Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prices, spain'

This study focuses on a hedonic wine price analysis in three different countries: Spain, France and Italy due to their relevant economic and production impact on the wine sector. After the analysis of empirical evidence, we decided to consider extra factors that have not yet been contemplated by the literature and that might impact the overall price of wine such as the source of the data, the consumers’ wine rate and the food that might have a good blend with a particular wine style. To perform a statistical analysis, the data was collected from Wine-Searcher.com using the free version and the model used in this research considers the variables "experts and consumers rating", "wine vintage", "origin and appellation", "color", "grape/blend" and "food suggestion". Results showed that the factors origin, appellation, grape/blend, color and experts' opinion are important features for price determination. In France and in Italy, consumers online review also play a role affecting wine prices. Another important result is the positive effect of wine bottle prices when purchased to be paired with certain food.

The concept of tax is not a pacific question, since it demonstrates an analysis of the constitutions and the tributary regulation of Spain and the countries of Latin america. Neither it is the concept of social prices, considered as a tributary category (the special contributions) for the Model of Tributary Code for Latin America, but not for the scientific doctrine.
El concepto de tributo no es una cuestión pacífica, como demuestra un análisis de las constituciones y la normativa tributaria de España y los países de América Latina. Tampoco lo es el concepto de cotizaciones sociales, consideradas como una categoría tributaria (las contribuciones especiales) por el Modelo de Código Tributario para América Latina, pero no por la doctrina científica.

Why did EC enlargement negotiations with Spain take so long? This thesis argues that agricultural issues dominated negotiations despite the political and strategic aims of stabilizing Western Europe's southern flank that underpinned the raison d'être of this enlargement. The framework of Historical New Institutionalism is used to argue that several 'biases' operating at three levels account for the length and nature of these negotiations. At the first level, the 'bilateral' format of the negotiation procedure between Spain and the EC favoured existing EC members and protected the acquis communautaire. The Community's negotiating positions, as bargains in themselves, tended to be inflexible, and reduced Spain's input in the discussions and in the agenda-setting process. At the EC level, the CAP exhibited an unusual capacity to withstand the changes required by enlargement. This was because the EC's decisionmaking structure was fragmented into sectors and levels which allowed a closely knit 'policy community' to run the CAP in a way that was relatively insulated from other issue-areas. Change in the CAP occurred to cope with enlargement, but in a path-dependent way, passing the cost of adaptation on to Spain. At the national level, member states' so-called national interests with regard to enlargement were mixed, with no clear priority, and conflicting sectoral views. This resulted from the mechanisms of interest intermediation and inter-departmental co-ordination, which shaped the formulation and representation of national views in Brussels. Spain's accession was finally made possible when new redistributive policies for the Mediterranean and fresh budgetary resources were agreed. These were approved as part the wider package-deals surrounding the Single Market project and the Single European Act. HNI provides a new and persuasive framework with which to understand the difficulties of institutional change associated with enlargement negotiations.

