Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Price for insurance'

The deregulation of the financial markets that started over two decades ago in the developed countries has led to increased house prices and loan to value ratios. Home owners in western countries have over the last two decades steadily decreased their savings and at the same time increased the size of their mortgages and the amount of leverage used to purchase their homes. This development has increased the financial risk for homeowners which recently became clear in the United States when prices on homes started to fall rapidly in 2007. Due to this development Finansinspektionen in Sweden has enforced new regulation on mortgage lending making it more expensive for home owners to use high leverage ratios. Finansinspektionen is responsible for consumer protection in terms of financial products and the new regulation aims to protect mortgage borrowers. Finansinspektionen suggests that an insurance that protects the borrower from loss could be used as an alternative to the regulation restricting the amount of leverage. Finansinspektionen also mentions the Canadian mortgage market as an example where compulsory mortgage insurances are enforced today. In Canada the borrower must take out a mortgage insurance when the mortgage exceeds 80 percent of the house value. However, we find that the Canadian mortgage insurance system would not fulfil the aim of Finansinspektionen’s regulation. The Canadian mortgage insurances are constructed to protect the lender against default and there purpose was initially to increase lending. When examining the basic structure of mortgage and home value insurance products we find that such products and systems are complicated to construct to match the Finansinspektionen requirements and purpose due to issues such as moral hazard, adverse selection, price, willingness to pay and systemic risk.

Although the economic motivation and efficiency effects of mergers and acquisitions (M & As) in the insurance industry have been discussed, none of the prior studies have addressed the relationship between M & A activity and insurance price change. In addition, little is known about the effect of diversification on the differences in insurance price across lines. The main objective of the dissertation is to provide evidence on these issues. A secondary objective is to investigate the relationship between M & A activity and insurer’s efficiency and financial performance. We also examine various firm characteristics that affect insurance price differences across lines and that influence insurer’s efficiency and performance. We conduct fixed effects model regressions to test our hypotheses using unbalanced panel data over the sample period 1989-2004. The empirical tests indicate that the price of insurance for newly formed insurers decreases following the M & As and diversified insurers charge lower prices than less diversified firms. Our result is consistent with one possible explanation that acquiring insurers reduce overall underwriting risks and more efficiently manage the frictional costs of capital through geographic and/or product line diversification by engaging in the M & As and therefore gain a competitive advantage in pricing. Our analysis also reveals a number of other interesting results. We find that insurance price is positively related to marginal capital allocation and inversely related to firm insolvency put value, suggesting the importance of incorporating insolvency risk and marginal capital costs in pricing lines of insurance business. We also find that the price of insurance is inversely related to cost efficiency, consistent with the efficiency structure hypothesis. However, the market share variable is not significant, implying that market power that can arise from M & A activity may not be a big concern for insurance regulators. In the analysis of efficiency and financial performance, we provide evidence that acquirers’ overall cost and revenue efficiency and financial performances decrease following M & As. We also find that more focused insurers outperform the diversified insurers.

Cette thèse étudie deux facteurs majeurs pour le bien-être individuel, la qualité de l'emploi et l'accès aux soins. Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions l'effet de la perte d’emploi suite à une fermeture d’usine sur un large panel d’indicateurs mesurant la qualité de l'emploi retrouvé. Nous utilisons une stratégie d’appariement exact par tranche qui prend en compte les inobservables fixes dans le temps. Nos résultats principaux montrent une dégradation de la qualité de l’emploi suite au licenciement, dont la durée et l’ampleur dépendent de la dimension considérée. Le second chapitre étudie l'impact d'une assurance maladie publique plus généreuse sur la consommation de soins de santé. Nous utilisons la coexistence de deux systèmes d'assurance maladie en France, tous deux publics et obligatoires : le système national, et le régime local d'Alsace Moselle, donc les taux de remboursement sont plus élevés. Nous évaluons comment les personnes déménageant en Alsace Moselle modifient leur consommation de soins, en utilisant les personnes déménageant entre d’autres régions françaises comme groupe de contrôle. En étudiant plusieurs postes de santé, nous trouvons qu’au total, le régime d’Alsace Moselle n’engendre pas de hausse des dépenses. Le dernier chapitre s'intéresse à l'effet de l'achat groupé sur les prix des médicaments dans les hôpitaux français, en utilisant les créations de groupements entre 2009 et 2014. Nos données contiennent les prix d’achat des médicaments innovants dans les hôpitaux publics. Nos résultats montrent que l'achat groupé baisse les prix des médicaments en oligopole, mais n'a aucun impact sur les prix des médicaments qui n'ont pas de concurrents
This thesis focuses on two major aspects of individual well-being : job quality and the availability of medical care. We first investigate the long-term effects of job displacement on several dimensions of job quality. We use a coarsened exact matching method that takes into account time-invariant unobservables. Our main findings point to a deterioration of job quality after displacement. The magnitude and duration of the observed negative impact depends on the dimension considered. The second chapter studies the impact of a more generous public health insurance. We use the coexistence of two compulsory public health insurance systems in France, the national system, and the Alsace Moselle local system, which offers higher reimbursement rates. We investigate how moving to Alsace Moselle affects healthcare consumption, taking individuals who move between other French regions as a control group. Overall, we show that the Alsace Moselle local system does not increase healthcare consumption. The third chapter estimates the impact of group purchasing on medicine prices in French hospitals. We take advantage of the creation of regional purchasing groups between 2009 and 2014. We use a unique database that provides information on the average annual prices paid by public hospitals for all innovative medicines. Using a fixed effects model controlling for medicine-specific bargaining abilities of hospitals and medicine-specific price trends, we find that group purchasing reduces prices of medicines in oligopoly markets, but has no impact on prices of medicines for which there exist no competitors

This bachelor thesis within mathematical statistics studies the possibility of modelling the renewal probability for commercial non-life insurance policyholders. The project was carried out in collaboration with the non-life insurance company If P&C Insurance Ltd. at their headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden. The paper includes an introduction to underlying concepts within insurance and mathematics and a detailed review of the analytical process followed by a discussion and conclusions. The first stages of the project were the initial collection and processing of explanatory insurance data and the development of a logistic regression model for policy renewal. An initial model was built and modern methods of mathematics and statistics were applied in order obtain a final model consisting of 9 significant characteristics. The regression model had a predictive power of 61%. This suggests that it to a certain degree is possible to predict the renewal probability of non-life insurance policyholders based on their characteristics. The results from the final model were ultimately translated into a measure of price sensitivity which can be implemented in both pricing models and CRM systems. We believe that price sensitivity analysis, if done correctly, is a natural step in improving the current pricing models in the insurance industry and this project provides a foundation for further research in this area.
Detta kandidatexamensarbete inom matematisk statistik undersöker möjligheten att modellera förnyelsegraden för kommersiella skadeförsärkringskunder. Arbetet utfördes i samarbete med If Skadeförsäkring vid huvudkontoret i Stockholm, Sverige. Uppsatsen innehåller en introduktion till underliggande koncept inom försäkring och matematik samt en utförlig översikt över projektets analytiska process, följt av en diskussion och slutsatser. De huvudsakliga delarna av projektet var insamling och bearbetning av förklarande försäkringsdata samt utvecklandet och tolkningen av en logistisk regressionsmodell för förnyelsegrad. En första modell byggdes och moderna metoder inom matematik och statistik utfördes för att erhålla en slutgiltig regressionsmodell uppbyggd av 9  signifikanta kundkaraktäristika. Regressionsmodellen hade en förklaringsgrad av 61% vilket pekar på att det till en viss grad är möjligt att förklara förnyelsegraden hos försäkringskunder utifrån dessa karaktäristika. Resultaten från den slutgiltiga modellen översattes slutligen till ett priskänslighetsmått vilket möjliggjorde implementering i prissättningsmodeller samt CRM-system. Vi anser att priskänslighetsanalys, om korrekt genomfört, är ett naturligt steg i utvecklingen av dagens prissättningsmodeller inom försäkringsbranschen och detta projekt lägger en grund för fortsatta studier inom detta område.

