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Journal articles on the topic 'Price reference point'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Riley, Christopher, Barbara Summers, and Darren Duxbury. "Capital Gains Overhang with a Dynamic Reference Point." Management Science 66, no. 10 (2020): 4726–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3404.

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Financial models incorporating a reference point, such as the Capital Gains Overhang (CGO) model, typically assume it is fixed at the purchase price. Combining experimental and market data, this paper examines whether such models can be improved by incorporating reference-point adjustment. Using real stock prices over horizons from 6 months to 5 years, experimental evidence demonstrates that a number of salient points in the prior share price path are key determinants of the reference point, in addition to the purchase price. Market data testing is then undertaken by using the CGO model. We sh

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2

Lii, Yuan-Shuh, May-Ching Ding, and Tzu Kuan Kuo. "The Moderating Role of Point-of-Purchase Price Information in Consumer Price Perception and Purchase Intention." Journal of Economics, Management and Trade 29, no. 7 (2023): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2023/v29i71105.

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Aims: Advertised reference prices are one of the contextual prices that have attracted substantial interest. This research proposes the moderating effect of point-of-purchase price information related to product line and other brand prices on consumers’ price perception and purchase intention. Methods: Using the literature review of reference prices as a method, it was found that contextual moderators that influence consumer perceptions of point-of-purchase price information were limited. Consequently, integrating the literature of advertised reference prices and the literature gap in th

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da Costa, Newton, Ana Luiza Paraboni, and Marco Goulart. "Disposition effect and reference points: An experimental study." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0284171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284171.

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This study calls into question the default computation of the disposition effect that uses the average purchase price as a reference point. We show, through a lab experiment, that the reference price of participants can change depending on the experimental behavioral design that is used. Our results show that for the control group, different reference prices do not show significant differences in the computation of the disposition effect, thus supporting the use of the average purchase price as a reference. However, this is not the case for participants in the treatment group. With the additio

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Xu, Wen-Juan, Chen-Yang Zhong, Fei Ren, et al. "Evolutionary dynamics in financial markets with heterogeneities in investment strategies and reference points." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (2023): e0288277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288277.

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In nature and human societies, the effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous characteristics on the evolution of collective behaviors are quite different from each other. By incorporating pair pattern strategies and reference point strategies into an agent-based model, we have investigated the effects of homogeneous and heterogeneous investment strategies and reference points on price movement. In the market flooded with the investors with homogeneous investment strategies or homogeneous reference points, large price fluctuations occur. In the market flooded with the investors with heterogeneou

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Pandey, Ashish. "Reference Prices and Turnover: Evidence from Small-Capitalization Stocks." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010029.

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A large amount of literature in the field of social psychology and product pricing discusses the role of reference prices in affecting buyer’s price perception and purchase intention. Reference price denotes a standard against which the consumer compares the offer price of a product. In this paper, we investigate whether reference prices play any role in affecting the trading decision of stock market investors. We use firm-level, fixed-effect panel data methodology to empirically investigate whether investors respond to a violation of their internalized reference price range by executing a tra

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Pandey, Ashish. "Reference Prices and Turnover: Evidence from Small-Capitalization Stocks." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010029.

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A large amount of literature in the field of social psychology and product pricing discusses the role of reference prices in affecting buyer’s price perception and purchase intention. Reference price denotes a standard against which the consumer compares the offer price of a product. In this paper, we investigate whether reference prices play any role in affecting the trading decision of stock market investors. We use firm-level, fixed-effect panel data methodology to empirically investigate whether investors respond to a violation of their internalized reference price range by executing a tra

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7

Tolksdorf, Michel. "On Point Predictions and Reference Dependence in Behavior-Based Pricing Experiments." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 15, no. 1(J) (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v15i1(j).3340.

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   It has been shown that the comparative static results of two-period behavior-based pricing models hold in laboratory experiments, while point predictions do not. This study aims to check whether these findings replicate and to evaluate why observed prices deviate from point predictions. We report observed prices in conformity with point predictions through: (1.) a uniform pricing benchmark, (2.) a replication of a behavior-based pricing experiment, and (3.) a follow-up experiment in which we consider the second period disjointed from the first period. By disjoining the two

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8

Moon, Sangkil, and Glenn Voss. "How do price range shoppers differ from reference price point shoppers?" Journal of Business Research 62, no. 1 (2009): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.017.

