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Мардус, Наталія Юріївна, Наталия Юрьевна Мардус, and Nataliia Yuriivna Mardus. "Цінове позиціонування товарів виробничо-технічного призначення в системі маркетингу." Thesis, Нац. техн. ун-т "Харківський політехн. ін-т", 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31841.
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У дисертаційній роботі було комплексно досліджено теоретико–методичні й практичні підходи щодо ціноутворення на товари виробничо-технічного призначення з позиції маркетингу для досягнення конкурентної стратегії підприємства. Удосконалено підхід до прогнозування цільового сегменту ринку за співвідношенням «ціна–цінність». У роботі розроблено методичний підхід до визначення співвідношення ціни і цінності товару виробничо-технічного призначення, який включає в себе комплекс найбільш значимих кількісних і якісних показників товару, що співвставляються до ціни за розробленим у роботі співвідношенням «ціна–потужність–комфорт» і дозволяє за допомогою математично обґрунтованих функцій ідентифікувати позиції як існуючого так і нового товару на цільовому ринку й здійснювати цінове позиціонування, що дає змогу інтерпретувати відповідну до цільового сегменту ринку стратегію й тактики ціноутворення в системі маркетингу. Рекомендовано при ціновому позиціонуванні впровадження розробленого комплексу основних тактичних маркетингових інструментів («маркетинг–мікс») для реалізації відповідної до цільового ринку стратегій ціноутворення, які передбачають формування системи найбільш важливих маркетингових заходів за допомогою яких реалізується загальна стратегія маркетингу підприємства.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31841Диссертация посвящена развитию теоретико–методических положений ценообразования в системе маркетинга и их возможности реального практического использования в конкретных отраслях с учетом особенности товаров производственного назначения. В работе уточнено и дополнено толкование понятий «цена», «ценообразование», «ценовая политика», «ценовая стратегия», «ценовая тактика», которые рассматриваются комплексно с позиции маркетингового подхода к ценообразованию для достижения конкурентной стратегии предприятия. Установлено, что ценовая политика предприятия должна включать глубоко обоснованную долгосрочную ценовую стратегию и разумную ценовую тактику, каждый из этапов которой предполагает свою технологию выполнения работ. Обоснована целесообразность использования не одного, а комплекса взаимосвязанных подходов и методов ценообразования с учетом внутренних и внешних факторов, которые ориентированы за соответствующими функциональными подразделениями предприятия и участниками рынка. Систематизированы существующие методы и подходы к ценообразованию и предложена классификация факторов (внешних и внутренних), которые оказывают влияние на формирование цены, имеют отраслевые особенности и определяют выявленные в результате экономического анализа устойчивые соотношения между признаками и экономическими процессами на основе чего можно прогнозировать экономические показатели. В отличие от описанных в литературе факторы ориентированы за соответствующими функциональными подразделениями предприятия и участниками рынка, что регламентирует их ответственность за принятие решений и приобретает особое значение для предприятий-производителей технической продукции. Уточнено и дополнено подход к определению цены как составляющей системы стратегического управления и инструмента маркетингового комплекса, основанного на поиске «оптимальной» окончательной цены. В работе исследованы проблемы и перспективы развития деятельности предприятий машиностроения в Украине и в частности Харьковской области. Обосновано влияния вторичного рынка на формирование цены товара производственного назначения на первичном рынке, что должно учитываться производителями и другими участниками рынка. Усовершенствован подход к идентификации целевого сегмента рынка за соотношением «цена–ценность», на основе чего разработан методический подход, который базируется на комплексе наиболее значимых количественных и качественных показателей товара которые сопоставляются к цене за разработанным в работе соотношением «цена–мощность–комфорт» и позволяет с помощью математически обоснованных функций идентифицировать позиции как уже существующего так и нового товара на рынке, что дает возможность интерпретировать стратегию и тактику ценообразования в системе маркетинга к соответствующему сегменту рынка. Данный подход позволит осуществлять ценовое маневрирование, выгодно позиционировать товар в соответствующем сегменте, гибко реагировать на изменения рыночной среды и принимать адекватные управленческие решения. Сформированы методические рекомендации по формированию комплекса основных тактических маркетинговых инструментов («маркетинг–микс») для реализации соответствующей стратегий ценообразования, которые предусматривают формирование системы важнейших маркетинговых мероприятий для целевого рынка с помощью которых реализуется общая стратегия маркетинга предприятия. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31841
The thesis has been comprehensively studied theoretical-methodological and practical approaches to pricing of products for industrial purposes from the standpoint of marketing for competitive strategy. Improved approach to the prediction of the target market segment for the «price-value». In this paper, methodical approach to determining the value and worth of goods for industrial purposes, which includes a set of the most important quantitative and qualitative goods that compared the price for the work developed in the ratio «price-power-comfort» and allows using mathematically based features to identify the positions of both existing and new products in the target market and exercise price positioning, which enables to interpret relevant to the target market segment strategy and tactics of pricing in the marketing system. Recommended at the price positioning of the developed set of basic tactical marketing tools («marketing mix») to implement relevant to the target market of pricing strategies, which involve the formation of the most important marketing activities by which the overall marketing strategy implemented by the company. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31841
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Cibulková, Michaela. "The Hotel Pricing Strategy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191690.
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The main purpose of this thesis is an analysis of pricing strategy of Hotel Imperial and its evaluation, which should results in proposal of changes leading to increase of effectivity and hotel's income. The diploma thesis is divided into four main parts. The first two chapters are devoted to a theoretical description of pricing strategy and distribution channels used in hotel business. The third part is focused on the analysis of hotel itself and its pricing strategy. The final chapter summarises the results and contains the proposal how to improve the pricing strategy based on the results of the previous analysis.
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Jalili, Monire. "CONSUMPTION PREFERENCES, TIME AND UNCERTAINTY: IMPACTS ON RETAIL PRICING TACTICS." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22681.
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My dissertation is a collection of three essays with analytical models at the interface of marketing and operations with a focus on pricing. The common theme in this dissertation is studying the effect of the consumer-driven demand on the optimal operational decisions of a single firm. This dissertation includes co-authored material. In my first essay, I study the role of consumers' opposing perceptions of green quality on the optimal product line decisions, i.e., products, prices and quality by analyzing the firm's optimization problem and incorporating an endogenous demand model that emerges from the consumers' preferences while considering the cost implications of introducing a green product. My second essay is on optimal timing of price discounts. Delaying discounts, i.e., giving discounts on future spending based on current spending is a prevalent retail discounting practice. For a market of rational and forward-looking consumers who repeatedly visit and purchase with the firm, we analyze the relative efficacy of delayed credits vs. a natural alternative of immediate discounts. In my third essay, I explore a firm's optimal pricing strategy when it simultaneously rents and sells a product for which consumers have a priori valuation uncertainty.
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Jonason, Andreas. "Innovative pricing." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3221.
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Johnstone, Jeffrey Carl, and Patrick Daniel Keavney. "Pricing Strategy, Pricing Stability and Financial Condition in the Defense Aerospace Industry." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/41618.