Mestrado em Actuarial Science
Este trabalho propõe novos métodos para inferir a competitividade das apólices de seguro automóvel quando a informação disponível sobre preços é limitada. Funcionalidades do espaço dos espaços são utilizadas para filtrar o ruído das observações, introduzindo dependências temporais para a transição entre seguradoras ou para conversão. Foram recolhidos dados sobre transições entre companhias de seguros no mercado português para estimar as probabilidades de transição entre seguradoras. O modelo binomial oculto de Markov mostrou-se algo limitado ao pressupor um espaço de estados discreto. O filtro de Kalman foi mais bem sucedido na remoção do ruído das observações. O filtro de Kalman proporcionou resultados intuitivos que são interpretáveis mesmo para um público não técnico. Também se utilizaram dados de conversão para inferir estimativas semanais de alteração de competitividade. Propusemos modelos de regressão penalizada em que o tempo é incluído como uma estrutura de passeio aleatório. O modelo utiliza ponderadores de credibilidade para combinar alterações em cada segmento com as alterações da carteira. A estrutura hierárquica do modelo produz estimativas para as alterações de competitividade que são mais interpretáveis do que as dos modelos lineares generalizados, onde o tempo é incluído como uma variável categórica. Além disso, o método proposto supera os modelos lineares generalizados em termos de desempenho preditivo. Ambos os métodos podem servir como uma ferramenta para apoiar o processo de tomada de decisão sobre preços por parte das seguradoras, quando a disponibilidade de informação fiável sobre preços é limitada.
This work proposes several novel methods for inferring competitiveness of motor insurance policies in a setting of limited availability of price information. State-space functionalities are employed to filter noise from observations by introducing underlying time-dependent structures for transition and conversion data. Transition data of insurance companies of vehicles in the Portuguese insurance market was collected to analyze the evolution of the incoming transition probabilities of insurers. The binomial hidden Markov model is somewhat restricted due to its assumption of discrete state-space. The Kalman smoother is more successful in removing noise from the observations. The smoother provides intuitive results that are interpretable for a non-technical audience. Furthermore, conversion data was used to infer weekly segment-specific estimates of competitiveness changes. We have proposed a penalized regression framework where time is included as a random walk structure. The model uses credibility weighting on each segment's changes using the full portfolio's changes as the complement. The powerful hierarchical fashion of the model produces estimates of competitiveness changes that are more interpretable than those of generalized linear models, where time is included as a categorical variable. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms the generalized linear models in terms of predictive performance. Both methods can serve as a tool to support the price decision-making process by insurers when the availability of reliable price information is limited.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2006.
Title from title screen. Shaun Wang, committee chair; Sam Cox, Omesh Kini , Eric Ulm, committee members. Electronic text (135 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 18, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-94).

Thesis advisor: Utku Unver
This dissertation consists of three essays in microeconomic theory: two focusing on insurance theory and one on matching theory. The first chapter is concerned with catastrophe insurance. Motivated by the aftermath of hurricane Katrina, it studies a strategic model of catastrophe insurance in which consumers know that they may not get reimbursed if too many other people file claims at the same time. The model predicts that the demand for catastrophe insurance can ``bend backwards'' to zero, resulting in multiple equilibria and especially in market failure, which is always an equilibrium. This shows that a catastrophe market can fail entirely due to demand-driven reasons, a result new to the literature. The model suggests that pricing is key for the credibility of catastrophe insurers: instead of increasing demand, price cuts may backfire and instead cause a ``race to the bottom.'' However, small amounts of extra liquidity can restore the system to stable equilibrium, highlighting the importance of a functioning reinsurance market for large risks. These results remain robust both for expected utility consumer preferences and for expected utility's most popular alternative, rank-dependent expected utility. The second chapter develops a model of quality differentiation in insurance markets, focusing on two of their specific features: the fact that costs are uncertain, and the fact that firms are averse to risk. Cornerstone models of price competition predict that firms specialize in products of different quality (differentiate their products) as a way of softening price competition. However, real-world insurance markets feature very little differentiation. This chapter offers an explanation to this phenomenon by showing that cost uncertainty fundamentally alters the nature of price competition among risk-averse firms by creating a drive against differentiation. This force becomes particularly pronounced when consumers are picky about quality, and is capable of reversing standard results, leading to minimum differentiation instead. The chapter concludes with a study of how the costs of quality affect differentiation by considering two benchmark cases: when quality is costless and when quality costs are convex (quadratic). The third chapter focuses on the theory of two-sided matching. Its main topic are inefficiencies that arise when agent preferences permit indifferences. It is well-known that two-sided matching under weak preferences can result in matchings that are stable, but not Pareto efficient, which creates bad incentives for inefficiently matched agents to stay together. In this chapter I show that in one-to-one matching with weak preferences, the fraction of inefficiently matched agents decreases with market size if agents are sufficiently diverse; in particular, the proportion of agents who can Pareto improve in a randomly chosen stable matching approaches zero when the number of agents goes to infinity. This result shows that the relative degree of the inefficiency vanishes in sufficiently large markets, but this does not provide a "cure-all'' solution in absolute terms, because inefficient individuals remain even when their fraction is vanishing. Agent diversity is represented by the diversity of each person's preferences, which are assumed randomly drawn, i.i.d. from the set of all possible weak preferences. To demonstrate its main result, the chapter relies on the combinatorial properties of random weak preferences
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
O risco é um fator inevitável na agricultura. Por um lado, existem riscos de produção, associados à imprevisibilidade do clima, e ao desempenho das culturas e dos animais, aumentando o risco de mercado e levando a alterações na oferta, acabando por criar uma variação no rendimento dos agricultores. Por outro lado, como a procura na agricultura é inelástica, em anos de grandes produções não existe um aumento proporcional de lucros para o produtor. Numa altura em que a política agrícola comum começa a dar menos ênfase aos pagamentos diretos em prol da gestão de risco por parte de cada agricultor, pretende-se estudar diferentes formas de gerir este risco. Este trabalho foca-se em seguros baseados em índices que para poder operar, necessitam de uma série histórica local, independente, pública e fiável de dados. Pretende-se também entender qual é a necessidade e predisposição dos agricultores para adquirir um tipo de produto concreto. Para tal, entrevistaram-se organizações de produtores. Também foi considerado importante questionar os agricultores para perceber se tinham as mesmas opiniões que as organizações com que trabalham, e para perceber quais as opiniões dos agricultores não-associados destas organizações. Após estes passos, foi feita uma análise estatística, na qual não se conseguiu provar que exista relação entre nenhum dos pares de respostas estudados. Para aprofundar este estudo, seria interessante aplicar este questionário a uma amostra mais ampla de agricultores. Em suma, tornou-se evidente que, em Portugal, o sector dos seguros agrícolas é negligenciado, sendo que as companhias de seguros generalistas não constroem os seus produtos com base nas necessidades dos agricultores. Quer os agricultores quer as organizações de produtores mostraram interesse em adquirir produtos de gestão de risco com base em índices. No entanto, revelaram um maior interesse em ferramentas de gestão de risco que protejam a colheita em detrimento do preço
N/A

This licentiate thesis examines the development of the life insurance industry during the period 1855-1914. The aim with the study is to recognise dimensions not frequently addressed by previous research on the insurance industry, namely the impact of social dimensions, including the implicit and explicit economic importance of social movements and the diffusion of knowledge in society at large for the development of the life insurance industry. The study shows that income and price had limited importance in explaining the demand for life insurance before the 20th century and that this can be attributed to a lack of sufficient knowledge regarding financial issues and to a far too high access cost in acquiring a life insurance for a large part of society. The development of the life insurance industry must therefore be understood through improved knowledge both on the part of the life insurance companies and on part of the consumers. The licentiate further shows how diffusion of knowledge throughout society also was due to a diffusion of democratic ideas and the rise of social movements, movements that life insurance actors were a part of. These actions helped open up the financial market for the masses and probably also strengthened the trust towards the industry. It is however hard to dismiss the life insurance actors’ engagement in women’s movement as a cover-up for other disguised motives not so honourable, while a direct economic gain for the life insurance industry is hard to establish.

