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Ehaideb, Salleh Nasser. "Elucidating the mechanism of prickle associated epilepsy in flies." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5463.
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About 5% to 10% of epileptic patients suffer from Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), which is characterized by spasms of the arms, ataxia (uncoordinated movements), and general tonic-clonic seizures. In a recent study, a group of patients with myoclonic epilepsy was found to harbor mutations in the PRICKLE1 and PRICKLE2 genes. This suggested that PRICKLE genes might be linked to epilepsy, and given that PRICKLE is highly evolutionarily conserved (including in fruit flies), we decided to use Drosophila in order to determine, first, whether flies with prickle mutations were seizure-prone, and if so, to then use the powerful genetic tools of Drosophila to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the prickle-associated epilepsy. In this work, we show that mutation of the pksple isoform (one of the two adult prickle isoforms in flies) lowers the seizure threshold in the mutant flies (resulting in seizure activity), while mutation of the other adult isoform, pkpk, had no effect. This was demonstrated through both behavioral assays (where the pksple mutant flies showed a reduction in recovery of climbing behavior after being subjected to mechanical stimulation while the pkpk mutant flies did not) as well as electrophysiological analysis (where pksple mutants were shown to be hyperexcitable after electrical stimulation, while the pkpk allele showed no change in spiking activity). We demonstrated that the underlying mechanism of the hyperexcitability seen in the pksple flies was due to enhanced anterograde transport on microtubule (MT) tracks in neurons, the main route for transport in neurons, which could be suppressed by reducing the dose of either of two Kinesin motor proteins, the motors involved in anterograde transport in neurons. On the other hand, the pkpk mutants showed the reverse effect, exhibiting a significant reduction in vesicle transport dynamics. We showed that microtubule polarity could be partially reversed by tipping the balance of the pk isoforms similar to what is seen in the pkpk mutants (such that a large percentage of MTs now had their plus ends oriented towards the cell body, which is extremely rare in axons), suggesting that the vesicle transport defects seen in the pkpk mutants might be due to mixed polarity of MTs.
Next, we showed that the seizure-prone pksple mutants, but not the pkpk mutants, exhibited a myoclonic form of epilepsy, as well as abnormal walking patterns and uncoordinated movements, paralleling the ataxia phenotype seen in the epileptic patients with PRICKLE mutations. These data suggest that the primary aspects of the epilepsy-ataxia syndrome seen in patients with PRICKLE mutations are recapitulated in flies, which underscores the utility of using the fruit fly genetic system to model this disorder. Finally, our preliminary results suggest that the pk alleles have different effects on neuronal morphology due to changes in sizes of terminal boutons at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in larvae. These data suggest that pk is having a direct effect on synaptic formation and likely function.
In conclusion, by using our Drosophila model system, we were able to link prickle mutations to epilepsy as well as identify the cellular mechanism of the prickle-associated epilepsy, a novel epilepsy mechanism previously associated with neurodegeneration. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a gene that, when mutated, will cause seizures in flies, zebrafish, mice, and humans, indicating that the role of prickle in controlling seizure activity is remarkably conserved in animals. Significantly, since about one third of patients with epilepsy do not respond to current AEDs, our fly model and the techniques we have developed will enable us to conduct drug screens for testing potential chemical compounds as new AEDs.
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Veeman, Michael Terrence. "Zebrafish prickle : non-canonical Wnt/PCP functions in vertebrate gastrulation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/4999.
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Lin, Yung-Yao Steven. "Functional analysis of Prickle isoforms in planar cell polarity in Drosophila." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614719.
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Tree, David Robert Paul. "The role of prickle in the specification of planar polarity in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621554.
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Coulson, D. "The genetic analysis of prickle and spiny-legs : two cuticular polarity mutants of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319909.
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Green, Clare Patricia. "A molecular analysis of the tissue polarity gene Prickle and associated transcripts in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298071.
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Mei, Xue. "Wnt/planar cell polarity mechanisms in epilepsy and interactions with ciliopathy." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4695.
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The Wnt signaling network has critical roles in embryonic development and is implicated in human disease. One of the outputs of the Wnt network, called the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, regulates tissue polarity and directs cell migration. Core PCP components (Frizzled, Dishevelled, Prickle, Vangl, Celsr) localize asymmetrically in polarized cells and establish polarity across the tissue through protein interactions between adjacent cells. The core PCP component activate tissue-specific "effectors" which translate the signal into morphological changes. PCP is related to several disease conditions, including neural tube defects, cystic kidney disease, and cance metastasis. However, mechanisms of the PCP underlying physiological and disease-related conditions are not well understood. Here, I explore functions of the core PCP component Pk, and its relationship to disease, in the zebrafish model system.
Mutations in Pk1 and Pk2 have been identified in human progressive myoclonic epilepsy patients. Pk coodinate cell movement, neuronal migration and axonal outgrowth during embryonic development. Yet, how dysfunctions of pk relates to epilepsy is unknown. Here, I show that knockdown of pk1a sensitizes the zebrafish larva to convulsant drug. To model the defects in central nervous system, I examine neurogenesis in the retina and find that both pk1a and pk2 are required for proper dendritic outgrowth in the retinal inner plexiform layer. Furthermore, I characterize the epilepsy-related mutant forms of Pk1a and Pk2. The mutant Pk1a forms show reduced ability to suppress the retinal neurogenesis defects compared to the wild-type, as well as differential ubiquitination levels. Pk2 mutant forms also show differential activities in overexpression assays and seemingly more stable proteins relative to the wild-type. Taken together, pk1a and pk2 may contribute to epilepsy by affecting neuronal patterning and thus signal processing.
Another aspect of PCP function has been implicated in cilia and cilia-related disorders, also called ciliopathy. PCP effectors have been shown to modulate ciliogenesis and core PCP proteins (Vang and Dvl) regulate cilia orientation. On the other hand, cilia are not required for PCP signaling, especially asymmetric core PCP protein localization. These findings leave open the question what is the precise relationship between PCP and cilia. The Bardet Biedl Syndrome (BBS) is a type of ciliopathy that leads to obesity, retinitis pigmentosa, polydactyly, mental retardation and other symptons. A subset of BBS genes share similar knockdown phenotype in cell migration as seen in PCP knockdown embryos. Shared pehnotypes have led some to proposethat PCP and bbs genes may interact. Yet a direct relationship has yet to be established. I examine the interaction between pk2 and a central Bbs gene, bbs7. By analyzing shared phenotypes in double knockdown embryos, I find no synergistic interaction between the two, suggesting they act in distinct pathways. Bbs regulate ciliary trafficking and in zebrafish, knockdown of bbs genes leads to delayed retrograde melanosome transport. Interestingly, I find knockdown of pk2 suppresses this retrograde transport delay. Additionally, pk2 knockdown embryos show a delay in anterograde melanosome transport. These findings highlight a new role for pk2 in intracellular transport and clarifies the relationship between PCP and BBS.