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The purpose of this research is to determine if pricing strategy and pricing stability for products in the defense aerospace industry can be predicted based on a firm's financial condition. The sample for this research includes 17 contractors and 52 missile and aircraft programs. Two separate issues are addressed. The first issue concerns the relationship between financial condition and contractor pricing strategy. The second concerns the relationship between organizational slack and pricing stability. The overall findings are: 1) That a limited amount of variation in pricing strategy can be explained through the use of a linear regression model using financial ratios; and 2) That no apparent relationship exists between organizational slack and pricing stability.
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Smit, L., and Niekerk T. Van. "Selecting a pricing strategy : a statistical approach." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 12, Issue 1: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/656.
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Published ArticlePricing management, as part of the marketing strategy of an organisation, is a difficult and highly complex - but also critically important - management activity, as it affects the revenue and therefore the profits of an organisation. However, scholars such as Bruck (2010), Cram (2006:5), Eugster, Kakkar and Roegner (2000:133), Hinterhuber (2004:765) and Pratt (2007) believe that the pricing function in organisations has largely been neglected by managers and academics and that price is generally set by guesswork and not by scientific means. This article maintains that the pricing function in an organisation can be successfully managed through the implementation of a pricing plan. A critically important step in the pricing plan is to select a pricing strategy or combination of pricing strategies to set the price of a product or service. A number of nonparametric statistical tests are available to assist management in the selection of the most suitable pricing strategy, or combination of pricing strategies, when determining the price of a product or service. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the use of statistical methods in selecting a pricing strategy as part of a comprehensive pricing plan. The article contains an analysis of selected literature, while taking a descriptive and statistical approach to demonstrate the use of statistical methods in selecting a pricing strategy.
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Lundahl, Alexander, and Sebastian Persson. "Customer based pricing : The implementation of standardization and adaptation in the international pricing strategy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68262.
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Problem: In a world that is becoming increasingly globalized, firms try to exploit the opportunities of a more interconnected world. Although the world is becoming more homogenous differences still exist. This creates the need for studying when the two strategies of standardization and adaptation should be adopted. Purpose: This thesis investigates international pricing strategies of Swedish SMEs and the implementation of standardization and adaptation. Research Question: How are Swedish SMEs standardizing and adapting prices as part of their international pricing strategy? Methodology: This thesis is a qualitative study conducted with an abductive approach. An exploratory design was applied, researching four Swedish SMEs. Conclusions: Results shows that Swedish SMEs are not standardizing or adapting exclusively but instead the level of utilization ranges between them. When adaptation in price is being made, it is mainly to target the customers. The study also distinguished a trend where SMEs is striving for a uniform pricing strategy as well as that firms using distributors tend to acquire decreased control over the end price.
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Byström, Martin. "Module-based pricing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293169.
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Modularity has the possibility to fulfil a wide range of customer requirements by using relatively few input components. The benefits of modularization from an engineering perspective have been confirmed repeatedly by multiple researchers, but less attention has been drawn to the question of how to effectively price the large number of variants of top-level configurations. In terms of pricing, a common approach is to add a contribution margin to the production cost, but there are problems associated with this method. In general, there should be possibilities to: i) base price on value, not cost (i.e., price structure); ii) ensure consistency in pricing between configurations (i.e., pricing policy); and iii) maintain the prices over time (i.e., price maintenance). Contribution margin on production cost approach does not effectively fulfill these three criteria. This thesis aims to contribute to filling this research gap by introducing the concept of module-based pricing: a top-level configuration’s list price should be the sum of the prices of its modules. The model, MBPN, developed in this thesis minimizes the difference in the outcome of any existing and a new, modular based model as a neutral starting point. The model uses applied least squares method with an option to set variable limits on the module prices to achieve e.g., value-based module pricing. The results present a case of a successful transition from a contribution margin on production cost approach to module-based pricing for a configurable product.Modularisering har möjligheten att uppfylla ett stort antal kundkrav med utgångspunkt i relativt få komponentvariationer. De ingenjörsmässiga fördelarna med detta tillvägagångssätt har bekräftats upprepade gånger i olika studier, men mindre uppmärksamhet har riktats mot hur man effektivt kan prissätta de olika varianter av konfigureringar som uppkommer med modulariseringsstrategier. Gällande prissättning av konfigurerade produkter är det vanligt att använda en bidragsmarginal på produktionskostnaden, men det finns problem associerade med denna metod. Generellt bör det finnasmöjligheter att: i) basera pris på värde, inte kostnad (dvs. prisstruktur); ii) säkerställa enhetlighet i prissättningen mellan konfigurationer (dvs. prissättningspolicy); och iii) upprätthålla priserna över tid (dvs. prisunderhåll). Bidragsmarginal på produktionskostnaden uppfyller inte dessa tre kriterier. Detta examensarbete introducerar därför konceptet modulbaserad prissättning: konfigureringens listpris utgörs av summan av dess modulers priser. Modellen, MBPN, utvecklad i detta examensarbete minimerar skillnaden i utfallet av en befintlig och en ny, modulbaserad modell som en neutral utgångspunkt. Modellen är en tillämpad minsta kvadratmetod med möjligheter att applicera variabelgränser för att uppnå t.ex. värdebaserad modulprissättning. Resultatet visar på en framgångsrik övergång från en prissättningsmodell baserad på bidragsmarginal på produktionskostnad till modulbaserad prissättning för en konfigurerbar produkt.
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Uslay, Can. "The Role of Pricing Strategy in Market Defense." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10578.
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The price variable is among the most powerful instruments in the arsenal of the executives to achieve entry deterrence objectives. There are two main pricing strategies that firms may use to defend against a competitive market entry. The first of these options, limit pricing (or entry deterring price), may be utilized prior to competitive entry. The second option, aggressive (predatory) pricing, may be executed post-entry. The effectiveness of both of these options is still controversial. For example, the Chicago School proponents argue that these strategies are anecdotal in nature. On the other hand, the rationality of such conduct has been reliably simulated by Post-Chicagoans in game theoretic settings. The potential contributions of the marketing discipline have been recognized and called upon to help resolve the conflict.
With this dissertation, I attempt to shed light on the role that price plays in preemptive and post-entry market defense of firms. As such, the questions tackled include but are not limited to: how effective is price as an entry-deterrence tool; in conjunction with firm and market specific barriers to entry; and as a post-entry retaliation mechanism? What are the facilitating conditions for limit, aggressive (predatory), competitive and supra-competitive pricing? What are the (long-term) consequences of these strategies? Following a multi-disciplinary literature review, I present a dynamic process model and test my hypotheses in a key network industry the airline industry. Building upon the advantages of multiple methods a la triangulation, I find that both limit pricing and predatory pricing can serve as effective strategies for the incumbents market defense. Predatory use of pricing in network industries may diminish consumer welfare. Results also suggest that firm specific barriers have a more significant role in market defense than market specific barriers. Insights and frameworks based on the marketing philosophy are also presented with the hope of advancing the ongoing debate between the Chicago and Post-Chicago Schools of thought.