This thesis contributes to the literature in the finance and accounting field throughout its three empirical chapters. The first empirical chapter contributes to the literature on accounting conservatism in several ways; first, it investigates the accounting conservatism of US insurance companies using four measures, namely, non-operating accruals, skewness of earnings and cash flows, book to market ratio and asymmetric timeliness measures. Second, this paper compares these four measures in order to determine the association and differences between them. Finally, the level of accounting conservatism of the insurance companies is compared to that of a sample of commercial banks to check whether they have similar levels of accounting conservatism. The results of the first chapter suggest that the changes in accounting performance, as measured by return over assets, can be partly explained by accounting conservatism, since it is measured by the accumulation of non-operating accruals, skewness of operating cash flow and accruals, book to market ratio, adjusted book to market ratio and Basu's asymmetric measure. All of these four measures give robust evidence that insurance companies' accounts tended to be conservative for the whole sample period, and that the level of conservatism has risen over the years. More interestingly, a t test for the differences in means suggests that accruals conservatism show on average a higher level of accounting conservatism than book value conservatism does. Finally, our results, based on a constant sample consist of 92 banks and 46 insurance companies whose data are available for all the sample years; they suggest that both insurance companies and banks have similar levels of accounting conservatism due to their similar reporting characteristics. The second empirical chapter contributes to the existing literature on equity valuation in two ways. First, it confirms the importance of imposing linear information dynamics when predicting the equity values of insurance companies, because the restricted models result in fewer error metrics. Second, it highlights the role of the accruals components in the equity valuation of US insurance companies by demonstrating that the incorporation of accrual components in the residuals income valuation model suggested by Ohlson (1995) has smaller error metrics than those of aggregate net income. Our results are based on a sample of US insurance companies, which consists of 718 firm-year observations over the period from 2001 to 2012. For instance, our results suggest that total accruals, changes in insurance reserve, changes in account receivables, and deferred acquisition costs have an incremental ability to predict equity market value over abnormal earnings and book values. Furthermore, the predictive ability of changes in insurance reserves is higher than the predictive ability of changes in account receivables and the change in deferred acquisition costs without imposing the LIM structures. However, when the LIM structure is imposed the predictive ability of changes in deferred acquisition costs is higher than the predictive ability of both changes in accounts receivable and changes in insurance reserves. Our final empirical chapter contributes to the literature on accounting anomalies by investigating the value to price anomaly (V/P), where the fundamental value (V) is estimated using the residual income valuation model. Motivated by the findings of Hwang and Lee (2013), Fama and French (2015), and Fama and French (2016), Chapter Four asks whether V/P strategies reflect the risks factor or whether this is better explained by market inefficiency, and whether Fama and French's five-factor model can explain the excess return of V/P. To answer the previous questions we use data from the merger of COMPUSTAT, CRSP, I/B/E/S for all the non-financial firms listed in AMEX, NYSE, and NASDAQ during the period from 1987 to 2015. Our findings suggest that the V/P ratio is positively correlated to future stock returns after controlling for several firm characteristics, which are known to be proxies of common risks. Our results indicate that the omission of risk factors is not likely to be an explanation of the V/P effect. To answer the second question, we compare the performances of different asset pricing models by calculating the GRS F-statistics. Our findings clearly indicate that the five-factor model of Fama and French performs better than either the CAPM or the traditional Fama and French three factor model. These results confirm that the excess returns of V/P strategy vary due to the differences in size, the B/M ratio, operating profit and betas across quintile portfolios. However, these factors cannot explain all the variation in excess returns; moreover, the stocks in the high V/P may be riskier than the stocks in the low V/P portfolios in certain other dimensions.

This dissertation is a theoretical exploration of commonly used policy tools meant to improve market performance. The first chapter examines the use of prizes and grants as instruments for encouraging research and development. The second chapter investigates the welfare impact of price caps in oligopoly markets with endogenous entry. The third chapter studies the relationship between deposit insurance and bank risk taking, when a banker is motivated by reciprocity. The first chapter explores the use of grants and prizes as tools for encouraging research activity and innovation. Grants and prizes are commonly used by public and private research funders, and encourage R&D activity in different ways. Grants encourage innovation by subsidizing research inputs, while prizes reward research output. A common rationale for prizes is moral hazard; if a funder cannot observe all relevant research inputs then prizes create a strong incentive for R&D activity. In this chapter, it is shown that grants are a more efficient means of funding when a researcher's ability is unknown to the funder (adverse selection). When both adverse selection and moral hazard problems exist, a grant may emerge as an optimal funding mechanism, provided the moral hazard problem is relatively weak. In settings where the moral hazard problem is sufficiently strong, a grant emerges as part of an optimal funding mechanism, in conjunction with a prize. These results are useful for understanding different funding mechanisms used by both public and private entities. The second chapter, which is based on joint work with Stan Reynolds, examines the impact of price caps in oligopoly markets with endogenous entry. In the case of deterministic demand, reducing a price cap yields increased total output, consumer welfare, and total welfare. This result falls in line with classic results on price caps in monopoly markets, and with results for oligopoly markets with a fixed number of firms. These comparative static results for price caps need not hold when demand is stochastic and the number of firms is fixed, but recent results in the literature show that a welfare improving price cap does exist. We show that a welfare-improving cap need not exist in the case where demand is stochastic and entry is endogenous. In addition, we provide restrictions on the demand function such that a welfare-improving price cap exists under endogenous entry and stochastic demand. The third chapter, which is based on a joint project with Martin Dufwenberg, investigates the relationship between deposit insurance, risk taking, and insolvency. Empirical evidence suggests that the introduction of deposit insurance increases risk taking by banks and results in a greater chance of insolvency. The common rationale for this connection is that deposit insurance decreases the incentive for customers to monitor their banks, and invites excessive risk taking. In this chapter, it is argued that this classic explanation is somewhat puzzling. If customers can monitor their bank's behavior, certainly the insurance provider (FDIC) has this same ability. If this is the case, appropriate mechanisms could limit the moral hazard problem. We put forth an alternative explanation, and demonstrate that deposit insurance invites excessive risk taking when a banker is motivated by reciprocity.

Knowledge about future customer flow can be very important when trying to optimize a business, especially for an insurance company like Trygg-Hansa since the customer flow is connected to the risk exposure for the company. In this thesis it is shown how customer volume for certain time periods can be estimated using stratification of data and univariate time series models. From this a simulated customer flow can be created using stratified sampling from the historical population. Two different stratification approaches were tested, an expert-driven approach using visualization to partition the population in to smaller subsets, and a data-driven approach using a regression tree. It was found that both approaches were able to capture seasonal effects and trends and delivered better results than the current method used by the company today. However, due to the fact the neither of the methods outperformed the other, it is not possible to determine which of the methods that is the best one, and that should be implemented. It is therefore recommended that both methods needs to be investigated further. It was also found that the variation in population, when considering the effect on the company's risk exposure, mattered less than the customer volume.

