To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Price of the building.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Price of the building'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Price of the building.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gunner, J. C. "A model of building price forecasting accuracy." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26702/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research was to derive a statistical model comprising the significant factors influencing the accuracy of a designer's price forecast and as an aid to providing a theoretical framework for further study. To this end data, comprising 181 building contract details, was collected from the Singapore office of an international firm of quantity surveyors over the period 1980 to 1991. Bivariate analysis showed a number of independent variables having significant effect on bias which was in general agreement with previous work in this domain. The research also identified a number of independent variables having significant effect on the consistency, or precision, of designers' building price forecasts. With information gleaned from bivariate results attempts were made to build a multivariate model which would explain a significant portion of the errors occurring in building price forecasts. The results of the models built were inconclusive because they failed to satisfy the assumptions inherent in ordinary least squares regression. The main failure in the models was in satisfying the assumption of homoscedasticity, that is, the conditional variances of the residuals are equal around the mean. Five recognised methodologies were applied to the data in attempts to remove heteroscedasticity but none were successful. A different approach to model building was then adopted and a tenable model was constructed which satisfied all of the regression assumptions and internal validity checks. The statistically significant model also revealed that the variable of Price Intensity was the sole underlying influence when tested against all other independentpage xiv variables in the data of this work and after partialling out the effect of all other independent variables. From this a Price Intensity theory of accuracy is developed and a further review of the previous work in this field suggests that this may be of universal application.
2
Pang, Wai-shing Wilson. "Hong Kong government's construction price estimating methodology /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25948209.
Full text
3
Ng, Yuen-yuen. "Construction price forecasting : an empirical study on improving estimating accuracy for building works /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25947837.
Full text
4
Fortune, Christopher Joseph. "Factors affecting the selection of building project price forecasting tools." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1271.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis contributes to what is known about the investigation and formulation phases of the building project price forecasting advice process. The research has developed a greater understanding of what general factors affect the selection of non-traditional types of building project price forecasting models. The thesis adopted a two-phased combined research approach. The first phase required a population mailed survey to be executed with over two thousand three hundred quantity surveying organisations located across England in 1997. The second phase required thirty-one in-depth interviews to be executed, with informed practitioners, in five rounds of data collection. Consequently, this research firstly, established the types of building project price forecasting models or tools in-use in England. The study found that the called for paradigm shift away from the traditional types of models, had not yet been generally achieved. The study provided evidence that some types of quantity surveying organisations were moving towards the adoption of the non-traditional models, for use as additional tools. The study then, secondly, identified a number of general factors that were found to affect the selection of non-traditional types of building project price forecasting models. The thesis concluded by generating a grounded constraints-based theory of factors found to affect the selection of non-traditional types of building project price forecasting models. The emergent theory identified the parameters needed to enable all types of quantity surveying organisations to become involved with the selection of non-traditional models or tools.
5
Pearl, Robert Gilfillan. "Factors affecting the accuracy of quantity surveyors pre-tender price forecasts in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 1992. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/32013.
Full textAbstract:
The primary purpose of this dissertation is to identify the factors which affect the accuracy of South African quantity surveyors' pre-tender price forecasts. Prices submitted by bidders at the tender submission stage of project development are utilised as the best practical measure for establishing the degree of accuracy achieved. A large number of design price forecasting techniques are available to estimators. Many of the techniques used in the early stages of design are applicable for providing budget
amounts for design control purposes, whilst others are more· appropriate for forecasting anticipated tender sums. Features of price forecasting requiring attention at all stages of design development are identified as: (i) the influence of uncertainty inherent in the process, (ii) data / information availability and management, and (iii) the utilization of tendering data by means of 'feedback' systems. The factors affecting the accuracy of price forecasts are examined by means of a literature study, opinion surveys of estimators and empirical research on the results of estimate /tender comparisons. The relevance of the question of pre-tender price forecasts is demonstrated by the results of the study which indicates that the accuracy and reliability of South African quantity surveyors' estimates produced at the tender stage is inferior to that generally found overseas and do not meet the expectations of architects and clients. The conclusions drawn from this study indicate a distinct potential for improvement in
early design stage price management.
6
Strez, Henryk Andrzej Leon. "The treatment of uncertainty in construction price modelling." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27115.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis was to acquaint the reader on the nature of the uncertainty present in construction price forecasting and to introduce an environment that has the ability to integrate these uncertainties with greater consistency than that possessed by available price models. The objective of this thesis was to establish that uncertainty can be explicitly treated in price forecasting models. This would have two benefits to concerned parties. Firstly, the effectiveness of price forecasts could be improved as provision could be made for any uncertain variable. This will be of great benefit to the client, as a more accurate assessment of the building process could be established at an earlier stage of the design process. Secondly, the price forecast will be more useful to quantity surveyors, architects and clients, as it would 'quantify' the extent of the uncertainty which could be provided for in a more meaningful manner. In order to establish that existing price models do not deal with the uncertainty present at the time of forecasting, the price models used by practitioners were evaluated against the different types of uncertainty found at the different stages of the price forecasting process. Once this had been established, eight techniques that have the ability to treat various forms of uncertainty, were presented. After analysing the techniques abilities to cope with the uncertainties associated with price forecasting, it was established that certain of these techniques do have the ability, and are suitable, to be incorporated into the price forecasting process. From the results of a questionnaire survey conducted on quantity surveying offices in South Africa, it was found that the price models used by practitioners do not take uncertainty into account, and have in fact, the potential for uncertainty inducement. Some of the uncertainty found to be present in the preparation of a construction price forecast include the lack or incompleteness of design information, the uncertainty in the communication of design information, the variability in the data used by quantity surveyors and, the uncertainty in the choice of price model during the different stages of the design process. As a possible solution to the problem of uncertainty, an expert system environment, utilising a three-dimensional classification of uncertainty, has been proposed. It has been proved that this environment has the ability to cater for the uncertainty associated with the price forecasting process, as well as having the attribute of providing the user with the reasoning behind the logic that the expert system has followed, a characteristic not possible with the traditional forms of price models. From the findings of this thesis, it can be concluded that the methods of price modelling used by quantity surveying practitioners, are unable to take uncertainty into account effectively. It can also be concluded that an expert system environment has the ability to handle the different forms of uncertainty found at the various stages of construction design. The proposed model is conceptual in nature and has not been tested in practice. It is therefore recommended that further research be carried out in this field, with the aim of producing a construction price forecasting expert system which utilises the proposed three-dimensional classification of uncertainty.