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Shaban, Ibrahim Abdelfadeel. "Risk-averse pricing decisions based on prospect theory." Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2023): 404–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/dmame622023629.

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This study examines the risk behaviour of a decision-maker regarding pricing decisions with the aid of the newsvendor model. In this regard, prospect theory and reference point concept are adopted to formulate the value function of the decision-maker. Unlike the traditional reference points (quantity-based), a reference point is deemed a function of the price. It is proved that a convex combination of the maximum-expected profits and expected losses represents the reference point. Closed-form solutions for the optimum price and quantity orders are obtained under uniformly and exponentially dis

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10

Wang, Yi, Hui Wang, and Shubing Guo. "Research on Dynamic Game Model and Application of China’s Imported Soybean Price in the Context of China-US Economic and Trade Friction." Complexity 2019 (November 12, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6048186.

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China’s soybean price fluctuates due to the current economic and trade frictions between China and the United States. Brazil and the United States are regarded as two oligarchs in China’s soybean import market. A dynamic price game model is established, and price elasticity parameters are estimated by using statistical data and Rotterdam model. The stability of Nash equilibrium point is discussed through bifurcation diagram, maximum Lyapunov exponent, evolutionary trajectory, and time series diagram. The influence of price adjustment speed on equilibrium price is analyzed. The numerical simula

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11

Lattin, James M., and Randolph E. Bucklin. "Reference Effects of Price and Promotion on Brand Choice Behavior." Journal of Marketing Research 26, no. 3 (1989): 299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378902600304.

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When consumers are exposed to pricing and promotional activity by frequently purchased packaged goods, they may develop expectations that are used as points of reference in evaluating future activity. The authors build a model to test for the presence of these reference effects on brand choice behavior. The approach differs from previous research in two ways: (1) the model includes reference effects of promotion in addition to reference effects of price and (2) a threshold model is introduced to capture the formation of the consumer's promotional reference point. The authors calibrate a model

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12

Chen, Po-Yu. "Dynamic Sales Price Control Model for Exclusive Exquisite Products within a Time Interval." Processes 9, no. 10 (2021): 1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101717.

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When information regarding the effective evaluation of the value of exquisite products is lacking, the market demand function for such products at a given time point is affected by the diffusion of historical transaction price information before the time point. This is because historical transaction prices play an active role in influencing the internal reference price (IRP) of customers, and the continuous diffusion of historical transaction price information leads to the continuous correction, adjustment, and updating of customers’ IRPs. Given the varying rates of such information diffusion,

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Son, Sam-Ho, Jeong-Hwan Lee, and Se-Jun Lee. "An Empirical Study on the Validity of the Availability Huristics and Anchoring Huristics in the Korean Stock Market." Institute of Management and Economy Research 14, no. 1 (2023): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.14.1.202303.265.

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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare and review behavioral economics models that explain stock price changes after large-scale price shocks in the Korean stock market and to find a suitable model. In this paper, among the theories reviewed, it was confirmed that the anchoring heuristics theory has high explanatory power for stock prices after large-scale stock price fluctuations. Design/methodology/approach - This paper conducts an event study on stock price shocks in which the individual stocks that make up the KOSPI200 index show more than 10% fluctuation on a daily basis.

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Zhuang, Weiling, and Bruce Alford. "The mediation effects of sticker shock." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 4 (2015): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-04-2014-0547.

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Purpose – This study aims to extend prior studies by examining the mediation effects of sticker shock on the relationship between price discount and buying intention. Sticker shock refers to the discrepancy between a brand’s sale price (SP) and an individual’s internal reference price (IRP) (Winer 1985). Design/methodology/approach – Prior marketing research on sticker shock is primarily model-based. The authors employed a between-subject experimental design, and hypotheses were tested using a series of regression functions (Baron and Kenny 1986). Findings – The results suggest the effect of p

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Kumar Inani, Sarveshwar, Harsh Pradhan, R. Prasanth Kumar, and Ajay Kumar Singal. "Do daily price extremes influence short-term investment decisions? Evidence from the Indian equity market." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 19, no. 4 (2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(4).2022.10.