In summary, my work here strengthens the link between pk mutations and human epilepsy and identifies functions of pk in retinal neurogenesis and in intracellular transport. To what extent the role of neurogenesis and intracellular transport are related is worth future study. Yet, this new information provides insights into potential mechanisms of epilepsy and the relationship between PCP and BBS.
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Sowers, Levi Paul. "Humans and Mice with Prickle Mutations Show a Propensity for Epilepsy and Display Autism-Like Behaviors with Evidence for Hippocampal Synaptic Dysfunction." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4914.
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The synapse is essential for normal neuronal communication and synaptic abnormalities could underlie many neuronal pathologies leading to such diseases as epilepsy and autism. Recent reports suggest that the Wnt signaling pathway is essential for normal synaptic development and function. However the role of specific Wnt ligands and their downstream signaling molecules play in synapse formation and function remain unclear. PRICKLE1 (PK1) and PRICKLE2 (PK2) are downstream Wnt signaling molecules which are suggested to play essential roles in neuronal function. PK1 was recently shown to be mutated in three large families with epilepsy, and Pk2 interacts with post-synaptic density 95 and subunits of the NMDA receptor. Although it seems clear that PK1 and PK2 are critical for normal neuronal function, their role in synaptic function and animal behavior remain to be investigated.
In Aim1, we show that mutations in prickle (pk) genes are associated with seizures in humans, mice, and flies. We identified human epilepsy patients with heterozygous mutations in either PK1 or PK2. In overexpression assays in zebrafish, pk mutations resulted in aberrant pk function. A seizure phenotype was present in the Pk1-null mutant mouse, two Pk1 point mutant (missense and nonsense) mice, and a Pk2-null mutant mouse. Drosophila with pk mutations displayed seizures that were responsive to anti-epileptic medication, and homozygous mutant embryos showed neuronal defects.
In aim 2, we describe two families with ASD-specific mutations in the non-canonical Wnt gene PK2. These mutations reduced the co-localization of the human PK2 protein with PSD-95, another protein implicated in ASDs. Studying Pk2 function in mice, we found that disrupting Pk2 in mouse hippocampal neurons reduced dendrite branching, synapse number, and post-synaptic density size. Consistent with these findings, disrupting Pk2 decreased the frequency and size of spontaneous miniature synaptic currents. Interestingly, these phenotypes were rescued by wild-type human PK2, but not the ASD-associated PK2 mutants suggesting that these mutations cause a critical loss of PK2 function. Behavioral studies in Pk2-/- mice suggest that loss of Pk2 function lead to ASD-like behaviors. These studies provide new insight into the biological roles of PK2, its behavioral importance, and firmly link non-canonical Wnt signaling abnormalities and ASDs. Together, Aim1 and 2 show that the Pk proteins are critical regulators of normal neuronal function and suggest that Pk2 could be a link between epilepsy and autism.
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Carr, David A. "The Role of Farnesyltransferase β-subunit in Neuronal Polarity in Caenorhabditis Elegans." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23784.
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Little is known about the molecular components and interactions of the planar cell polarity pathway that regulate neuronal polarity. This study uses a prkl-1 induced backwards locomotion defect as an array to perform a prkl-1 suppressor screen in C. elegans looking for new components of the planar cell polarity pathway involved in the neuronal polarization of VC4 and VC5. The screen discovered twelve new alleles of vang-1, one new allele of fntb-1 and five new mutations in unknown polarity genes. fntb-1 encodes for the worm ortholog of Farnesyltransferase β-subunit and is important for neuronal polarization. Acting cell and non-cell autonomously, fntb-1 regulates the function and localization of prkl-1 through the recognition of a CAAX motif. Therefore, fntb-1 modifies prkl-1 to regulate the neuronal polarity of VC4 and VC5.
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Tanner, Raymond. "A Role for the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Neuronal Positioning Along the AP Axis of C. elegans." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31521.
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We sought to investigate the role of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway in neuronal positioning along the Anterior-Posterior (AP) axis of C. elegans, and chose the worm’s DD-type motor neurons as a model. The six DD neurons (DD1-DD6) are evenly spaced in the ventral nerve cord of wild type animals. Here we showed that mutations in core PCP genes caused DD neuron spacing and positioning defects. prkl-1 double mutant combinations with vang-1 and fmi-1 showed a suppression of the more severe prkl-1 single mutant defects, which was evidence of genetic interactions between these PCP components. We also conducted a candidate screen of Frizzled, Dishevelled, Wnt, and ROCK genes, and found that dsh-1/Dishevelled, mom-2/Wnt and let-502/ROCK also played roles in DD neuronal positioning. Both vang-1 and prkl-1 were found to function within the nervous system to guide DD neuronal positioning, and prkl-1 was further identified as playing a cell autonomous role. The origins of observed DD neuron anterior positioning defects were investigated during embryogenesis, in which 1.5 fold stage prkl-1(ok3182) embryos displayed delayed intercalation of the DD neurons. This represents a novel role for the PCP pathway in mediating DD neuronal intercalation.
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Yang, Tian. "A prickly situation: Prickle1 function depends on the signaling context." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1517.
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The gene PRICKLE1 is important for human brain function, as mutations in PRCKLE1 are associated with progressive myoclonus epilepsy (PME). Mutations in prickle orthologs could cause seizures in flies, zebrafish and mice, suggesting a conserved role of Prickle protein in seizure from fruit flies to humans. The underlying molecular mechanism how PRICKLE1 mutation causes PME is still unknown.
Prickle1 is part of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which regulates cell polarity within plane of cell sheets. In Drosophila, prickle is recruited to one side of the cell by another PCP protein, Van Gogh. This asymmetric protein localization of Van Gogh/prickle establishes cell polarity. In zebrafish and Xenopus, loss of Prickle or Van Gogh like (Vangl) genes causes PCP phenotypes, which seemingly supports the Prickle/Vangl protein interaction and the role of Prickle in PCP pathway.
The function of Prickle in mammals has not been analyzed. It is possible that mammalian Prickle also interacts with Vangl to mediate PCP signaling based on the conserved role of prickle from Drosophila to Xenopus. If Prickle1 interacts with Vangl and regulate PCP pathway, the PME we observed in humans might be associated with loss of neuronal polarity and impaired neuron activity. Therefore, to understand whether Prickle1 mediates Vangl signaling in mammals could be a step toward revealing the etiology of PME in human patients.
Therefore, I analyzed the function of Prickle1 in three developmental processes, the limb development, the palate development, and the caudal migration of facial branchimotor neurons (FBMs), in which the function of PCP pathway, especially Vangl2, has been described. Supporting the interaction between Prickle1 and Vangl, mutations in either Prickle1 or Vangl2 leads to shorter limbs. However, Prickle1 and Vangl2 only have limited overlap in mRNA expression in the digit tips. This raises the question as to how impaired Prickle1/Vangl2 protein interaction in these cells in the digit tips cause defective growth of the whole limb. It also suggests alternate function of Prickle1 other than mediating Vangl2 function.
This interaction between Prickle1 and Vangl2 is further challenged by the limited function of Vangl but the essential role of Prickle1 in palate development, which suggests that the function of Prickle1 is independent of Vangl2.