7
Pang, Wai-shing Wilson, and 彭偉成. "Hong Kong government's construction price estimating methodology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251407.
Full text
8
Ng, Yuen-yuen, and 吳淵源. "Construction price forecasting: an empirical study on improving estimating accuracy for building works." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251390.
Full text
9
SAMADILASHKARIANI, ERFAN. "Supplementary buildings to fixed price - in support of undergoing project in SABO Case Study : Svenska Bostäder Laundry room in HusbyKompletteringsbyggnader till fast pris - Till stöd för projekt inom SABOFallstudie : Svenska Bostäder Tvåttstuga i Husby." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228985.
Full textAbstract:
Översikt Denna studie stöder ett projekt som genomförs av SABO. Det handlar om att kunna handla uppkompletterande byggnader till ett fast pris. Exempel på tilläggsbyggnader (eller kompletterandebyggnader) är tvättstugor, rum för selektiv avfallshantering, lagring, cykelförvaring,samlingsrum mm. Syftet är att göra en ny upphandling för dessa typer av byggnader så att dekan beställas till fast pris från en katalog . SABO har gjort liknande projekt för färdigaflerbostadshus som är välkända i Sverige som KOMBOHUS. Min uppgift var att fokusera påtvättstugor. Utgångpunkten var en tvättstuga som blivit byggd i i HUSBY centrum av Svenskabostäder (SB). I arbetet tillämpades metoder för att testa hur energiprestanda påverkades avolika förändringar. Min studie började med att ta fram detaljerade arkitektoniska data omtvättstugan genom eget besök. Efter att ha träffat projektkoordinatorn i Svenska Bostäderfrågade jag honom om första visioner som bestämde den aktuella utformningen.. Metoden idetta arbete är att utvärdera och manipulera variablerna som kännetecknar byggnaden medhjälp av på programvarusimulering och beräkning. Dessa variabler har viktiga roller itvättstugans energiprestanda. De har också stor inverkan på byggkostnaderna. Med hjälp avVirtual Reality-teknik har jag kopplat mina utvärderingar till en av de viktigaste visionerna för SBsom är trygghet. Resultatet av denna studie visade att det finns begränsningar i hurenergieffektiv som byggnaden kan göras. Studien visar det faktum klart för projektgruppen attinte alla energibesparande åtgärder är bra investering. Så ger arbetet tydligare idéer för denkommande upphandlingsprocessen för kompletterande byggnader.Abstract There is a demand for supplementary buildings to apartment blocks for different needs suchas laundry rooms, rooms for selective waste collection, storage, bicycle storage, gatheringrooms and for PV-cells with their charging infrastructure and battery storage. However, beforemaking the contract with an entrepreneur, the process to architectural design, engineeringcalculations, documentations and procurement of a supplementary building is long anddifferent in each construction company. SABO [3] (Swedish Association of Public Housing Companies) isinterested to facilitate the situation for the owners by turning all these steps into a catalogue,so clients can go to the contractors directly with an efficient and sustainable design concept. InSABO, there has been similar backgrounds which has constituted a new procurement processfor constructing new multi dwelling and ready-to-occupy apartments called “KOMBOHUS”. Aproject team consists of SABO [3], HBV [12], Sustainable Innovation [13], aims at the design ofsupplementary buildings that can be presented in a catalogue in the same way as the“KOMBOHUS”. These supplementary buildings should have a very well elaborated designbecause they will be produced in high numbers. My task is to focus on an exciting publiclaundry room in HUSBY center and identify methods in which improvement for energyperformance could become tested. The results can help the project team to considerlimitations, advantages and weaknesses of an “efficient design”. So, they would have moreclear vision about the upcoming procurements process for supplementary buildings.
10
Kahraman, Serhan. "Determination Of A Price Index For Escalation Of Building Construction Costs In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606388/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Construction cost indices are developed to measure the degree of price variations in construction material and labor costs. However, each specific type of construction is a combination of unique set of materials and labor. As such, the degree of price variations referring to each specific type of construction shall be measured by specific price indices, in order to achieve more accurate results. In Turkey, Producer Price Index (PPI) published by State Statistics Institute is commonly used for the escalation of building costs. This study aims to compare the existing cost indices as well as new alternative cost indices in terms of their adequacy for the representation of variations in the building costs in Turkey. The developed price indices will be tested to measure their fit with the cost of building projects, will be compared with the price indices published by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement and also State Statistics Institute, and finally the most adequate price indices among the examined ones to be used for building projects will be selected. Moreover, models representing past price movements will be developed.
