October 2009. The analysis is based on calculation of the price transmission elasticity coefficient (evaluation of price transmission along the chain) and the intensity of dependency of positive and negative inter-market price differences (evaluation whether positive or negative price changes are better transmitted among particular vertical markets). Time lag is tested as well. The assessment of price transmission along the wheat commodity chain confirmed the existence of market power especially on the retail stage and low impact of price changes of farm prices on final consumer food prices.
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Prestemon, Jeffrey P. "Evaluation of U.S. southern pine stumpage market informational efficiency." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 561–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-198.
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The literature on informational efficiency of southern timber markets conflicts. Part of this conflict is because of differences in how efficiency was tested. In this paper, price behavior tests are based on deflated ("real") southern pine (Pinus spp.) sawtimber stumpage prices, using some of the same data and tests used in previous research and some new data and tests. Here, different results are found in many cases regarding price behavior, as compared with the existing literature. Using a valid and consistent data-based model selection procedure, augmented DickeyFuller tests cannot reject a null of a unit root for most deflated monthly and all quarterly southern pine timber price series evaluated. Regressions of long-term deflated timber price ratios on their own lags lead to results similar to those offered by other authors when not corrected for bias but produce fewer similarities when bias is addressed. The results of those regressions support a contention that most of the monthly series contain nonstationary as well as stationary components and that quarterly prices tested in this framework using data through 2001 are closer to pure nonstationary processes. These results have implications for harvest timing approaches that depend on serial dependence of timber prices, provide support for certain kinds of policy and catastrophic shocks modeling procedures, and address the validity of statistical approaches best suited to evaluating interconnections among timber markets.
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Rovný, Patrik, Elena Kováčiková, and Aleš Peprný. "Price development evaluation of chosen plant commodities in agrarian market in the Slovak Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 3 (2010): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058030225.
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The objective of the paper is to evaluate the price development of the chosen commodities in plant production in Slovakia and to focus on the factors influencing the increase or decrease in the price of commodities on the domestic and foreign markets. In 2008 the prices of the products in a year–on–year plant production increased by 1.6 %. The price of the plant products, including fruits and vegetables recorded the biggest increase since January 2008 until October 2008. The biggest increase in prices was recorded in June (increase of 52.7%). The high prices of oil plants and legume were one of the causes in a year–on–year price increase (oil plants increase by 23.3% and legume −15.7%). Price development on the domestic market of cereals and oil plants was influenced in the first three terms by growing stock–exchange value and the high demand from the side of foreign buyers connected with the increasing production of biofuels. On the other hand, in the last term of the year 2008, there can be seen the rapid decrease of the prices of cereals and oil plants because of the high production and the development of the world prices. The prices of fruits, evaluated in 2004–2008, recorded the biggest increase in January and February 2008 (in January 2008 – increase by 22.1% and February 2008 – increase by 23.2%). Prices of vegetables slightly grew in the monitored period. The biggest increase was recorded in December 2006 and in January and February 2007 (more than 15%).
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Milyardi, Roi, Indra Koheru, and Cindrawaty Lesmana. "Evaluation of Procurement Process on Ethanol Factory Construction – Lampung." Journal of Innovation and Community Engagement 1, no. 1 (March 10, 2021): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jice.v1i1.3366.
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The procurement process in construction is quite complicated with its various methods. One of them, design and construct contracting, which often used, is one that has an advantage of saving time and money. However, for companies without sufficient capabilities to carry out procurement, the design construct contract method also requires expert assistance in the process. To meet the construction procurement process requirements, one workable solution is that the company collaborates with a university for its factory construction development. The relevant academicians have expertise to solve problems in procurement process. The academician team was collecting appropriate data and then evaluating it to give suggestions on the construction procurement process. The method used was a simple comparison of the price proposed by the contractor to the owner estimate which was then calculated based on the Indonesian Regulation by the Minister of Public Works and Housing no. 28/PRT/M/concerning the unit price analysis that used as reference. Prices for materials, tools, and wages referred from Indonesian unit price journal references. The result of the evaluation was to determine the contract winner based on price and technical design aspects within company budget. During the evaluation process, clarification was made regarding the proposed design, construction method and quality of the proposed material to match the technical aspects of the design. The price evaluation process which was carried out in a short term has assisted the company in carrying out its construction procurement process. In the long run, cooperation can be developed in the form of human resource training so that the company can develop independently in carrying out the construction procurement process.
Keywords: construction procurement, community service, owner estimate
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Ivanovski, Zoran, Zoran Narasanov, and Nadica Ivanovska. "Performance Evaluation of Stocks’ Valuation Models at MSE." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0011.
