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Journal articles on the topic 'Prickle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Khadgi, Archana, and Courtney A. Weber. "Morphological Characterization of Prickled and Prickle-free Rubus Using Scanning Electron Microscopy." HortScience 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14815-20.

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Caneberry crops (raspberry and blackberry) are globally commercialized specialty crops with a high fresh market value. Field management of canes and harvesting of fruits can be complicated by the presence of prickles (the botanically accurate term rather than spines or thorns) on the stems, petioles, and underside of the leaves. Both field management and fruit harvesting could be simplified by the development of cultivars with prickle-free canes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze and compare prickle development in different Rubus species. Comparisons were made between prickled vs. prickle-free red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), blackberry (Rubus hybrid), complex hybrid with purple fruit (R. occidentalis × R. idaeus), and the hairy and prickled wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim). Samples from stems and leaves with petioles attached were used for imaging. There were distinct differences between prickled vs. prickle-free phenotypes in each species. The images of prickle development suggest that prickles either develop directly from glandular trichomes (in red raspberry and wineberry) or that the signal originates from glandular trichomes (in blackberry). Black raspberry prickle development was similar to that of blackberry, suggesting that prickles developed after a developmental signal from glandular trichomes rather than as a direct development from glandular trichomes. The prickle development in the purple hybrid was unique in the presence of one-sided lumps in the trichomes, which has not been seen in any other Rubus species to date; however, both prickled and prickle-free plants exhibited simple nonglandular trichomes. Unlike previous studies, an increase in the number of simple trichomes was not specific to prickle-free plants, but rather variability among the different genotypes was observed. This study adds to the basic understanding of prickle development in the genus Rubus as a first step in the development of prickle-free versions of important cultivars through gene-editing procedures for improving the ease of field management and harvesting.

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2

Khadgi, Archana, and Courtney A. Weber. "Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Examining the Genomics Controlling Prickle Production in Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010027.

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Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an expanding high-value berry crop worldwide. The presence of prickles, outgrowths of epidermal tissues lacking vasculature, on the canes, petioles, and undersides of leaves complicates both field management and harvest. The utilization of cultivars with fewer prickles or prickle-free canes simplifies production. A previously generated population segregating for prickles utilizing the s locus between the prickle-free cultivar Joan J (ss) and the prickled cultivar Caroline (Ss) was analyzed to identify the genomic region associated with prickle development in red raspberry. Genotype by sequencing (GBS) was combined with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) to analyze 8474 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identify significant markers associated with the prickle-free trait. A total of four SNPs were identified on chromosome 4 that were associated with the phenotype and were located near or in annotated genes. This study demonstrates how association genetics can be used to decipher the genetic control of important horticultural traits in Rubus, and provides valuable information about the genomic region and potential genes underlying the prickle-free trait.

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3

Khadgi, Archana, and Courtney A. Weber. "RNA-Seq Analysis of Prickled and Prickle-Free Epidermis Provides Insight into the Genetics of Prickle Development in Red Raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.)." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121904.

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Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a globally commercialized specialty crop with growing demand worldwide. The presence of prickles on the stems, petioles and undersides of the leaves complicates both the field management and harvesting of raspberries. An RNA sequencing analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the epidermal tissue of prickled “Caroline” and prickle-free “Joan J.” and their segregating progeny. Expression patterns of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in prickle-free plants revealed the downregulation of some vital development-related transcription factors (TFs), including a MIXTA-like R2R3-MYB family member; MADS-box; APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) and NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2 (NAC) in prickle-free epidermis tissue. The downregulation of these TFs was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis, indicating a key regulatory role in prickle development. This study adds to the understanding of prickle development mechanisms in red raspberries needed for utilizing genetic engineering strategies for developing prickle-free raspberry cultivars and, possibly, other Rubus species, such as blackberry (Rubus sp.) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.).

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4

Zhang, Lei, Haoyun Sun, Tao Xu, Tianye Shi, Zongyun Li, and Wenqian Hou. "Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes and Pathways Involved in Prickle Development in Eggplant." Genes 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030341.