Denna kandidatexamen ligger inom området matematisk statistik. I samarbete med försäkringsbolaget Hedvig syftar denna avhandling till att utforska en ny metod för hantering av Hedvigs försäkringsdata genom att bygga en prissättningsmodell för alla riskförsäkringar med generaliserade linjära modeller. Två generaliserade linjära modeller byggdes, där den första förutspår frekvensen för ett anspråk och den andra förutspår svårighetsgraden. De ursprungliga uppgifterna delades in i 9 förklarande variabler. Båda modellerna inkluderade fem förklarande variabler i början och reducerades sedan. Minskningen resulterade i att fyra av fem egenskaper var förklarande signifikanta i frekvensmodellen och endast en av de fem var förklarande signifikanta i svårighetsmodellen. Var och en av modellerna erhöll relativa risker för nivåerna av deras förklarande variabler. De relativa riskerna resulterade i en total risk för varje nivå. Genom multiplicering av en skapad basnivå med en uppsättning kombination av riskparametrar kan premien för en vald kund erhållas.
Det här kandidatexamensarbetet ligger inom ämnet matematisk statistik. Jag samarbete med försäkringsbolaget Hedvig, avser uppsatsen att undersöka en ny metod att hantera Hedvigs försäkringsdata genom att bygga en prissättningsmodell för drulleförsäkring med hjälp av generaliserade linjära modeller. Två modeller skapades varav den första förutsättningen frekvensen av ett försäkringsanspråk och den andra förutsäger storleken. Originaldatan var indelad i 9 förklarande variabler. Båda modellerna innehöll till en början fem förklarande variabler, vilka sedan reducerades till fyra respektive en variabler i de motsvarande modellerna. Från varje modell kunde sedan de relativa riskerna tas fram för varje kategori av de förklarande variablerna. Tillsammans bildades sedan totalrisken för alla grupper.

Business Administration/Risk Management and Insurance
Ph.D.
The first part of the dissertation examines the effects of rate regulation, compulsory insurance laws, the wealth of individuals, premiums, and claim costs on insurance affordability and insurance purchase as measured by the ratio of uninsured and underinsured motorist claims frequencies to property damage liability claim frequencies in the US personal auto insurance industry. Because regulations which are intended to let high-risk drivers purchase insurance may discourage low-risk drivers from purchasing insurance, the effect of the regulations should be examined from the perspective of both high-risk and low-risk drivers. Literature using only uninsured motorist claim data finds that the effect of rate regulation, compulsory insurance laws, and residual market is significant on insurance affordability from the perspective of high-risk drivers. However, this study using both uninsured and underinsured motorist claim data demonstrates that the effect is weaker or not significant in increasing insurance purchase in general. The second part of the dissertation tests the sustainability of the Korean reverse mortgage program, reflecting the house price indices in different regions. Literature generally uses aggregate house price indices and consequently underestimates the risks that result from more volatile individual house prices than averaged house prices. This paper predicts house price indices by region and finds that the Korean reverse mortgage program would have losses at 25th percentile or 30th percentile, in contrast to the results of the simulation using the nationwide house price index, which show that the Korean reverse mortgage program is sustainable at 95% confidence level. This paper also concludes that longevity risk is not a big concern in the reverse mortgage program as long as interest rates are low and house prices are high. However, longevity risk inflates the effect of high interest rates and low house prices on the reverse mortgage program.
Temple University--Theses

Flooding of residential property is a real and growing phenomenon in the UK causing short and long-term detriment of various kinds to its victims. The issue of potential decrease in value of those properties which are located on the floodplain, though much discussed in the media, has received scant attention in the UK research literature. An extensive literature survey has revealed a need for methodological innovation in the field of temporal impact of flooding and the inadequacy of the current paradigms for inclusion of insurance into flood modelling. A wide-ranging review of data sources, including discussion with industry experts, has identified the requirement to generate primary data on the availability and cost of flood insurance. A novel framework has been developed for this research. This framework is an extension of the recent research in flood modelling and incorporates ideas from the wider house price analysis literature. Data collected via a questionnaire survey of householders has been combined with secondary data on property prices and flood designation in order to attribute any loss in property value to the correct vector of underlying flood status. The output from this study makes a contribution to the understanding of the impact of flooding on house prices, allowing for better valuation advice. Empirical findings are that the understandable concerns of residential property owners at risk of flooding regarding long term loss of property value are largely unfounded. Price discounts are observed for some recently flooded areas but they are temporary Improved appreciation of the impact of claims and flood risk on the cost of insurance has also emerged. The insurance market was not found to be instrumental in reducing the price of property. The output from the study also makes a methodological contribution in extending concepts relating to the relationship between flooding, insurance and house prices. This development is anticipated to facilitate refinement and updating of the empirical findings with reduced effort in the light of future events.

Master’s thesis deals with the determination of the amount of insurance benefit after the fire of holiday cottage in Luleč. The theoretical part focuses on the basic definitions of concepts from the area of real estates and insurance. The practical part is concerned with the valuation of judged building by cost method, determining costs of the required repairs and also finding out the new insurance value of the holiday cottage.

Mestrado em Ciências Actuariais
O aumento da competitividade no mercado segurador automóvel em Portugal tem levado as seguradoras a considerar uma abordagem de tarifação mais assente na procura, como um complemento à tradicional abordagem baseada no risco. As companhias de seguros querem actualmente saber mais sobre como evitar a saída dos seus clientes, durante o período de renovação de apólice, sem prejudicar a rentabilidade. Este relatório é o resultado de um estágio curricular que teve lugar junto da Ocidental Seguros, tendo como principais objectivos modelar a taxa de anulação na renovação do seguro automóvel da companhia e analisar como diversas variáveis influenciam as renovações. Considerámos a regressão logística, um caso particular dos Modelos Lineares Generalizados, para modelar a variável de resposta binária renovação/anulação. Modelando a variável de resposta como uma função da variação do prémio e de outras variáveis explicativas, é possível estimar a probabilidade de anulação por valor da alteração do prémio para cada cliente. Como a variação do prémio é a única variável que a companhia pode controlar directamente, obter tal informação sobre a elasticidade preço de cada cliente permitirá à seguradora tomar melhores decisões, com o objectivo de aperfeiçoar o equilíbrio entre o grau de satisfação dos clientes e a rentabilidade. A capacidade do modelo em prever que clientes irão anular as suas apólices foi também examinada. Para converter as probabilidades obtidas pelo modelo em classificações binárias, foram comparados vários critérios de optimização de ponto de corte, de modo a encontrar o valor que resulta na melhor capacidade discriminatória global.
The increase in competition in the Portuguese Motor insurance market has lead insurers to consider a more demand-based approach to ratemaking, as a complement to the usual risk-based approach. Insurance companies now want to have a better understanding of how to prevent their clients from leaving the company, during the policy renewal period, while maintaining profitability. This report is the result of a curricular internship that took place at Ocidental Seguros, with the main goals of modelling the company's Motor insurance lapse rate during the renewal period and studying how different covariates influence renewals. We considered logistic regression, a special case of Generalized Linear Models, to model the binary response variable renewal/lapse. By modelling the response as a function of premium change and other covariates, the lapse probability for each client per amount of premium variation can then be estimated. As premium change is the only covariate the company has direct control over, obtaining such knowledge on each client's price elasticity will allow the insurer to make better decisions, so that a finer balance between customer satisfaction and profitability can be achieved. The model's capacity to predict which clients will cancel their policy was also analysed. In order to transform the output probabilities into binary classifications, several threshold optimisation criteria were compared, to find the threshold generating the best overall discriminatory performance.
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Master´s thesis addresses the issue of valuation of residental houses in the insurance field. The aim is not only to describe how the houses are valued for insurance purposes, but also highlight the potential risks of insurance. The first section contains general issues of property valuation, basic concepts and most frequently used method. Further follow-up of the work is already fully focused on valuation methods in the insurance field, the description of most used method and other selected methods. The practical part contains the valuation of selected house by cost way method, through the itemized budget and according to unit prices. After the valuation is dealt accuracy and elaborateness of selected methods and assessed the risks that may result in property price misused to influence.