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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The main task of this paper is to examine the proximity of valuations generated by different valuation models to stock prices in order to investigate their reliability at Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) and to present alternative “scenario” methodology for discounted free cash flow to firm valuation. Materials and methods: By using publicly available data from MSE we are calculating stock prices with three stock valuation models: Discounted Free Cash Flow, Dividend Discount and Relative Valuation. Results: The evaluation of performance of three stock valuation models at the MSE identified that model of Price Multiplies (P/E and other profitability ratios) offer reliable stock values determination and lower level of price errors compared with the average stocks market prices. Conclusions: The Discounted Free Cash Flow (DCF) model provides values close to average market prices, while Dividend Discount (DDM) valuation model generally mispriced stocks at MSE. We suggest the use of DCF model combined with relative valuation models for accurate stocks’ values calculation at MSE.
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Jung, Jae Ho, Dae Jung Kim, Kangho Suh, Jaeeun You, Je Ho Lee, Kyung In Joung, and Dong Churl Suh. "International Price Comparisons of Anticancer Drugs: A Scheme for Improving Patient Accessibility." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020670.
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Background: The demand for implementing a new listing scheme to expedite patient access to novel oncology drugs has increased in South Korea. This study was conducted to compare the prices of anticancer drugs between eight countries and to explore the feasibility of a ‘pre-listing and post-evaluation’ scheme to expedite patient access to oncology drugs. Methods: This study included 34 anticancer drugs, which were reimbursed between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. The unit price and sales volume of the study drugs were collected from eight countries and IQVIA data, respectively. The prices were adjusted to estimate the ex-factory prices using the discount/rebate rate suggested by the Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA). The four price indices of Laspeyres, Paasche, Fisher, and the unweighted index were calculated using the price in each country, the average price, and lowest price among the study countries. Each currency was converted using the currency exchange rate and purchasing power parity (PPP). The budget impact of implementing the proposed pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme on payers was calculated. Results: Based on the currency exchange rate, anticancer drug prices were higher in other countries (index range: 1.05–2.78) compared to Korea. The prices in Korea were similar to countries with the lowest prices. When the PPP was applied, prices were higher in the US, Germany, Italy, and Japan than in Korea (range: 1.10–2.13); however, the prices were lower in the UK, France, and Switzerland than in Korea (range: 0.72–0.99). The financial burden of implementing the pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme was calculated at 0.83% of the total anticancer drug sales value in Korea from 2013–2017. Conclusions: The prices of anticancer drugs in Korea were similar to the lowest prices among the seven other study countries. A pre-listing and post-evaluation scheme should be considered to improve patient access to novel anticancer drugs by reducing the reimbursement review time and uncertainties.
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Yamaki, Satoru, and Nobuyoshi Yabuki. "Concentration of Bid Prices Just Above the Standard Minimum Price in Public Construction Works." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 10, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2021.10.3.177.
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In Japan, contract offices are mandated to set threshold prices for public works. A threshold price is the upper limit of the bid price, and a contractor who exceeds this threshold is disqualified. Furthermore, based on the threshold price, a minimum price is set as a price requiring investigation before acceptance. In recent years, bids and contracts for public works have generally had bid prices concentrated slightly above the standard minimum for investigation. It has been pointed out that this tendency is detrimental in terms of the motivation of engineers and social costs. In this study, we confirm that this tendency was alleviated and that the level of the winning bidder's technical evaluation score was feasible at the same time. In addition, we obtained quantitative findings on variables that affect both above. Furthermore, although it is impossible to achieve a perfect balance between alleviating the tendency of prices to concentrate slightly above the standard minimum for investigation and sufficient technical evaluation scores, elements necessary to improve the overall situation were quantitatively identified.
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Gunay, Samet. "Fractionally Cointegrated Vector Autoregression Model: Evaluation of High/Low and Close/Open Spreads for Precious Metals." SAGE Open 8, no. 4 (October 2018): 215824401881264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018812649.
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Daily high/low and close/open prices are the key parameters of candlestick approach in technical analysis. Besides, the price spreads are also important as they represent an upward or a downward trend. In this study, we investigate the relationship between daily high/low prices and close/open prices for precious metals: gold, copper, palladium, and silver. Empirical analysis has been performed through fractionally cointegrated vector autoregression (FCVAR) model. To observe the relationships, the trends are tested for their characteristics in both states: positive and negative spreads in close/open prices. Results indicated that for a positive trend, high/low spreads have a negative impact on close/open spreads in long run relationship. However, when closing price is less than the opening prices, it is revealed that expanding range in high/low spreads causes a rise in close/open spreads for copper and silver differently from gold price.
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Bakhtavoryan, Rafael, Vardges Hovhannisyan, Stephen Devadoss, and Jose Lopez. "An Empirical Evaluation of Egg Demand in the United States." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 53, no. 2 (May 2021): 280–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2021.9.