In the caudal migration of FBMs, Prickle1 mutation impairs this migration process dose-dependently. This is different from Vangl2 mutation, which completely blocks the caudal migration and partially impairs the lateral migration of FBMs. More importantly, Prickle1 is expressed by the neurons, while Vangl2 functions in the surrounding cells, which again raises the question as to whether and how the two proteins could interact if they are not expressed in the same cell.
These results together question the model that Prickle1 is the intracellular partner of Vangl2, but support Prickle1 function might be independent of Vangl. Actually, it is possible that Prickle1 is part of gene expression regulation machinery: Prickle1 mutation affects Wnt5a expression in the limb and Shh expression in the palate. Although this regulation mechanism is still unknown, it suggests that defective gene expression might be related to PME caused by PRICKLE1 mutation.
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Paemka, Lily. "Regulation of the Prickle1 and Prickle2 genes and their role in autism spectrum disorders." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3159.
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Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum disorders (ASD) are both complex neurodevelopmental disorders which share approximately 30% comorbidity. Epilepsy is characterized by unprovoked recurrent seizures and affects ~1% of the population while ASDs are characterized by deficits in language, social, and behavior and found 1 in 68 people. Variants in synaptic genes suggest disruptions in synaptic regulation underlie both conditions. PRICKLE1 and PRICKLE2 are known core WNT/ PCP genes implicated in Progressive myoclonic epilepsy in families and in the general population. Humans, mice, zebrafish, and Drosophila with disrupted Prickle exhibit epileptic behavior and other neurological deficits. Prickle is implicated in several aspects of neuronal development and mutated proteins display aberrant activity in vivo and in vitro.
Recently, variations in PRICKLE1 were associated with ASDs in humans. The mechanisms by which PRICKLE could contribute to ASDs are unknown. Results presented here show Prickle1+/- mice exhibit ASD-like behavior. Prickle1 associates with Synapsin I; a phosphoprotein important for synaptogenesis, axonogenesis, and neurotransmitter release. Mutant R104QPRICKLE1 protein causes a reduction in sizes of dense-core vesicles in neuronal-like PC12 cells. Results indicate PRICKLE1 may be associated with ASDs and possibly involved in synaptic homeostasis.
Prickle deregulation has also been associated with neural tube defects and cancers. The mechanism(s) by which Prickle is regulated is incompletely understood. To further elucidate the role of PRICKLE in disease, immunoprecipitates from PRICKLE-expressing stable tetracycline-regulated neuronal-like PC12 cells were identified by mass spectrometry. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP9X was identified as a novel interacting PRICKLE protein. USP9X is a substrate-specific deubiquitinating enzyme implicated in several aspects of neuronal development, associated with X-linked intellectual disability and a candidate gene for epilepsy. Results show that USP9X robustly deubiquitinates and protects PRICKLE from proteasomal degradation. USP9X variants found in the ARRA ASD cohort directly associates USP9X with ASDs. The identified USP9X mutations delete the PRICKLE-interacting domain and provide a possible mechanism for PRICKLE deregulation. Already a target for treating cancer, USP9X can serve as a therapeutic target to regulate PRICKLE levels.
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Ludwig, Jillian. "Prickled Lilly Perch." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202499572/.
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Hagemeier, Nicholas E. "Diaper Dermatitis and Prickly Heat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1487.
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Book Summary: The Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care contains the most authoritative information on nonprescription drug pharmacotherapy, nutritional supplements, medical foods, nondrug and preventive measures, and complementary therapies. The 18th edition shows students and practitioners how to assess and triage a patient's medical complaints. And it provides FDA-approved dosing information for nonprescription medications along with evidence-based research on the efficacy and safety of over-the-counter, herbal, and homeopathic medications.
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Price, Steven Curtis. "Rotational and thermal dynamics of neutron stars." Diss., Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/price/PriceS0512.pdf.
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This thesis explores the rotational and thermal dynamics of neutron stars. All neutron stars exhibit irregularities in their spin rates, which may be evidence of coupling between the solid crust and liquid components in the interior. We study short-time scale correlations in the stochastic variations in spin rate, timing noise, in 32 pulsars. Upon subtraction of low frequency wander, we find that in two stars a fluctuation in rotational phase at a given time is correlated with past fluctuations over a correlation time of ~ 10-40 d; over longer times, the fluctuations are uncorrelated. We interpret this result as the signature of a damped rotational mode in the star, excited by the noise process, and likely due to friction between the crust and interior liquid. In the second part of this thesis, we investigate the thermal and magnetic evolution of highly magnetized neutron stars, magnetars. We explore a thermo-resistive instability in the outer crusts of magnetars wherein a perturbation in temperature increases ohmic heating. We show that magnetars of characteristic age T age ~ 10 â��´ yr are unstable over timescales as short as days if strong current sheets are present in the outer crust. This instability could play an important role in the thermal and magnetic field evolution of highly magnetized neutron stars, and may be related to bursting activity in magnetars.
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Price, Danielle Nicole. "Spatial Cognition among Montana Eleventh and Twelfth Grade Agricultural Education Students." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/price/PriceD04.pdf.
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The purpose of this study was to determine high school student's spatial cognition abilities to identify features and attributes in agriculture production images, projected in two-dimension (2D) or three-dimension (3D). The effects of selected demographics on spatial cognition were examined. The population consisted of 101 high school students from selected secondary agricultural education programs during the Fall Semester of 2003. Criteria for participation were that the class size be 10-15 students enrolled in 11th or 12th grade. The agricultural classes were randomly assigned as either participating in the 2D or 3D study. When viewing 2D and 3D images of production agriculture students were able to correctly identify features and attributes about 50 percent of the time. Based on the 17 multiple-choice questions of the 23 questions used, there was no significant difference in students' spatial cognitive abilities when viewing 2D and 3D production agriculture images. When viewing production agriculture images in 3D, containing features and attributes relative to elevation, spatial cognition was enhanced. Age, grade level, semesters enrolled in agricultural education, gender, place of residence and prior GIS experience did not enhance spatial cognition.
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Zhumadilov, Daniyar. "Price stickiness: Durability, Cost of Price Adjustment and Price Memory." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1500057951315496.
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Syed, Iqbal Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Understanding price movements : measurement of price rigidity and pure price change." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41019.