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Eggplant is one of the most important vegetables worldwide. Prickles on the leaves, stems and fruit calyxes of eggplant may cause difficulties during cultivation, harvesting and transportation, and therefore is an undesirable agronomic trait. However, limited knowledge about molecular mechanisms of prickle morphogenesis has hindered the genetic improvement of eggplant. In this study, we performed the phenotypic characterization and transcriptome analysis on prickly and prickleless eggplant genotypes to understand prickle development at the morphological and molecular levels. Morphological analysis revealed that eggplant prickles were multicellular, lignified and layered organs. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified key pathways and hub genes involved in the cell cycle as well as flavonoid biosynthetic, photosynthetic, and hormone metabolic processes during prickle development. Interestingly, genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis were up-regulated in developing prickles, and genes associated with photosynthesis were down-regulated in developing and matured prickles. It was also noteworthy that several development-related transcription factors such as bHLH, C2H2, MYB, TCP and WRKY were specifically down- or up-regulated in developing prickles. Furthermore, four genes were found to be differentially expressed within the Pl locus interval. This study provides new insights into the regulatory molecular mechanisms underlying prickle morphogenesis in eggplant, and the genes identified might be exploited in breeding programs to develop prickleless eggplant cultivars.

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5

Kellogg, Allicia A., Tatum J. Branaman, Nathan M. Jones, Coleman Z. Little, and John-David Swanson. "Morphological studies of developing Rubus prickles suggest that they are modified glandular trichomes." Botany 89, no. 4 (April 2011): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-008.

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Prickles are defined as outgrowths of epidermal tissues and can provide a simple developmental system for the study of the control of cell proliferation and growth. Setting the stage for future studies on gene regulation in the genus Rubus (brambles), a detailed analysis and staging series of prickle development in Rubus idaeus subsp. idaeus L. (red raspberry) is presented and compared with Rubus L. subsp. rubus Watson (blackberry) and Rosa hybrida L. 'Radtko' (rose). Morphological measurements from light and scanning electron micrographs were used to subdivide prickle development into four stages. Our studies indicate that raspberry and rose prickles are modified glandular trichomes continuing to grow and eventually hardening into their final prickle morphologies as outgrowths of epidermal tissue. Although glandular trichomes seem to be involved in blackberry prickle development, our studies indicate that these prickles do not follow the same developmental progression as raspberry, suggesting a potential evolutionary deviation from what is commonly seen in raspberry and rose.

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6

Shupert, David, David H. Byrne, and H. Brent Pemberton. "Genetic Study of Leaflet Number and Prickles in Roses." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1102A—1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1102a.

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Research with the Basye Rose Breeding and Genetic Program at Texas A&M University has developed rose populations to use to study the genetic nature of leaf, stem, and several other rose traits. The rose populations are from the backcross of Rosachinensis`Old Blush' to WOB (interspecific hybridization of the diploid parents Rosawichuariana `Basye's Thornless' and `Old Blush'). The qualitative trait of presence of stem prickles and the quantitative traits of stem prickle density and leaflet number were observed in three field locations. Two locations are in College Station, Texas, and one location in Overton, Texas. The qualitative trait of presence of stem prickles supports the reported monogenic modes of inheritance. The presence of stem prickles (dominant) had a segregation ratio of 1:1 for prickles: no prickles. Prickle density and leaflet number demonstrated a quantitative mode of inheritance. For prickle density the genotype was significant and environment was nonsignificant. For leaflet number the genotype/generation was significant and environment was nonsignificant. This shows that genotype influences prickle density and leaflet number expression. The genotype by environment interaction was nonsignificant for all traits.

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7

Naebe, Maryam, Bruce McGregor, Melanie Dowling, and David Tester. "Prickle discomfort assessment of commercial knitted wool garments." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-03-2017-0023.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the significant factors important for prickle discomfort properties of commercial wool knitwear and to analyse information on variability of garments manufactured over two decades, a total of 177 purchased garments were tested. Design/methodology/approach The relationship between the attributes of the reversed engineered garments and garment comfort, as assessed by Wool ComfortMeter, was determined. Findings The results indicate that: mean fibre diameter had the most significant effect on prickle assessment; the coefficient of variation of fibre diameter interacted with fabric thickness in affecting prickle discomfort; and rib knit structures were pricklier than single jersey structures. Originality/value The results provide objective evidence that the consumer surveys reporting dissatisfaction with the prickle discomfort of wool are based on real consumer experiences of prickle discomfort and are not based on “prejudice” against wool garments.