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AbstractWe adopt an EASI model to estimate demand for omega-3, organic, cage-free, and conventional eggs in the United States. Our empirical framework accounts for demand inter-dependencies among these egg types, while allowing for unrestricted Engel curves, unobserved consumer heterogeneity, and a broader product and geographic coverage. We further address endogeneity of prices and expenditures and left-censoring induced by disaggregate data. Our results indicate that the demand for organic and cage-free eggs is price-elastic, while the demand for omega-3 and conventional eggs is price-inelastic. Additionally, we establish strong substitutability relationships between the eggs. Finally, we measure consumer welfare consequences of rising domestic egg prices brought by Japan’s egg import tariff reductions.
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Mammadov, Fariz. "Evaluation of the economic impact of electricity prices change (Azerbaijan case)." Science, technologies, innovation, no. 1(17) (2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-1-03.
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This paper has examined the impact of electricity tariff changes to other economic sectors, as well as to potential changes of price levels in the overall economy. In this regard, the authors have applied the Inter-Industry Balance Model and its modification, i.e. Equilibrium Price Multiplier Model. The authors have also empirically built the inter-industry balance and equilibrium price models for the case of Azerbaijan’s economy, and conducted analysis and assessments for this case. The inter-industry balance tables of production and distribution of products and services, officially published by the State Statistical Committee of the Republic of Azerbaijan, were taken as the primary database for this study. It should be noted that the inter-industry balance model for Azerbaijan was built based on 96 sectors of the economy. The model was used to assess the economic impact of electricity price changes in the national economy. Finally, simulations relevant to 10, 20 and 30 percent increase of electricity prices were conducted and potential impacts to Azerbaijan’s economy were assessed. The obtained results were analyzed and summarized.
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Hudson, Darren, Don Ethridge, and Jeff Brown. "Producer prices in cotton markets: Evaluation of reported price information accuracy." Agribusiness 12, no. 4 (July 1996): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6297(199607/08)12:4<353::aid-agr5>3.0.co;2-y.
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Rovbel, R. L. "Analyzing the Problems and Opportunities of Reference Pricing for the Use by State Government and Local Self-Government Bodies in Procurement Activities and Housing Development." Management Science 8, no. 2 (August 11, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2404-022x-2018-8-2-44-51.
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The problem of increasing transparency and elimination of corruption component in procurement is the most acute in the recent 10 years. The purpose of this study is to analyse the changes in the methods of calculating the initial (maximum) contract price (IMCP) through the introduction of reference prices and the analysis of the possibility of using reference pricing in the residential real estate market in the construction of social housing by the state. For reference pricing, prices for similar products are used for comparison. To achieve the given goal, there was carried an analysis of the legal act in the healthcare sector, which entered into force in October 2017 (Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 26.10.2017 No. 871n “On approval of the procedure for determining the initial (maximum price) contract, the price of the contract concluded with a single supplier (contractor, performer), in the procurement of medicines for medical use”) and for the first time containing the concept of “reference price”, and also there were identified the main shortcomings of the existing unified state information system in the field of healthcare, which is proposed to be used as a basis for calculating reference prices and to other areas of procurement activities, in addition to healthcare. As a result of the conducted study, the methodology of reference pricing in the housing market was presented, and a proposal was made to attract evaluating companies and the institute of evaluation in general to carry out calculations on the economic value formation of different housing types for a particular segment of consumers. Transfer to the institute of evaluation of all issues, concerning reference pricing in the public housing construction market will enable to improve the level and quality of life of the population and to minimize the budget due to the increase in the price reliability level.
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Osuafor, Nkeiruka Grace, Chinwe Victoria Ukwe, and Mathew Okonta. "Evaluation of availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255567.