This thesis deals with the issues of determining the amount of insurance coverage of a house destroyed by flood. The aim of this paper is to explain the terms related to evaluation and insurance. Then to value immovable property by costs, document the damages and determine the costs for rebuilding the damaged parts in accordance with the insurance policy. It is necessary to determine the insurance value of the house. At the end of this thesis the history of floods in the particular area and flood control methods are discussed.

This thesis deals with changes in the Czech insurance market, especially in view of the consequences of the financial crisis, which caused a lot of changes. In this part of thesis is analyzed the price war, anti-discrimination directives and other important events. The following section is devoted to rating and both generally - term rating, description, rating process and rating of selected insurance companies. Specifically Česká pojišťovna a.s. and ČSOB pojišťovna a.s. and its changes over time. Then attention is focused on the development of regulation of rating agencies and the end of the work is devoted to future prognosis of the life and non-life insurance.

This thesis consists of three independent essays, unified by the common theme of the distributional impacts of government. The first paper estimates the price elasticity of demand for pharmaceuticals amongst high-income older people in Australia. It exploits a natural experiment by which some people gained entitlement to a price reduction through the Commonwealth Seniors Health Card (CSHC). The preferred model is a nonlinear Instrumental Variable (IV) difference-in-difference regression, estimated on repeated cross sectional survey data using the Generalised Method of Moments. No significant evidence is found for endogenous card take-up, and so cross-sectional estimates are also considered. Taking all of the results and possible sources of bias into account, the ??headline?? estimate is -0.1, implying that quantity demanded is not highly responsive to price. The elasticity estimate is a key input into the second paper which analyses the distributional impact of the CSHC. I consider the trade-off between moral hazard and risk pooling. There have been few previous attempts internationally to address this trade-off empirically for any health insurance scheme. The utility gain through risk-pooling is found to be negligible. However, the deadweight loss through moral hazard may be considerable. I also use an illustrative model to demonstrate the possible effects of the CSHC on inter-temporal savings behaviour. While the CSHC may induce some people to save, it may have the opposite effect on others. The net impact was not determined. The third paper estimates the Australian public sector wage premium. It includes a detailed critical review of the methods available to address this issue. The chosen approach is a quasi-differenced panel data model, estimated by nonlinear IV, which has many advantages over other methods and has not been used before for this topic. I find a positive average public sector wage premium for both sexes. The best estimates are 10.0% for men and 7.1% for women. The estimate for men is statistically significant (p < 0.04) and borders on significance for women (p < 0.07). No evidence is found to suggest that the public sector has an equalising effect on the wages of its workers.

Hay auctions have generally been understudied due to their unique market structure. Therefore, the factors that influence the price of hay at auction markets are not well-known. The price of hay at auction markets reflects the various characteristics that differentiate each lot of hay sold. This study is aimed at analyzing the determinants of Central Kentucky hay prices. A hedonic price model is estimated using data collected from a Central Kentucky hay auction. Known hay attributes include forage species, form, bale weight, and nutritive value. An important aspect of this analysis is to determine whether the quality measures of the hay are significant factors in determining hay prices in this auction setting. While price discovery of hay is important, it is also important to know about the insurance that is available to producers. Insurance for hay production is very limited with only two insurance programs available to Kentucky producers. An evaluation of the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program is conducted by simulating yields from an alfalfa producer and alfalfa trials from University of Kentucky Agriculture Research Centers in Princeton and Lexington, Kentucky. This analysis reveals the effectiveness of the coverage levels offered through the program for alfalfa producers in Kentucky.

The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. Definitions and explanations of terms related to real estate issues and their valuation are presented in the theoretical part. They are presented here all the information and the laws, regulations and standards required for classification of the property and its subsequent determination of value. In the practical part of the comparison of the selected insurance companies operating on the Czech market. At the chosen property valuation is performed and the resulting values are compared with the practices of the insurance. In conclusion, given the practical outcomes and recommendations for the process of determining the insured value of the property in terms of the insurance contract.

Den svenska försäkringsbranschen är gigantisk och det finns över 400 försäkringsbolag att välja mellan. Detta leder till hård konkurrens inom branschen, och försäkringsbolagen tvingas slåss om kunderna.Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera vilka försäkringsrelevanta faktorer som kan förklara försäkringstagares val av försäkringsbolag. Uppsatsen bygger på kvantitativ metod och en positivistisk infallsvinkel med en deduktiv ansats används.Uppsatsen indikerar att följande faktorer har positiv påverkan på försäkringstagare i valet av försäkringsbolag: Lågt pris på försäkringstjänsten, hög kvalitet på försäkringstjänsten, bra försäkringspersonal, lättåtkomligheten, starkt varumärke och banktjänstemäns påverkanEn medveten avgränsning som gjorts är att enbart fokusera på svenska privatpersoner, vilket lämnar utrymme för liknande forskning i ett globalt perspektiv. Ett förslag på fortsatt forskning är därför att analysera vilka faktorer som förklarar företags val av försäkringsbolag.Forskningen har varit begränsad inom försäkringsbranschen, såväl nationellt som internationellt. Mycket av tidigare forskning har fokuserat på befintliga kunder och hur de bibehålls. När det gäller vår inriktning är forskningen nästintill obefintlig. Vi hoppas att uppsatsen kan bidra med nyttig information till bland annat försäkringsbolag, då det torde vara av intresse för dem att veta vad som förklarar personers val av försäkringsbolag.
With more than 400 companies to choose between, the Swedish insurance sector is gigantic. The competition is fierce, and the insurance companies have to fight over customers and market shares. Our purpose with this dissertation is to analyze which insurance relevant factors determine which company the private consumer chooses. This dissertation has a quantitative research method, a positivistic philosophy and a deductive approach. Our study indicates that the following factors have a positive influence on insurers in their selection of insurance companies : Low price, high quality insurance service, professional staff, high accessibility and strong trademarks. Bank employees also tend to have influence on insurers in their selection of insurance companies. This study selectively focuses on the Swedish market, leaving room for further research in a global perspective. Additional research regarding companies selection of insurance companies may therefore be interesting. Research has traditionally focused on the existing customers, and how to keep them. In contrast, research concerning how people choose their insurance company has been limited, both nationally and internationally. We believe this dissertation may be of value for insurance companies because the knowledge of the factors may be important for attracting customers.

The aim of the Thesis is to establish the height of the insurance claim for the damage caused by the fire of the family house in Ivančice. The Thesis is divided into two separate sections, the theoretical one and the practical one. The theoretical part deals with the Czech insurance market issues such as property evaluation and evaluation of construction works. In the practical part there are established two different insurance value of the property. First one relates to the condition of the property shortly after completion and the second one should reflect the state of the property shortly before the damage caused by the fire. This part of the Thesis is followed by the description of the insurance claim with the list of damage caused by the fire supplemented with calculation of cost of the adequate reconstruction. The final part of the document contains comparation of the insurance value established shortly before the damage and the insurance value of the property evaluatated after the reconstruction.

This thesis is analysing the current marketing strategy of Česká pojišťovna. In particular, it is focused on changes which were realised during the marketing campaign named "Podzimní ofenzíva 2011". There are described innovations of products of insurance, marketing communication and distribution department of Česká pojišťovna. The attention is also dedicated to the creation of insurance prices. In the theoretical part, there are characterised particular parts of marketing mix, service marketing and insurance mar-keting.

This thesis should focus to the problem od the insurance event. It concerns the price of the insurance for the family house which was demaged by the Allen tree. Then there will be mention the problem to judge the value of the property. Where I will describe the methods, descriptin of valuation and basic data. Then will follow the explaudtion of the problem of the insurance.