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For short-term investments in equity markets, investors use price points, candlestick patterns, moving averages, support and resistance levels, trendlines, price patterns, relative strength index, and moving average convergence-divergence as reference(s) for making decisions. This study investigates whether investors use daily price extremes (highest and lowest prices for the day) for making short-term investments or trading decisions in the context of the Indian equity market. Using 6,902 observations of daily data of the NIFTY 50 index since its launch, it is observed that daily price extrem

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Mazighi, Ahmed El Hachemi. "Henry Hub and national balancing point prices: what will be the international gas price reference?" OPEC Review 29, no. 3 (2005): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0277-0180.2005.00152.x.

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17

Xu, Lei, Govindan Kannan, Xiaoli Yang, Jian Li, and Xiukun Zhao. "Pricing and Allotment in a Sea-Cargo Supply Chain with Reference Effect: A Dynamic Game Approach." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162563.

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The contract between the carrier and forwarder is a long-term issue, and the repeated contract business makes the forwarder develop a reference point based on the contract prices, and this reference effect, to a large extent, affects the forwarder’s contract purchasing decisions. Based on that, this paper introduces the reference effect in the sea-cargo supply chain and studies a multiple-period contract problem between the carrier and the forwarder. It is found that when the capacity price in the spot market is less than the forwarder’s willingness-to-pay, the forwarder’s contract purchasing

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18

Heidhues, Paul, and Botond Kőszegi. "Competition and Price Variation when Consumers Are Loss Averse." American Economic Review 98, no. 4 (2008): 1245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1245.

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We modify the Salop (1979) model of price competition with differentiated products by assuming that consumers are loss averse relative to a reference point given by their recent expectations about the purchase. Consumers' sensitivity to losses in money increases the price responsiveness of demand—and hence the intensity of competition—at higher relative to lower market prices, reducing or eliminating price variation both within and between products. When firms face common stochastic costs, in any symmetric equilibrium the markup is strictly decreasing in cost. Even when firms face different co

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Blount, Sally, Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt, and Margaret A. Neale. "The Price Is Right—Or Is It? A Reference Point Model of Two-Party Price Negotiations." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 68, no. 1 (1996): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0085.

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Apresyan, S. V., A. G. Stepanov, A. P. Zrazhevskaya, V. K. Suonio, and L. S. Grigoryants. "Comparative characteristics of facial scanners." Clinical Dentistry (Russia) 28, no. 1 (2025): 110–14. https://doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2025_1_110.

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The development of digital technologies and devices used in orthopedic dentistry makes it possible to reduce the time for making a prosthesis, reduce costs and improve the quality of manufactured prostheses. One of the most important stages in the production of a prosthesis in a digital protocol is the stage of obtaining digital impressions, which must be as accurate as possible. Goal — to experimentally evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional images and determine the most suitable models of facial scanners, optimal in terms of price and quality ratio. Materials and Methods.The study examin

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Xu, Wen-Juan, and Li-Xin Zhong. "Market impact shapes competitive advantage of investment strategies in financial markets." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0260373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260373.

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The formation of an efficient market depends on the competition between different investment strategies, which accelerates all available information into asset prices. By incorporating market impact and two kinds of investment strategies into an agent-based model, we have investigated the coevolutionary mechanism of different investment strategies and the role of market impact in shaping a competitive advantage in financial markets. The coevolution of history-dependent strategies and reference point strategies depends on the levels of market impact and risk tolerance. For low market impact and

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22

Yi, Wentao, Zhongwei Feng, Chunqiao Tan, and Yuzhong Yang. "Green Supply Chain Management with Nash Bargaining Loss-Averse Reference Dependence." Mathematics 9, no. 24 (2021): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9243154.

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This paper investigates a two-echelon green supply chain (GSC) with a single loss-averse manufacturer and a single loss-averse retailer. Since the Nash bargaining solution exactly characterizes endogenous power and the contribution of the GSC members, it is introduced as the loss-averse reference point for the GSC members. Based on this, a decision model of the two-echelon GSC with loss aversion is formulated. The optimal strategies of price and product green degree are derived in four scenarios: (a) the centralized decision scenario with rational GSC members, namely the CD scenario; (b) the d

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Wang, Ji Gan, Yong Chen, Ting Li, and Shu Shu Huang. "Study on Fuzzy Recognition Model of Carbon Emission Rights Pricing." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.852.