11
Zeman, Petr. "Racionalizace cenové statistiky stavebnictví." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225383.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the thesis "Rationalization of Construction price statistics" is to outline the issue of reporting of construction activities in the Czech Republic and try to be as simple as possible for statistical purposes, if possible. From a theoretical approach for construction work price indices and their stats go over to the practical part calculation of indices. Available data from the Czech Statistical Office on price indices of building work in recent years converted in terms of weights of permanent representatives from the perspective of individual statements. The goal is, to find a satisfying combination of representatives of both methodological procedures and exclude them from the forms for reporting. This should be saved in time statistical survey of individual respondents and abridged interpretation of outputs of the Czech Statistical Office.
12
Donald, Gail. "An investigation into the accuracy of pre-tender design price forecasts provided by the quantity surveyor." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 1992. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31865.
Full textAbstract:
It is the intention of this dissertation to determine the most
influential factors affecting the accuracy of design · price
forecasts.
As a result of the lack of research relating to the accuracy
design price forecasts in South Africa, quantity surveyors are
unaware of the level of accuracy that they attain. It is
proposed that an awareness of their forecasting accuracy.and
the factors which affect will contribute towards enhanced
performance. By means of an analysis of a sample of quantity
surveyors estimates, the factors which exert the most
significant influence over
identified.
13
Jensen, Therese, and Philip Söderman. "The impact of building regulations on the price of a property : A study on the construction and real estate industry's views on building regulations." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302531.
Full textAbstract:
Sweden is currently experiencing major population growth, focused predominantly in and around its major cities. This has created an ongoing challenge for municipalities to ensure housing supply meets demand, in turn increasing the required rate of construction. Furthermore, new property prices are increasing which has led to lower and middle-income earners being pushed out of the market. The thesis examines the relationship between the sale price and unit construction price of new condominiums, and to what degree Swedish building regulations influence construction costs. The design of both new and re-developed housing is influenced by various Swedish laws, regulations and guidelines, where the Planning and Building Act and the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's Building Rules govern, which are all recognized nationally. According to the Planning and Building Act, it is not permitted for municipalities to set their own requirements. However, the results of the study show that developers experience different interpretations of these rules and regulations when working within different municipalities, or even between different case officers within the same municipality. This then results in projects being difficult to plan, resulting in higher costs. Sweden has, when compared to other European countries, high production costs, which according to the literature review is considered to have a direct connection to construction requirements and market competition. Additionally, the results show that the requirements make it difficult to produce and implement standard designs and construction methods. This has led to the construction industry finding it difficult to develop in regards to construction technology and from a cost perspective. Lack of predictability has driven costs up when it comes to accessibility, housing design and fire protection. Finally, the study shows that lower production costs can lead to greater competition by making it easier for more developers to establish themselves in the market. This would result in more homes being built at lower production costs, which motivates developers to invest in new projects. As the results indicate that production costs do not affect final prices – but rather the willingness of developers to invest – a greater supply of housing would push down final prices.Befolkningen ökar ständigt i Sverige och framför allt i storstäderna. En pågående utmaning för landets kommuner är därför att se till att utbudet av bostäder möter efterfrågan och att det rådande underskottet på bostäder hämtas upp. För att göra det krävs en hög och jämn byggtakt. Vidare har de höga slutpriserna som i dagsläget föreligger på bostadsrätter, försatt låginkomsttagare utanför bostadsmarknaden och även skapat problem för medelinkomsttagare att förvärva en bostad. I detta examensarbete undersöks relationen mellan slutpriser på bostadsrätter och produktionskostnaderna för flerbostadshus samt om de svenska byggreglerna påverkar produktionskostnaderna. I förlängningen undersöker examensarbetet huruvida kraven i de svenska byggreglerna genererar merkostnader som i sin tur leder till dyrare priser på bostadsrätter. Hur ny- och ombyggnation ska utformas regleras i ett antal lagar, föreskrifter och allmänna råd, där Plan- och bygglagen och Boverkets Byggregler styr. Reglerna ska i sin tur verka nationellt och det är därmed enligt Plan- och bygglagen inte tillåtet för kommunerna att ställa egna särkrav. Dock visar resultatet av examensarbetet att byggbolagen upplever att det finns en viss tolkningsfrihet och lokala formuleringar av de rådande kraven. De menar att detta leder till att processen skiljer sig åt beroende på i vilken kommun nyproduktionen projekterats för samt vilken bygglovshandläggare som hanterar ärendet. Vidare resulterar detta i projekt som är svåra att planera och i vissa fall ger högre kostnader. Sverige har jämfört med övriga länder i Europa höga produktionskostnader vilket enligt litteraturöversikten anses ha en direkt koppling till bland annat kravställningarna och konkurrensen på marknaden. Dessutom presenterar resultatet att kravställningarna försvårar produktionen samt implementeringen av standardprodukter och innovationer. Detta leder till att byggbranschen generellt sett får det svårt att utvecklas industriellt, byggtekniskt och ur ett kostnadsperspektiv. Bristande förutsägbarhet är framför allt kostnadsdrivande när det handlar om tillgänglighet, bostadsutformning och brandskydd. Slutligen visar studien att lägre produktionskostnader kan leda till större konkurrens genom att det underlättar för fler byggbolag att etablera sig på marknaden. Detta skulle resultera i att fler bostäder skulle kunna byggas till lägre produktionskostnader vilket motiverar byggbolagen att investera i nya projekt. Eftersom resultatet tyder på att produktionskostnaderna inte påverkar slutpriserna utan snarare investeringsviljan hos byggbolagen, skulle också ett större utbud av bostäder pressa ned slutpriserna.