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The primary focus of this thesis is on price movements at market levels. This thesis examines the measurement of two aspects of price movements: the degree of price rigidity and pure price change. Price is defined to be rigid if its response to a demand or cost shock is slow and the magnitude of adjustment is proportionately less than the shock. Price rigidity is one of the critical issues in the microfoundations of macroeconomics, and its importance has been documented at least since Keynes' (1936) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Regarding pure price change, in many markets the measurement of pure price change is difficult to obtain because the observed prices are contaminated by quality and compositional changes in the products. The literature on price indexes emphasises the importance of accounting for quality change at the market level. These issues will be explored in this thesis. The chapters of this thesis provide distinct but complementary contributions to the literature of price movement. Chapter 2 uses vector error correction models to estimate the degree of price rigidity in the retail coffee markets of 17 different countries. A stylised fact that emerges from the work is that price adjustment typically occurs within two quarters after a shock is imposed. In terms of the magnitude of price changes, prices are found to be more rigid to cost shocks than to foreign shocks. Chapter 3 explores the extent to which products follow systematic pricing patterns over their life cycle and the impact this has on the measurement of inflation. A number of specifications of hedonic models have been applied to data on supermarket and electronic products. Strong evidence of systematic life cycle effects has been found. Chapter 4 develops an hedonic regression model to construct multilateral indexes-indexes that are consistent across time and space-in housing markets. The set-up of the hedonic model attains some desirable properties, both in terms of statistical and index number perspectives. Applied to house prices in Sydney, the model generated some interesting results, including that the cheaper regions exhibit greater price dynamics than the more expensive regions. Some potential areas for further research are also considered.
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Currie, Martin, and Ingrid Kubin. "Fixed price dynamics versus flexible price dynamics." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2005. http://epub.wu.ac.at/114/1/document.pdf.
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This paper contrasts the dynamical behaviors of fixed and flexible price regimes for a monopolistically competitive manufacturing sector in which firms base decisions on expectations about product demands. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Mukherjee, Sudipta. "Three Essays on Price Framing and Price Perceptions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100988.
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This dissertation focuses on contextual frames that influence how consumers perceive prices and how that in turn affects their product evaluations and consumption decisions. This research consists of three essays and attempts to further the understanding of contextual factors that affect how consumers perceive prices (essay 1) and how perceptions about prices influence product inferences (essay 2) and decision making (essay 3). While there is a substantial body of research on price framing and price perception, my research identifies and attempts to fill some important gaps in the existing research.
In my first essay, I introduce a new price framing effect – the upper limit framing effect. This essay shows that framing the upper limit of a price estimate as less than vs. not more than can result in systematic differences in perceptions regarding the underlying price. This research contributes to the existing price framing research, which primarily focuses on set prices, by investigating price estimates. It also makes important contributions to the temporal and monetary costs and semantic framing literatures and to the literature on negations.
In my second essay, I contribute to the existing perceived price-quality research that primarily concerns only the market prices. This essay shows that consumers over-apply the
perceived price-quality heuristic when setting product prices by themselves (self-decided prices). Specifically, this research shows that contextual factors that affect self-decided prices in turn influence product inferences, with the relationship between contextual frame and product inferences being mediated by self-decided prices.
In my third essay, I contribute to the existing price framing research by showing that in the context of multiple price presentation, the price presentation order (ascending vs. descending) affects the perceived importance of price in the decision making – an effect I term as the price order effect – an effect that is explained by prospect-theory driven loss aversion. Specifically, this research shows that descending (vs. ascending) price presentation order results in significantly lower perceived importance of price in the decision making process which in turn influences subsequent consumption decisions.
In addition to the individual contributions of each essay, this dissertation makes an overall contribution to the price framing and price perception research by identifying new price framing effects and by furthering the understanding of how consumers perceive prices and how perceptions about price influences consumer decision making.Doctor of Philosophy
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Ulmer, Christopher. "Strike Price." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2011. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/66.
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Govender, Nadarajen. "Price setting behaviour of manufacturing firms in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29688.
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The literature on price setting has developed extensively in the last decade; albeit predominantly focused on the price setting behaviour of developed countries. This study reviews the survey results of price setting behaviours in the manufacturing sector within a developing economy. More than two thirds of manufacturing firms in South Africa purely follow time-dependent pricing rules; which, when compared to the results of surveys conducted in other international studies is almost three times as much, approximately one third of firms allow for components of state-dependent pricing rules.Higher input costs (cost of raw materials and labour costs) are the most important driver behind price increases. Declining market share is the most important factor behind price reductions. Firms review their prices more often than they actually change them. The median firm in this study has only adjusted its prices twice in the last 12 months.Co-ordination failure and temporary shocks are the most important sources of price stickiness. Mark-up pricing and price discrimination are common practices amongst South African manufacturing firms. The quality of a firm‟s product followed by its price is most important in determining the firm‟s level of competitiveness. Manufacturing firms in South Africa generally adopt a barometric price leadership strategy when setting their prices.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Price, Jason. "Popescu's Conjecture in Multiquadratic Extensions." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2009. http://library.uvm.edu/dspace/bitstream/123456789/213/1/Price%20Dissertation.pdf.
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Jeong, Heon Mok. "Stock price reversals : market microstructure and intraday price movements." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1266069236.
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Martins, Ana Patrícia da Silva. "Impact of CO2 price in electricity price: MIBEL's case." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10861.
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Mestrado em EconomiaO custo das licenças de emissão de dióxido de carbono é um custo de oportunidade para as industrias afetadas, uma vez que essas licenças de emissão podem ser transacionadas no mercado. Particularmente no sector elétrico esta questão tem despertado a atenção do público, devido à possibilidade de incluir este custo de oportunidade no preço da eletricidade, gerando lucros adicionais para as centrais. Para avaliar a existência desta passagem de custos no recém criado Mercado Ibérico de Eletricidade, recolhemos dados sobre os preços das licenças de emissão de CO2, do combustível e da eletricidade, e utilizamos o modelo do vetor autorregressivo (VAR). Concluímos que há evidencia de passagem de custos do CO2 para o preço da eletricidade, sendo este ligeiramente mais elevado em Portugal do que em Espanha. A passagem de custos do CO2 parece ser maior no pico da carga do que na carga base.
The cost of carbon emission allowances is an opportunity cost for industries affected, since these allowances can be traded in the market. Particularly in the electrical sector this issue has triggered public attention, due to the possibility of including this opportunity cost in the electricity prices, generating windfall profits for utilities. To assess the existence of this pass-through in the newly created Iberian Electricity Market, we collect data on prices of electricity, fuel and CO2 allowances, and we use a Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model. We conclude that there is evidence of CO2 cost pass-through to the electricity price, being a slightly higher in Portugal than in Spain. The CO2 cost pass-through still seems to be higher at peak load than at base load.
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Lagin, Madelen. "Assumptions of retail price strategy and price tactic decisions." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-20771.