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Webb, Paul Bruce. "Financial strength as a predictor of pricing strategy." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22266.
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The purpose of this thesis is to determine if the pricing strategy used by defense aerospace contractors can be explained using information readily available from the financial statements of the corporation and from compilations of industry financial data. The sample includes seventeen defense contractors within the aerospace industry and fifty-two aircraft and missile programs. Twenty-one financial ratios were developed from corporate financial data and compared with the industry average for the same ratio. The resulting values were correlated with the slope of the price reduction curve for the programs. A seven variable linear regression model was developed which is significant in explaining pricing strategy
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HANNAH, BJÖRK HANNAH, and LINA FORSBERG. "How to succeed with value-based pricing : A case study of how a Swedish OEM is working with price strategy in the context of globalization." Thesis, KTH, Organisation och ledning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189305.
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In today’s world, change is faster than ever with rapid technological development and increasing global competition. The effects of globalization have led to more intense international competition when competitors originate from different parts of the world. Thanks to the use of new information technology, transparency has increased and made it possible for customers to compare products and prices between suppliers and prices in different markets and also buy cross-border. This puts pressure on companies to differentiate and develop their competitive advantage. Pricing could be such an advantage. Organizations need to develop pricing strategies well adapted to meet these external changes and remain profitable. Value-based pricing strategy has proven to help companies to move away from discussions about pricing and instead focus on the unique value the company’s offerings can provide the customers. This is also the pricing strategy that creates the best opportunities to maximize the profit in every sales situation. Therefore, this study has investigated how OEMs work with value-based pricing strategy and pricing processes in the context of globalization and ICT. This has been done by conducting a case study at the company Atlas Copco in Sickla, Sweden, that is market leader within sustainable production solutions. The case study consisted of interviews with, and a questionnaire sent out to, managers at Atlas Copco, Industrial Technique, General Industry, involved in the pricing process. The results indicate that Atlas Copco strive to work with value-based pricing and are somewhat taken into consideration global trends affecting pricing and working internally with factors affecting pricing. Furthermore, the findings suggest that in order to use value-based pricing in the context of globalization, the company should state and implement a clear pricing strategy, decentralize pricing authority, provide the sales organizations with guidelines, training and communication platforms and work to move away from commodities. The findings of this study have implication both in a theoretical and industrial aspect. From the theoretical aspect, the findings contributes to the existing research about value-based pricing, a research area which is usually fragmented and mostly describes what value-based pricing is, not how it is used, especially not in a global context. This study contributes with a case showing how OEMs are working with value-based pricing, taking into consideration both global trends and internal factors. From the industrial aspect, the results from this study give OEMs competitive advantage through following the findings about what internal and external factors to consider when working with their pricing strategy.
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Aydede, Cem, and Tunca Turkoglu. "How to utilize a value-based pricing strategy in service contracts : A descriptive case study of how a Swedish pricing consultancy company optimizes pricing of services for its customers." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Marknadsföring och Entreprenörskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209564.
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This paper’s aim is to analyze value-based pricing strategies in service contracts and how they help companies generate sustainable advantages. Scoop of the analysis will be service contracts in manufacturing industry. A service contract could be defined as an intangible value proposition that includes but not limited to maintaining client’s machines continuously for a negotiated amount of time. By working with a Swedish pricing consultancy firm Navetti AB, a descriptive research was conducted in an effort to answer the research question: “How to utilize a value-based pricing strategy in service contracts?”. By trying to answer this question, authors of this paper wanted to contribute to the developing framework of value-based pricing phenomena. Results of this study indicates that certain steps need to be followed by service providers in manufacturing industry in order to utilize a value-based pricing strategy. Obscure perceived value of customers need to be realized and their value drivers need to be extracted, quantified and analyzed. Findings of this study have implications both in theoretical and industrial perspective. From industrial aspect, service providers need to communicate with their customers deeply and analyze their value drivers, they also need to take cost-based and competition-based pricing strategies into consideration while utilizing a value-based pricing strategy. From the theoretical perspective this study contributes to the field of pricing and price optimization part of industrial management.
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Wilkinson, John Nicholas. "Marketing in the health club industry." Thesis, City, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319651.
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Saavedra, Velazco Renzo E. "Externalities and allocation criteria in Tort Law. Pricing strategy v. sanctioning strategy: First part." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109635.
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With the arrival of the Economic Analysis of Law, some scholars began to consider Law as a set of “official prices” given by the legislature or the courts. Such change of perspective created some ius-economic inconsistencies because a large segment of the doctrine didn’t realize the impossibility of efficiently regulating the economy by recurring only toorders and mandates.In this article, the author argues that it is necessary to establish the ius-economic differences between sanctions and prices, i.e. between those hypotheses in which Lawsets a price on a behavior and those cases which Law looks forward to impose a sanction. Such ideas should be applied to Tort Law, specifically in the definition and understanding of allocation criteria.Con la llegada del Análisis Económico del Derecho se pasó a considerar el Derecho comoun conjunto de “precios oficiales” dados por ellegislador o por los jueces. El cambio de perspectiva creó algunas incoherencias ius-econó-micas, ya que un amplio sector de la doctrinano cayó en la cuenta de la imposibilidad deregular eficientemente la economía usando sólo órdenes y mandatosEn el presente artículo, el autor sostiene que resulta necesario establecer las diferencias ius-económicas entre las sanciones y los pre- cios; es decir, entre aquellas hipótesis en que el Derecho atribuye un precio sobre un com- portamiento y aquellos supuestos en que el Derecho se ocupa de imponer una sanción, ideas que deberán ser aplicadas a la responsabilidad extracontractual, específicamente a la delimitación y comprensión de los criterios de imputación.
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Mahmood, Ammara. "Essays on consumer behaviour and pricing." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f99d998-5536-44cc-aae1-99fb97f1a191.
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This dissertation is a collection of five essays examining different aspects of consumer and firm behavior in dynamic markets. The first essay combines clickstreams of users at a major news website with Facebook activity data, to study if social networks complement or compete for online browsing time. This is the first empirical study to show that Facebook activity increases time spent on news sites. Online news consumption is a shared experience, as the activity of social network friends strongly influences the behavior of other network members. We also find that visitors’ own browsing patterns are important predictors of online content consumption. The second essay examines consumer attitudes to risk and uncertainty vis-a-vis their purchase and search decisions for air tickets online. Using a two-stage model of purchase incidence and carrier choice, we find that browsing experience, search costs and product characteristics are important predictors of purchase incidence. Implications for website managers are also discussed. The third essay provides insights on the impact of customer heterogeneity and preference stochasticity on behavior based price discrimination. While customer heterogeneity intensifies competition, resulting in greater price discrimination, preference stochasticity reduces the incidence of price discrimination. Overall, the effect of preference stochasticity is more salient. The fourth essay presents models of strategic interaction to analyze the impact of dominance and concentration on pricing strategies. We show that lack of market dominance is a sufficient condition for discounts to existing customers. We further test our predictions via an experiment with pricing professionals. The behavior of professionals confirms that price discrimination increases with market dominance and concentration; however, lack of dominance is not a sufficient condition for loyalty discounts. We contend that increasing competition is a more effective means of improving consumer welfare compared to regulating dominant firms. The fifth essay considers the role of identity and customer type recognition in influencing pricing behavior in dynamic markets with symmetric and asymmetric players. When customer identity is detectable firms charge higher prices to repeat customers while new customers are offered lower prices. However, pricing behavior changes when information on customer type is available and this behavior varies with market structure. Age, education and experience of managers are also found to significantly influence pricing behavior.