This doctoral thesis focuses on active Spanish scholarly journals which follow internationally‐recognized quality standards, in order to analyze their main features, study the adoption of Open Access, observe the relationship between their price and bibliometric impact, and examine its internationality characteristics. Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus have been selected as the sources for identifying the journals. After depurating mistakes, a final list of 445 journals has resulted. A set of indicators has been defined and all data has been collected from the journals’ primary source (website or hard copy). Correlations and association tests have been carried out to explore relationships among variables. The population of Spanish journals indexed in WoS and Scopus grew steadily over the last years: there were 300 titles by 2012, 406 by 2013 and 445 by 2015. A 69.7% of these were launched after 1980 and their average age is 30 years. This selection of This selection of 445 journals stands for a 25% of journals published in Spain, but the subject areas are not equally distributed - Science, Technology and Medicine fields (STM) are overrepresented, while Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) appear less frequently. Indeed, 84% of all journals concentrate in only three of the seven subject areas considered for this study – 35% on Social S., 32% on Health S. and 18% on Arts & Humanities. Universities and research centers (mostly the Spanish National Research Council, CSIC) publish 43% of the journals. To run their publishing services, most of them use OJS platforms (34% of the total population). They publish mostly on Arts & Humanities (in Spanish language) and Social Sciences. Online‐only format and free access are their favorite output. Commercial publishers are the second in importance, accounting for the 32% of the journals. They focus on Health Sciences and run most of the few free‐access journals with APCs. They also account for most of the few hybrid journals, which are usually published in English. Elsevier is the largest commercial publisher, publishing about 17% of all the journals in this study. Scientific societies, professional associations and other not‐for‐profit private institutions publish 21% of the journals. They own or participate in another 24% of the journals, which are published by companies like Elsevier. Indeed, their scientific participation is crucial, reaching almost half of the population studied (45%). Government agencies publish only a 4% of all the journals. As to languages, almost half of the journals (47%) are published only in Spanish. Nonetheless, 26% are published both in Spanish and English, and 18% only in English. Remaining languages are residual. Free access is the most common type of publication (64.5%), followed by restricted (16.6%), embargo (14.4%) and hybrid (4.5%). Free‐access is associated with academic publishers and Social Sciences, while restricted‐access and hybrid journals are more common among companies and usually refer to STM fields. Open Access, as measured by free access with self‐archiving permissions, results in 56.9% of the total of journals. This indicates a sustained increase according to previous studies. Article Processing Charges (APCs) are beginning to be introduced in Spain, but only in 7% of these journals. Both free‐access and hybrid journals charging APCs are associated with commercial publishers, English language and high bibliometric impact rates. Annual subscription prices are much higher for STM, commercial companies and English language content, but the difference is lower when using price per article, because expensive journals usually provide more scientific content. APC prices are on average ten times higher in hybrid titles than in free‐access ones. Impact Factor (IF, which is only available for 27% of the studied journals), Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) and Source‐Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) have in general higher impact values for STM fields, journals with APCs and journals published in English. While the highest IFs usually appear in journals issued by commercial publishers, highest SNIPs are related to journals published by associations and societies. Subscription prices, both at volume and article level, have no relationship with any impact indicator. On the contrary, APC prices correlate moderately with impact indicators, but only with SJR and SNIP, not with IF. English language, foreign‐authored articles, international collaborations and foreign members at scientific teams have been identified and measured as elements that indicate internationality. Except for international collaborations, with very few appearances (especially in Arts & Humanities), all elements have global averages of around 33%, although they vary depending on subject areas and access types. The English language is most common in STM fields, journals published by companies and journals charging APCs. Foreign authors are more present in Health Sciences and Mathematics & Physics, and journals with APCs. The proportion of foreign experts is similar to that of foreign authors’, but with smoother differences among categories – also, they are lower in Health Sciences and higher in Engineering. Academic publishers usually include more members from foreign institutions than the rest. Internationality elements present a similar pattern, especially as far as the participation of foreign authors and foreign experts is concerned. Limitations of the study, future research lines and final considerations are provided.
Aquesta tesi doctoral estudia les revistes científiques espanyoles actives i amb un nivell de qualitat reconegut internacionalment, per tal d’analitzar les seves característiques principals, el grau d’adopció d’Accés Obert, la relació entre el preu i l’impacte bibliomètric, i els seus elements d’internacionalitat. Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus van ser seleccionades com a les fonts adequades per identificar la població objecte d’estudi. Després de depurar els errors detectats a les llistes de revistes extretes, es va obtenir una llista definitiva de 445 revistes. Es va definir un conjunt d’indicadors i es van recollir totes les dades de la font d’informació principal (el lloc web o la versió impresa de cada revista). Finalment, es van realitzar proves de correlació i associació per explorar relacions entre variables. S’ha posat de manifest que la població de revistes espanyoles indexades a WoS y Scopus ha crescut de manera sostinguda durant els darrers anys: hi havia 300 títols al 2012, 406 al 2013, i 445 al 2015. El 69,7% dels darrers van ser creats després de 1980 i la seva edat mitjana és de 30 anys. Aquesta selecció de 445 revistes suposa el 25% dels títols publicats a Espanya, tot i que les àrees temàtiques no hi estan reflectides de manera proporcional: la ciència, tecnologia i medicina i estan sobre-representades, mentre es recull un baix percentatge sobre ciències socials i humanes. Tot i així, el 84% de les revistes es concentren en només tres dels set camps considerats en aquest estudi: 35% en ciències socials, 32% en ciències de la salut, i 18% en arts i humanitats. Les universitats i els centres d’investigació publiquen el 43% de les revistes estudiades, amb especial menció del CSIC (Centre Superior d’Investigacions Científiques). La majoria d’aquestes revistes usen Open Journal Systems (OJS), plataforma on es recolza el 34% del total. Les institucions acadèmiques també publiquen principalment revistes sobre arts i humanitats (en castellà) i sobre ciències socials. Aquests títols solen estar disponibles en línia, sense versió impresa, i en Accés Obert. Les editorials comercials són les segones en importància, ocupant-se del 32% de les revistes, la majoria de les quals tracten sobre ciències de la salut. Aquestes entitats són responsables de moltes de les escasses revistes que inclouen càrrecs per publicació (“Article Processing Charges”, APC), tant en Accés Obert com híbrides (aquestes últimes, principalment en anglès). Elsevier és l’editorial amb més títols, publicant el 17% de les revistes d’aquest estudi. Les societats científiques, associacions professionals i altres institucions privades sense ànim de lucre publiquen el 21% de les revistes, i a més a més col·laboren en un altre 24%, del qual s’ocupa principalment Elsevier. La participació d’aquest tipus d’institucions és crucial, ja que en total arriba al 45% de totes les revistes de la població analitzada. Finalment, els ens governamentals responen només del 4% dels títols Quant als idiomes, quasi la meitat de les revistes (47%) estan publicades només en castellà. No obstant, el 26% està publicat en castellà i anglès, i el 18% exclusivament en anglès. La presència de la resta d’idiomes és residual. L’accés lliure és el tipus d’accés més comú (64,5%), seguit pel restringit (16,6%), embargat (14,4%) i híbrid (4,5%). És freqüent a les editorials acadèmiques i a les ciències socials, mentre que l’accés restringit i híbrid és més comú entre les comercials i normalment es troba als àmbits de la ciència, tecnologia i medicina. Les revistes en Accés Obert, considerades com aquelles disponibles en accés lliure i amb permisos d’auto-arxiu, suposen el 56,9% d’aquesta població. Segons estudis anteriors, aquesta dada indica un augment sostenible del grau d’adopció de l’Accés Obert. Els càrrecs per publicació s’estan començant a introduir a Espanya, però de moment només estan presents al 7% d’aquests títols. Tant les revistes en accés lliure amb APC com les híbrides es publiquen per editorials comercials, en anglès i amb alts indicadors d’impacte bibliomètric. Els preus de subscripció anual són molt més alts a revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina. També ho són als títols publicats per editorials comercials i a revistes en anglès. No obstant, la diferència de preu disminueix si es considera el preu per article, perquè les revistes més cares solen aportar més contingut científic. Els preus dels APC són, de mitjana, deu vegades més cars a les revistes híbrides que a les d’accés lliure. El Factor d’Impacte (IF, que només està disponible per al 27% de les revistes estudiades), el Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) i el Source-Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP), tenen en general valors més alts per a les revistes sobre ciència, tecnologia i medicina, amb APC i en anglès. Mentre que els valors més elevats d’IF apareixen a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials, els SNIP més alts estan relacionats amb associacions i societats. Els preus de subscripció no guarden relació amb cap indicador d’impacte, ni a nivell de volum anual ni a nivell d’article. Pel contrari, els preus dels APC correlacionen moderadament amb indicadors d’impacte, però només amb SJR i SNIP, no pas amb IF. L’anglès, els articles escrits per autors estrangers, les col·laboracions internacionals i els experts estrangers dels equips editorials han estat considerats com a elements d’internacionalitat mesurables. Excepte les col·laboracions internacionals, amb molt poca incidència (especialment baixa en arts i humanitats), tots els elements tenen una mitjana general aproximada del 33%, tot i que depenen molt de l’àrea temàtica i del tipus d’accés. La llengua anglesa és la més comú en ciència, tecnologia i medicina, així com a les revistes publicades per editorials comercials i també en publicacions amb APC. Els autors d’altres països tenen major presència a ciències de la salut, matemàtiques i física, i també a revistes amb APC. La proporció d’estrangeria és similar entre autors i equip editorial, però amb diferències menys notables entre categories. La proporció d’experts forans és també inferior a ciències de la salut, i superior a enginyeries. Les revistes publicades per institucions acadèmiques solen incloure més investigadors amb filiació estrangera als seus equips editorials que la resta de revistes. En general, els elements d’internacionalitat presenten patrons de distribució similars, especialment quant a autors i experts estrangers. Finalment, es descriuen les limitacions d’aquest estudi, possibles línies futures d’investigació, i conclusions globals.