The aim of this thesis is to enhance our understanding of Swedish marine insurers' choices of business strategies under the potentially difficult business circumstances of the interwar period 1918-1939. Little previous research exists on marine insurance during the interwar period. This is remarkable in the Swedish context since the Swedish economy has traditionally depended on its exports. The focus on Sweden is justified since the Swedish insurance market saw regulatory stability during the interwar period. It was also characterised by the coexistence of stock and mutual insurers, allowing this thesis to contribute with insights on potentially problematic insurance cartelisaton. This thesis employs a mixed methods design, including qualitative methods and regression analysis. To interpret results, this thesis employs insurance risk theory, cartel theory, theories on reinsurance and risk diversification, and agency theory. By employing this combination of theories, it is possible to explain choices and outcomes of adopted strategies both with reference to particularities of marine insurance and with reference to particularities of the two different organisational forms. The results show that the insurers conceived several new characteristics of their business environment as challenges and implemented both cartel strategies and company-specific strategies of risk diversification. Among the challenges were rapid inflation, rapidly decreasing prices and business volumes in shipping and trade, the introduction of motor ships, and the existence of naval mines on many trade routes. Also, exchange-rate fluctuations were considered to cause losses on established marine insurance contracts and rendered business results uncertain. Swedish insurers adopted cartel strategies from 1918 through The Swedish Association of Marine Underwriters (Sjöassuradörernas Förening) since they had anticipated a post-war crisis. Market division agreements were adopted for the most attractive market segments, but eventually price agreements became the primary cartel strategy, supported by prohibitions of competition. The work on price agreements sometimes increased the market efficiency since it reduced uncertainty, for instance in insurance of cargo with motor ships. Few price agreements were however adopted for the insurance of shipping since that market segment was dominated by mutual insurers, highlighting the difficulties of cartelisation in insurance markets inhabited by both stock and mutual insurers. The cartel further adopted reinsurance agreements to create barriers to entry in the Swedish marine insurance market. It however experienced prominent difficulties to implement the cartel strategies. One prominent difficulty of implementation was cheating. Also international competition created difficulties. The cartel companies therefore engaged in international cartelisation through The International Union of Marine Insurance (Internationaler Tranport-Versicherungs-Verband) from the late 1920s. This international cartel sought to reduce international competition by agreements not to compete in foreign markets. It also sought to manage the exchange-rate fluctuations of the early 1920s and the early 1930s by agreements among marine insurers, but it failed to obtain sufficient support. In spite of cartelisation, the returns on marine insurance were pushed down by the recognized challenges during the early 1920s, inflicting losses. The business however recovered and remained profitable throughout the 1930s, showing that the great depression was not as great as the deflation crisis in marine insurance. Exchange-rate fluctuations affected the international competitive strength of both stock and mutual insurers and additionally influenced the stock insurers' returns on established marine insurance contracts. The insurers were however compensated for the poor marine business results of the early 1920s by greater reliance than previously on reinsurers and by diversification among insurance lines, which rendered profits less negative than the returns on marine insurance. The business ceded to reinsurers on average inflicted losses during each of the first seven years of the 1920s. These losses were indirectly caused by World War I since that war had caused the establishment of new reinsurers in different countries, not the least in Scandinavia, and in turn caused over capacity during the 1920s. New contractual formulations evolved internationally to the benefit of ceding insurers, indicating information asymmetries. Exits became frequent among reinsurers. In effect, into the 1930s, ceding insurers internationally found it difficult to obtain obligatory reinsurance treaties. During the early 1920s, the Swedish stock marine insurers also increasingly diversified their insurance businesses among insurance lines. This process had been catalysed by World War I, was accelerated during the 1920s, and continued into the 1930s.
Syftet med denna avhandling är att förståeliggöra svenska marinförsäkringsbolags val av affärsstrategier under mellankrigstiden 1918-1939, en period som kännetecknades av potentiellt svåra affärsförhållanden. Försäkringsverksamhet är känslig för ekonomiska kriser, men har uppmärksammats mindre än bankverksamhet när det gäller mellankrigstiden. Inte minst marinförsäkring är känslig för ekonomiska kriser eftersom de försäkrade verksamheterna, sjöfart och handel, endast förekommer i den mån som transporterade varor efterfrågas. Tidigare forskning har endast i liten omfattning fokuserat på marinförsäkring, vilket ur ett svenskt perspektiv kan tyckas anmärkningsvärt med tanke på att den svenska ekonomin har i hög grad varit beroende av sjöburen handel. En studie av svensk marinförsäkring är motiverad ur ett internationellt perspektiv eftersom den svenska försäkringslagstiftningen förblev i stort sett oförändrad under perioden, vilket gör det rimligt att tolka marinförsäkringsbolags val av affärsstrategier som svar på ekonomiska omständigheter. Under mellankrigstiden var katellstrategier ett vanligt svar på svåra affärsförhållanden i olika verksamheter, men kartellisering var potentiellt problematisk i marinförsäkring eftersom den verksamheten är internationell och eftersom marinförsäkring är en heterogen produkt. Dessutom befolkades den svenska försäkringsmarknaden av både aktiebolag och ömsesidiga bolag, vilket är ett ytterligare potentiellt hinder för kartellisering. Studier av kartellisering under potentiallt svåra förutsättningar kan bidra med insikter om under vilka förutsättningar karteller uppstår, vilket ytterligare motiverar studien. Denna avhandling analyserar även två företagsspecifika riskdiversifieringsstrategier, som potentiellt kan kompensera för låg avkastning på mottagen försäkring, nämligen återförsäkring och diversifiering mellan försäkringsgrenar. Återförsäkring har av tidigare forskning framhållits som ett underutforskat område. Avhandlingen tillämpar både kvalitativa och kvantitativa undersökningsmetoder. För att uttolka de empiriska resultaten tillämpas riskteori för försäkring, kartellteori, återförsäkringsteori, riskdiversifieringsteori, samt incitamentsteori på företagsnivå (agency theory). Denna kombination av teorier gör det möjligt att förklara strategival med utgångspunkt både i marinförsäkringens karaktäristika och i de båda olika organisationsformers karaktäristika. Resultaten visar att försäkringsbolagen noterade ett antal nya affärsförhållanden som utmaningar och att dessa bolag implementerade både kartellstrategier och företagsspecifika riskdiversifieringsstrategier. Bland de noterade utmaningarna märks snabb inflation, snabbt fallande priser och affärsvolymer i sjöfart och handel, införandet av motorfartyg, samt sjöminor på många fartygsrutter. Försäkringsbolagen behärskade endast lite erfarenhet av risker associerade med motorfartyg och sjöminor, vilket gjorde riskbedömningar osäkra. Även växelkursfluktuationer uppfattades som utmaningar eftersom de orsakade förluster på etablerade marinförsäkringskontrakt och skapade problem att förutsäga affärsresultaten. Från 1918 antog svenska marinförsäkringsbolag kartellstrategier genom branschorganisationen Sjöassuradörernas Förening, detta eftersom de förväntade sig en efterkrigskris. Marknadsuppdelningsavtal infördes i attraktiva marknadssegment, men med tiden blev prisöverenskommelser den främsta kartellstrategin, understödd av avtal som förbjöd konkurrens. Arbetet med prisöverenskommelser ökade marknadseffektiviteten i vissa marknadssegment, detta genom att reducera osäkerheten i riskbedömningarna. Ett tydligt exempel på ett sådant marknadssegment är försäkring av varor transporterade med motorfartyg. Kartellen etablerade däremot få prisöverenskommelser för försäkring av sjöfart eftersom detta marknadssegment dominerades av ömsesidiga försäkringsbolag. Denna kontrast mellan varuförsäkring och sjöfartsförsäkring belyser svårigheterna med att kartellisera en försäkringsmarknad som befolkas både av aktiebolag och av ömsesidiga bolag. Kartellen antog också återförsäkringsavtal i syfte att skapa etableringshinder på den svenska försäkringsmarknaden. Den upplevde emellertid svårigheter att implementera överenskommelserna, såsom brott mot prisöverenskommelserna och mot konkurrensförbuden. Ytterligare svårigheter skapades av internationell konkurrens. Från slutet av 1920-talet deltog därför kartellbolagen i den internationella marinförsäkringskartellen Internationaler Tranport-Versicherungs-Verband (senare benämnd The International Union of Marine Insurance). Medlemsbolagen i denna internationella kartell skapade överenskommelser med innebörden att utländska försäkringstagare inte skulle erbjudas försäkring. Dessa överenskommelser syftade till att reducera den internationella konkurrensen. Denna kartell försökte också reducera effekterna för marinförsäkringsbolag av växelkursfluktuationer genom överenskommelser om hur växelkurser skulle beräknas i marinförsäkringsfrågor. Sådana försök gjordes både under de första åren av 1920-talet och under de första åren av 1930-talet. Det avsedda resultatet kunde emellertid inte nås, detta eftersom uppslutningen förblev otillräcklig. Trots kartelliseringen reducerades avkastningen på marinförsäkring till förlustnivåer under det tidiga 1920-talet. Avkastningen förbättrades sedan stegvis och förblev positiv under 1930-talet. I marinförsäkring var alltså den stora depression inte lika stor som deflationskrisen. Växelkursfluktuationer påverkade både aktiebolags och ömsesidiga bolags internationella konkurrenskraft. Dessutom påverkade växelkurserna aktiebolagens avkastning på etablerade marinförsäkringskontrakt. Försäkringsbolagen kompenserades för 1920-talets förlustresultat i marinförsäkring genom ökad cedering av risk till återförsäkringsbolag och genom diversifiering av de mottagna riskerna mellan olika försäkringsgrenar. Under 1920-talet var bolagens vinster därför mindre negativa än resultaten i marinförsäkring. Den affär som cederades till återförsäkringsbolag var i genomsnitt förlustbringande under vart och ett av 1920-talets första sju år. Dessa förluster orsakades indirekt av första världskriget, eftersom det kriget stimulerade etablering av nya återförsäkringsbolag, detta i olika länder och inte minst i Skandinavien. I förlängningen skapade första världskriget därmed överkapacitet på återförsäkringsmarknaden. Nya kontraktsformuleringar introducerades internationellt till de cederande bolagens fördel. Detta förhållande indikerar informationsasymmetrier i relationen mellan cederande och mottagande försäkringsbolag. Många återförsäkringsbolag lämnade marknaden. Resultatet blev att cederande bolag under början av 1930-talet i olika länder fick svårigheter att sluta obligatoriska återförsäkringsavtal. Under början av 1920-talet diversifierade aktiebolagen också sin verksamhet mellan olika försäkringsgrenar. Denna process katalyserades av första världskriget, accelererade under början av 1920-talet och fortsatte in på 1930-talet.