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Sun, He, and 孙赫. "Differential pricing strategy in improving access to medicine in developing countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48425412.
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Background
Inadequate access to medicine is a key public health issue. It violates the basic human right, and impedes economics development and social progress.
Differential pricing means to charge according to variant ability to pay for the same products. Since differential pricing has been successfully used into many business sectors, its adoption in pharmaceutical industry seems to be necessary and feasible to help improve access to medicine for developing countries.
Objective
This project is to review the effect of “differential pricing “in pharmaceutical industry and to discuss its current situation and future development.
Methodology
A literature review was conducted on this topic. Keywords of “(Tiered OR differential OR segment*) AND (price*) AND (developing countries) AND (pharmacy OR drug OR medicine OR vaccine)” were used in databases of Pubmed, Medline and Google scholar for relevant studies and reports on differential pricing in pharmaceutical or vaccine markets.
Result
A total of 16 papers were included into this systematic review. In theory, differential pricing is a “win-win” solution with the ability to reconcile both static and dynamic costs. In practice, differential pricing works to help improve access, however, lower tiered price for patent drugs is still more expensive than generic drugs in most cases.
Conclusion
Differential pricing strategy has the potential to improve access to medicine. However it is still in an infancy stage, there are still lots of spaces for further improvement. Except for pricing policies, other mutual supportive policies also need to obtain a better access to medicine in developing countries.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Phan, Thao Kim. "A model-based dynamic toll pricing strategy for controlling highway traffic." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101488.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 40-42).
A model-based approach to dynamic toll pricing has been developed to provide a systematic method for determining optimal freeway pricing schemes. A novel approach is suggested for alleviating traffic congestion, which utilizes identified models of driver behavior and traffic flow, as well as optimization of the target density to maximize throughput. Real-time traffic information from on-road sensors is integrated with historical information to provide feedback and preview for the dynamic toll price controller. The algorithm developed here provides an opportunity to improve on existing toll policy by guaranteeing minimum speeds for toll lane drivers, maintaining consistent traffic flow for the other drivers, and optimizing the overall traffic throughput.
by Thao Kim Phan.
S.M.
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Eliasson, My, and Adam Mankowski. "Transfer Pricing in the Context of Strategic Congruence." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324851.
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The most common approach towards transfer pricing has been purely economic or with focus on tax regulations. However, transfer pricing has developed to become a component of organizational strategy. This indicates a growing focus on transfer pricing from a managerial perspective. A well-functioning transfer pricing structure can enable increased operational efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to explain the alignment between transfer pricing methods and strategy. The alignment between corporate levels and divisions enhances a corporation’s possibility to obtain strategic congruence, and thereby competitive advantage to become a stronger player on the market. The research is conducted as a multi-level case study with both qualitative and quantitative data collection. The result stresses that the case firms transfer pricing design is based on managerial objectives, and uses market-based and negotiated transfer price policies. The result finds that the methods and the strategy are partly aligned, which contributes to the corporation’s overall performance. Although, due to the levels different perceptions of profit maximization some sub-optimization occurs.
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Löndahl, Ted, and Johan Wermstedt. "Revenue Management in the Manufacturing Industry : a model for capacity and pricing strategies in a manufacturing multinational." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10964.
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Revenue management is a concept aimed to maximize capacity utilization and through that maximize revenues. It originated in the airline industry in the 70’s and due to its effectiveness quickly spread to other sectors of the service industry. Today it is used in several industries like hotels, television and radio broadcasters, and energy transition companies to name a few. Since revenue management was developed in and for the service industry, most studies on revenue management are done on the service industry, creating a rather large research cap. Recently this concept has spread to the manufacturing industry as well. Despite this, there is very limited research done on revenue management in the manufacturing industry. Therefore, this paper’s aim is to partially filling this research gap by studying capacity management and pricing strategies (two mechanisms of revenue management), and how they have been shaped when implemented in a manufacturing company. This paper was done with a case study done on a multinational manufacturing company, who recently implemented revenue management. Interviews were conducted with people in key positions with good insight to the usage of revenue management in this company. Some of the most important result was that in this manufacturing company it is not possible to nest capacity on a customer segment level. However, in this company nesting was done on a market level instead. Also the pricing strategy differed between the service industry theory and this company. Instead of having a dynamic price that changed the total price up or down to change demand, this company had more of a fixed total price, and instead added more features to the product, decreasing the profit margin. The conclusion was drawn that the industry characteristics of the manufacturing industry have forced a rather large modification of revenue management. However, since this was a qualitative case study, no generalizing conclusions for the entire manufacturing industry can be drawn.
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Pereira, Fábio Luís Alves. "Estudo de casos sobre o alinhamento entre as estratégias empresariais e de formação de preços." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-31082006-160603/.
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O trabalho inicia apresentando a teoria econômica, incluindo as teorias empresariais e das estruturas de mercado e constrói um alinhamento entre estratégia de negócios e de formação de preços, explorando os principais conceitos derivados. Estes conceitos terão sua aplicabilidade verificada através de estudos de casos em empresas nacionais. Estes estudos exploram empresas de diferentes mercados com produtos ou serviços em diferentes estágios de ciclo de vida. As análises pretendem mostrar como alinhar as estratégias de negócio e competição das empresas e suas estratégias e táticas operacionais de formação de preços. Os resultados obtidos indicam que apesar das empresas procurarem alinhar seus objetivos estratégicos com os objetivos de formação de preço ainda há possíveis oportunidades no uso de técnicas e conceitos em dimensões estratégicas específicas de seu negócio, bem como oportunidades advindas da integração e estruturação destes processos.The work initiates introducing the economic theory, including the managerial and market structures theories and builds an alignment between business and pricing strategies, exploring the main derived concepts. These concepts are to be verified through a multiple case study in Brazilian companies. These studies explore companies acting in different market structures with products and services in different life cycle stages. The analyses intend to show how to align companys business and competition strategies with its pricing strategies and operational tactics. The gotten results indicate that despite the companies are looking for the alignment between its strategical and pricing objectives they still have improvements opportunities derived from the use of techniques and concepts in specific strategical dimensions of its business, as well as of the integration and organization of these processes.
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Ratnarajah, Thanujan. "Modeling the dynamics of software competition to find appropriate openness and pricing strategy." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31166.