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Objective To assess the availability, price, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines in Abuja, Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional survey involving 27 private pharmacies, 13 public pharmacies, and 25 private hospital pharmacies in Abuja was conducted using the standardized World Health Organization/Health Action International methodology. The availability percentage for each pharmacy sector and each medicine was analyzed. The median price ratio (MPR) (ratio of the median price to the international reference prices) of the medicines were evaluated accordingly. Affordability was assessed by calculating the number of days’ wages the lowest-paid unskilled government worker required to purchase a month worth of the standard treatment for a chronic condition. Results The availability of cardiovascular (CV) medicines ranged from 28.4% (in private hospital pharmacies) to 59.9% (in private pharmacies). There was mixed variability in the mean availability of Originator Brands (OBs) and Lowest Priced Generics (LPGs) anti-diabetic drugs with the highest availability being OBs 36% and LPGs 40.2%, in private pharmacies and public pharmacies, respectively. The availability of global drugs ranged from 49.7% in private hospitals to 68.8% in private pharmacies. Two cardiovascular and four global medicines had greater than 80% availability across the pharmaceutical sectors. The median price ratio for OBs and LPGs was 9.60 and 1.72 for procurement, it was 8.08 and 2.60 in private pharmacies, 13.56 and 2.66 in public hospitals, and 16.38 and 7.89 in private hospitals. The percentage markup on LPG was 49.4% in public hospitals, 51.4% in private pharmacies, and 323% in private hospitals. Only nine medicines in both public hospitals and private pharmacies and two in the private hospital pharmacies required less than the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker. Conclusion The availability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines was below 80% across the different pharmaceutical sectors in Abuja and the medicines were unaffordable. Although the prices were generally exorbitant, private pharmacies offered the best options in terms of availability, pricing, and affordability of medicines. Therefore, the results of this study emphasize the pertinence of enforcing policies that facilitate the availability, pricing, and affordability of cardiovascular, diabetes, and global medicines.
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Doppegieter, J. J., and I. J. Lambrechts. "A financial evaluation of price formulae." South African Journal of Business Management 16, no. 2 (June 30, 1985): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v16i2.1080.
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This is the second in a series of four articles on price formulae/determination. In the first a simulation model was developed and the criterion of evaluating the model, the internal rate of return, was introduced. In this article two price formulae are simulated and analysed in accordance with principles discussed in the first article. Significant differences emerge between the two formulae. The internal rate of return of formula B (which is expressed in terms of replacement values) is continuously more than 100 % higher and more stable than that of formula A (which is expressed in terms of historical values). It also appears that it can be misleading to judge the profitability of a price formula against the allowed rate of profitability. The adequacy of the price formulae for inflation is judged by examining the internal rate of return in a situation with and without inflation and by calculating the ratio between depreciation allowed and replacement investments. Finally, the effect of the formulae on financial structure is analysed by calculating a liquidity (based on cash flow) and a solvability ratio. In conclusion, it appears that formula B is superior to formula A, mainly as a result of differences between the price formulae.
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Gheorghe, Mihai, and Valentina Vasile. "Price Convergence in Romania - Statistical Evaluation." Procedia Economics and Finance 32 (2015): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01406-9.
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Dale, Larry, Camille Antinori, Michael McNeil, James E. McMahon, and K. Sydny Fujita. "Retrospective evaluation of appliance price trends." Energy Policy 37, no. 2 (February 2009): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.09.087.
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Halimatussakdiah, Halimatussakdiah. "Pricing Strategies Evaluation in Radio Industry’s Firm (Case Study at PT XYZ)." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 4, no. 4 (January 5, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v4i4.299-314.
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The purpose of this study is to classify costs that an be included in the calculation of production using target costing precisely and determine the pricing strategy and the price that should be set by PT XYZ. The method used is qualitative research. This study concludes that the use of pricing strategies implemented by PT XYZ is inefficient, because in determining product prices, PT XYZ didn’t use target costing calculations, so the company doesn’t know how much costs must be spent to produce or run their services. By using target costing and target pricing, the company can make cost adjustments in order to remain competitive in the market. Furthermore, in determining the price, the company must decipher costs are incurred to run a service. The use of the most appropriate pricing strategy in determining new advertising prices in the industry is to use cost-based pricing. But if the company has already prices set, then it’s best for company to use customer’s value based pricing.
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Syrovátka, Pavel. "Analysis of price interactions between Czech and world wheat markets." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 58, no. 6 (2010): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201058060533.
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The paper is focused on the analysis of the price interactions between the Czech and world markets for the wheat. The long-term interactions of the wheat market prices were tested by means of the co-integration analysis (Engle-Granger test). The dynamic autoregressive model developed by the author was used for evaluation of the short-term price interactions. Monthly time series of the market prices from January 1995 till April 2010 were obtained from the Czech Statistical Office and the International Monetary Fund. The results of the co-integration analysis showed, that the price dynamics in the world wheat market does not have a long-term impact on the level of prices in the Czech market for the given commodity. According to the constructed and statistically verified model, the short-term price interactions between the studied markets are not strong too. The value of the determination index (0.5063) implies other factors forming the price dynamics of the Czech wheat market.
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Padula, Giovanna, and Bruno Busacca. "The asymmetric impact of price‐attribute performance on overall price evaluation." International Journal of Service Industry Management 16, no. 1 (February 2005): 28–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09564230510587140.
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Burdine, Kenneth H., Yoko Kusunose, Leigh J. Maynard, Don P. Blayney, and Roberto Mosheim. "Livestock Gross Margin–Dairy: An Assessment of Its Effectiveness as a Risk Management Tool and Its Potential to Induce Supply Expansion." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 46, no. 2 (May 2014): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800000766.