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8

Garnsworthy, R. K., R. L. Gully, P. Kenins, R. J. Mayfield, and R. A. Westerman. "Identification of the physical stimulus and the neural basis of fabric-evoked prickle." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1083–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.4.1083.

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1. The neurophysiological basis for the sensation of prickle evoked by contact of some fabrics with the skin is reported. 2. Single-unit sensory nerve recordings from the rabbit saphenous nerve were used to identify the receptors responsible for fabric-evoked prickle. These recordings showed that all low-threshold mechanoreceptors were activated by fabric, but they did not show differential response to prickly and nonprickly fabrics. 3. However, the response of some nociceptors, both A delta and polymodal C, differed according to the prickliness of fabrics. Some of these receptors responded to fine von Frey hairs with buckling loads of at least 75 mgf. This suggested that the prickle stimuli on the fabric surface were protruding fiber ends that exerted loads of 75 mgf, or more, against the skin. 4. A Teflon replication technique was devised for estimating the density of these fiber ends. Estimates of the sensation magnitude of prickle from graded fabric sets by a panel of 55 subjects correlated (coefficient 0.91) with this measure of fiber end density. 5. We conclude from these results that fabric-evoked prickle is the result of low-grade activity in nociceptors and that the stimuli are protruding fiber ends exerting loads of approximately 75 mgf or more against the skin.

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9

Naylor, G. R. S., C. J. Veitch, R. J. Mayfield, and R. Kettlewell. "Fabric-Evoked Prickle." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 8 (August 1992): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206200809.

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A simple subjective test method is described to evaluate the prickliness of fabric samples, and its reproducibility and consistency are assessed. The test is used to evaluate the prickliness of a set of wool knitted samples covering a range of fiber diameters. The finer (19 micron) wool samples are nonprickly, and prickle increases as the mean fiber diameter increases. Reducing fiber/fiber friction with silicones reduces prickle, suggesting that a reduction of fiber/fiber friction is an important mechanism in antiprickle treatments.

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10

Feng, Li-Guo, Xiao-Fang Luan, Jia Wang, Wei Xia, Meng Wang, and Li-Xia Sheng. "Cloning and expression analysis of transcription factor RrTTG1 related to prickle development in rose (Rosa Rugosa)." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 4 (2015): 1219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150310098f.

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A prickle is an acuminate protuberance formed by the deformation of plant trichomes together with a few cortical cells. It is a type of multicellular eglandular trichome with special morphology, which originates from the phloem but is not connected to the xylem. Rosa rugosa is an important ornamental/commercial plant and an important raw material in the food and perfume industries. However, the firm prickles on its stems are inconvenient to field management, the harvesting of flowers and garden management. The TTG1 transcription factor related to the development of prickle was isolated from R. rugosa in the present study. Its expression patterns in different tissues and varieties were analyzed. Results showed the expression level of the RrTTG1 gene was highest in the leaves, followed by the stems, but was lower in the pericarps and petals. Moreover, the higher expression level of the RrTTG1 gene in all tissues of the ?Ciguo rose?, as compared with that of the ?Weihai wild rose?, follows the results of field morphological observation. Therefore, the RrTTG1 transcription factor is likely to regulate the development of rose prickles. This study allows for further discussion on the molecular mechanisms of prickle formation and development in R. rugosa and provides a molecular basis for the cultivation of roses with fewer or no prickles via genetic engineering.

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11

Duan, Ya Feng, and Jiang Wei Yao. "The Prickle and Pressure Comfortability Evaluation of T/R/H Multi-Component Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.735.