14
Řádek, Lukáš. "Hodnota stavebního pozemku zastavěného stavbami určenými k demolici." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225388.
Full textAbstract:
This engineering thesis deals with quantification of the value of a development land built buildings that are destined to be demolished. This thesis outlines the aspects of demolition procedures with subsequent usage of the building rubble for recyclation. The goal of this thesis is to illustrate issues of demolitions of bulindings situated on a development land and of determinativ of the total price of such land.
15
Dittrichová, Zuzana. "Vlivy působící na cenu stavebních pozemků." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318581.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out and evaluate the influences affecting the price of building lands in the given region. Furthermore, the results are confronted with the valuation decree. In the theoretical part are given the definitions of building lands according to different legal regulations. In the practical part, thirty parcels are valued, divided into two localities and subsequently compared with the purchase price of the individual lands.
16
Křenová, Vladimira. "Návrh postupu kalkulace agregované ceny stavební konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225472.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on creating of aggregated items and pricing appreciation of the group works. This thesis deals with in its early life cycle of building works and defines at what stage it is advisable to use the aggregate cost. The following part is aimed at budget in the aggregated prices and creating aggregated prices. In practical part there is methodology designed to compile aggregate price of building construction. The aim of methodology is to propose evaluation process of coherent construction work groups. The proposed methodology will be used to value case study of family house.
17
Martináková, Veronika. "Vlivy působící na cenu stavebních pozemků v Uherském Hradišti a Starém Městě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402588.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis studies the influences which affect the price of building land in Uherské Hradiště and Staré Město. The introduction presents theoretical basics, such as terminology, a brief survey of evaluative methods building land and the factors which influence the price set by the decree of valuation. The second part of this thesis focuses on reporting the results of the analysis. Finally, the thesis contains a comparison of real prices of building land to prices stated in the decree of valuation. The thesis analyses 38 building land. Results are compared with the decree of valuation.
18
Ayala, Gabriel A. "The Price is Book-built: The Decision to Use Book-building Pricing Mechanisms for IPOs in the Philippines." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1284.
Full textAbstract:
In 1998, the Philippines introduced book-building pricing mechanisms for Initial Public Offerings. Almost all capital raised through IPOs in the Philippines is done using a book-building pricing method, however a significant number of IPOs still occur using non-book-building methods. Understanding why book-building has become the dominant pricing mechanism but yet non-book-building methods still survive is the aim of this paper. I find that unlike other countries where the introduction of book-building leads to higher total issue costs for individual issuers and unlike theory which suggests the increased effort of book-building should come with increased costs, IPOs that use book-built pricing in the Philippines actually have a lower total issue cost as a percentage of the total issue size compared to issuers who use non-book-building methods. This being the case, explaining why non-book-built IPOs still occur is even more interesting. I find that the large variance in size and the low volume of IPOs in the Philippines creates a bifurcated market where it is uneconomical for underwriters to use book-building to service small firms who want to IPO. The harder phenomenon to explain is the choice by firms who are large enough to book-build to use non-book-built methods. I suggest that the developing sophistication of the local market as well as the relationship driven aspect of business in the Philippines are two possible explanations.
19
Čespivová, Pavlína. "Změna hodnoty pozemků vyvolaná nově vznikajícími liniovými stavbami." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232578.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims at clarifying the relationship between the value of the plot and the optimization, modernization or construction of a new line structure, especially a large scale line structure such as a railway or a road. This thesis was written in order to determine more precisely the total amount for the purchase, rental, and setting-up of easements on the plots affected by the construction. Upon calculating the budget price all the factors affecting the value of the plot are not emphasized now. Thus, the aim is to match the budget price as closely as possible with the financial resources which were actually spent. In most cases these structures fall under the category of “structures in the public interest”, and so they comply with respective legal regulations. What is essential is the database of affected plots whose value changes depending on the change of their use, character, and attractiveness based on the respective legal regulations. The thesis attempts at obtaining as much information as possible on the behaviour of the plot owner and construction investor from a large database of affected plots, and to cover the development of the value affected by the construction both in positive and negative terms.
20
Vostrčil, Michal. "Ceny pozemních staveb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227073.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to become familiar with the prices that occur in the construction industry, as well as how the price is determined for buildings through the use of computer technology. The basic principles, practices and concepts pricing buildings are defined in the theoretical section, which introduces two specialized programs. In the practical part, these methods are then applied to real buildings. Building object is a storage hall in Brno.
21
Greenfield, David Stewart. "Rental price adjustment in the Canadian office market." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27699.
Full textAbstract:
The rental price adjustment mechanism is a fundamental component of the model for forecasting future office space requirements. This is an important area of study given the increasing significance of office buildings in the urban environment. This has resulted from the large growth in service oriented employment. Very little academic work has been completed in this area because of the lack of sufficient data. To date, only the U.S. market has been examined.