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This licentiate thesis sets out to analyse how a retail price decision frame can be understood. It is argued that it is possible to view price determination within retailing by determining the level of rationality and using behavioural theories. In this way, it is possible to use assumptions derived from economics and marketing to establish a decision frame. By taking a management perspective, it is possible to take into consideration how it is assumed that the retailer should strategically manage price decisions, which decisions might be assumed to be price decisions, and which decisions can be assumed to be under the control of the retailer. Theoretically, this licentiate thesis has its foundations in different assumptions about decision frames regarding the level of information collected, the goal of the decisions, and the outcomes of the decisions. Since the concepts that are to be analysed within this thesis are price decisions, the latter part of the theory discusses price decision in specific: sequential price decisions, at the point of the decision, and trade-offs when making a decision. Here, it is evident that a conceptual decision frame that is intended to illustrate price decisions includes several aspects: several decision alternatives and what assumptions of rationality that can be made in relation to the decision frame. A semi-structured literature review was conducted. As a result, it became apparent that two important things in the decision frame were unclear: time assumptions regarding the decisions and the amount of information that is assumed in relation to the different decision alternatives. By using the same articles that were used to adjust the decision frame, a topical study was made in order to determine the time specific assumptions, as well as the analytical level based on the assumed information necessary for individual decision alternatives. This, together with an experimental study, was necessary to be able to discuss the consequences of the rationality assumption. When the retail literature is analysed for the level of rationality and consequences of assuming certain assumptions of rationality, three main things becomes apparent. First, the level of rationality or the assumptions of rationality are seldom made or accounted for in the literature. In fact, there are indications that perfect and bounded rationality assumptions are used simultaneously within studies. Second, although bounded rationality is a recognised theoretical perspective, very few articles seem to use these assumptions. Third, since the outcome of a price decision seems to provide no incremental sale, it is questionable which assumptions of rationality that should be used. It might even be the case that no assumptions of rationality at all should be used. In a broader perspective, the findings from this licentiate thesis show that the assumptions of rationality within retail research is unclear. There is an imbalance between the perspectives used, where the main assumptions seem to be concentrated to perfect rationality. However, it is suggested that by clarifying which assumptions of rationality that is used and using bounded rationality assumptions within research would result in a clearer picture of the multifaceted price decisions that could be assumed within retailing. The theoretical contribution of this thesis mainly surround the identification of how the level of rationality provides limiting assumptions within retail research. Furthermore, since indications show that learning might not occur within this specific context it is questioned whether the basic learning assumption within bounded rationality should be used in this context.
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Bafi-Yeboa, Nana Fredua A. "Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of northern prickly ash, Zanthoxylum americanum Mill (Rutaceae)." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26355.
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This thesis examines the pharmacological basis for the traditional phytomedicinal uses of Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. (Rutaceae). The antifungal activity of six crude extracts was evaluated against 11 clinically relevant pathogenic fungi including Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. All extracts demonstrated light-activated antimicrobial action and broad spectrum of activities against at least eight fungal species. A positive correlation was observed between total furanocoumarin content and antifungal activity (r2 = 0.88, P < 0.001). Antiviral activity towards Herpes simplex virus type-1 was linked to various phytochemical constituents, including three isolated pyranocoumarins suitable for authentication and standardization of commercial raw materials. Anti-HSV activity was significantly enhanced with light treatment (L), for phytochemical fractions rich in polyphenols (+L, MIC = 9.4; -L, MIC > 500) or pyranocoumarins (+L, MIC = 31; -L, MIC > 500), but not in the case of furanocoumarins (+L, MIC = 62; -L, MIC = 94). Phytochemical profiles and average content for phenolic acids and flavonoids contributing to antiviral activity of Z. americanum were reported here for the first time.
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Busse, Meghan Ruth. "Price competition and advertising : stragetic price coordination, price war leaders and followers, and financial constraints on advertising." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10320.
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Bastos, Maria Isabel Rodrigues. "Price discovery and price transmission within CO2 European financial markets." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/5333.
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Mestrado em EconomiaO desenvolvimento económico iniciado com a revolução industrial nos finais do século XVIII, deu origem a níveis crescentes de poluição em todo o mundo. O esgotamento dos recursos naturais, preço pago por todas as amenidades criadas, levou os governos mundiais a procurarem um acordo internacional que limitasse o aumento da poluição. A primeira tentativa a, conseguir o consenso internacional foi o Protocolo de Quioto, que entrou em vigor a 16 de Fevereiro de 2005, 90 dias após a ractificação da Rússia. Nele, 54 países concordaram reduzir em 20% as emissões dos Gases com Efeito de Estufa (GEE), até 2020 e com base nas emissões verificadas em 1990. No seguimento da assinatura do Protocolo de Quioto, a União Europeia pôs em marcha o seu próprio plano de controlo das emissões de carbono, designado por “European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)”, que, desde então, tem liderado os movimentos mundiais para o controlo do CO2. Enquadrando-se nas linhas gerais de Quioto, o EU-ETS foi implementado através duma directiva europeia com o objectivo global de fazer incorporar nos custos de produção as externalidades causadas pelas emissões poluentes e promover o investimento em tecnologias limpas, impondo limites máximos (“caps”) às emissões de cada país e instituindo esquemas específicos para a comercialização de carbono, com vista à mitigação das emissões já emitidas. Alguns anos depois do lançamento do EU-ETS, surgiram os produtos financeiros de carbono. Até ao momento os mercados de emissões ainda não foram estudados de forma consistente, duma perspectiva financeira, e são ainda necessárias novas investigações académicas sobre o tema específico da dinâmica da formação dos preços dos EUA, dos CER e de todos os restantes activos de carbono, incluindo os seus derivados. Assim sendo, e com base na informação publicada pela European Energy Exchange (EEX) ao longo de um período de mais de cinco anos, a presente dissertação procura avaliar qual dos mercados – spot ou forward – lidera o processo de formação do preço do carbono. Após a análise estatística das características dos dados, analisaremos ao pormenor os preços spot e os preços dos futuros de carbono, focando-nos nos conceitos mais importantes dos commodity markets: o convenience yield, o prémio de risco e a relação entre estas duas variáveis. Ao analisarmos os preços dos futuros de carbono duma perspectiva ex-post para verificar se existe evidência empírica para um prémio de risco positivo, concluímos que se verifica uma relação negativa entre os prémios de risco e o time-to-maturity de cada activo em análise. Ao investigarmos quais os factores que influenciam os prémios de risco e o convenience yield, obtemos resultados que sugerem que ambos são afectados negativamente pela volatilidade do preço spot, e que o preço tem um impacto positivo no convenience yield; mais, vemos que no geral os convenience yields influenciam de forma positiva os prémios de risco. Sendo variáveis os resultados obtidos em função da Fase do Protocolo Quioto a que dizem respeito os activos analisados e das respectivas maturidades, há evidência de que os direitos de emissão - e o EU-ETS em particular – parecem estar a atingir os resultados procurados no que diz respeito à protecção do ambiente, reduzindo os GEE. Há também indícios crescentes de que as incertezas quanto à viabilidade futura do EU-ETS estão a diminuir. Como suporte à definição de políticas, destacamos a evidência empírica de que as externalidades provocadas pelos GEE já estão a ser incorporadas nas estruturas de custo dos agentes económicos, nomeadamente nos preços da electricidade. Contudo, a permissão do short-selling e do banking entre períodos sucessivos do Protocolo de Quioto poderia aumentar a liquidez e melhorar a eficiência do mercado de carbono. Por último, os factores combustíveis (carvão, gás e petróleo), condições climatéricas e restrições do mercado, revestiram-se de particular interesse ao evidenciar a relação dos contratos de CO2 com a intensidade de consumo de energia, nomeadamente com os mercados electricidade (spot e de futuros).