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An evaluation of the risk-reducing effectiveness of the Livestock Gross Margin–Dairy (LGM-Dairy) insurance program, using historical futures price data, predicts economically significant reductions in downside margin risk (24–41%) across multiple regions. Supply analysis based on the estimated risk reduction shows a small supply response, assuming minimal subsidization. A decomposition of the simulated indemnities into milk price and feed price components shows comovements in futures prices moderating the frequency and levels of indemnities.
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Li, Youzhu, Rui He, Jinsi Liu, Chongguang Li, and Jason Xiong. "Quantitative Evaluation of China’s Pork Industry Policy: A PMC Index Model Approach." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 20, 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020086.
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To ease the fluctuation of hog prices and maintain the hog market’s stability, the central government of China has issued a series of hog price control policies. This paper, supplemented by co-word analysis and LDA thematic modeling, constructed 9 first-level indicators and 36 s-level indicators and used a PMC index model to conduct quantitative research on the selected 74 policies and regulations of China’s pig price regulation policies from July 2007 to April 2020. The research concludes that the research tool system of China’s hog price control is formed. The overall design of the hog price control policy is relatively reasonable, but there are still the following problems: the subject of China’s pig price control policy is singular, so it is difficult to form a resultant force; the policy pays attention to the price regulation in the short term, but ignores the long-term industrial structure adjustment; it emphasizes market supervision, but insufficient support for slaughtering and processing; it focuses on production and management to improve the development quality and efficiency of the pig industry, but does not take social equity into account. Finally, some policy suggestions are put forward: multi-department division of labor and close cooperation; adjusting the industrial structure of hog and carrying out appropriate large-scale breeding; establishing the operation mode of slaughtering and processing in the producing area to reduce the circulation cost of the pig industry; ensuring the consumption of pork by low-income groups and giving consideration to social efficiency and equity.
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Li, Ming, Guojun Zhang, Yunliang Chen, and Chunshan Zhou. "Evaluation of Residential Housing Prices on the Internet: Data Pitfalls." Complexity 2019 (February 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5370961.
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Many studies have used housing prices on the Internet real estate information platforms as data sources, but platforms differ in the nature and quality of the data they release. However, few studies have analysed these differences or their effect on research. In this study, second-hand neighbourhood housing prices and information on five online real estate information platforms in Guangzhou, China, were comparatively analysed and the performance of neighbourhoods’ raw information from four for-profit online real estate information platforms was evaluated by applying the same housing price model. The comparison results show that the official second-hand residential housing prices at city and district level are generally lower than those issued on four for-profit real estate websites. The same second-hand neighbourhood housing prices are similar across each of the four for-profit real estate websites due to cross-referencing among real estate websites. The differences of housing prices in the central city area are significantly fewer than those in the periphery. The variation of each neighbourhood’s housing prices on each website decreases gradually from the city centre to the periphery, but the relative variation stays stable. The results of the four hedonic models have some inconsistencies with other studies’ findings, demonstrating that errors exist in raw information on neighbourhoods taken from Internet platforms. These results remind researchers to choose housing price data sources cautiously and that raw information on neighbourhoods from Internet platforms should be appropriately cleaned.
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Roth, Stefan, Lena Himbert, and Stephan Zielke. "Does unit pricing influence store price image dimensions and shopping intentions for retail stores?" European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 1396–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-12-2015-0834.
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Purpose While previous literature focusses on the impact of unit pricing on the customer level by analysing customer awareness and product choice, the present research aims to highlight the impact unit pricing has at the store level. Design/methodology/approach The impact of unit pricing on the store price image is investigated in two experiments. While the first experiment assesses the general influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on store price image, the second experiment provides further insights into the influence of unit price prominence on store price image and shopping intentions under consideration of moderating variables. Findings This research demonstrates that the availability of unit prices influences several store price image dimensions positively, namely, price processibility, price perceptibility and evaluation certainty. There is also an indirect positive effect on value-for-money perception. Furthermore, unit price prominence has a positive effect on the dimension price processibility. There is a positive influence of unit price presence and unit price prominence on the consumers’ intention to shop at a given store through the store price image. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing unit price and store price image literature and derives implications for retailers as well as for policymakers regarding the presentation of unit prices on price labels. Policymakers can use the results for motivating retailers to use unit price information more actively and present it more prominently beyond the minimum regulatory standards.
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Panagushin, V. P., and V. Y. Ivanisov. "METHODS OF FINANCING AND PRICING OF DEVELOPMENT - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEFENSE." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 2 (June 25, 2015): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2015-2-2.