The thesis is engaged in executing the prices of three different types of houses and especially the assessment of whether insurance contract in each of them covers a potential total loss, ensuring the cost of comparable housing. Location of interest is located in the district of Blansko, namely Letovice and surroundings. The basic terminology and methods of real estate valuation is described in the thesis. In details, three selected methods are described, which are cost method, comparative method according to regulations and the comparative non-promulgation method which have been used for valuation. For the real estate insurance has been selected company Allianz, which is also described in the thesis. The conclusion is devoted to the recapitulation of prices and insurance cover risk.

The theme of this master´s thesis is determine the new price of a house in Prostějov, district Žešov, cost method of valuation, current price of a house before insured event, description of the insured event (fall of the airplane Zlin Z-326 M), determining the amount of insurance payment for the harm caused of the insured event and again determine the current price of a house after insured event. Result above operations is evaluation effect of executed corrections after the insured event to the house value.

The subject of this thesis is to determine the insurance indemnity after a storm on real estate. The first theoretical part is focused on definitions of basic terms in the field of real estate and insurance. The second part is practical, which deals with the valuation of the assessed construction cost method, ensuring the necessary costs for repair. Subsequently, the amount of the insured property value is determined.

The work deals with several theoretical methods of valuation of real estate and the actual valuation of a property using these methods in order to use the evaluation for insurance purposes. It also deals with legal aspects regulating the issue of a valuation. In the practical part of the work, valuations of a nursing home and a house are carried out for comparison. For each case, one of the methods of valuation is used. In the following summary, the outputs are analyzed both for given examples separately and compared together along with data obtained from insurance companies.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to determine the amount of indemnity for damage caused by a lightning strike to a house in the village Šebetov. The thesis is dividend into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with the basic concepts, associated with the topic. Furthermore, the approach of valuation of assets and insurance. The practical part uses theoretical knowledge addresses a specific case. First, the location is described, house and insured event (natural event – flash). Following the calculation of the time value immediately before the insured event, further costs are quantified to repair the damage incurred and then is detected current value after repairs. At the end, there is comparison of the time price comparisons of costs incurred for repairs and evaluation of the agreed sum insured in the insurance contract.

碩士
國立中山大學
財務管理學系研究所
106
Premium is one of the important considerations when people buy insurance products. Consumers can also decide the premium payment frequency (ie, annually paid/monthly paid) by themselves. In some insurance advertisements, companies can choose a different way to reveal the premium payment such as annual payment, monthly payment even daily payment. Furthermore, the insurance price can be simply divided into rounded and non-rounded price segments. In the past, many researchers found that the way we set the price would have a great influence on consumer attitude and behavior. The current study takes health insurance products as the research topic and discusses how unit effect and rounded-price effect influence consumers’ attitudes toward the health insurance. In this research, we consider not only the interaction between unit effect and rounded-price effect but also the emotion effect aroused by the advertisement leaflets. We further include consumers’ characteristics as moderate variables in this study. The results of the 5 experiments reveal the following findings, 1. In the non-rounded price situation, if the payment revealed in daily payment, it makes consumer feel the price much cheaper and more affordable than the payment revealed in monthly or annually frequency. 2. In the negative emotion advertisement, the rounded price will bring positive attitude toward the health insurance product compare to non-rounded price one. 3. For consumers with high insurance purchase demand, the use of rounded price will create high purchase intention compared to the use of non-rounded price. For consumers with low insurance purchase demand, the use of non-rounded price will create more positive attitude compare to the use of rounded price. 4. In the case of high health consciousness consumers, the non-rounded price will bring better product attitude compare to the use of rounded price. On the other hand, for the low health consciousness consumers, the use of rounded price will bring better purchase intention. In conclusion, firstly, we found the rounded-price effect moderates the unit effect. Secondly, the rounded-price effect is also moderated by emotion, purchase demand, and health consciousness. The study provides practical suggestions for designing health insurance advertisements. Insurance companies may use more fear-appealed advertisements with the rounded prices; on the contrary, the companies may use customer segmentation (ie, purchase demand, health consciousness) in the situation of positive emotion advertisement and non-rounded prices.

碩士
國立中興大學
高階經理人碩士在職專班
102
In recent years, the largest financial merger case is AIG to sell Nan Shan in Taiwan. In the sale process, why does Ruentex Group crossing construction, retail and financial industries interest in Nan Shan life insurance? Besides, how much does Nan Shan sell? How much is Nan Shan life insurance reasonable value? Whether does Ruentex Group buy expensively Nan Shan? Ruentex Group and the acquisition of Nan Shan is research object for this study. This study attempts to adopt case study and evaluation of several business models and to explore whether Ruentex Group is suitability the acquisition of Nan Shan.