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Complying with the situation of ecological civilization construction in our country, carbon trade is the inevitable trend of world economic development. The core of the carbon trade is the pricing of the carbon emission rights. The pricing process of carbon emission rights is ambiguity, uncertainty and complexity, so it is more reasonable and scientific to put forward the carbon emission rights pricing model by combining the fuzzy recognition model with the highest price and the lowest price of carbon emission rights price. Then, the model is applied to predict the price of China's carbon emis

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Banerji, A., and Neha Gupta. "Detection, Identification, and Estimation of Loss Aversion: Evidence from an Auction Experiment." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 1 (2014): 91–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.1.91.

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We provide a novel experimental auction design, in which (i) an exogenous decrease in the probability of winning, conditional on the bid, reduces the optimal bid of a loss averse agent whose reference point is expectations based; (ii) observed bid distributions uniquely identify the participants' latent value distribution and loss-aversion parameter. Experimental evidence affirms the presence of such reference points. We show that at the estimated magnitudes of loss aversion, (a) conventional Becker, DeGroot, and Marschak (1964) experiments may lead to large biases in estimated willingness to

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Zhao, Yifei, Jianhong Chen, Hideki Shimada, and Takashi Sasaoka. "Non-Ferrous Metal Price Point and Interval Prediction Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Optimized LSTM Network." Mathematics 11, no. 12 (2023): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11122738.

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The accurate forecasting of metal prices is of great importance to industrial producers as the supply of metal raw materials is a very important part of industrial production. The futures market is subject to many factors, and metal prices are highly volatile. In the past, most of the relevant research has focused only on deterministic point forecasting, with less research performed on interval uncertainty forecasting. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel forecasting model that combines point forecasting and interval forecasting. First, a novel hybrid price point forecasting model was establ

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Bahng, Seungwook. "Do Psychological Barriers Exist in the Stock Price Indices? Evidence from Asia's Emerging Markets." International Area Review 6, no. 1 (2003): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590300600103.

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This paper tests whether psychological barriers exist in the price levels of stock indices. Using the data from Asia's emerging markets and statistical methods, this study analyzes barrier effects around psychologically important reference levels. The results indicated the existence of a price barrier in the Taiwanese stock index. Other markets, however, do not seem to possess the effect of a selected reference point. The case of Taiwan is interpreted as evidence of a violation of market efficiency in the sense that the resulting distribution of random price level occurrences would be close to

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Jung, Sojin, Stacy H. Lee, and Min Jung Kim. "Sustainably Produced but Unsustainably Destroyed: Effective Price Promotion for the Sustainable Management of Unsold Inventory in Korea." Sustainability 16, no. 15 (2024): 6456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16156456.

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Focusing on sustainable fashion brands’ effective price promotion, this experimental study developed two sets of stimuli, ‘discount’ and ‘disclosure’ strategies, and tested consumers’ evaluations of price fairness, product attractiveness, quality, and brand trust based on each strategy. Subsequently, this study compared consumers’ evaluations of the discount and disclosure strategies. An analysis of 961 Korean samples revealed that a high discount rate increased price fairness and product attractiveness, and the highly promotion-focused consumers were more likely to perceive product attractive

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Chira, Inga, Luis Garcia-Feijoo, and Jeff Madura. "Use of reference point theory to explain the price paid for private targets." Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 53, no. 2 (2018): 465–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11156-018-0755-0.

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FREY, RÜDIGER, and WOLFGANG J. RUNGGALDIER. "A NONLINEAR FILTERING APPROACH TO VOLATILITY ESTIMATION WITH A VIEW TOWARDS HIGH FREQUENCY DATA." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 04, no. 02 (2001): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021902490100095x.

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In this paper we consider a nonlinear filtering approach to the estimation of asset price volatility. We are particularly interested in models which are suitable for high frequency data. In order to describe some of the typical features of high frequency data we consider marked point process models for the asset price dynamics. Both jump-intensity and jump-size distribution of this marked point process depend on a hidden state variable which is closely related to asset price volatility. In our setup volatility estimation can therefore be viewed as a nonlinear filtering problem with marked poin

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Fatmasari, Dewi, Dikdik Harjadi, and Amir Hamzah. "ERROR CORRECTION MODEL APPROACH AS A DETERMINANT OF STOCK PRICES." TRIKONOMIKA 21, no. 2 (2022): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/trikonomika.v21i2.6968.