Entre 1702 et 1793, onze hommes occupèrent la fonction d’agent général de la Marine et du Commerce de France à Madrid. Agissant sans statut officiel, ces envoyés du secrétaire d’État de la Marine étaient la pièce maîtresse d’un réseau d’information français en Espagne. Créés après l’avènement du Bourbon Philippe V au trône d’Espagne, ces experts, clé de voûte du réseau consulaire français dans la Péninsule, mirent leur compétence économique au service d’un rapprochement commercial entre les deux monarchies. Par leur action, leur surface sociale, leur connaissance de l’Espagne et leurs discours, ces intermédiaires s’appropriaient une fonction aux contours obscurs. Hommes de l’ombre sous les ordres de l’ambassadeur français, ils acquirent une dimension qui en fit les véritables artisans d’une diplomatie commerciale franco-espagnole au XVIIIe siècle. Ces instances de dialogue interrogent les interactions croissantes entre commerce et diplomatie. L’étude tend à montrer en quoi ces figures hybrides se situaient à l’interface entre plusieurs mondes : la France et l’Espagne d’une part, le négoce et la sphère politique d’autre part. Informateurs, négociateurs et médiateurs, ces agents interrogent le cheminement qui conduisait de l’information à la négociation. Il s’agit de montrer en quoi ces hommes, acteurs de l’interconnexion des deux monarchies, dessinaient les contours d’un espace de dialogue spécifique qui visait à combler les interstices entre les réalités du terrain et la discussion entre gouvernements
Between 1702 and 1793, eleven men held the position of general agent of the Navy and Trade of France in Madrid. Acting without any official status, these envoys of the Secretary of State of the Navy were the centerpiece of a French informative network in Spain. Created after the advent of the Bourbon Philip V to the Spanish throne, these experts, keystone of the French consular network in the Peninsula, put their economic competence at the service of a commercial alliance between both monarchies. Their action, social surface, knowledge of Spain and discourse, helped these intermediaries seize a function with blurry outlines. Men of the shadow under the orders of the French ambassador, they acquired such a dimension that they became the true artisans of a Franco-Spanish commercial diplomacy in the eighteenth century. These go-between rise the matter of the growing interactions between trade and diplomacy. The study tends to show how these hybrid figures were perfectly in between several worlds : France and Spain on the one hand, trading and the political sphere on the other. Informants, negotiators and mediators, these agents encourage us to question the path that led from information to negotiation. Thus, what is at stake in this study is to show how these men, actors of the interconnection of the two monarchies, drew the frame for a specific dialogue which aimed to fill the interstices between the realities of the field and the more political debate between governments

This thesis is based on the empirical examination of the impact of divestiture announcements, with a focus on spin-off and sell-off transactions, on the share performance of parent companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) in South Africa. The sample of the study for spin-off consisted of 36 companies while that of sell-off transactions consisted of 41 companies listed on JSE for deals that were announced and concluded from 2006 to 2016. The cumulative average abnormal returns for the parent companies were calculated using the event study methodology over the entire event window. Abnormal returns were calculated using the two-factor APT model approach. The cumulative average abnormal returns significance was tested using the t-test. Thereafter, the average abnormal returns and cumulative average abnormal returns were compared over the event window for the pre and post announcement period. A comparison was also made between spin-off and sell-off transactions over the entire event window (-30, +30). Three key results were established, the first being that, spin-off transactions generate positive abnormal returns while sell-off transaction generate negative abnormal returns. Second, it is clear that there were significant positive cumulative average abnormal returns for postannouncement returns for spin-off transactions while the post-announcement returns for sell-off transactions generated a negative cumulative average abnormal returns. Thirdly, I compared the two form of divestiture (spin-off and sell-off transactions) and discovered that there appears to be significant evidence that the CAAR for spin-off transactions are higher than the CAAR for sell-off transactions.

This thesis is dedicated to the economic development in Spain in the times of the longlasting economic expansion which was terminated by the crisis in 2006-2007. The purpose is to summarize the development, identify the main factores causing the crisis and to evaluate the impacts. Great part of this thesis is dedicated to the sector of construction and the real estate market. It analyses the process of formation of the price bubble on the real estate market and its subsequent crack. The problematic internal situation was in a short time period exposed to the impacts of the global financial crisis. A special part of this thesis is therefore dedicated to the Spanish banking sector and its stability.

Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 20).
Under the Korean equivalents of International Financial Reporting Standards (K-IFRS), which was adopted in 2011, companies are allowed to recognize gains/losses on disposal of discontinued operations (GDDO) when they spin off part of their operations. GDDO reflects the gap between the fair value and the book value of the spun-off operations. However, the fair value is not based on the fair value of the assets classified as held for sale but based on the valuation of the operation by using the Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) method. Since the FCFF method estimates the value of the operation by discounting all future free cash flows from the operation, it is not accurate but varies remarkably with a small change in the discount factor. Furthermore, only spun-off operations are evaluated, but sustained operations are not. Lastly, shareholders of the parent company receive equivalent shares in the new company in order to compensate for the loss of equity in the original stocks. This implies that there should be no gains/losses from the division of the company unless there is a huge quantifiable impact from spinning off. For these reasons, it is improper to see GDDO as a real gain; rather, it is proper to see it as a paper gain. According to the extended functional fixation view, unsophisticated investors improperly implement a wrong analysis of such complicated accounting information into their investment decision making. Herein I attempt to test whether unsophisticated investors are affected by GDDO with an assumption that there are some unsophisticated marginal investors who see GDDO as a real gain and they impound this information in price. My hypothesis is tested by examining the stock price reaction to quarterly earnings announcements of firms which have undergone spin-offs since K-IFRS was adopted. On the financial performance announcement date, the firm's stock price is theoretically affected by the difference between the real earnings and the expected earnings (earnings surprise: ES). In a case in which the firm announced earnings including GDDO, only the real earnings, excluding GDDO, less the expected earnings should be reflected in the stock price movement-if all investors are sophisticated enough not to regard GDDO as real earnings. However, I test whether GDDO also affects the stock price movement in this situation separately from the impact from the earnings surprise, which implies that there are unsophisticated investors and the extended functional fixation hypothesis holds in the GDDO case. Eleven Korean companies that are traded on the Korean stock market and listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) were subjected to the test. These companies meet the following constraints: (1) They have undergone spin-offs, and (2) They recognized GDDO on their income statement but do not directly add or deduct the amount from equity items on the balance sheet. I run a regression test on the excess stock return which is calculated by using historical two-day return, historical beta, the impact from earning surprise (ES), and the impact from GDDO. The result shows higher R² and lower p-value for the case when both the ES and GDDO are chosen as x-variables than the case when the earnings surprise is solely chosen as an x-variable. The p-values for x-variables in both cases were smaller than 0.01. The test result implies that the extended functional fixation hypothesis might hold in this case. I conclude that including GDDO as an item on the income statement can affect some investors' decision making and demand for the stock.
by Chunsoo Park.
S.M. in Management Research

The thesis analyses and compares the economies of Spain and Ireland in the run up to and during the current economic and financial crisis. Firstly, the focus is on the pre-crisis period since the mid 90's, the causes and extent of the price bubble on the property markets, the caracter of lending boom and the indebtedness of the private sector. The end of the lending boom and conjuncture on the real estate markets in 2006-2007 had strong impact on real economy and the financial sector. Both countries currently pass through a three-level crisis: economic, banking and debt crisis. The aim of the thesis is to examine their causes, evolution and causal links. The paper also illustrates future perspectives of both countries in context of the membership in EMU and possible solutions to their current situation.

La dimension publique, nationalisatrice et politique, du culte à la Vierge du Pilar constitue l’objet de cette thèse. Cet objet est construit à partir de deux axes principaux : l’étude des processus de traditionalisation et ancrage social à succès de cette dévotion et, à partir de cette analyse, l’observation des changements politiques, sociales et culturelles du catholicisme à l’échelle locale, nationale et internationale. L’hypothèse de départ est donc que le rôle si important qu’a joué la Vierge du Pilar comme élément mobilisateur, point de ralliement où la population se reconnaît, symbole avec lequel on s’identifie, tout comme la profondeur de son ancrage social et culturel, mais aussi sa popularité, ont permis de transformer le Pilar en un vecteur de diffusion de certains cosmovisions politiques et nationales. Dans une première partie, on montre le processus de traditionalisation, territorialisation, reconnaissance et ancrage social de cette dévotion qui commence au XVIII siècle et qui permet d’expliquer le rôle si important qui a joué la Vierge du Pilar pendant la crise de l’Ancien Régime en Espagne. Dès la moitié du XIX siècle, les changements politiques, sociales et culturelles, entraînèrent l’essor de cultes mariales et l’apparition en Espagne d’une culture politique national-catholique qui défend la confessionnalité de la nation face au défi sécularisateur. Cette cosmovision se construit sur le terrain fécond de la culture catholique et, notamment sur ses symboles religieux. A travers la Vierge du Pilar, on a vu le développement du national-catholicisme et son arrivée au pouvoir lors de deux dictatures de Primo de Rivera et de Franco
The public dimension of the cult to the Virgin of Pilar is the research’s aim of this thesis. Two aspects emerge from this subject: the study of the successful traditionalization of this devotion; and, based on this analysis, observe the political, social and cultural changes in Catholicism at the local, national and global level. The assumption is that the Virgin of Pilar play an important role as a mobilizing element, a rallying point where people can be recognized as a symbol with which one identifies. The depth of its social and cultural anchoring, but its popularity has transformed the Virgin of Pilar into a distribution’s vector of certain worldviews and national policies. In the first part, we saw the process of traditionalization of the Virgin of Pilar as the sacred center of Zaragoza, which helps to explain the important role that played her cult in the crisis of the Old Regime, as a legitimation’s factor and also as an instrument of mobilization and reassuring of the public. By the mid-nineteenth century, the political, social and cultural changes have led to the development of Marian devotion and the appearance in Spain of a nationalcatholic political culture which defends the confessionalisation of the state face the challenge of secularization. This political culture has benefited from the fruitful cultural substrate of Catholicism, including such powerful symbols like the Virgin of Pilar, to strengthen. Through this Marian cult, we saw the development of National Catholicism and his came to power in Spain with the two dictatorial regimes of Primo de Rivera and Franco