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Software firms can use open source development model combined with proprietary development model to increase their profitability. Open source development models can help software firms create products with better technical features at a lower price. Since open source development is a community based development method the popularity of the software among customers will also increase. Using open source development method with proprietary method will also require firms to sell the product at a lower price. This creates a challenge for the firms to find the optimal price and level of openness to maximize their profit.
Using the systems dynamics methodology, development, employment and customer choice for a typical software firm was captured in a simulation model to understand the dynamics of the software firm in a competitive market and to find the optimal level of openness and price. The model was built based on previous research literature, various software models and from the authorâ s understanding of the software industry.
Our analysis suggests that in a fast evolving market where customers spend less time researching and shopping for a software product (Antivirus market VS Operating Systems market), companies should maintain lower level of openness and higher proprietary type development to increase the Net Present Value of the organization. The software firm could benefit from a higher level of openness in a market where the customers base their purchasing decision on the popularity and compatibility of the software and strong network effects are present (e.g. Business intelligence software).Master of Science
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Johnston, Mark Andrew. "Australia's pharmaceutical pricing strategy /." 1990. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/128384069.pdf.
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LEE, YI-CHENG, and 李宜錚. "Pricing Behavior and Discount Strategy." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55977955506862163507.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
金融研究所
96
The label of product was commonly put with two different prices. One is original price and the other is selling price. The discount varied depends on the features of product， strength of brand， the function of product， product design and seasons. This kind of pricing strategy for some products exists whole year and was different from the discount strategy used at store anniversary， seasonal sales etc. for short period. The definition was given to “Psychological Price” by this thesis as “A price announced to clients or customers by a supplier which was recognized by clients and suppliers. Normally， selling price was lower than the original price. Psychological price was broadly used by suppliers. Psychological pricing was used for the following products. 1.The clients are lack of the knowledge of the range of product price. 2.New product， new style， new materials or the product is replaced very often. 3.The frequency of purchase was low. 4.The value of product was affected by holiday and seasons. 5.Low cost products focus on function and added value by package 6.Fashionable accessories 7.Innovation products for sense
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Hung-Tsung, Hu, and 胡鈜淙. "Pricing Strategy of Information goods." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19408808032582468345.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
商學研究所
88
In this thesis, we define information goods are goods that can be stored, used, and processed in digital form. When compared physical goods, we will find information goods have many special characteristics, such as different cost structure, experienced goods, lock-in cost, network effect and great reduction of transaction cost. Hence, pricing strategies are distinctly different between information goods and physical goods. In this thesis, we will discuss two pricing strategies: versioning and aggregation. The purpose of versioning is to distinguish different customers who have different reservation prices for information goods. Firms can manipulate the quality of products. So that customers who have different reservation prices will choose proper products based on “Self-Select”. Not only firms will gain more profits, but also social welfare will increase. We will also provide a versioning model, which let firms formulate their pricing strategies with broad views. The reduction of marginal cost and transaction cost in information goods has a major influence on aggregation for pricing strategies. The reduction of marginal cost makes aggregation feasible. But the reduction of transaction cost makes dis-aggregation practical. We will discuss how to balance these two forces, so as to gain maximum profits. We also use the “Customized bundling price model” to discuss bundling strategies, when marginal cost is zero and reservation price of customers are known. At last, we will use case-study method on several products in order to analyze how firms formulate their pricing strategies. Key words: Information goods, digital goods, pricing strategy, versioning, aggregation, bundling.
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Lee, Mei-Ming, and 李美明. "Pricing strategy in retail industry." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82nc3z.
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Li, Chia-Chun, and 李家君. "Optimal pricing strategy between behavior-based pricing discrimination and loyalty program." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5kfrzh.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
工業工程學研究所
107
With behavior-based pricing discrimination(BBPD), firms can take advantage of customers’ purchase history data to price discriminate between regular customers and new customers. With customer loyalty program(CLP), firms use various rewards, such as gift giving and membership card, to encourage loyalty customers to keep buying. BBPD and CLP are very common in practice, many researchers have worked at how BBPD and CLP impact on market competition. Interestingly, almost all of the studies have explored symmetric equilibrium case where both of the competing firms simultaneously use behavior-based pricing discrimination strategy or simultaneously offer a loyalty program strategy. Therefore, in our paper, we focus on asymmetric equilibrium where one of the competing firms use behavior-based pricing discrimination strategy and the other one use customer loyalty program strategy. Particularly, we examine how firms’ adoption of BBPD and CLP affects selling price, profits and customers’ purchasing behavior. Furthermore, we explore conditions for the market that simultaneously exists strategic customers and myopic customers and market which is partially covered.
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McGrath, Kurtis James. "Predicting pricing strategy from financial condition." Thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/22040.
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Ying-ChiHuang and 黃盈綺. "Audit Pricing and Market Pricing Strategy in Initial Audit Engagements: Evidence from Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rrr573.
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Chen, Chuan-Biau, and 陳券彪. "The Creation of the Pricing-Oriented Demand Funtion and its Application in Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00969627731214059699.
Full textAbstract:
博士淡江大學
管理科學學系
87
ABSTRACT The definition of static demand function is the following: assuming that except for the price of the product, other factors, such as income, consumer''s preference, the level of consumer''s internal reference prices, the expected value of future price of consumer''s, among others, which affect the quantity demanded of a consumer for a product, kept unchanged, then during the unit time period, the relationship between the price and the quantity demanded is called the demand function. This implies that the quantity actually purchased by a consumer may not be equal to quantity demanded with respect to static demand function, if a consumer suspects the assumption that the price of a product will be kept unchanged during the unit time period. In real society, a consumer will re-evaluate the importance of the product in her/his mind and adjust the level of her/his internal reference price, when she/he learns about the new price information. This will make a consumer suspect the assumption that the price of a product will be kept unchanged during the unit time period. Because the ratio of the consumers who learn about the actual market price, and the effect of the price information spreading on consumer in mental aspect both have a very closer relationship with the spreading rate of price information, this thesis puts a strong emphasis on the following effort - to create and develop a mathematical model of the dynamic demand function which has the feature mentioned above. This mathematical model of the demand function can express the demand function mentioned above at any time t > 0 , and is based on the demand function at time t = 0, while considering actual market price series at different points of time, the spreading rate of price information and the effect of the consumer''s internal reference adjusted on demand function. We call this function the Pricing-Oriented Demand Function. The main contents of this thesis are : (1) an analysis of the relationship of the changes among the factors mentioned above, (2) consideration of the factors mentioned above to create the Pricing-Oriented Demand Function, (3) illustration of the application of the Pricing-Oriented Demand Function in pricing control field by the following four pricing strategy model: (a) the model of optimal penetration pricing strategy for a new product, (b) the model of maximizing profits rate pricing strategy, (c) the model of optimal fixed price pricing strategy, (d) the model of optimal pricing control for maximizing profits.
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ZHONG, RUI-WU, and 鍾瑞五. "Research for multinational corporations' transfer pricing strategy." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66919806589526755376.
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Chen, Yi-An, and 陳奕安. "Applying Data Mining for Differential Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qby2kr.