The objective of this thesis is model the rental price adjustment mechanism in the Canadian office market. The intent is to further test the theory in this area, provide a comparison with the results obtained in the U.S., and provide some insight into the workings of the Canadian office market.
This thesis reviews the relevant literature on inventory theory, and empirical work performed on the housing market and on data from the U.S. office market. The review points to a series of propositions about the rental price adjustment mechanism in the office market, the most important being the strong relationship between rents and vacancies. The extensions to the model developed in this paper are the specification of the vacancy variable in non linear terms and an attempt to include some proxy for growth expectations. The model is tested using data from Montreal, Toronto, Edmonton, Calgary, and Vancouver. The data has been collected primarily from the Royal LePage Market Survey.
Visual inspection of the data uncovers unique characteristics in each individual office market. The underlying reasons point to the importance of integrating growth expectations in the model. The regression results support some degree of asymmetric price behaviour, however the specification of the vacancy variable in non linear terms is not conclusive. Inflation expectations seem to be important as landlords attempt to pass inflationary rises on to the tenants. Operating costs and interest rates do not appear to be significant factors in the model. This leads to the conclusion that they are not important in the cost of holding inventory in the short run. Finally, the proxy used for growth expectations is not significant. The most likely reason for this result is that the variable is not properly specified. The low explanatory power of the model may be attributed to the misspecification of the growth proxy and limitations in the data set. Both of these factors should be considered in future work in this area.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
22
Getahun, Habtewold Demewez. "ＴＨＥ ＥＦＦＥＣＴ ＯＦ ＩＮＴＥＲＥＳＴ ＲＡＴＥS ＯＮ ＨＯＵＳＩＮＧ ＰＲＩＣＥＳ ＩＮ ＳＷＥＤＥＮ : : The case of one and two dwelling buildings." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89826.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of interest rates on house price changes in Sweden for the case of one and two dwelling buildings. Basically, three procedures were used for analysis. First, correlation analysis was used to investigate and test if there has been any relationship between interest rates and house price in Sweden in the past two decades. Second, multiple regressions analysis with consideration of hetroskedasticity autocorrelation or HAC (newey-west standard) errors was applied to test the impact of changes of interest rates on house price. Finally, distributed lag model was applied to examine the impact of interest on house price through time. The result shows that there is strong inverse relationship between interest rates (governmental bond rates, mortgage bond rates, lending rates and repo rates) and housing price index. The regression coefficients show that the decrease in the interest rate is followed by corresponding increase in the housing price index for all the given interest rates. The other finding is that more than 92 percent variation in the housing price index is explained by changes in interest rates, changes in net house hold disposable income, inflation rate and supply. The result also shows the lag effects of changes of interest rates on housing price. The major implication of this study is that fluctuations in interest affect homebuyers, home sellers, household incomes and investors. The study also suggests that further detail investigation on house price dynamics is crucial for monetary policy.
23
Lukaševič, Pavel. "Posouzení vlivu územního plánování na cenu pozemků v Olomouckém kraji." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232469.
Full textAbstract:
My diploma work is focused in evolution land price on dependence input landscape preparedness. My investigation was made in three locations. The locations will be used for production, commerce and housing. I assested what cause the diference and price trends.
24
Rouwette, Etiënne Antonio Joseph Alfonso. "Group model building as mutual persuasion." Nijmegen : Wolf Legal publ, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401431908.
Full textAbstract:
Proefschrift--Managementwetenschappen--Nijmegen--Katholieke universiteit, 2003.Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Group model building als wederzijdse overreding / door Etiënne Antonio Joseph Alfonso Rouwette. Résumé en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 252-264.
25
Mikl, Jan. "Vliv stavebních úprav na cenu víceúčelového objektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318557.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the dissertation is to evaluate the effect of the building modifications on the usual and determined price of the multipurpose building. The pricing will be made before building modifications to 2016 and after construction adjustments to 2017. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The content of the theoretical part is a description of the concepts and valuation methods used in the diploma thesis. In the practical part is made description of the site and immovables before and after the building modifications. Subsequently the calculation is performed using valuation methods. At the end of the thesis, a comparison is made between the usual and determined prices of real estate and the evaluation of the factors influencing the prices.
26
Na, Renhua, and 娜仁花. "Property rights analysis of building material pricing." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193493.
Full textAbstract:
The institution of property rights, as an important category of constraints or restrictions on human behaviour, provides rules of competition, and delineates the social and legal relationship between a resource owner and the others throughout the world. Forms of ownership rights to resources affect the efficiency of their use. The consensus is that in a real world with significant transactions costs and scarce resources, private property right systems lead to more efficient resource allocation than the others do.
Previous studies about economic implications of non-exclusive resources have focused on the problems of resource misallocations. A few studies also worked on the effects that alternate property rights structures have on the prices and variations in prices of non-exclusive resources. However, the economic analysis of property rights attribute of natural resources used as building materials, such as natural sand and wood, is still an unexplored research area.
The objective of the whole research is to empirically verify Angello and Donnelley's (1975) property rights thesis, as reinterpreted by Lai (1993a) and Lai and Yu (1995), that the variations in prices of non-exclusive resources are much greater than those under more exclusive ownership; and to identify, alternatively, the factors that might have affected ownership rights, inferred from changes in the variations in prices of the resources.