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Most bast fibers and leaf fibers are harsh ,stiff and of high initial modulus, so the fabric made of them are prickling and difficult to go out of shape. The prickle and local stress of the fabric which are made of the blend of hemp, viscose and micro-porous polyester fiber were tested here, and the effect of the structure of the fabric on the prickle and local stress were analysed. It can be seen from the test result that the hemp content was not the most important factor to the prickle, warp and weft shrinkage and fabric count influence the prickle the most. As far as the local stress is concerned, he fabric pattern influence the stress transmission within the fabric obviously.

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12

Norton, M. A., and R. M. Skirvin. "Somaclonal Variation among ex vitro `Thornless Evergreen' Trailing Blackberries: The Morphological Status of Selected Clones after Seven Years of Field Growth." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 2 (March 1997): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.2.152.

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Chimeral `Thornless Evergreen' (CTE), (Rubus laciniatus Willd.) somaclones selected in 1983 and field planted in 1985 were reexamined in 1992 for various vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Two major types of thornless (prickle-free) plants, intermediate-sized (`UI 6-6' = `Everthornless') and dwarf (`UI 6-4'), originally selected from a chimeral thornless parent plant, were compared with thorny plants. The intermediate and dwarf somaclones have maintained their distinctive habits over 7 years' growth in the field, indicating that their growth habits are stable and not a transient effect of tissue culture. Although the thornless somaclones remained thornless, the degree and type of prickle-like structures varies considerably, indicating that the thornless gene (Ste) does not entirely suppress the production of prickles, but apparently alters their development. Increasing suppression was directly related to increasing dwarfism, suggesting a link between thornlessness and internode length.

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13

Tester, D. H. "Relationship between Comfort Meter values and the prickle rating of garments in wearer trials." Animal Production Science 50, no. 12 (2010): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10127.

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The latest prototype version of the CSIRO-developed Comfort Meter was used to measure representative samples of all the garments used in the Sheep Cooperative Research Centre wearer trials. The average wearer prickle ratings of the garment sets were compared to the average Comfort Meter values for the garments. Comfort Meter values were strongly correlated with average prickle ratings assigned by wearers of the garments. As average wool fibre diameter and fabric knit structure were changed in the fabrics used in the wearer trials, the relationship between the Comfort Meter value and the wearer prickle rating remained highly correlated. The correlation between the Comfort Meter value and the wearer prickle rating changed for a set of fabrics in which the yarn structures were changed. A possible mechanism to explain the various relationships is proposed.

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14

Naylor, G. R. S., D. G. Phillips, C. J. Veitch, M. Dolling, and D. J. Marland. "Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part I: The Role of Fiber End Diameter Characteristics." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 4 (April 1997): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700408.

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Fabric-evoked prickle is studied in a range of worsted spun single jersey knitted wool fabrics made from wools with different fiber diameter characteristics. Relative prickle sensation in these fabrics can be predicted from the density of coarse fiber ends per unit area of fabric, with the percentage of fiber ends greater than 32 μm in diameter being the key factor. Naturally occurring variations in the percentages of coarse fiber ends at a given mean fiber diameter found in individual fleeces can lead to significant differences in fabric-evoked prickle.

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15

Hahn, Federico. "Photovoltaic Prickle Pear Harvesting Tool." Natural Resources 04, no. 03 (2013): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/nr.2013.43033.

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Naylor, G. R. S., and D. G. Phillips. "Fabric-Evoked Prickle in Worsted Spun Single Jersey Fabrics Part II: The Role of Fiber Length, Yarn Count, and Fabric Cover Factor." Textile Research Journal 67, no. 5 (May 1997): 354–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759706700508.

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Fabric-evoked prickle is studied in a range of jersey knitted wool fabrics made from worsted spun yarn. The existing predictive model of relative prickliness based on earlier studies of wools with diameter characteristics is extended and can quantitatively account for changes in mean fiber length, yarn count, and fabric cover factor. For all these variables, relative prickle sensation can be predicted from the density of coarse fiber ends per unit area of fabric. It is thus possible to compare the relative importance of these variables. Within the commercial range, the mean fiber diameter of a wool remains the most important factor affecting fabric-evoked prickle.

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17

Garnsworthy, R. K., R. L. Gully, P. Kenins, and R. A. Westerman. "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation and the sensation of prickle." Journal of Neurophysiology 59, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1988.59.4.1116.