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The short-term and long-term effects of ROI, EPS, PER Inflation, SBI, Exchange Rate, and GDP on the stock price are the focus of this study. The study's data came from company financial statements, including the Indonesian Stock Exchange Index LQ45. The stationarity test, the classical assumptions test, the cointegration test, and the error correction model test was utilized in this study's statistical analysis. KURS and SBI had a positive effect on stock prices in the short term, but there is no effect in the long term, and inflation and GDP do not affect the stock price both in the short ter

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Damayanti, Alvina, and Ayu Anira. "JUAL BELI TANPA LABEL HARGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF UNDANG UNDANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN." Jurnal At-Tabayyun 4, no. 1 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.62214/jat.v4i1.60.

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This research aims to find out about the perspective of the consumer protection law regarding buying and selling without price tags. Buying and selling without price tags is buying and selling in which there is no price information in practice. This buying and selling phenomenon has become a habit in society. However, buying and selling like this also causes a lot of harm to consumers. Seeing the impact of the implementation of buying and selling without price tags, the researchers want to know how the point of view or perspective according to the consumer protection law. This research is qual

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IVAMA-BRUMMELL, Adriana M., Daniella PINGRET-KIPMAN, Priscila G. LOULY, and Rosiene R. ANDRADE. "Medicines regulation, pricing and reimbursement in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Farmácia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde 13, no. 1 (2022): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.30968/rbfhss.2022.131.0769.

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Brazil is an upper-middle-income country with a high human development index (HDI) of 0.765 (2019). The Unique Health System (SUS) is a universal, decentralised system, free at point-of-care, although 27% of Brazilians have voluntary supplementary health insurance. Medicines are provided free-of-charge through the SUS, though there are a few exceptions where co-payment is required. Around 87% of the country’s expenditure with medicines and medical devices corresponds to out-of-pocket, highlighting the importance of price regulation. Marketing authorisation and maximum price approval are mandat

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Effendi, Afif. "Selection of IPM Geothermal Drilling Contractor Through a Merit Point System Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process." Ekspektra : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 3, no. 2 (2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/ekt.v3i2.1951.

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One method of evaluating the procurement is a merit point system (value system). In a merit point system price is one of the evaluation criteria, with the understanding that the more complex technical requirements and the more difficult to compare bid proposals, the lower the price weights. In general, the total value for technical bids is higher than price bids. At the auction using the merit point system, there are two main things that greatly affect the results of procurement, namely the determination of technical weighting and the price that will be used when evaluating bids and the method

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Mashayekhi, Bita, Mehrdad Sadr Ara, and Ashraf Jafari. "Gold Price and Exchange Rate Volatility: Effects of Economic Sanctions." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 1 (2013): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v4i1.807.

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The gold market has recently attracted much attention and gold prices have fluctuated over the past few years. Therefore, the aim of this study is investigate and analyze the trend of gold prices over the past five years in Iran. The importance of this topic is coming from uncertainty and volatility of the gold market, gold excitement and lack of a correct analysis of the market trends with reference to the probable factors which affect the gold price. The studys period refers to the ended five-year in December 2012. This research from methodological point of view is a descriptive-perspective

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Pathak, Hari Prasad, and Sweta Gupta. "Rights Offering and Its Effect on Share Price Movement: A Study of Commercial Banks." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 11, no. 1 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v11i1.24195.

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This paper examines the effect of rights share issue on share price movement in the banking sector covering the period 2007/08 to 2016/17. In order to find out the share price movement in different selected points of time, pre and post right issue and price relatives were calculated considering the price of 90 days before the right announcement date as the beginning index. Five different points of time were selected to observe the share price movements assuming the announcement date as the reference point of time. Stock price data were obtained from the website of NEPSE. The paper uses correla

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Cao, JinMing. "An Analysis of Endowment and Its Applications in Behavioral Economics." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 40, no. 1 (2023): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/40/20232018.

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The endowment effect has many applications in behavioral economics and consumer psychology. This research demonstrates the association between the endowment, used car pricing, and takeover premiums based on existing literature and statistical data. This can help the used car companies managers set an operable price for the buyers to improve turnover. At the same time, the article also discusses the application of the endowment effect in employee management. The result shows that the endowment effect means that when people own an item, regardless of its market value, they always overestimate it

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Dixit, Ashutosh, Kenneth D. Hall, and Sujay Dutta. "Psychological influences on customer willingness to pay and choice in automated retail settings." American Journal of Business 29, no. 3/4 (2014): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajb-06-2014-0036.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of price attribute framing and factors such as urgency and perceived price fairness on customer willingness to pay (WTP) in automated retail settings. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted two sets of quasi-experimental scenarios surrounding vending-machine purchase decisions. The first set was analyzed with MANOVA, the second set with choice-based conjoint (CBC) analysis. Findings – When prices are framed positively (as a discount), customer WTP is higher at high published price levels than it is for unframed or

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Sarmah, Ananya, and Himadree Gogoi. "A STUDY ON THE ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: WITH REFERENCE TO JAMIRAH GAON PANCHAYAT SAMABAY SAMITI OF DIBRUGARH DISTRICT." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 10 (2017): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i10.2017.2302.