World economic development, starting with industrial revolution in the late 18th century, has led to increasing pollution levels all over the world. Depletion of natural resources has been the result and the price paid for all the amenities and comfort bring by development. Because of this, world governments decided to try to find a consensual way to control pollution escalation. The first successful international attempt to do that is known as „The Kyoto Protocol‟ and entered into force on 16 February 2005, 90 days after its ratification by Russia. There, 54 countries put forward the overall goal of reducing GHG emissions by 20% below 1990 levels, until 2020. Following Kyoto Protocol signature, European Union has implemented its own carbon control scheme, the so-called European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS), which leads the carbon control worldwide movements, since then. With the general aim of incorporating externalities caused by pollution in the production costs and to foster investment in clean technologies, the EU-ETS was launched through an EU directive. Within Kyoto framework, this new EU ETS imposed emission‟s caps over each European country and established specific carbon trading schemes to mitigate emitted pollution. Some years after the launching of EU ETS, carbon financial products have also developed all over international Stock Exchanges. So far, emission markets have not yet been consistently studied from a financial point of view and we still have a lack of academic work on the specific subject of pricing dynamics of the EUAs, CERs and other carbon assets, as well as its derivatives. So, using European Energy Exchange data with a time spam of more than five years, this thesis attempts to evaluate which market – spot or forward – leads the carbon price discovery process. We focus specifically on carbon future prices and on carbon spot prices, analysing them in a most thorough way. After analyzing the statistical properties of data, we focus on the most important concepts in the commodity markets: the convenience yield, the risk premium and the relationship between these variables, for the Exchange under analysis. We analyze carbon futures prices from an ex-post perspective to find if there is evidence for significant positive risk premia and conclude that a negative relationship between risk premia and time-to-maturity does exist. When testing for factors influencing risk premia and convenience yields, we obtain results implying that spot price volatility impact negatively both of them and that the price itself impact the convenience yield in a positive way; more, generally convenience yields influence risk premia in a positive way. Results change depending on the Kyoto Protocol Phase and on the characteristics of the assets used, but seem to confirm that uncertainties about the future of the EU ETS are disappearing. So, we can assume that allowances appear to be producing the desired results, in terms of environmental protection. For policy, empirical evidence found that there is already a pass-through of externalities caused by GHG costs into the cost structure of economic agents, influencing namely electricity prices. The EU ETS seems, though, to fulfil its goal of reducing GHG emitted. Nevertheless, allowing short-selling and banking between successive Kyoto periods could increase liquidity and improve market efficiency. Finally, the role of fuels (coal, gas and oil), weather and market constraints, was found to be of particular interest relating CO2 contracts to energy consumption intensity, namely to electricity spot and futures markets. Moreover, the recently created liberalized electricity market throughout Europe encouraged the development of environmental protection policies since newly carbon financial contracts emerged in this context.
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Pricope, Bogdan [Verfasser]. "Positioning using terrestrial wireless systems / Bogdan Pricope." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037014111/34.
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Al-Wattar, Obey M. "On price inflation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192475/.
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This thesis seeks to analyse price inflation under oligopoly capitalism. Its central argument is that under oligopoly capitalism, price inflation is a structural phenomenon. For a greater understanding of that phenomenon, the adoption of the inter-industrial approach for its analysis seems essential. According to this approach, price inflation can be initiated in a single industry or in an industry group. The initiating factor may be an increase in the mark-up, an increase in the money wage rate or an increase in the foreign currency price of an imported input. It can also be initiated by devaluation. The input-output matrix, the core of the economic system, is the key to the transmission of inflationary impulses (in the form of higher unit cost) from one industry to another. Real wage resistance, rigid mark-up resistance, and rigid foreign resistance do no more than perpetuate or worsen the inflationary experience. The inflationary process itself has a dual role to play. It acts as a mechanism for shifting income distribution in favour of one section of the society against another and as a mechanism for changing the price structure. The author argues that the abandonment of the macroeconomic approach to the analysis of price inflation and its replacement by the inter-industrial approach is the first step for serious analysis of that structural phenomenon.
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Aghi, Nawar, and Ahmad Abdulal. "House Price Prediction." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20945.
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This study proposes a performance comparison between machine learning regression algorithms and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The regression algorithms used in this study are Multiple linear, Least Absolute Selection Operator (Lasso), Ridge, Random Forest. Moreover, this study attempts to analyse the correlation between variables to determine the most important factors that affect house prices in Malmö, Sweden. There are two datasets used in this study which called public and local. They contain house prices from Ames, Iowa, United States and Malmö, Sweden, respectively.The accuracy of the prediction is evaluated by checking the root square and root mean square error scores of the training model. The test is performed after applying the required pre-processing methods and splitting the data into two parts. However, one part will be used in the training and the other in the test phase. We have also presented a binning strategy that improved the accuracy of the models.This thesis attempts to show that Lasso gives the best score among other algorithms when using the public dataset in training. The correlation graphs show the variables' level of dependency. In addition, the empirical results show that crime, deposit, lending, and repo rates influence the house prices negatively. Where inflation, year, and unemployment rate impact the house prices positively.
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Wlazlowski, Szymon S. "Asymmetric price transmission." Thesis, Aston University, 2008. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10899/.
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Gajdošech, Martin. "Purchase Price Mechanisms." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-162617.
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My diploma thesis focuses on the M&A transaction closing mechanisms. Their function is to reflect the value changes of the target company into the purchase price. Value change occurs during the time lag between the date of the financial statements and the date of the transaction closing. Throughout history, there have been two major approaches developed. The "Completion Accounts Mechanism" uses post-completion price adjustments to reflect the change of the net working capital and net debt during the interim period. The "Locked Box Mechanism", using fixed price, assures non-fluctuation of target value in the interim period by imposing strict restrictions on the seller's activities. In this research, I have analyzed 44 transactions closed in the Czech Republic. I have challenged the theoretical foundations and described the application of the mechanisms in practice. At the end, I have compared the Czech and European practices. Thesis findings: 1. All the theoretical features of the mechanisms were proven by an analyzed sample of closed transactions. The completion accounts mechanism is buyer-friendly, while the locked box is a seller-friendly mechanism. 2. The main driver in mechanism selection is bargaining power. Buyers were in a better negotiating position in 69% of the completion account transactions. On the contrary, the sellers had bargaining power in 100% of the locked box transactions. 3. The Czech Republic is an environment where buyers (big multinational companies) dominate. They have preferred the completion account mechanism that provides them with higher protection from value leakage or other risks associated with small CEE economies. A total of 91% of analyzed transactions were executed by the completion account mechanism in the Czech Republic between 2011 and 2012.
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Kwak, Kyuseop. "Price response in multiple item choice spillover effects of reference price /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/143.
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Pricola, Jennifer Ann. "Age of lost innocence photographs of childhood realities and adult fears during the Depression /." 2003. http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EMA03/pricola/FSA/index.html.
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Price-Rankin, Kelly. "Online atmospherics an investigation of feeling and Internet purchase intention /." 2004. http://etd.utk.edu/2004/Price-RankinKelly.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2004.Title from title page screen (viewed Jan. 12, 2005). Thesis advisor: Ann Fairhurst. Document formatted into pages (vii, 77 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66).