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Kamnitzer, David. "A road pricing strategy for Greater Vancouver." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5429.
Full textAbstract:
The traditional response of governments to the problem of traffic congestion has been to increase
transport capacity. This policy focus has not been effective. Despite significant investment in
highways, roads, and public transit, traffic conditions in most major cities continue to deteriorate.
Furthermore, increased public awareness of the environmental effects of the automobile together
with the fiscal reality facing all governments in Canada reduces the capacity for future road
building projects. A new approach to urban transport policy is therefore required.
Road pricing has long been advocated by economists as a means of making more efficient use of
the road network. Unlike traditional flat rate tolls, road pricing charges would vary based on
prevailing traffic conditions. Charging motorists for road space during congested peak periods
would induce some motorists to switch to alternate modes or to make their trips at less congested
times.
Despite its economic rational, road pricing has yet to be implemented on a wide scale. Previous
road pricing schemes have tended to focus on economic and technical issues to the exclusion of
political concerns. In virtually all cases where road pricing has been proposed, political opposition
has caused road pricing plans to be significantly scaled back or abandoned all together. If road
pricing is to be implemented, future plans will have to address political as well as economic and
technical issues.
This thesis examines the political and economic issues raised by road pricing. Using Greater
Vancouver as a case study, the thesis seeks answers to the key design questions involved in
implementing a road pricing system. The principle findings of this research are: (1) road pricing
should be presented as a means of making better use of the region's transportation system, not as
a source of government revenue; (2) road pricing revenues should be used to improve transit, offset
existing taxes, and promote high density housing along major transit corridors; (3) road pricing
should be implemented on the Lions Gate Bridge as a demonstration project; and (4) road pricing
measures should be integrated with transportation and land development policies.
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WANG, CHUNG-YU, and 王仲宇. "Loyalty program and pricing strategy under competition." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52440902394165558152.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
104
In the marketplace, because manufacturers have same process capability and offer consumers similar product selection. As a result, most sellers can only use some approaches, for example, pricing, promotion, service or others to enhance consumers to choose them. Simultaneously, consumers have too many channels to select and compare the pricing. Pricing strategy becomes important to sellers' decision. No matter initial pricing setting or he changes his pricing during selling period. Because it not only affects consumers’ behaviors but also affects sellers’ profit. In this paper, we try to use a competition pricing model at a fixed period to investigate sellers’ pricing strategy and expected profit. We incorporate internal and external reference price of economics to form the consumers’ utility function. Among the internal reference price means the price of their memory. External reference price means the effects of price of competition and promotion under sale environment. Moreover, we suppose the consumer utility function follows bivariate weibull distribution. As a result, we can depict a selection model of consumer which under a duopoly marketplace. We discuss under two environments, how influence about competition and promotion affect consumer reference price. First, we assume there are two sellers in the marketplace. If both of them without offer any promotion - a completely pricing competition environment - the variation of consumer reference price and sellers’ profit that under sellers' pricing strategies. Second, same environment – two sellers – but one of them offers a promotion – loyalty program – to consumers. When this moment, how is the variation of consumer reference price and sellers’ profit that under sellers' pricing strategies.
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PAN, KUAN-CHOU, and 潘冠舟. "Corporate Social Responsibility and Upstream Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40161418386682016678.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄大學
應用經濟學系碩士班
105
We consider a upstream monopolistic supplier that provides an input to both downstream firm 1 and firm 2.Firms use the input to produce a homogeneous final goods and consider downstream Cournot competition. This paper combines with Corporate Social Responsibility and environmental pollution to discuss the impact of pricing strategy on social welfare for upstream monopolistic supplier. Moreover, the difference in wholesale price and thus the impact of effect downstream firm’s quantity and profit. The two downstream firms will produce pollution, but may gather in the same location or dispersion in different locations. In addition, the two firms may be concerned about the pollution of the CSR. We find when the pollution damage is large, the dispersion pollution under the discrimination pricing that social welfare will be higher than uniform pricing.
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Chiang, Shan-Yu, and 江珊羽. "Aggressive Pricing Strategy and Foreign Market Entry." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43438605313465116036.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
國際企業學系碩士班
99
Many enterprises own national resources and interests have been unable to meet the business needs. In order to increase the competitiveness of enterprises and create higher levels of business value, enterprises internationalization has become an unstoppable trend and accessing to foreign countries’ market has become the first barrier of proceeding international distribution. The final goal of many enterprises is to provide more benefits for themselves and how to choose the best strategy to enter foreign markets is the most important key. Gorg (2000) has been making choices between investing undeveloped areas and merging other companies, in order to analyze the form of accessing foreign market. He proposed that with two local businesses in the market (respectively with high technology and low technology enterprises) as well as a foreign enterprise that has to faced with mergers and acquisitions or investments. Gorg (2000) believes that the best strategy of entering is to merge with local’s high-tech enterprises, and low-technology companies with the local situation to form double-oligopoly. Gorg (2000) is still made a hypothesis that if the foreign enterprises to adopt an aggressive pricing strategy, enterprise itself will inevitably produce the loss of their own business. In this study, consulting Gorg (2000)’s analysis of foreign market entry form’s framework and explore whether to take an aggressive pricing strategy for the impact on entry strategy. According to a series of assumptions and calculate how you want to enter a new market strategy for the company is the best option, the study concludes the following conclusions: 1. In the past to take aggressive pricing strategy scholars believe that foreign entrants will inevitably have some losses, but derived through this study, sum up the foreign enterprises to adopt aggressive pricing strategy will not produce losses. 2. Gorg (2000) thought that foreign entrant enters the new market through acquisition of a local high-tech enterprises,and forms with local low-tech enterprises as oligopoly Market is the best strategy. This study suggests that if the foreign entrant ''s technology has been far more than local enterprises , then the market will be superior to the formation of monopoly market than oligopoly market.
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De-You, Hung. "Pricing Mortgage Pass- through Securities and Trading Strategy." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2207200606063700.
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Hsieh, Hui-ju, and 謝蕙如. "Discovering Internet Resale Pricing Strategy for the Consumers." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88488786773708708279.
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Chen, Kung Ziang, and 陳孔祥. "Analysis of Pricing Strategy in Hybrid Production Systems." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48944486477981034350.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長庚大學
資訊管理學系
101
economic interests and promotion of environmental awareness, more and more research on remanufacturing has flourished in recent years. Most of the studies, however, regarded remanufactured and new products as the same type that shared the same market and clientele. As a matter of fact, remanufactured products and new products are quite different in terms of both quality and quantity demanded. Generally, the price of a remanufactured product is much lower than that of a new one. As such, this study investigates the price differences for both products and constructs a mathematical model to find out the best pricing strategy and maximize the total profits of the mixed production system. Furthermore, this study investigates the production costs of new and remanufactured products, the product recovery costs, and the disposal costs of products that are recycled for not meeting the manufacturing standards. By means of the modal solution approach (MSA), relational expressions are obtained for the optimal pricing strategies of both the new and remanufactured products. The ratio of recycled non-performing products, the substitution elasticity coefficient between the new and remanufactured products, the price elasticity coefficient, the production costs and the prices and total profits of the new and remanufactured products are then analyzed by substituting numerical values. The research results show that while the rise in the price elasticity coefficient of the new and remanufactured products generates a progressive decrease in the sale price and the total profits, the decrease in the sale price and total profits of remanufactured products turns out to be greater than that of the new products. The sale price and total profits of the products increase as the substitution elasticity coefficient of remanufactured products increases, which demonstrates that saving costs through the remanufacturing process can increase the total systems revenues. Meanwhile, the rise of disposal costs, recycling costs, and production costs also increases the unit price of the new and remanufactured products and thereby lower the total profits, which are most significantly impacted by the production costs of the new products.