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Public Distribution System (PDS), an Indian food security system, is a means for ensuring food security to the poor and the needy. Essential commodities like rice, flour, kerosene etc., are supplied to the people under the PDS at subsidised prices. It was started with the objective to maintain price stability of essential commodities, providing access to food and other essential items at affordable prices to the population. It is important for the functioning of the PDS to be ethical in order to meet the true objectives with which this system was actually started. It has been seen that there h

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Ananya, Sarmah, and Gogoi Himadree. "A STUDY ON THE ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: WITH REFERENCE TO JAMIRAH GAON PANCHAYAT SAMABAY SAMITI OF DIBRUGARH DISTRICT." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 5, no. 10 (2017): 256–62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1043215.

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Public Distribution System (PDS), an Indian food security system, is a means for ensuring food security to the poor and the needy. Essential commodities like rice, flour, kerosene etc., are supplied to the people under the PDS at subsidised prices. It was started with the objective to maintain price stability of essential commodities, providing access to food and other essential items at affordable prices to the population. It is important for the functioning of the PDS to be ethical in order to meet the true objectives with which this system was actually started. It has been seen that there h

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Wei, Guangxing, Yanling Yao, and Yanhong Qin. "Optimal Decision-Making of Low-Carbon Supply Chain Incorporating Fairness Concerns." Journal of Systems Science and Information 7, no. 3 (2019): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2019-283-12.

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Abstract The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer’s and retailer’s fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically

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Novković, Nebojša, Ljiljana Drinić, Šumadinka Mihajlović, Nataša Vukelić, and Dragan Ivanišević. "Price Parities for Vegetables in Serbia - Analysis and Forecasting." Contemporary Agriculture 68, no. 3-4 (2019): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2019-0009.

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Summary The paper analyzes price parities of important vegetable crops in Serbia in relation to wheat, which has always been a point of reference in price formation of other agricultural products. The analysis was carried out by means of descriptive statistics for the period 1994-2017 for the following vegetable crops: potato, bean, tomato, pepper, onion and cabbage. The method used for forecasting of the price parities for the period 2018-2022 is time series analysis, i.e. ARIMA models. The research results showed that the price parities of bean, tomato and pepper will increase: from 9.1 to 1

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Haxby, Andrew. "Can a financial bubble burst if no one hears the pop?" Focaal 2017, no. 78 (2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2017.780107.

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This article concerns the formation of price in Kathmandu’s land market. In Nepal, land has been for generations the bedrock of savings and household finance, an objectification of social status and a subject of intense political debate, up to and including the recent Maoist insurrection. In Kathmandu, however, the meaning of land has begun to change, mostly because of the rapid fluctuations in its monetary value. This article demonstrates how residents have used localized understandings of price and value formation to explain these changes, understandings that take as their reference point hi

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Noviarianto, Noviarianto, P. Tony Kusumartono, Amthori Anwar, and Turahyo Turahyo. "RANCANG BANGUN GPS UNTUK MENGIDENTIFIKASI BAHAYA NAVIGASI TERDEKAT PADA KAPAL NELAYAN TRADISIONAL." Jurnal Teknik Elektro Uniba (JTE UNIBA) 6, no. 2 (2022): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36277/jteuniba.v6i2.141.

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation aid tool to assist in positioning. The use of gps is necessary because in the middle of the sea positioning is quite tricky to do. On traditional fishing boats the use of this equipment is still small. Consideration of the price which is relatively expensive and the knowledge of fishermen in its use is still minimal. This study aims to create a gps device using the ublox Neo-6M sensor. The microcontroller performs the calculation process and displays the parameters on the 20x4 character LCD screen. LCD displays real time DMS position, distanc

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Wherry, Frederick F. "The Social Characterizations of Price: The Fool, the Faithful, the Frivolous, and the Frugal." Sociological Theory 26, no. 4 (2008): 363–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9558.2008.00334.x.