Esta tesis es un estudio de las migraciones granadinas a mediados del siglo XX, fundamentalmente acerca de sus causas y también sobre aspectos concretos de las múltiples formas de inserción espacial y laboral que desarrollaron los granadinos en la Barcelona de posguerra. Los ámbitos geográficos escogidos son principalmente numerosas localidades rurales granadinas, distribuidas por la práctica totalidad de la provincia y la ciudad de Barcelona, incluyendo diversas ciudades industriales de su área metropolitana. El período investigado comprende las dos primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista, 1940 y 1950, aunque incorpora en el primer capítulo una perspectiva histórica de mayor alcance. El primer capítulo trata de situar el desarrollo económico de Granada previo a la guerra civil y el desarrollo del movimiento obrero granadino hasta el final de la contienda. Usamos para ello una perspectiva de largo alcance para comprender determinadas particularidades de la configuración histórica y social de la provincia de Granada. Mencionamos los antecedentes migratorios de la población granadina, para analizar el papel que este fenómeno desempeñó en las estrategias de las clases subalternas de la provincia. Finalmente analizamos el desarrollo del movimiento obrero en la provincia de Granada y su evolución, deteniéndonos particularmente en el periodo de la II República y la guerra civil. El segundo capítulo se enmarca completamente dentro del período investigado y aborda el estudio de las causas del fenómeno migratorio en la posguerra. De ese modo, reconstruimos las diversas modalidades de la represión, vinculadas a la implantación de la dictadura franquista y su relación con la emigración de los trabajadores granadinos. Partiendo de la experiencia del retorno de los excombatientes republicanos, este capítulo trata de profundizar en el conocimiento de las múltiples fracturas intracomunitarias que ocasionó el resultado de la guerra civil. Por su parte, el tercer capítulo también está destinado a analizar las causas de la emigración de la población rural granadina, en este caso a través de un análisis de la crisis del mundo agrícola y como afecto a la segmentada estructura social de la Granada rural. En este capítulo se abordan las consecuencias del fracaso de las propuestas industrializadoras en Granada. También analizamos de qué manera se vieron afectadas las economías domésticas del campesinado granadino, tanto en el caso de los jornaleros como en el de los labradores, por la implementación de las políticas agrarias del primer franquismo y los intereses de los grandes propietarios de tierra. El cuarto capítulo relata la experiencia del viaje e inserción espacial de los inmigrantes granadinos en Barcelona. En este apartado se observan las dificultades que encontraron las granadinas y granadinos para la realización de su proyecto migratorio y cuáles fueron las pautas de asentamiento que llevaron a cabo. Abordamos también un análisis de los discursos contra la inmigración que surgieron en la década de 1940 y 1950 y como afectaron a la implementación de políticas represivas contra el hecho migratorio. Ante esto, observamos el despliegue de un amplio repertorio de estrategias por parte de los granadinos inmigrados para conseguir superar los límites impuestos por la administración, en el complicado contexto de la Barcelona de posguerra. Por último, el quinto capítulo explora los mecanismos de inserción de las personas inmigradas en el mercado laboral barcelonés. En sus páginas describimos los mecanismos de inserción y principales ámbitos donde se ubicaron los trabajadores inmigrados y por qué motivos. También describimos de qué manera percibieron la reaparición de la conflictividad laboral en tierras catalanas y que reacciones tuvieron ante ello. Por último, observaremos los mecanismos que llevaron al surgimiento y transmisión de una cultura de la emigración hacia Barcelona entre la sociedad granadina.
This thesis is a study of internal Spanish migration in the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the causes and also about specific aspects of the multiple forms of community integration and job placement that migrants developed in postwar Barcelona. The geographical areas chosen are mainly numerous rural towns in the Andalusian province of Granada, distributed throughout almost the entire province and the city of Barcelona, including various industrial cities in its metropolitan area. The period under investigation covers the first two decades of the Franco dictatorship, 1940 and 1950, although the first chapter incorporates a more far-reaching historical perspective. The first chapter analyses the economic development of Granada prior to the civil war and the development of the local labour movement until the end of the conflict. The second chapter deals with the study of the causes of migration in the post-war period. To this end, we reconstruct the various forms of repression linked to the establishment of the Franco dictatorship and the relationship between the repression and the emigration of Granada’s workers. The third chapter is intended to analyze the causes of the emigration of the rural population of Granada, in this case through an analysis of agricultural crises and its effect on the stratified society of rural Granada. The fourth chapter recounts the experiences of travel and integration of immigrants from Granada to Barcelona. This section points out the difficulties for relocation faced by immigrants from Granada and what they could expect in terms of finding a home. Finally, the fifth chapter explores the dynamics of labour market insertion for immigrants in Barcelona, analyzing the sector's opportunities and conditions as well as the pressures and motives underlying migrant labour insertion.

Aquesta tesi te com a objecte l’estudi de l’estructura electrònica de metalls de baixa dimensionalitat tant en la forma de monocapes com en el bulk. Aquest tipus de metalls sovint presenten inestabilitats electròniques del tipus ona de densitat de càrrega (CDW) o de espí (SDW). La major part dels esquemes teòrics utilitzats per entendre l’origen d’aquestes inestabilitats es basen en la noció de nesting de la superfície de Fermi. Tanmateix, si es considera en detall la informació experimental, en un nombre important dels materials que exhibeixen aquestes inestabilitats no es gens clar que aquest tipus de mecanisme sigui apropiat. L’objecte d’aquest treball es el de reconsiderar críticament aquesta situació, basant-se en el càlcul precís per mètodes de primers principis DFT de la funció de resposta de Lindhard i/o l’estructura de bandes de fonons. Hem estudiat un nombre considerable de materials d’aquest tipus: dicalcogenurs de metalls de transició (TiSe2, TiTe2 i NbSe2), òxids i bronzes ( bronze blau, bronzes monofosfats de tungstè, perovskites laminars AnBnO3n+2, amb B: Nb, Ti, fases de Magnéli com Mo4O11 i Mo8O23), tricalgogenurs (NbS3, NbSe3, TaS3, ZrTe3) i tetracalcogenurs de metalls de transició (TaTe4, (TaSe2)4I), conductors moleculars com les sals de Bechgaard (TMTSF)2X amb X = ClO4, NO3, PF6 ) i compostos intermetàl·lics de terres rares (LaAgSb2). En aquest document exposem en detall els nostres resultats per sis d’aquests materials: TiSe2, TiTe2, NbSe2, els bronzes blaus, les salts de Bechgaard i TaTe4. Com a resultat d’aquest treball hem pogut demostrar que: 1) El mecanisme de formació de CDW a TiSe2, TiTe2, NbSe2 i TaTe4 es degut a una inestabilitat de fonons que no te rés a veure amb el nesting de la superfície de Fermi; 2) fins a sis diferents estructures poden coexistir en l’estat CDW del NbSe2; 3) en el cas del bronze blau, es pot explicar la seva transició de Peierls sobre la base d’un mecanisme basat en un acoblament electrò-fonò feble dins l’aproximació adiabàtica i 4) la funció de resposta de Lindhard de les sals de Bechgaard canvia considerablement amb la temperatura I aquests canvis estan clarament associats amb variacións de la dimensionalitat del gas d’electrons.
This thesis deals with the electronic structure of low dimensional metals in the form of either single layers or bulk. Low dimensional metals often exhibit electronic instabilities like charge or spin density waves. A central role in most of the theoretical approaches to understand these instabilities is played by the notion of Fermi surface nesting. Very often this is considered to be the driving force of these instabilities. Yet a careful examination of the experimental information casts strong doubts about the appropriateness of such notion for a considerable number of these conductors. The object of the present thesis is an appraisal of this situation based on the calculation of the Lidhard response function as well as the phonon band structure for a series of low dimensional conductors based on accurate first-principles DFT calculations. Altogether we have studied from the first principles calculations standpoint the following classes of materials: transition metal dichalcogenides (TiSe2, TiTe2 and NbSe2), oxides (blue bronze, monophosphate tungsten bronzes, layered perovskite-related AnBnO3n+2 niobates and titanates, Magnèli phases Mo4O11 and Mo8O23), transition metal trichalcogenides (NbS3, NbSe3, TaS3, ZrTe3) and tetrachalcogenides (TaTe4, (TaSe2)4I), Bechgaards salts ( (TMTSF)2X with X = ClO4, NO3, PF6) and rare earth intermetallics (LaAgSb2) . In this document we report the results for six of these materials: TiSe2, TiTe2, NbSe2, the potassium blue bronze, the Bechgaard salts and TaTe4. As a result of this work, we have been able to show that: 1) The CDW mechanism in TiSe2, TiTe2, NbSe2 and TaTe4 is a phonon mediated mechanism and completely unrelated to the Fermi surface nesting mechanism; 2) 6 different structure can coexist in the CDW state of NbSe2; 3) in the blue bronze the Peierls transition can be well accounted for by the weak electron-phonon coupling theory in the adiabatic approximation. 4) that in the Bechgaard salts the Lindhard response is found to change considerably with temperature and these changes are clearly associated with dimensional crossovers.