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1. A high-voltage low-current transcutaneous electrical stimulating device was constructed and tested for its suitability to evaluate fabric-evoked prickle sensitivity in a population of 162 subjects. The initial sensation experienced by subjects with this device was the unpleasant sensation of prickle. 2. Single-unit recordings from the rabbit saphenous nerve established that at threshold most unmyelinated cutaneous receptors, both C low-threshold mechanoreceptive and polymodal nociceptive, were activated by the device. 3. Threshold measurements showed that there was no relationship of electrical threshold to atopic status, nor to fabric prickle threshold. It was concluded that our device preferentially excites unmyelinated afferents, but is not useful as a screening device for fabric intolerance.

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18

White, Peter S. "PRICKLE DISTRIBUTION IN ARALIA SPINOSA (ARALIACEAE)." American Journal of Botany 75, no. 2 (February 1988): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb13440.x.

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19

Matsudaira, M., J. D. Watt, and G. A. Carnaby. "Measurement of the Surface Prickle of Fabrics Part II: Some Effects of Finishing on Fabric Prickle." Journal of the Textile Institute 81, no. 3 (January 1990): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405009008658712.

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20

Gao, Xi Guang, and Wei Guo Sun. "Effect of Cellulose Enzyme Treatment on the Prickle of Ramie Knitting Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.91.

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Eliminating the prickle of ramie knitting fabric was studied by using cellulose, through the method of quadratic general rotary. The influence factors including pH value, cellulose enzyme density, liquor ratio, temperature and time of the treatment fluid were investigated. The optimum processing conditions for eliminating prickle of ramie knitting fabric were determined as follow: pH 5, 3%(o.w.f) cellulose enzyme density at liquor ratio of 1:20 for 45min at 45°C.

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21

Li, Tian Tian, Jian Zhong Shao, Jin Li Zhou, and Tian Zuo Zhang. "The Evaluation of Fabric Prickle Based on BP Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 645–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.645.

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A three-layer BP neural network model was established by relating subjective evaluation of fabric prickle level and 16 objective parameters from KES-FB system. The elastic gradient decrease method was adopted for network training to achieve the preset precision of the model which was later applied to fabric prickle level evaluation. Results from this method gave a considerably accuracy compared with actual subjective results which implied a compatibility between BP neural network and traditional subjective evaluation.

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22

OMOTO, Mitsuyoshi, Hisashi SUGIURA, Takashi MOCHIZUKI, Michihito ISHIZAWA, Keiji MATSUMOTO, and Harumitsu MIYAUCHI. "CAV therapy for prickle cell carcinoma.A case of prickle cell carcinoma in which CAV therapy was effective." Skin Cancer 6, no. 3 (1991): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5227/skincancer.6.441.

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23

Venkat, Vishaka, and Vinod Balakrishnan. "(Poli) Tickle/Prickle: Keshav Between the Lines." Journal of Creative Communications 13, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 232–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973258618790795.

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This interview with Keshav Venkataraghavan, the staff cartoonist of The Hindu, explores the principles and the profession of political cartooning. Known as Keshav, to his readers, he has been drawing for 30 years and is now the editorial consultant of The Hindu. Beginning as a caricaturist who frequented the Chennai concerts to sketch the classical Carnatic musicians, Keshav has metamorphosed into an artist-cartoonist, effortlessly switching between the austere mind devoted to art’s spirituality and the specular mind which interrogates the socio-political sphere. While Keshav has drawn attention as an artist, his style of cartooning, surprisingly, has not been examined at length. As this is the first time Keshav becomes candid about the ethics, aesthetics and profession of cartooning, the interview demands attention, especially, for an Indian perception of cartooning. The interview attempts to answer the following questions: What decides the rhetoric, ethics and aesthetics of cartooning? Why is humour significant to cartooning? What is its role in making cartoons controversial? And what distinguishes political correctness from political incorrectness? Beginning with a discussion on the intriguing language of cartooning, the interview ponders over the process of choosing ideas and creating visuals for cartooning. This conversation with Keshav helps one to understand the tightrope profession of cartooning, as a thin separation between the scathed and smooth lines that tickle and prickle targets.