碩士
國立政治大學
統計學系
104
This study used Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (LHID2005) from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Screening the 400,000 insured of NHIRD to select the lung and bronchus cancer patients. This study analyzed and described their characteristics. Furthermore, it compared Taiwan’s lung and bronchus cancer data with the data in the United States derived from National Cancer Institute of the USA. The results revealed that the number of male patients is more than female patients and lung cancer is most frequently diagnosed among people aged 65-74 in both countries. Another aim was to sum up the lung cancer medical cost in 2005 to 2012 from NHIRD database, including ambulatory care expenditures by visits and inpatient expenditures by admissions. The highest cost of outpatients was medicine fee. The top five inpatient expenditures were medicine fee, ward fee, radiation therapy fee, inspection fee and therapeutic treatment fee. Finally, this study constructed a multiple state model of lung cancer treatment, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Estimating the transition intensities from multiple state model to calculate the pure premium of a five-year lung cancer policy.

碩士
南華大學
財務金融學系財務管理碩士班
97
This research mainly discusses the Legislative Yuan''s amendment. After the amendment in Legislative Yuan, the new law announces that abroad upper limit the insurance business investments would be lifted. Using the Event Study to examine the events that Legislative Yuan passed the three reading procedure of increasing the proportion limit fm 20% to 35% on 3/Jan/2003, and fm 35% to 45% on 14/Jan/2007, the study observes the short-term change that the events bring about toward stock prices of insurance company. The results of this study show: around the period of time that the announcements of increasing investment upper limits abroad are released, there is remarkable reward to average stock prices of insurance companies in the period of events studied. Hence we could conclude that the effect.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
風險管理與保險所
92
Up to now, the financial industry around the world has positioned as a financial service industry, providing customers the convenience and diversification of service to achieve the goal of one-stop shop. Therefore, both our domestic government and the foreign governments have added or modified rules regulating the cross-business operation proceeded by the financial industry. The current study offered an empirical research as to whether the domestic insurers were impacted by the cross-industry operation. Both the amendment to Article 138 of Insurance Law and the Financial Holding Company Law were chosen as events which the government adjusted the cross-business operation. Combined with the traditional event study, the multivariate regression model was utilized to discuss if the stock prices of the insurance industry were creating any abnormal return, determining if there was any influence. Besides, the factors that might affect the abnormal return were explored. The conclusion was that on the day when the event happened there was no significant abnormal return accruing in the stock prices of the insurance industry. However, beforehand or afterwards, the abnormal return produced. As well, the abnormal return was affected by the market risk, the distinction of industries, and the enterprise group the company belonged to or if the company’s relevant corporations included an insurance corporation heterogeneous from the company itself.

碩士
國立交通大學
管理科學研究所
84
The main purpose of the thesis is to study information effect ofinterest rate changes. First, stock market will be divided into two groups ,one is financial insurance stock, the another is nonfinancial insurance stock, then observe investor''s response when Central Bank declares the change of interest rate. Second, compare financial insurance stock with nonfinancialinsurance stock to show which kind stock is more fluctuant. The followings are obtained in the study: 1.There is 「information effect」of interest rate change in Taiwan stock market and negative association between interest rate change and stock price change . 2.Investors usually won''t expect the increase of interest rate for the reason that there is fewer news about the increase of interest rate in the media. Therefore, when Central Bank announces that interest rate rises, both stock price of financial insurance stock and nonfinancial insurance stock decrease significantly in the same day. 3.Investors usually will expect the increase of interest rate for the reason that there is more news about the decrease of interest rate in the media. Therefore, when Central Bank announces that interest rate decreases both stock price of financial insurance stock and nonfinancial insurance stock don''t decrease significantly in the same day. Because stock market has reacted in the advance. 4.When Central Bank declares the increase (decrease) of interest rate , the financial insurance stock will decrease (increase) less than nonfinancial insurance stock in the observation period .

碩士
朝陽科技大學
保險金融管理系
106
In response to the advent of modern technology and financial integration era. Online marketing service is one of the focuses of the future development of the insurance industry through online insurance. Consumers can be free from time and place. Online insurance can be done online anytime, anywhere. However, due to the purchase of insurance through the Internet. Consumers can reduce many labor costs. Compared to buying insurance through salesmen, Consumers can buy the required insurance products at more favorable prices. It is a convenient and preferential way to purchase for consumers who prefer online shopping and budgeting. In the current insurance products that are opened by the HKMA, you can apply for online insurance. There are seven kinds of life insurance products, In this study, five items were selected: travel insurance, actual payment insurance, health insurance, regular life insurance, and variable annuity insurance. In this study, five items were selected: travel insurance, actual payment insurance, health insurance, regular life insurance, and variable annuity insurance. Another two options that are not yet open for online insurance, Pension insurance, long-term care insurance. The complexity of these seven types of products varies according to consumer perception. Therefore, this study wants to investigate whether consumer price sensitivity and product complexity will affect the willingness to use the Internet. And whether the impact of price sensitivity on the willingness to use the Internet is affected by product complexity. This study uses a questionnaire survey method. Actual recycling of valid questionnaires total 304. The data obtained were processed and analyzed by statistical software SPSS 18.0. Using descriptive statistics, independent sample T test, single factor analysis of variance, regression analysis and other statistical methods for analysis and verification. The study found that price sensitivity has a positive effect on the willingness of online insurance. Product complexity has a negative effect on online insurance intention. Product complexity has an interference effect between price sensitivity and online insurance intention. Finally, based on the conclusions. Provide the basis for future insurance industry operators to develop online insurance references.

碩士
靜宜大學
管理碩士在職專班
97
Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is interrelated with National Health. It is also an important industry for people''s livelihood. The industrial characteristic is included with high market potential, high added value and long product life cycle. The government promotes biological research since 1982, pointed out in the plan for ”Challenge 2008” and ”Two Trillion and Twin Star Industries” in 2002 that biotechnology was the key industry of the future.，Because the small scale drug market, small pharmaceutical company and limited ability of research and development (R&D) in Taiwan, most of the companies all focus on the manufacturing of Generic products with low profit. The limitation by the National Health Insurance (NHI) program, the changeable type of the medical benefits and the economic effects of import policy of Taiwan joins the World Trade Organization (WTO) that will result in a serious problem to marketing channels and market share in pharmaceutical industry. The medical care expenditure in Taiwan is almost 60% from NHI now. The Bureau of NHI (BNHI) is a major buyer for drug market. Since 1998 NHI began to cash outflow greater than cash inflow caused safety reserves provision show negative number. BNHI was forces to economize on expense to achieve the financial balance. The most effect is reducing drug cost for pharmaceutical industry. The drug price was reduced five times by the BNHI from 1996. The descended range is 25.4 to 27.4 billion every years.This study investigates influences of Taiwan’s drug reimbursement rate reduction policy in its NHI system on pharmaceutical industry. The study use T-test and linear regression analysis to identify the quarterly profit and loss account for unit price, sales, sales volume, unit costs, output value and output volume by compared with two pharmaceutical companies. The major finds for drug price was reduced by the BNHI are: 1. The most effect is Pharmaceutical include tablets capsules, syrup, ointment and microencapsulated. 2. The Financial statement has significant difference in the company''s profit and loss account when the company has more turnover ratio. The business strategies of pharmaceutical industry usually adjust to government policy. These strategies are included with sustaining and enhancing the core competency of pharmaceutical industry, information-based Purchasing, carrying on resource integration, coordination of future development trend of pharmaceutical market and promoting technology level. The major object is innovation and R&D of products.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
國際企業系碩士在職專班
104
The main discussion of this research is about the influence of monitoring indicator to the price of financial and insurance stocks. The research total research period is 120 months which is from 2006 January to 2015 December, and picking the last business day of every month’s closing price, light signal and total scores component series to do the testing. At first step, using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient to verify the constitution of monitoring indicator with the price of financial and insurance stocks in significant correlation by regression analysis to discuss notable influence. In the 9 indicators of monitoring, stocks index, industrial production index, and customs export value index are showing obvious effect. The changing of monitoring indicator could provide the government as a reference, and also for the enterprises or individual investment doing adjustment through this research.