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Chen, Hung Nien, and 陳宏年. "Banking Mortgage Loan, Asymmetric Information and Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18221443808288897089.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
財務金融系碩士班
97
This paper demonstrates the existence of asymmetric information in the bank housing loan market. A large body of research papers examine whether the value of collateral mitigates the effect of asymmetric information between lenders and borrowers. We reexamine the variables of interest rate, whether the adjustment of pricing strategy in lenders helps to control the problems of asymmetric information. On the basis of the econometric model of and Dionne et al. (2001), we examine whether adverse selection or moral hazard exists in the housing loan market, and using Chiappori and Salanié (2000), we create a practical econometrics model to prove asymmetric information. That is, the models consider the generalized correlation between error terms form two bivariate models. This empirical finding supports the existence of asymmetric information; in particular, moral hazard exists mainly in the market and indeed interest rate can limitly release asymmetric information problem.
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Hsu, Pei-chi, and 徐佩綺. "The optimal pricing strategy of golf clubs'' membership." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61958860250339501687.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
92
Due to the increasing of substitution and competition of products, the life cycle of products is shorter than previous time and the perishable has becoming visible for service industry and other related manufacturing industries. Wrong strategy and management of pricing make many companies lose the right opportunity to invest and even trapped in the bad financial structure with the apparent character. More and more private club managers use the concept of yield management to deal with their problems and maximize their benefits because of the property of perishable in recent years. However most researchers study about ways to improve the performance and to understand the distribution of consumers’ recognition instead of realizing the factors impacting the products’ pricing. I will develop an initial pricing model and find out how the relationship among the factors which influence the products’ pricing interacts by this model
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Hung, De-You, and 洪德侑. "Pricing Mortgage Pass- through Securities and Trading Strategy." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90375432948896995586.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
94
ABSTRACT Mortgage-backed security (MBS) is a capital market innovation that gained popular acceptance in the 1980s and are even stronger in the 1990s in the states. In Taiwan since 2000 tech bubbles busted, stock market sunk, investors tended to invest their money into bond market that represents the features of having stable return than equity market. MBS as an instrument has the same credit rating as US treasury but get higher returns, become popular in the market. Since 2003 the US interest rate hit historical low level, said 1% through 2004 to now MBS attract lots of money to invest in. However, even in the states, MBS having longer history than in other countries, the pricing is still subject to uncertainty due to the existence of the mortgage prepayment option. This study describes the options-based model that can be used to price MBS and details possible prepayment functions that can be incorporated into the model. The Bloomberg prepayment model is suggested because the well-organized sub models are established and the data is completed to capture the prepayment behaviours. Also due to MBS is now the most common investment vehicle in the US fixed income market, trading MBS in the real world is also an important part to dig in. The Option adjusted spread method for trading MBS is selected in this study for studying the trading strategy of MBS to better understanding this blockbuster fixed income investment tool.
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Jheng, Ming-He, and 鄭茗河. "Refurbishing Strategy and Pricing Decisions with Return Policy." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gs7gy6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
工業工程與管理系
105
With the increase on the attention of consumer right, many firms consider to refurbished products from consumer returns in order to reduce profit lose. However, refurbished products may cannibalize the market of new products. Thus, in this study, we construct a duopolistic market with product return, in which there are two firm sell products through a common retail platform and compete each other firm. The manager of the retail platform decides the return fee, and the firm choose their sales prices and determine whether to sell refurbished products. According to the refurbishing strategy there are four possible strategic combinations: Strategic combination 1 represents that no firm sells refurbished product; Strategic combinations 2 and 3 represents that one firm sells refurbished product but the other does not; and Strategic combination 4 indicates that both firm sell refurbished products. We investigate the firms’ equilibrium decisions and profits under the four strategic combinations. We find that (1) refurbishing strategy is a profitable strategy for the supply chain members; (2) the difference of the cost structures between the firm leads to the different equilibrium strategic combination, that is, when the firms’ cost structures are identical, the equilibrium is at Strategic combination 4, otherwise, the equilibrium is at Strategic combination 2 or 3; (3) when the difference of consumer preference toward the firm increases, the firm will increase their sales prices, then leading their profits to be improved.
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Chen, Chun-Hung, and 陳俊宏. "A Study of Pricing Strategy Modelsin Construction Project." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04625076777981378220.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
102
Least lump-sum method is a commonly used tender awarding method for public construction work. The characteristic of "lump-sum" contract is that the items and quantities on the construction price list are only for reference for the contractor. If any mistakes in the list of items or quantities are found, the contractor should term the unit prices of each item accordingly and the adjustment will be reflected in the total price. Usually, the unit prices of the item should reflect the influences of the short term period and of many uncertainties such as loss of items, or the price inflaction. However, in order to award the contract, the contractor often depress the unit prices of the items to pursue the profit. This is also considered as the main reason of the poor quality of public constructions. In the ealier period, the pricing strategy of construct project in the market is usually determined by following the same procedure of the public construction tender. As a result, the construction usually can not be completed as expected. As we said, "You get what you pay for". Thus, the true value of the construction project should not only depend on the least price. Recently, the pricing strategy of construction project has been changed much. Also, the final determination depends on contractor's proposal and presentation instead of just on the least price. Without under the premise of least price, many options for the pricing strategy are available. This study is organized by three parts. First, the previous studies and the related discussions are comprehensively illustrated. Then, the existing cases are discussed and analyzed distinctly. Finally, the considerations of A and B when making the pricing strategies are concluded. In this research, we expect to provide an evaluated reference for A and B during the process of reaching an agreement. Our analysis discovered that every pricing strategy has its pros and cons, and A should choose the best one under different situations based on our results to complete the construction project with high quality within the expected time period.
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Lin, Shu-Yao, and 林書瑤. "Customer Management and Pricing Strategy of Weather Services." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11367460298247094599.
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碩士國立清華大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
102
Weather service is a kind of professional service. This service is generated from weather open data, computed by weather model, adjusted by professional weather analysts; and eventually provides customized values for enterprises on a specific weather forecast. Weather service not only helps businesses to reduce the loss from bad weather, but increases the revenue through the forecast of weather conditions. Due to radical climate change and Greenhouse Gas, severe disasters and abnormal weather tends to be frequent, the needs of weather service is growing. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how a weather service company providing a better customer management and pricing solution companies. The purpose of this study is as follows. First, this study discusses the demand of Taiwan weather market by using the economic sensitivity of industry. Second, to the present study analyzes the customer relationship management (CRM) for various industries. Finally, this study proposes a tentative value-based pricing strategy for weather service companies.