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The evaluation of the cost of development - development (R & D) at the conclusion of the state contract is proposed to conduct an estimated price of the replacement steps of the current standard OCD OCD stages, which are adequate and include several stages. At each stage, the limit is determined by the estimated price of the ROC, while retail prices are determined by the following steps and stages of their amount. Upon completion of all stages of the ROC, it is converted indicative price stages and the ROC in the fixed-price into the cost to the planned profit.
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Buday, Š. "Agricultural land market in selected regions of the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 4 (March 1, 2012): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5378-agricecon.
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One of the conditions of accession of Slovakia into the European Union is the existence of a developed land market. At present, the official land price is mostly used in the evaluation of agricultural land. The price was calculated on the basis of normative production and normative costs required to achieve such production. As the land market gradually develops, market prices come into being; reflecting the effect of real market forces. With the full-fledged market prices, the task of official prices will be just an informative one. The land market prices will gradually assume all the tasks of the current official prices of the agricultural land.
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Sahay, Arvind, Sumitava Mukherjee, and Prem Prakash Dewani. "Price discount framings on product bundles with shipping surcharges in the Indian market." Journal of Indian Business Research 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jibr-05-2014-0026.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how consumers process price frames of product bundles (product plus surcharge) and discount offers to weigh contentious positions between the weighted-additive and the reference-dependent models. Further, some research suggests bundling, while others suggest partitioning to be a more effective pricing strategy. This research evaluated the relative influences of different price frames to examine which model is supported and what are the boundary conditions for price framing. Design/methodology/approach – Two online studies were conducted on Indian adults who had prior experiences of online purchases. They were asked to judge attractiveness of bundles (product along with shipping surcharge). Discounts were shown on the product, the surcharge or on the overall bundle either as partitioned prices or as a bundle. Findings – Across two studies on low- and high-priced products, discounts on shipping surcharge increased attractiveness of the bundle compared to a similar discount on the product or on the overall bundle, supporting the reference-dependent model. Further, for a low-priced product, bundling increased attractiveness, while for a high-priced product, partitioning was more attractive. Research limitations/implications – More research is needed to examine whether these results translate to other kinds of products, surcharges or discount promotions and in different populations. Originality/value – This research makes important contributions to theoretical and practical aspects of bundling and partitioned pricing research. It also adds much needed data about evaluation of product bundles with shipping surcharges among Indian customers.
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Velandia, Margarita, Suzette Galinato, and Annette Wszelaki. "Economic Evaluation of Biodegradable Plastic Films in Tennessee Pumpkin Production." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010051.
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The use of polyethylene mulch in vegetable production is considered unsustainable because of its contribution to soil plastic pollution. Plastic biodegradable mulches (BDMs) are a more sustainable option because they are tilled into the soil or composted at the end of the cropping season, and designed to decompose into water, carbon dioxide, and microbial biomass, reducing soil plastic pollution. Regardless of the potential environmental benefits associated with the use of BDMs, farmers will have to evaluate the changes in profits when transitioning from polyethylene (PE) mulch to BDM before deciding to adopt BDMs. This study evaluates the factors associated with the economic feasibility of adopting BDM in pumpkin production using a partial budget and sensitivity analyses. Results suggest that the cost of BDM, labor costs, and sale price discounts, due to mulch adhesion in pumpkin fruit have the greatest impact on profits when transitioning from PE mulch to BDM. When assuming current market prices for PE mulch and BDM, the 2019 Tennessee Adverse Effect wage rate, and no price discounts, transitioning from PE mulch to BDM results in a positive impact on profits. When assuming a 5% price discount, this transition results in a negative impact on profits.
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Kwak, Young-Sik, Yoon-Jung Nam, and Jae-Won Hong. "Effect of Online Collective Intelligence in Wine Industry: Focus on Correlation between Wine Quality Ratings and On-Premise Prices." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 8001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13148001.
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This study aims to explore whether wine CI (Collective Intelligence) platforms, such as Wine Spectator and Wine Enthusiast, can provide a wine rating effect on price, as Robert Parker’s does in the Korean wine market. To achieve the purpose of the study, we collected information with wine evaluation ratings and on-premise prices from three wine evaluation sites and seven restaurants in South Korea. The researchers calculated the Pearson’s rho between the wine evaluation ratings and on-premise prices based on country, region, vintage, and type of wine. Based on the results of the study, the CI of wine ratings shows statistically the same association degree to price as wine guru Robert Parker’s score. This study can academically extend the research of CI’s application in the wine industry and provide strong support for a sustainable e-business model and pricing tactics in the wine industry.
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Ke, Hong, Lu Yue, and Zhi Ping Hu. "Research on Grading Standard of the Project Quality Management System under Comprehensive Evaluation Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 2332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.2332.