In this thesis, published historical data of natural sand, Total declared costs of new buildings completed, Gross & Usable floor area, Gross value of construction work, and published government data of prices for selected buildings materials, namely Portland cement, sand, hardwood, and plywood, were used. The prices of captured and cultured shrimps, which are collected from super market and street market by the author, were also checked and used. These resources are subject to different degrees of access restrictions and, hence, are good candidates for testing the hypotheses.
Basically, the hypotheses formulated in this research are strongly supported. The main findings are that the variations in prices of non-exclusive resources are greater than those of exclusive resources; for the same resource, the price ratios of exclusive resource and non-exclusive resource would fall over time.
This is an original contribution to the theory of property rights.
The originality of this dissertation lies in its exploration of the economic relationship between property rights ownership and selected building materials, as well as in the application of variances to the research of building materials. This is a novel contribution to research on Hong Kong’s sustainable development as she heavily relies on the real estate market for economic development.published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
27
Fibich, Marek. "Vliv stavebních úprav na cenu polyfunkčního domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232881.
Full textAbstract:
Valuation of immovable property is made for different purposes. This paper will analyze the differences between these methods of valuation for the case of the valuation of multifunctional building before and after the proposed construction works.
28
Šimáček, Adam. "Vlivy působící na cenu stavebních pozemků ve městě Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-382538.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out and evaluate the influences affecting the price of building land in the city of Brno. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the concepts of laws relating to building land. Selected land is located in the city of Brno, which also analyzes the market of building plots. In addition, the aspects that influence the price of the building land in the valuation according to the price regulation are summarized. The analytical part is focused on the land to which the price data was published in the cadastre of real estate, which are then confronted with the valuation decree. In the end, the informations obtained are evaluated.
29
Brázdová, Markéta. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu stavební pozemek v lokalitě obce Šlapanice a blízkého okolí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232588.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes main problems in the valuation of building land. The thesis defines the basic concepts and methods of valuation, it describes the situation in the real estate market in the Czech Republic, especially in the area Šlapanice and surroundings. The central part is the valuation of the ten plots, comparison of selected methods of valuation and thein subsequent evaluation.
30
Krejsová, Věra. "Vyhodnocení vývoje cen stavebních pozemků dle cenových předpisů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232885.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work is to identify trends in prices building plots over the years, the price set by the price regulations is determined according to the legislation in force for the years, this legislation is detailed and chronologically sorted in the theoretical part of this thesis. The actual valuation of building plots is carried out since 1939 to the present in the practical part of this work. The award is made over the years to the identical construction site located in the town of Olomouc.
31
Kopečková, Martina. "Porovnání přesnosti metod pro stanovení ceny rozestavěné stavby mateřské školy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402589.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with the comparison of the accuracy of methods used for valuation of the construction of the kindergarten. The theoretical part defines basic terms used in thesis and those related to the topic. Individual methods used for appraisal under construction are presented and described. In practical part, selected methods are applied to a concrete example of partially costructed Kamechy kindergarten in two phases of building process. In order to determine whether price differences among different valuation methods change over time, an appraisal is performed for two different price levels - for years 2014 and 2018. Based on comparison, analysis and evaluation of partial and overall results of the evaluation, accuracy of all appraisal methods used for valuation of partially constructed kindergarten are calculated and determined.
32
Helekalová, Denisa. "Facility management - efektivní správa stavebních objektů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225980.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis "Facility management - efficient administration buildings" is focused on building objects and benefit for the use of facility management services. The work tries to explain what is facility management, who provide it in the Czech Republic and how it contributes to savings. Mentioned are also information technology used in facility management, because without those are nowadays almost any industry can do. The first part is also focused on the construction, its life cycle and associated costs. Defined is also building life cycle in the context of facility management, outsourcing, as an external facility management services and neglected nor legislation for facility management.
33
Burianová, Nikola. "Variantní příprava stavební zakázky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225953.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of thesis is to create the possibility of variant replacement material and to determine the effect of changing bid prices conducted in the building. This price changes investor serves as an important basis for decision making in supplier selection and evaluation of bids when making a tender for the implementation of the building. The practical part is focused on the variability of aggregate in mortars and concretes and compare the resulting prices of newly established budget originally assembled.
34
Fung, King-yat Eric. "An empirical study of effect of land lease terms on the residential property prices." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2006. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B37937753.
Full text
35
Dvořáčková, Lenka. "Posouzení vlivu územního plánování na cenu pozemků ve Zlínském kraji." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232502.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on setting market (current) land price and land price according to the rules of valuation. Lands are selected in non-structural locations and locations designed to be constructed at selected stages of landscape planning. Based on gained results was made a comparison of how can be the administrative and current price affected by various stages of landscape planning. I assessed what causes this difference and also how is the price affected in case of networking.
36
Skogfeldt, Alexander. "Energy efficiency measures and energy pricing : The effect of different price schemes on energy efficiency measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325895.
Full textAbstract:
This project investigates the relationship between energy efficiency measures in the Swedish building stock and different price schemes based on energy prices. Data from different categories was gathered and used in a regression model. They were based on what type of pricing and fees that are behind the energy prices for electricity and district heating. These predictors were used to get an equation of the temperature corrected energy use which can be linked to how much energy efficiency measures have been implemented over the investigated time period. The result for the main equation, that includes all the studied building types, indicated that it is possible to predict energy efficiency measures with different price schemes,and therefore it is possible to increase the rate at which measures are implemented. It showed that there is a negative relationship between energy consumption and theprice of energy from district heating. If the price of district heating increases the temperature corrected energy use decreases. The other relationships between predictors and the dependent variable were positive. It also described the geographical location as a statistically significant variable, regarding all climate zones in Sweden.