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I-ChinSu and 蘇女衣瑾. "Pricing Strategy of Service Provider in Cloud Computing." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62419515947144478334.
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Lo, Kuang-Pu, and 羅光甫. "The Study of Spatial Competition and Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52645328961733591220.
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碩士輔仁大學
金融研究所
96
Chain stores’ competitive strategy is keeping to expanding the branches before market saturation to seek the maximum of profit and to exclude any potential competitors. However, this strategy may cause the diminishing of profit after market saturation. Hence, once chain stores adopt this strategy, they must also consider the location of each branch to avoid the diminishing of profit. Therefore, how to maximize the profit and exclude the potential competitor by choosing the location and expanding the branches is the main subject we are going to study. In this thesis, we use game-theory model to analyze the chain stores’ competitive strategy and pricing strategy. Under the assumption of profit maximum, we discover the location of each branch will set in the location where the market shares equally. When market is monopoly, the longer the market length or the higher price the consumers would pay, the more branches would be open and the higher prices would be set. If the cost of expanding branches is higher, the result is on the contrary. Furthermore, when there exists potential competitors, even though the cost of expanding branches is high, the first-entry firm would still set more branches to stop potential competitors to enter. In the meanwhile, as the market length is longer or the consumers would pay higher, the result is on the contrary.
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Lai, Hong Ting, and 賴虹廷. "Analysis on Pricing Strategy of Network Externality Product." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22396240292657841975.
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碩士樹德科技大學
經營管理研究所
92
Products with network externality, like mobile phones and Emails, are gradually becoming more important in today’s modern life. The pricing strategy which attempts to affect the choice of potential customers is more influential more when the product has network externality. During these ten years, many famous businesses in Taiwan are not only the top OEM firms but also create their own worldwide known brand , like ACER, BenQ, Okwap and so on. These original brand manufacturers are becoming more and more popular in the international market. This is why my thesis is based on Bertrand pricing competitive model with switching cost and targets the network externality to research pricing strategy of network externality product. We also hope the result of this thesis will become one of the strategies which will cope with this competitive market for domestic original brand manufacturers. This thesis found that once there is switching cost, the conclusion of network externality product in monopoly is the same as in a competitive situation. Because of switching cost, we have reasons to believe that there would be more network externality product suppliers to get into this market. Because of the relationship specific investment, network externality product supplier will lock consumers thus resulting in a monopoly. Transactional costs can explain why both consumers and producers have been switching costs. Network externality product suppliers need to consider future profits in the current high flow of supply and consumption in order to win larger customer base and expand network scale in order to compete competitively. So, if there will be switching cost next period, network externality product supplier should lower price now. This situation is no less common in today’s modern life. “Kruo” and “Ezpeer” are Taiwan''s famous suppliers that provide the P2P online MP3 music download software and platform. They provided free service in initial the stage until they lock the customers.
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Huang, Chi-Hsiang, and 黃啟翔. "Integrated Vendor–Buyer Inventory System with Discount Pricing Strategy." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85122755199312346464.
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碩士國立臺中技術學院
事業經營研究所
95
A typical supply chain usually consists of several independent companies. Previous studies have showed that the optimal inventory strategy from the perspective of individual member is incapable to achieve optimization of whole supply chain, while it can be reached by establishing strategic partnership and cooperation. This study considers the single-vendor single-buyer inventory problem, and aims at developing an associated model such that the system wide cost is minimized, also both parties can obtain benefit of cost reduction from cooperation. Based on the discount pricing strategy proposed by Chakravatry and Martin (1988), a framework of integrated vendor-buyer inventory system with price negotiable mechanism is developed, and the optimal integrated inventory strategy as well as the optimal discount pricing strategy is investigated. In this study, the deterministic and stochastic demands environments are considered respectively. By analyzing the proposed mathematical decision models, the procedures for obtaining the optimal solutions are developed. Finally, numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are implemented to illustrate the results of proposed models, the impacts of changing parameters on strategies, and the managerial implication.
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Chen, Yen-Chun, and 陳彥君. "The optimal dynamic pricing strategy for fashion apparel industry." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90447014585726917735.
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碩士國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
92
Pricing decision is the minority of all important decisions which can apparently influence a firm''s profit-making within extremely short time. In an era of meagre profit, firms cannot stand any more injury caused of mistake at pricing. However, lots of managers still make pricing decision according to their experience or the action of other competitors without any mechanism of price-determining based on their firms'' resource condition. The subject of this research is to probe the abiding price-reducing strategy for fashion appearing firms. Fashion apparel is a kind of commodities with seasonality and popularity, and is an example of all perishable goods. For all sorts of characteristic such as the need for long lead time before production, short time span for sale , and the low salvage value after season...etc., it makes firms reduce price to close out inventories by the end of seasons to evade value loss. When it comes to price-reducing, the fashion apparel is quite different from other commodities. It is a kind of commodity which has speciality of phased and monotonicity on price reduction. Therefore, it lacks two kinds of elasticity which are price-adjusting at any time and adjusting the price range at will. For the characteristic of close interdependence between product and time, and the normal demand on price-reducing, fashion apparel firms need some decision tools which are more fast, correct, and practical than any other ones. With two main parameters which are ''the levels of unsold inventory'' and '' the length of season remaining '' along with two parameters which are ''discount factor'' and '' the salvage value after season '', this research constructs out an stochastic dynamic programming model to maximize the expect profit and offer an program for calculating the optimal price-reduced range and time. After the analysis of generality and sensitivity with this model, it is found that the characteristics of this model are in conformity with theoretical research and real phenomenon of market. Besides, it is suitable for various kinds of price elastic demand. Hence, this model can be proved to be able to extend to other similar industries with the same nature.
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Lin, Boa-Shyang, and 林保祥. "The Pricing Strategy of the Third Generation Telecommunication Products." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98702428024827597789.
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碩士逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
94
We investigate the strategic advantages and 3G product’s pricing strategy of WCDMA operators based on the case studies. Three companies are selected as cases, CHT, FET, and VIBO. We also examine the relationship between the short-term price strategy and network technology. The findings are as follows, 1. The choice of the new technology has great impact on the system operator. 2. The competitive position among operators is significantly related to the 2G-network resource. 3. The network plan and its scale will affect Network quality of the Mobile Communication. It also has an effect on the products and prices of 2G and 3G-licensed operators. 4. The competitive position and the scale of the operator will affect the product’s pricing strategy. 5. The new competitor has a local effect on the price of the traditional telecommunication product. It will not raise a dead price heat. Two major factors that affect the 3G operators to decide the prices are “the choice of the network technology” and “the scale of the network”. For the consumers in Taiwan, the seamless coverage is the major concern. Only the good quality and the low price raise the competitiveness.