Detta är en undersökning som är gjord för att jämföra prissättningen av fastigheter som är till salu i Sverige och Spanien. För att avgränsa oss har vi valt att jämföra Stockholms innerstads prissättning med prissättningen i Palma på Mallorca i Spanien. Lockpris fenomenet har fått hård kritik under den senaste tiden i media. På grund av denna kritik så har många mäklare, speciellt i Stockholms innerstad, gått ihop och arbetar mot att undvika lockpriser och har infört begreppet accepterat pris. Dock kan accepterat pris uppfattas som ett nytt ersättningsnamn på lockpriser. Trots att Mäklarsamfundet tar bestämt avstånd från användning av lockpriser så har vi genom intervjuer med mäklare i Stockholms innerstad fått fram att detta används fortfarande vid prissättning av bostäder. Vi har genom våra intervjuer med fastighetsägare i Stockholm och Palma, mött flera fastighetsägare som har känt sig lurade då de har köpt en fastighet till ett avsevärt mycket högre slutpris än utgångspris. Samtidigt har vi mött flera fastighetsägare som är nöjda med Sveriges budgivningssystem. De flesta föredrar dock att köpa eller sälja en fastighet till verkligt accepterat pris. Det spanska budgivningssystemet där budgivningen går nedåt har, trots att de flesta fastighetsköpare som vi intervjuat lyckats förhandla ned slutpriset, mötts med en del kritik. Största delen av kritiken bygger på att priset inte sätts relaterat till marknadspriset, vilket det trots lockpriser, görs i Sverige.
This is a survey where we compare the pricing of properties that are for sale in Sweden and Spain. To make delimitation, we have chosen to compare the pricing in the inner city of Stockholm of Sweden with the pricing in Palma in Mallorca, Spain. The cap rates phenomenon has been very criticized in the Swedish media in the latest couple of years. Because of this criticism, many real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm are working to avoid cap rates and introduced the concept of using acceptable prices. However, acceptable price rates are perceived as a replacement name for the cap prices. Although the Mäklarsamfundet, of Sweden, disagrees with the use of cap rates, we have trough our interviews with real estate agents in the inner city of Stockholm received that this concept is still used in the pricing of properties. We have, through our interviews with property owners in Stockholm and Palma, met several property owners who have felt cheated when they bought a property at a significantly higher final price than the asking price. We have as well met several property owners who are satisfied with the Swedish pricing. But most people prefer to buy or sell a property at fair agreed price, using acceptable pricing. Many of the Spanish property buyers who we have interviewed are critical to the Spanish pricing, where the bidding goes down. This despite that most of them, managed to negotiate down the final price. Most of the criticism is based on that the prices are not related to market price, which, despite the cap rates, is in Sweden.

A la charnière du XIXe et du XXe siècle, l’Espagne vit une révolution cultuelle et culturelle sans précédent. La question du sacré permet de cristalliser les enjeux de cette crise. Une approche résolument transversale révèle en effet le sacré comme clef de voûte des troubles qui agitent les Espagnols. La remise en cause continue de la place de l’Église dans la société, alimentée par l’affrontement sous-jacent entre cléricaux et anticléricaux, est fondamentale dans la douloureuse quête idiosyncratique qui ébranle la nation. Les artistes, témoins et acteurs de leur époque, se font l’écho de cette tension politique et sociale. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse du motif du sacré, livré par des romans et des tableaux, met en évidence non seulement la manifestation d’une sécularisation en marche, mais également la prégnance d’une culture religieuse durablement fixée. Dans un second temps, la polymorphie intrinsèque de ce sacré pré-moderne est abordée par une typologie qui en précise l’expression, de la plus manifeste à la moins tangible, cette dilution du sacré étant caractéristique de la Modernité. Enfin, au-delà de l’étude du motif iconographique et romanesque, une analyse du processus du sacré met en lumière combien les artistes de cette période sondent et interrogent la sacralité présente dans leurs œuvres, et combien celle-ci, ondoyante et industrieuse, échappe à leur contrôle, creusant les prémices d’une religion de l’art
During the transitional period between the 19th and the 20th century, Spain experienced an unprecedented revolution, both religious and cultural. The issue of the sacred enabled to crystallize what is at stake during this crisis. A thoroughly cross-conceptual approach shows the sacred as a keystone for the mayhem that Spanish people underwent. The role of the church in Spanish society kept being questioned, due to the underlying conflict between those who supported the church and the others who were opposed to it. This questioning was fundamental in the difficult idiosyncratic quest which shook the nation. Artists, who were both witnesses and actors of their time, unveiled and showed this political and social tension. Firstly, the analysis of the pattern of the sacred through novels and paintings underlines the evidence of the secularization that took place. Likewise, it discloses the pregnancy of a religious culture established on a permanent basis in Spanish society. Secondly, the intrinsic polymorphous aspect of this pre-modern sacred is revealed by a typology which develops the representation of the sacred, from the most obvious to the least tangible one. This dilution of the sacred is characteristic of Modernity. Finally, beyond the study of the iconographic and novelistic pattern, an analysis of the process of the sacred enhances how the artists of this era took soundings and questioned sacrality in their works of art. It also shows how sacrality, constantly changing, could not be mastered by the artists, digging the roots of a cult for art

Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu principal analitzar la situació dels museus a Catalunya en els primers anys de la dictadura franquista. Per tal d’entendre millor aquest període és de gran interès conèixer les activitats que el Servicio de Defensa del Patrimonio Artístico Nacional desenvolupà en l’àmbit museístic i la repercussió que aquesta institució franquista tingué en els museus. Això ha estat possible gràcies a l'anàlisi de més de 4.000 documents de la institució, que han romàs inèdits fins ara. En aquest marc d’estudi es presenta una visió dels museus catalans en el moment de ser reoberts després de la guerra, alhora que s’estableixen comparacions amb la seva situació d’abans del conflicte i també durant aquest. Igualment, s’exposen les principals activitats realitzades pels museus, així com també les característiques del funcionament dels seus patronats o juntes i de les institucions que existiren a l’època i que contribuïren a posar en marxa els museus ja des del 1939
This thesis has as its main objective the analysis of what happened to the museums of Catalonia during the first years of the Francoist dictatorship. In order to understand this period it is necessary to analyze the role that the Servicio de Defensa del Patrimonio Artístico Nacional played in relation to the museums, and as such the impact that this institution had on the museums. This has been possible thanks to the analysis of more than 4.000 documents unknown until now.Using this historical framework we present a study of the Catalan museums at the moment that they were reopened again just after the civil war. This is also compared to the functioning of museums before the war and what happened with them during the conflict. As such, an analysis is made of the main activities that took place in the museums at this period, how the museums boards worked, as well as the institutions that existed in that moment that contributed to restart the activity in the museums as early as 1939.

A partir del análisis de los orígenes y de la creación de la Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo (UIMP) y del Festival Internacional de Santander (FIS), se profundiza en el conocimiento de la historia de ambas instituciones durante el primer franquismo y la relación que en ellas hubo entre política, ciencia, cultura e identidad nacional, a la vez que se demuestra el papel primordial de legitimación política internacional que la dictadura del general Franco asignó a la cultura con el fin de combatir el aislamiento diplomático que sobre España pesaba entre los ecuadores de las décadas cuarenta y cincuenta del pasado siglo. Asimismo, otros aspectos abordados en este trabajo son los referidos a la historia de los cursos de español para extranjeros y la historia de los festivales de música, relativas ambas a nuestro país, así como a la aproximación histórica a la vida cultural de Santander en la inmediata posguerra civil.
From the analysis of the origins and creation of the International University Menéndez Pelayo (UIMP) and the International Festival of Santander (FIS), it delves into the knowledge of the history of both institutions during the early Franco and the relationship that they were between politics, science, culture and national identity, as well as demonstrated the essential role of international political legitimacy to the dictatorship of General Franco assigned to culture in order to combat the diplomatic isolation of Spain weighed between equators decades of the forties and fifties of last century. Also, other issues addressed in this paper are those related to the history of Spanish courses for foreigners and the history of music festivals, both concerning our country, and the historical approach to the cultural life of Santander in the immediate post-Civil War.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce the given topic " Cost analysis of the building and their coverage" and to show an analyze of selected the life cycle phases on a specific example. The paper also solved ways of financing options especially financing via grants. At the end of work I deal with the recommendations of choosing a suitable grant title for the financing of new construction or reconstruction nursery schools.

The aim of this thesis is to introduce the given topic "Construction cost over the life cycle of the building" and to show the overview of the development of the cost and price data on a specific example. The thesis is mainly focused on the valuation of the building in its phases. The theoretical part includes an elaboration of the life cycles of the building into various stages based on available information and documents, such as the budget of the building, operating expenses and real estate valuation issues.

碩士
淡江大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
101
Taiwan Futures Exchange has planned entire household risk margin system since 2007, the main target is for the futures commission merchants and other corporate-based. The initial implementation is that the exchange sends five times daily from SPAN parameter file, in which each of a file premarket after-hours, after only third gear. In 2008, to promote the implementation of traders end risk margin entire household total income system, the system will collect SPAN margin traders .As of this writing, the dish at least once every half hour to send parameter file. In this study, the option intraday transaction price, instant adjustment parameter file between two adjacent SPAN margin calculations. In order to understand their relevance, the research also detects the underlying commodity prices and the volatility data. In this study, using basic statistical analysis test that use the option transaction price to adjust SPAN margin is appropriate. The results showed that use the option to adjust the SPAN margin transaction prices have representation. That proposal futures commission merchant shall use the option price adjustment SPAN margin calculation, to ensure SPAN margin can always reflect the current risk profile.

碩士
真理大學
管理科學研究所
94
Recent studies focus on calculating intelligence to forecasting on stock market , such as Neural Networks ,Genetic algorithms etc., There are two strategies worth putting aside. First study some among the materials to show the rule from the historical data. Due to study technology progress to find that the rule of showing among the historical data is not more and more difficult, after it is enough to find the rule of showing that majority investors' analytical technology all progress to, such Investment Strategies will be difficult to obtain the competition advantage at last. Second the rules of supposing the personal share (or portfolio) of some research will be checked and presented on the same personal share (or portfolio) in different time. Neglect a bit regular to can order and reappear among the different personal share (or portfolio) in different time. KeyGraph is a tool of information visualization, it can extract patterns and links from data set, the more important thing is that it utilizes the network diagrams to present the relation of context of the data set, on the other word﹐user can get a lot of information was showing the rule, can also see that the rule presents the context with the network diagrams at the same time , It can help analyst to make reasonable scenarios and to obtain more abundant information. The hypothesis of this research is that「 personal share rise sharply , may reappear in different time and among the different personal share (or portfolio )」. KeyGraph used in conjunction with Moving Averages（MA）to find a pattern of rise sharply﹐analysis samples consists of the top 10 rate of returns in season of listed stocks. According to this design finally we can create investment strategies for stock selection and timing selection. Via the rule stock select contained in the database. there are 55 stocks in the portfolio that is selected, 4 stocks among them are chosen 2 times, It has produced 59 predictions , 32 predictions are successful with a correct prediction rate of 54.24%, make the hypothesis of this research be supported. In addition, propose 2 fund allocation strategy with portfolio in the test period, the rate of return is up to 2.96% and 12.58% separately.