37
Pokorná, Denisa. "Posouzení vlivů ÚP na cenu pozemků v městské části Brně – Soběšicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402603.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the valuation of selected land in the city district of Brno – Soběšice. In the introductory part of the thesis there are mentioned important terms and methods related to real estate valuation, which are necessary to know for land valuation purposes. Furthermore, the thesis provides information on the valued land, which is currently applied for a territorial change in its use, this process and the whole process of territorial change in the city of Brno is briefly described in a separate chapter. Then the determined and market price is determined for the assessed land in three stages of land use in the land use plan. Individual stages, price effects and possible reasons for price differences are commented. The conclusion is devoted to the evaluation of results.
38
Marchiori, Fernanda Fernandes. "Desenvolvimento de um método para elaboração de redes de composições de custo para orçamentação de obras de edificações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-08092010-131752/.
Full textAbstract:
Nesta tese é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um método para elaboração de composições de custo voltado a obras de edificações. Esta abordagem, que considera as composições orçamentárias em forma de redes, foi elaborada a fim de criar uma lógica para a estruturação da massa de informações envolvidas no processo de orçar. Inicialmente foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica e um estudo exploratório que apontaram para tal necessidade. Tendo-se por base trabalhos anteriores de levantamento de produtividade em obra, propôs-se um método para elaboração de composições. Este método foi aplicado levando-se em conta o contexto das obras de um agente da cadeia produtiva da Construção Civil: um órgão financiador de obras (a Caixa Econômica Federal). Tal uso serviu para mostrar a aplicabilidade do método desenvolvido com base bibliográfica, mas também acabou sendo útil para alguns aprimoramentos do mesmo, fazendo uso das discussões entre pesquisadores e pesquisados, chegando-se, então, ao método final apresentado nesta tese. Desta forma, o método de desenvolvimento das redes de composições proposto fornece subsídios para alocação e tratamento das informações sobre custos de obra, resolvendo parte das críticas apontadas pela literatura, propiciando composições mais precisas frente às novas disponibilidades de dados e dando um suporte consistente e adequado às necessidades do gerenciamento dos custos de produção de edificações.This thesis develops a method that helps experts arrive at unit price items for buildings. It is based on the consideration of a unit price item net as the logical way to deal with the huge amount of information associated to the estimating process. The preliminary bibliography review and an exploratory study showed the accuracy of the authors initial concerns. The method developed was based upon former productivity studies and was applied in the production of unit price items net for Caixa Econômica Federal, a public building construction financial company. Such experience showed not only that the method was feasible but also pointed out some improvements that should be made, leading to the method presented in the thesis. Finally, it can be said the method used to develop unit price item nets can help allocate and deal with information about construction costs; it solved several problems indicated by literature, improving compositions in terms of precision, and of support to cost management in the building construction area.
39
Levstek, (Bradáčová) Šárka. "Zjišťování a specifikace víceprací a méněprací u stavebních dodávek a prací." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232515.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with extra work and unrealized work that originate at construction projects and further on during realizing the construction, both at new constructions, and at reconstructions and other construction activities. It mainly focuses on their origination and optimizing their amount in individual construction phases, from preparing the project through entering into an agreement with the supplier, to carrying out the project itself. The theoretical part outlines used basic concepts according to valid laws and regulations, and introduces individual construction phases including defining extra work and unrealized work. The practical part shows a real-world example of the negative influence of such work on the investor-supplier relationships and the analysis of failures by individual participants. The result of the thesis is processing a suggestion for reducing the frequent failures caused by the extra work and unrealized work, and a consistent evidence for better argumentation and invoicing between the investor and the supplier. The main aim is to prevent conflicts between the parties that arise because of admitting the extra work and unrealized work.
40
Khalid, Abd Ghani. "Hedonic price estimation of the financial impact of obsolescence on commercial property buildings." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333879.
Full text
41
Bilová, Jana. "Výpočet pořizovací ceny stavby investorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226114.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis is focused on the draft procedure for the compilation of the purchase price of a building by the investor and the impact of the height of this price on the period of the recovery of investment. The basic content of this thesis is the making out of the optimal purchase price for the investor in accordance with the lowest purchase costs but also with regard to the minimisation of the risks connected to the breach of the obligation of the contractor. Further in this thesis there is made a research of the influence of the purchase price on the recovery with the help of the economic effectiveness indicator – net present value (NPV – Net Present Value). The theoretical part of this thesis is applied to a case study – the property of a sales hall.
42
Nezbeda, Jiří. "Porovnání ceny dopravní stavby se skutečně vynaloženými náklady v různém stupni rozestavěnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261286.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the calculation of the cost of the building work in order to create the price, which at the stage of the contract becomes a selling price, and the costs are fixed as a budget. The subject of this work is to monitor the development of costs in time so that the cost does not exceed the budget and the construction did not get into the negative result. Then set the price by its own methods (item budget, calculation according to budget indicators) and compare the prices and costs thus obtained from different phases of construction between each other and determine the differences. In this work is monitored and compared the cost of a construction contract and its costs in the construction stages. In the practical part,is used the method of direct comparison of cost and price values over time, in the form of different outputs from the controlling program and outputs from compiled item budget and the calculation of the construction. Analyzing the differences between these costs and their evolution over time by more detailed examination of item budgets and cost calculations, they determine the origin of these deviations. In conclusion, is proposed measures for a particular transport structure whitch was handled by the author as"master and co-ordinator of the construction".