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Price, Angel. "White trash : the construction of an American scapegoat /." 1997. http://xroads.virginia.edu/%7EMA97/price/open.htm.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Virginia, 1997.Title page and abstract available in paper format. Author's name on paper t.p.: Angelene Faith Price. Description based on home page of Mar. 17, 1998; title from home page. Includes bibliographical references.
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de, Silva Durga. "Along the pricked line." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/5247.
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Abstract
In my thesis work, using expressive gestures, feminist theory and embroidery, I have explored experiences of immigrant women and their continuous struggle to thrive in a new homeland. My work is informed by my experiences as a first generation immigrant woman from Sri Lanka as well as my awareness and experiences of other immigrant women’s experiences from other countries. Although some women have lesser challenges, most immigrant women struggle to thrive in unfamiliar surroundings. This struggle has been a recurring theme in immigrant women’s lives throughout history, and women continue to go through immense hardships in trying to merge into a new society. While still daydreaming of their motherlands, most immigrant women suffer emotionally and psychologically due to lack of extended family support, education, finances, language skills, social and work skills, as well as tensions between traditional and cultural expectations. In spite of these obstacles immigrant women continuously make an effort to reclaim their strength and power.
With advances in education and life experiences some of these difficult issues are fading away in my life, although, sometimes they do haunt me. In my artwork I have explored these common experiences and challenges overcome by me as well as other immigrant women through feminist theory, drawing and sculptural techniques and used embroidery, sewing and stitching to bring them to life. I hope to generate awareness through my artwork of women’s experiences that will influence the changes that contribute the empowerment of women.
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Tang, Ning, and 唐寧. "Competition under price-affected reference price." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96481025106596288099.
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碩士國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
100
In the reality, there has more competition in the market, which change the customers’ purchase behavior rapidly. We construct a model to sell a product during a fixed selling period for compete suppliers. In our study, we use the reference price function to present the customers utility distribution. The concept of a reference price asserts that consumers make decisions based on both actual and perceived prices. We incorporate the term "reservation price" to refer to these internal reference price levels and “selling price” to refer to these external reference price levels for finding that how reference prices affect the customer’s perceptions of the product. We model the customer’s utilities of the product, proposed a model that reference price distribution is affected by price. In this paper, two models are developed to describe and illustrate how the customers’ reference price change in the competition. In model 1, suppose we are the entrants of specific product market, we find out that the total profit of specific market will decrease and customers’ reference prices will decrease, too. Moreover, discount activity is a good way to increase customers’ perception of product in short-term. Besides, we apply model 2 to realize how the competition affect customers’ reference price when the common brand and the luxury brand in the different market respectively and in the same market. The customers’ reference prices in different brands will influence each other. The contribution to the pricing literature is two fold. First, the relationship between reference prices and customer’s perceptions of the product has not been modeled and estimated in previous literature and we do so in this paper. Second, we believe our results have implications for retail managers. Modeling the impact of reference prices enables retailers to better manipulate the perceived transaction value—that is, the pleasure buyers get from taking advantage of a price deal.
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Lee, Hsin-yi, and 李心怡. "Commodity Price Control and Price Stabilization." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26284806252873101040.
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Lin, Tzu Chi, and 林子琪. "Price Limit and Stock Price Forecast." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/dt6hs4.
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碩士國立交通大學
財務金融研究所
104
There is the rule of price limit in Taiwan stock market. When the stock price hits the limit, we can’t observe the equilibrium stock price. This study examines the models from Holder, et al. (2002) and Egelkraut, et al. (2007) in the stock option market for predicting the equilibrium stock price. Finally, the method of synthetic option is suggested, because it’s error is smaller than the method of SEA and it has higher explanatory ability relative to SEA.
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Hsieh, Lan-chun, and 謝蘭君. "The Relationship among Stock Price, Gold Price, Oil Price and Exchange Rate." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85754793504736608822.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融所
99
This study investigates the relationship among U.S. Dow Jones industrial average, gold prices in New York, Brent crude oil prices and the dollar exchange rate in New York respectively. The present study adopting the time-series models indicates the findings as follows. First, the four variables follow random walks, but first-differencing could yield stationary series by using augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test. Second, The Johansen cointegration test cannot signify a long run equilibrium relationship among the variables; that is, they don’t share a certain type of behavior in terms of their long-term fluctuations. Third, the Granger causality test shows that (1) bidirectional feedback causality exists between stock price and oil price, (2) gold price precedes the oil price, and exchange rate precedes the oil price, too, (3) independent relationship exists between gold price and stock price, and so does between exchange rate and stock price, (4) independent relationship between exchange rate and gold price is present. Moreover, by examining impact response of the variables, the results indicate that (1) the impact response of other variables to stock price is unobvious, and so is gold price, (2) oil price has clear response to stock price and exchange rate, and (3) the impact response of stock price and gold price to exchange rate is explicit.
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WENG, PEI-YING, and 翁佩瑩. "The Study in Relationships with House Price, Stock Price and Oil Price." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7fe7rw.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
資訊管理研究所碩士班
104
In recent years, many investors have targeted real estate and stocks as areas for investment. Because of this, many researchers have a deep interest in examining the factors that determine housing prices and stock prices. One of these factors, which this study set out to examine, is the price of oil. Specifically, this study investigated the relationship between housing prices, stock prices and oil prices. From January 2012 to December 2015, a period of 210 weeks, the researchers analyzed changes in real estate prices, stock returns, and oil prices. Oil prices were divided into three stages, stock prices were divided into 32 shares, and housing prices were separated into five regions: Taipei, North, Central, South, and East. The data was then analyzed with the unit root test, co-integration test, vector error correction model and Granger causality test. The results showed that three markets have a co-integrated relationship, with a variable long-term trend towards balanced development. Meanwhile, certain stocks and housing prices displayed a short-term relationship. Finally, the results showed that stock prices typically lead housing prices and oil prices, and that the stock market serves as a leading indicator of overall economic development.
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Ou, Yu-Tung, and 歐育彤. "The Relationship among Oil Price, Gold Price, Exchange Rate and Stock Price." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08137379242016379190.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融研究所
101
The study uses the daily data to discuss the relationship among West Texas Intermediary oil prices, New York gold prices, exchange rate and Taiwan, Japan, Korea’s stock price. The period of samples was from January 4th, 2006 to September 28th, 2012. The present study adopts the time-series models, such as, Application of ADF root test, Vector Autoregressive model, Granger Causality test, Impulse Reponses and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition to indicate the findings and examine the relationship among all variables. According to the findings, first of all, all the variables follow random walks, and all the variables rates of change could yield stationary series by using augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test. Secondly, Granger causality test shows that, independent relationship exists between oil price and exchanges rate, and so does the relationship between gold price and the stock price, the oil price precedes the stock price, and the oil price precedes the gold price. The exchanges rate precedes the stock price of Japan, and instead of Taiwan and Korea, the exchanges rate precedes the gold price. Finally, by examining impact response of the variables, the impact response of other variables to gold price is not obvious, oil price has clear response to gold price, exchange rate has clear response to gold price and oil price, and the impact response of exchange rate, oil price and gold price to stock price is explicit.