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This article extends both Viviana Zelizer's discussion of the social meaning of money and Charles Smith's proposal that pricing is a definitional practice to the under-theorized realm of the social meanings generated in the pricing system. Individuals are attributed with calculating or not calculating whether an object or service is “worth” its price, but these attributions differ according to the individual's social location as being near to or far from a societal reference point rather than by the inherent qualities of the object or service purchased. Prices offer seemingly objective (quanti

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PENG, Yanyan, and Xinwang LIU. "BIDDING DECISION IN LAND AUCTION USING PROSPECT THEORY." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 19, no. 2 (2015): 186–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2015.1047914.

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Land auction is widely practiced in company and government decisions, especially in China. Bidders are always faced with two or more auctions in the period of a decision cycle. The outcome of the auction is under high risk. The bidder's risk attitude and preference will have a great influence on his/her bidding price. Prospect theory is currently the main descriptive theory of decision under risk. In this paper, we will consider the preferences of the decision-makers in land bidding decisions with the multi-attribute additive utility and reference point method in cumulative prospect theory. Th

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Zheng, Haoran, and Jing Bai. "Quantum Leap: A Price Leap Mechanism in Financial Markets." Mathematics 12, no. 2 (2024): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12020315.

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This study explores the quantum leapfrog mechanism within the context of quantum finance and presents a new interpretation of established financial models through a quantum perspective. In quantum physics, the well-documented phenomenon of particles tunneling through energy barriers has a parallel in finance. We propose a quantum financial leapfrog model in which asset prices make quantum leaps, penetrating market “energy barriers” in non-sequential advances. By leveraging the Hamiltonian operator and the Schrödinger equation, our approach simulates the dynamics of asset prices in a manner aki

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Shah, Mausam. "Performance Analysis of Trading Company Through Cost Volume Profit (A Case Study of Salt Trading Corporation Limited)." National College of Computer Studies Research Journal 2, no. 1 (2023): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nccsrj.v2i1.60084.

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The objective of the research is to analyze the performance of a Trading Company through cost-volume-profit with reference to Salt Trading Corporation Limited. The major goal of this paper is to scrutinize the financial performance from 2069-70, as well as its influence on the economic growth of Nepal. According to the findings, Salt Trading Corporation has a low contribution margin, low P/V ratio, high breakeven point, and low margin of safety. It further indicates that cost and breakeven point have a positive correlation as sales price and breakeven point have a negative correlation. The com

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Yi, Juntai. "Analysis of Tianjin real estate market: multiple linear regression prediction method." Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research 12 (September 28, 2024): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/a4tma782.

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In this paper, the price prediction of Tianjin real estate market is studied, and the key factors affecting housing prices are systematically analyzed by using the method of multiple linear regression prediction. The research data comes from the real estate transaction data of Tianjin from 2018 to 2022, covering independent variable information such as housing area, housing age, geographical location and supporting facilities. By constructing multiple linear regression model, it is found that housing area and supporting facilities have a significant positive impact on housing prices, while hou

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Chai, Jian, and Ying Jin. "The Dynamic Impacts of Oil Price on China’s Natural Gas Consumption under the Change of Global Oil Market Patterns: An Analysis from the Perspective of Total Consumption and Structure." Energies 13, no. 4 (2020): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040867.

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In recent years, China’s energy structure has been adjusted unceasingly, where the proportion of natural gas has been increasing year by year, and its external dependence has also been increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the correlation between China’s natural gas market and the international energy market. This paper studies the dynamic relationship between China’s total natural gas consumption, consumption structure, and the international price of oil from the perspectives of mutation and time-variance, using the cointegration test with regime shifts and a state space model. Th

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Chang, Chiao Yi, Andy Chien, and Ya-Ting Hsu. "Relationship Between Market Orders and Stock Returns: Evidence from Taiwan." Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies 17, no. 02 (2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219091514500131.

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Unlike previous studies that adopted price as the reference point in this paper we employ the adjusted order imbalance that relates to volume as a reference. We examine the relationship between a firm's characteristics and stock returns. Adjusted order imbalance, including trading direction of stock index and trading volume of individual stock and stock index, is freely and easily obtained by investors in Taiwan. Employing the panel regression model, this paper found prior adjusted order imbalance has a significantly positive relationship with individual stock returns. Additionally, empirical

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