43
Hrubanová, Michaela. "Posouzení vlivu územního plánování na cenu pozemků v Prostějově a jeho okolí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232501.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis is focused on setting land prices according to the rules of valuation and market price (the current). Selected lands are placed in non-structural locations and locations designed to be constructed at selected stages of landscape planning. Based on gained results was made evaluation of how various stages of landscape planning affects the current price and also the administrative price. The thesis also explains the cause of the difference and way how it affects the price of invested land.
44
Pavlová, Nikola. "Porovnání cen materiálů stavebního objektu v ČR a zahraničí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227657.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this master’s thesis is comparing prices of building materials wi-thin the building structure in Czech Republic with prices in Poland. The first, theo-retical, part describes differences among the construction classifications and pri-ces. At the end of this theoretical part is written about price calculation of building materials. Specifically about creations of that calculations and comparing between Poland and Czech Republic. The second part is concentrated on created budget and mainly on his bill of materials. The result part is made by comparing of chosen building material pri-ces..
45
Petrová, Lenka Leila. "Vliv revitalizace staveb určených k bydlení na jejich cenu obvyklou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227684.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the revitalization of residential buildings at their usual price. It deals with the influence of the investment needed to revitalize and its sub-sequent evaluation of the usual price. The work begins with a gradual explanation of terms needed to introduce the issue of valuation of real property. The thesis contains a proposed revitalization of a residential building in the center of Prague. The thesis is an itemized budget for the proposed revitalization. Analysis of the market for the valuation of residential unit is specified professional estimates, which are attached to this work. Calculation of the normal price with the influence of the recommended investment and its subsequent evaluation is indicated at the end of this work.
46
Pajerová, Ivana. "Vývoj cen a nákladů na vybraných objektech inženýrského stavitelství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240329.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this diploma thesis is evaluation of development of price on selected objects of civil engineering. Part of comparison is creation a database of internal prices, prices from software program and data from Statistical Office. At the end of the thesis comparison and comments on selected objects public works on railway line are shown.
47
Holoubková, Martina. "Rozpočtování a oceňování staveb - metody používané v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225713.
Full textAbstract:
The aim is to analyze selected methods of budgeting and the valuation used in the Czech Republic. Explain the essential concepts of both fields, signal and break down their principles and rules of different methods, show creation process, imagine a software base budgeting and valuation, and consequently the practical example demonstrating its use.
48
Stephenson, Robert Miller. "Quantifying the effect of green building certification on housing prices in metropolitan Atlanta." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50137.
Full textAbstract:
The buildings sector consumes approximately 40% of energy in the United States, and presents a major opportunity for reducing society's energy consumption and environmental impact. Given the potential downside impacts of climate change and resource depletion, it is imperative that the construction industry deliver buildings that meet owner requirements while using less energy and natural resources. In response to this challenge, the construction industry has adopted voluntary green building programs that provide guidelines for construction projects wishing to reduce their environmental impact. Green building programs also present the opportunity for those pushing beyond the status quo to receive increased recognition and market visibility; however, certification under these programs is not without an added cost. The added cost of certification varies by project, but building owners and builders must be able to justify this added cost through increased market recognition and sales and leasing prices. Given the relatively low recognition of a price premium for green certified residential properties by the real estate appraisal community and financial institutions, a need exists to demonstrate the added market recognition of these homes. Through the development of a hedonic regression pricing model this study isolates the effects of green building certification on housing sales prices, in order to prove the hypothesis that a significant increase in sales price is associated with green certified housing.
49
Lahodný, František. "Rozdíl mezi cenou zjištěnou rekreační chaty a rekreačního domku o stejné velikosti na Vysočině." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232808.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with the determination of the difference between the cost of the holiday cottage and the holiday house of the same size located in the Highlands. At the beginning the thesis explains the basic concepts associated with the valuation of the real estates, the definition of the basic measuring units and the description of the most commonly used methods of valuation of real estates. In the practical part of the thesis there is the selected building for individual recreation always located in the built and unbuilt area of the village. The building for individual recreation is located in three areas, namely ‘Strážek’, ‘Bystřice nad Pernštejnem’ and ‘Žďár nad Sázavou’. The price is determined by the regulation and it is set including the landscaping, land and permanent crops. In conclusion the thesis describes the difference between the same building for individual recreation located in the different areas of the Highlands and evaluates the suitability of the techniques used for valuation of the holiday cottage and the holiday house according to the regulation
50
Černý, Michal. "Porovnání cen bytového domu v k.ú. Bučovice stanovených dle platných oceňovacích předpisů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232506.
Full textAbstract:
Diploma thesis introduces two different options for property valuation. With an emphasis on the different ownership of the apartment building. In the first case, the building seen as a whole and used the combination of yield and cost method of valuation. In the second case, a building is divided into individual residential units and valued method of comparison. Both methods are conducted in accordance with Decree No. 3 / 2008 digest Implement certain provisions of Act No. 151/1997 digest., Valuation of property and amending certain laws, as amended (Decree valuation), as follows of the changes made by Decree No. 456/2008 digest. and No. 460/2009 digest. In conclusion, the following derived values were compared and evaluated.