Tesis (Doctor en Física)--Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía y Física, 2011.
Estudiamos el modelo de Potts de q estados bidimensional, que presenta transiciones de fase magnéticas con temperatura de primer (q > 4) y segundo orden (q = 4). Trabajamos con simulaciones tipo Monte Carlo para las cuales implementamos distintas técnicas algorítmicas, incluyendo una implementación en GPUs. No obstante, presentamos también algunos resultados analíticos. Analizamos la Dinámica de Tiempos Cortos en la aproximación de Campo Medio del modelo de Potts con q=2 resolviendo exactamente la ecuación de Fokker-Planck asociada a la dinámica de Glauber. Confirmamos la validez de la hipótesis de escala de la Dinámica de Tiempos Cortos tanto cerca del punto crítico como de puntos spinodales. Mostramos que es posible definir el punto spinodal a partir del comportamiento dinámico del sistema a tiempos cortos. Estudiamos la metaestabilidad asociada a la transición de fase de primer orden para el modelo de Potts de q estados con q > 4. Realizamos un estudio sistemático de la dinámica del modelo de Potts luego de un enfriamiento brusco a temperaturas subcríticas. Para q > 4 advertimos la existencia de diferentes regímenes dinámicos, de acuerdo al rango de temperaturas. Caracterizamos estos regímenes y los correspondientes estados del sistema.
We analyze the bidimensional q-state Potts model, a paradigmatic model in the study of Statistical Mechanics of Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions, which presents first (q > 4) and second order (q ≤ 4) temperature driven magnetic phase transitions and has shown a very rich dynamic phenomenology. We mostly work on Monte Carlo numerical simulations, for which we have implemented different algorithm techniques, both traditional and original, including an implementation to run code on graphics cards. Nevertheless, we also present analytic results for some cases where this approach was possible. We study the Short Time Dynamics in the Mean-Field approximation for the 2-states Potts model (the Curie-Weiss model) solving the Fockker-Planck equation associated to the Glauber dynamics for this model. We obtain closed-form expressions for the first moments of the order parameter, near to both the critical and spinodal points, starting from different initial conditions. We confirm the validity of the short-time dynamical scaling hypothesis in both cases. We show that it is possible to define the spinodal point through the short time dynamical behaviour of the system; our definition works both for meanfield and short-range interactions systems. We study the the first order phase transition associated metastability for the q-state Potts model with q >4. We show that the spinodal point is clearly separated from the transition point for all q > 4, delimiting an interval of temperatures capable to hold metastable states. We provide numerical evidence for the existence of metastable states associated to the first order phase transition. We analyze the relaxation mechanism from these states to equilibrium. We perform a systematic study about the nonequilibrium dynamics of the Potts model on the square lattice after a quench from infinite to subcritical temperatures. We analyze the long term behaviour of the energy and relaxation time for a wide range of quench temperatures and system sizes. For q > 4 we found the existence of different dynamical regimes, according to quench temperature range. We characterize those regimes and the system’s corresponding states. We analyze in detail the finite size scaling properties of different relaxation times involved, as well as their temperature dependency.

Nos últimos anos tem-se assistido a uma mudança, a nível global, da conjuntura económica e industrial. Há cada vez mais, uma maior preocupação pelos impactos que o processo de globalização e industrialização têm causado quer em termos climáticos quer em termos ambientais. Nesse sentido, assiste-se a um processo de tentativa de reversão destes efeitos, o processo de descarbonização. Este caracteriza-se essencialmente pela substituição de fontes de energia poluentes por fontes de energia renováveis. Contudo, e conforme será testado neste estudo, a aposta neste tipo de energias nem sempre promove a estrutura de um mercado liberalizado, sobretudo quando falamos do mercado da eletricidade. Ora, sendo esta forma de mercado em muito semelhante a um mercado de concorrência, a aposta no sector de energias renováveis poderá trazer efeitos indesejáveis para o mercado. Assim, através da metodologia econométrica e do uso de Dados em Séries Temporais, será analisada a evolução dos preços da eletricidade no mercado ibérico após o processo de liberalização e de constituição do MIBEL e de que forma a geração de energia elétrica, através de fontes de energia renovável, impacta no preço da eletricidade. Serão ainda utilizadas variáveis cujo comportamento retrata as alterações do mercado após o processo de liberalização, medindo também o seu impacto sobre o preço da eletricidade. Este estudo conclui que, de facto, se verifica o paradoxo entre os ideais de um mercado liberalizado e a conjuntura ambiental que leva ao recurso por fontes menos poluentes na geração de eletricidade.
The global economic and industrial environment has been changing, in recent years. There is a growing focus on the processes of globalization and industrialization and the environmental and climate concerns that they impact. In order to prevent and reverse those impacts, the economies are now adopting a new process, the decarbonization, which is characterized by the replacement of polluting energy sources by renewable energy sources. However, as it will be tested in this study, this type of strategy does not always promote the structure of a liberalized market, especially when considering the electricity market. Since this market is very similar to a competitive one, the renewable energies strategy could bring undesirable effects to this type of market. By using the econometric methodology with Time Series Data, this study will analyze the electricity prices behavior in Portugal and Spain after the liberalization and the MIBEL process. This methodology will also be used to study how renewable energy sources used for electricity generation affect electricity prices. Variables that represent the behavior of the market after the liberalization process will also be will be included in the model to measure their impact on the electricity prices. This study concludes that there is, in fact, a paradox between the ideals of a liberalized market and the environmental scenario that leads to the use of less polluting sources in the electricity generation.