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There are two kinds of bid evaluation methods in China, which are the lowest bid price method and the comprehensive evaluation method. They have their own advantages and disadvantages, and they can’t replace each other. Especially, the applicable scope of comprehensive evaluation method is wide. Quantifying the technical bid and commercial bid weighted, calculating for each bid comprehensive evaluating price or comprehensive evaluation points, and then selecting a high comprehensive quality unit. The paper aims at the particularity of comprehensive evaluation method. Then to study the content of the construction quality management system, the indicators and criteria, which guarantees the quality of the project.
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Elaad, Eitan, Neta Sayag, and Aliya Ezer. "Effects of Anchoring and Adjustment in the Evaluation of Product Pricing." Psychological Reports 107, no. 1 (August 2010): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/01.pr0.107.4.58-60.
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Anchoring and adjustment comprise a heuristic that creates expectations. Two types of anchors were applied on participants' evaluation of products: the price reference of the product (maximum, minimum, or no price reference) and the context in which the products were evaluated (the prestige of the shopping center). Results showed that both factors anchored evaluations of products' value. Context effects were explained by the different expectations of visitors in prestigious (looking for quality) and less prestigious (seeking a bargain) centers.
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Giannias, Dimitrios A. "Microeconomic analysis‐based comparative evaluation of brands." Journal of Product & Brand Management 8, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610429910266977.
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A brand is a kind of sign by which we can distinguish one commodity from another. Commodity prices, as well as consumers’ utility and firms’ profit, are affected by brands. Presents a theoretical framework that incorporates aspects of brand in microeconomic analysis. The theory developed makes it possible to infer the quality of differentiated products from the price distribution of the second‐hand market for that product. A case study illustrates the workings of the methodology; the application evaluates the quality of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers.
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Alrasheedy, Alian A. "Pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia: findings and implications." Generics and Biosimilars Initiative Journal 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5639/gabij.2020.0901.003.
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Introduction: Many countries have introduced policies and strategies to limit pharmaceutical expenditures. These include pharmaceutical pricing policies and related strategies to control medicine prices and to ensure appropriate and stable prices. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the current pharmaceutical pricing policy for medicines in Saudi Arabia and to provide an evaluation of the impact of this policy on medicine prices. Methods: A description of the current pharmaceutical policy is presented by reviewing the current official documents and regulations related to pharmaceutical pricing in Saudi Arabia. A price comparison between the original brand medicines and their generic versions was conducted for the top six selling medicines in Saudi Arabia during the period of 2010–2015. Results: The findings showed that Saudi pharmaceutical pricing policy takes into consideration several factors including an international price benchmark, internal price referencing, and the price of the medicine in the country of origin when determining medicine prices. Based on this policy, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines compared to original brand medicines. The generic medicine to original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.30. However, the price of the first generic medicine was close to the price of original brand medicine, with the first generic medicine-to-original brand medicine price ratio was 0.87–0.81. In this study, there were large differences in the prices of generic medicines for the same molecule. In fact, price ratio among the generic medicines for the same molecule was between 0.96 and 0.18. However, some generic medicines imported from high income countries were cheaper than the medicines manufactured locally or manufactured in other countries in the Middle East. Conclusion: Medicine prices are strictly controlled through the pharmaceutical pricing policy in Saudi Arabia. Overall, the current policy has resulted in significant price differences among medicines, including medicines of the same molecule. Due to this large difference, the cost savings will depend on the product prescribed or procured by the health organization.
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Huang, Hui-Chun, Ya-Ting Chang, Che-Yi Yeh, and Chung-Wei Liao. "Promote the price promotion." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 26, no. 7 (October 7, 2014): 1065–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2013-0204.
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Purpose – The authors empirically evaluated the effect of price promotions on customer quality evaluations and repeat-purchase intentions in coffee chain stores. The moderating role of customer characteristics in this process was also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – Consumers in 12 coffee chain stores were surveyed and 488 usable questionnaires were obtained. Relationships in the test model were examined using structural equation modeling techniques. A multiple-group solution was used to test the moderating effects of consumer characteristics. Findings – The results of structural equation modeling analyses suggested that price-promotion activities at Starbucks in Taiwan had a favorable effect on customer quality evaluations and positively influenced repeat-purchase intentions. The moderating effects of consumer characteristics were partially supported. Whereas sex showed no significant moderating effect, consumption frequency did demonstrate a moderating effect. Practical implications – The results indicate that existing customers may see price promotions at Starbucks in Taiwan as a reward or incentive, and thus lead to an increase in favorable evaluations. The findings provide a new perspective that may encourage those involved in the marketing of coffee chain stores to manage price promotions in a more strategic manner by considering customer characteristics. Originality/value – The effects of price promotions on brand evaluation remain controversial and may vary among product categories. Additionally, most studies regarding price promotions have used an experimental approach, and few studies of price promotions in the coffee industry have been reported. The study is among the first to empirically examine the effects of price promotions and the moderating role of consumer characteristics in the process at coffee chain stores.