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LAN, WEI-HSIANG, and 藍韋翔. "Warrant Price, Option Price, and Investor Sentiment." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/933t5u.
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碩士國立暨南國際大學
財務金融學系
105
In this study, we use the put/call ratio of open interest of TAIEX options(PCO), the put/call ratio of trading volume of TAIEX options(PCV), and volatility index(VIX) as investor sentiment indexes to investigate that these investor sentiment indexes have significant impacts on price differences between warrants and options. The empirical research shows that PCO has significantly positive effects on price differences between put warrants and put options, but significantly negative effects on price differences of call pairs. If PCO rises, the value of put warrants rises, and the value of put warrants would reduce when PCO reduces. PCV and VIX have significantly negative effects on price differences of put pairs. However, they have uncertainly significant effects on price differences of call pairs.
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LIN, YU-TING, and 林羽亭. "Ending Price Matching Effect On Reference Price." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44107187297066658376.
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碩士國立中正大學
企業管理系研究所
104
External reference price research has focused on the cognitive process between the original price and the sale price. A portion of literature focuses on location between the original price and the sale price, such as vertical, horizontal, and overlapped display. (Coulter&Norberg, 2009; Kahn et al., 2013) Besides, other literature discussed on the numerical relation between the original price and the sale price such as left-right display location(Biswas et al, 2013). In this paper, we want to prove the numerical design between the original price and the sale price may influence customers' judgement. We find the rightmost two digits as the same between the original price and the sale price in three digits(i.e. Sale price $679, original price $879). Besides, we name this design as “ending price matching effect” and design three experiments to test this phenomenon.The result showed that consumers perceive a cheaper price when the ending price of the original price and sale price are matching than not matching. Moreover, consumers perceive a higher purchase intention when the ending price of the original price and the sale price are matching than not matching.We found that different ending price (include 0,5,6,8,9-ending price) not influence “ending price matching effect”.However, the ending price matching effect only above three digits.
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Fu, Kuan-Chun, and 傅冠鈞. "General Second Price auction with price inflation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83602518373237138759.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
104
Auction is a traditional process to sell items.Vickrey proposed the Vickrey auction in 1961.The general second price auction which sells multiple items is generalized from Vickrey auction.The general second price auction is a widely used mechanism for keyword auctions.Keyword auction which can earn lots of revenue plays an important role for the companies. (Google, Facebook, Microsoft and so on) The largest drawback for Vickrey and general second price is that the revenue could be much lower compared to other auction mechanisms.To increase the revenue and help the companies to make more money, an optimal mechanism is proposed by Myerson. An optimal mechanism is a mechanism that maximizes the expected revenues of the auctioneer. In single item auction, an optimal mechanism was obtained by Myerson with reserve price mechanism. Moreover, in single item auction, Fu et al. proposed the inflated mechanism helping to earn more revenue and Bulow and Klemperer proposed that adding one more bidder helping to earn more revenue.However, in the keyword auction which is a multiple advertising slots auction, optimal mechanism is an open problem.Edelman and Schwarz experimented the general second price auction with reserve price. Hence, we focous on general second price auction. First, we combine general second price auction with inflated price.Second, we combine the inflated price mechanism and reserve price mechanism into general second price auction.In our simulations and parameter setting, first, we compare the revenue between general second price auction and general second price auction with inflated price. We find that the revenue of general second price auction with inflated price 5% more than the revenue of general second price auction.Second, we compare the revenue between general second price auction with reserve price and general second price auction with inflated price and reserve price. We find that the revenue of general second price auction with inflated price and reserve price is 3% more than the revenue of general second price auction with reserve price. In summary, the thesis provided variant general second price auctions which can earn more revenue for auctioneer. In the variant general second price auctions, we proved there exist two equilibria. Moreover, we executed experiments and compare revenue under different factors.
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Chien, Tzu-Ying, and 簡慈盈. "The Study of Relationship among Carbon Price, Oil Price and European Stock Price." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16955921612917724225.
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碩士中原大學
企業管理研究所
101
From the past decades till now, oil becomes one of the most important commodities around the world no matter in transportation, consumer goods and economic activity. However, oil is not inexhaustible forever. Human beings not only have to face the problem of oil depletion, but also need to take responsibility for participating in productive activities caused emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) which resulted in the environmental damage and abnormal weather problem. This study employs the Granger causality test, vector autoregression (VAR) test and vector error-correction model (VECM) to examine the long-term equilibrium relationship among carbon, oil and European stock prices. This investigation also divides the entire sample period into three sub-periods: the first sub-period runs from 2005 to 2007. The second sub-period (U.S. subprime loan crisis period) starts from 2008 to 2010. The third sub-period (European debt crisis period) runs from 2011 to 2012. The empirical results are summarized below: 1.This investigation finds that the long-term equilibrium relationship does not exist for the entire sample period, the first sub-period and the third sub-period. However, this investigation finds that carbon price, oil price, DAX Index and ITA Index have a long-term equilibrium relationship during the second sub-period. 2.This study uses the Granger Causality test and finds that carbon and oil prices have significantly mutual relationship, but carbon price and European stock price do not have significant relationship during the the second sub-period. Empirical results also show that European stock price affects carbon price and oil price during the third sub-period, suggesting that European stock price were very sensitive during this sub-period. 3.Empirical results obtained from forecast error variance decomposition show that the most explanatory power for oil and carbon prices arising from themselves. However, both U.K. and Italian stock prices also have significant impacts on oil and carbon prices. 4.Empirical findings obtained from impulse response function indicates that oil and carbon prices are most affected by themselves. On average, the European stock prices experienced huge volatility within 4 days after the shock caused by the dramatic change in oil and carbon prices. However, the volatility of European stock prices converge completely after 8 days being shocked by oil and carbon prices, suggesting that the market is efficient.
50
Huang, Ying-Ju, and 黃盈茹. "The Carbon Price Under the Price Limitation Regulation." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80655859509003856440.
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碩士淡江大學
經濟學系碩士班
98
Refers to the paper wrote by Alberola et al. (2008), this study establishes the model with energy variables, energy-related variables and extreme weather variables by GARCH model. First, this paper discusses the influence of Carbon price (set as primitive carbon price model) on those above variables. Then it set up an upper limit (cap) on carbon price series, and compares the results under three different kinds of price cap level. Two main results from the comparison above: 1. the lagged carbon prices will be more significant with higher carbon price cap; 2. the emission intensive energy sources (petroleum and coal) are the principal factors in the determination of CO2 prices. Due to those researches investigated by literature, high carbon price will bring large amount of cost for the manufacturers, but the excessively low carbon price will deter the development of carbon trading market. This article addresses three kinds of price-limited model. The results extend previous literature by showing that either excessively high or low cap level won’t contribute to greenhouse gas decrement and the market development.