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Wierzbicki, H. "Breeding value evaluation in Polish fur animals: Factors affecting pelt prices in the international trading system." Czech Journal of Animal Science 50, No. 6 (December 10, 2011): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4167-cjas.
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The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of pelt character traits to the price the skins could reach at an auction house. The paper also presents an analysis of trends showing the changes in the contribution of pelt character traits to the pelt price over 4 seasons. 10 177 records of arctic fox pelts sold at the Helsinki Auction House in the seasons 2000–2004 were analysed. The pelts were graded and sorted according to their character traits: size, quality, colour clarity and colour darkness. The significance of the pelt character traits and their effects on the pelt price were tested using the GLM procedure and two linear models (Model 1 – without interactions between main effects, Model 2 – with interactions between main effects). The total variation of the pelt price was partitioned into components connected with random effects included in the models using the REML and VARCOMP procedure. Then, based on the estimated variance components, the percent contribution of each component to the total variation of the pelt price was calculated. It was found that, depending on the model and season, the pelt price was mostly influenced by skin size and quality, whereas colour type and colour clarity had small effects on the pelt price. However, the effect of the skin size on the pelt price in the analysed seasons decreased, whereas the effects of the remaining three traits on the pelt price slightly increased.
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Veale, Roberta, and Pascale Quester. "Consumer Sensory Evaluations of Wine Quality: The Respective Influence of Price and Country of Origin." Journal of Wine Economics 3, no. 1 (2008): 10–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000535.
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AbstractThe purpose of the study was to investigate the respective influences of price and country of origin as extrinsic cues on consumer evaluations of wine quality when all intrinsic cues are experienced through sensory perception. Taste testing experiments were conducted (N = 263) using Chardonnay as the test product in a 3 (country of origin, COO) × 3 (price) × 3 (acid level) conjoint analysis fractional factorial design. Price and COO were both found to be more important contributors to perception of wine quality than taste. Reliance on extrinsic cues was found to remain extremely robust even when all intrinsic cues were available through sensory experience for respondent evaluation. The research demonstrated that even when evaluating a product through consumption, consumer belief in the price/value schema dominates quality assessment. These findings mean that marketers cannot assume that intrinsic product attributes, even when experienced, will be weighted and interpreted accurately by consumers. The research significantly advances our understanding of consumers' use of extrinsic cues (price and COO specifically), and their respective influence in their determination of both expected and experienced quality. (JEL Classification: Q11, D12, M31)
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Kong, Shaojun, Zhenfang Huang, Noel Scott, Zi’ang Zhang, and Zhixiang Shen. "Web advertisement effectiveness evaluation: Attention and memory." Journal of Vacation Marketing 25, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356766718757272.
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Tourist marketers rely heavily on using visual stimuli in their advertising to attract attention and improve awareness and interest of their experience. This study used eye-tracking and self-reported recall methods to investigate online tourism advertisement effectiveness based on the hierarchy of effects model. A within-subjects experimental design ( n = 30) was used to examine mock advertisements (stimuli) containing various combinations of image, text and product price. Results show that the advertisement containing both image and price was least effective, while the stimuli with text and price were most effective in capturing the respondent’s attention. Advertising consisting of image, text and price generated the best recall. There were significant differences in results based on gender, task and experience.
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Liu, Wenjie. "Performance Analysis of Multinational M&A of Listed Companies--Based on Zipf Stock Price-Fundamentals Dynamic Evaluation Model’s Construction." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 7 (June 10, 2018): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n7p64.
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In this paper, the multinational M&A of listed companies are taken as the research objects. The Stock Price-Fundamentals Dynamic Evaluation Model (SF-DEM) based on Zipf’s law is constructed. Through the complementary cumulative distribution, we analyze the stock price and fundamentals distribution and changes of listed companies before and after multinational M&A. The two-way fixed effect model is introduced to verify the SF-DEM model. The research shows that multinational M&A have got a positive response from the market. Short-term average cumulative abnormal rate of return reached 2.8% after the announcement day, which had a long-term synergy and promoted companies’ value; As investors expected that high-priced stocks have a poorer growth and higher thresholds, multinational M&A have a significant and lasting effect on the low-priced companies, while the impact on high-priced stocks is small and short; 80% of the price changes were determined by fundamentals, and reached 85% after M&A. Multinational M&A enhances investors’ expectations and then shows the value investment trends. 80/20 law is not affected by M&A, companies have strong heterogeneity and large differences.