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24

HIGUCHI, RYUICHI. "Toxigenic chemistry of prickle of Acanthaster planci." Kagaku To Seibutsu 30, no. 1 (1992): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.30.27.

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25

Ramsay, Donald J., David B. Fox, and Geoffrey RS Naylor. "An instrument for assessing fabric prickle propensity." Textile Research Journal 82, no. 5 (December 2011): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511427962.

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26

HATZIS, J., A. TOSCA, A. VARELZIDIS, and J. STRATIGOS. "Skin surface marking on the prickle cell layer." British Journal of Dermatology 116, no. 4 (April 1987): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05868.x.

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27

Hall, Casey R., Vaibhav Dagg, Jamie M. Waterman, and Scott N. Johnson. "Silicon Alters Leaf Surface Morphology and Suppresses Insect Herbivory in a Model Grass Species." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050643.

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Grasses accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) which is deposited in trichomes, specialised silica cells and cell walls. This may increase leaf toughness and reduce cell rupture, palatability and digestion. Few studies have measured leaf mechanical traits in response to Si, thus the effect of Si on herbivores can be difficult to disentangle from Si-induced changes in leaf surface morphology. We assessed the effects of Si on Brachypodium distachyon mechanical traits (specific leaf area (SLA), thickness, leaf dry matter content (LDMC), relative electrolyte leakage (REL)) and leaf surface morphology (macrohairs, prickle, silica and epidermal cells) and determined the effects of Si on the growth of two generalist insect herbivores (Helicoverpa armigera and Acheta domesticus). Si had no effect on leaf mechanical traits; however, Si changed leaf surface morphology: silica and prickle cells were on average 127% and 36% larger in Si supplemented plants, respectively. Prickle cell density was significantly reduced by Si, while macrohair density remained unchanged. Caterpillars were more negatively affected by Si compared to crickets, possibly due to the latter having a thicker and thus more protective gut lining. Our data show that Si acts as a direct defence against leaf-chewing insects by changing the morphology of specialised defence structures without altering leaf mechanical traits.

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28

Collu, Giovanna M., Andreas Jenny, Konstantin Gaengel, Ivana Mirkovic, Mei-ling Chin, Ursula Weber, Michael J. Smith, and Marek Mlodzik. "Prickle is phosphorylated by Nemo and targeted for degradation to maintain Prickle/Spiny-legs isoform balance during planar cell polarity establishment." PLOS Genetics 14, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): e1007391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007391.

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29

Bagella, S., R. Filigheddu, R. Benesperi, P. Giordani, L. Minuto, D. Viciani, M. C. Caria, S. Pisanu, and G. Casazza. "Thorn, spine and prickle patterns in the Italian flora." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 153, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1474961.

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30

von Bayern, Auguste M. P., Ivo Jacobs, and Mathias Osvath. "Tool-using puffins prickle the puzzle of cognitive evolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 6 (January 22, 2020): 2737–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922117117.

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31

Daulat, A. M., O. Luu, A. Sing, L. Zhang, J. L. Wrana, H. McNeill, R. Winklbauer, and S. Angers. "Mink1 Regulates -Catenin-Independent Wnt Signaling via Prickle Phosphorylation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 32, no. 1 (October 28, 2011): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.06320-11.

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32

Anderson, Angela K., and Chad E. Finn. "Morphological Variation in Western Trailing Blackberry (Rubus ursinus) in the Pacific Northwest." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 767F—767. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.767f.

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Trailing blackberry cultivars, such as `Marion', can be traced to relatively few chance selections of Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Wild R. ursinus offer a range of horticulturally desirable traits to breeders, from high fruit quality to improved cold hardiness. Cuttings from 460 plants, representing 20 populations in southern British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, collected in 1993. Rooted clones were planted in 1994 in a replicated field trial to assess morphological variation. A greenhouse study was also undertaken, with 10 clones represented from each site, in two replications. Preliminary data from the greenhouse and field studies show variability in the following morphological characters: Glandular hairs; cane and prickle color; cane diameter; prickle density; internode length; leaf color, size, shape and density; and senescent leaf drop and color change. Floricane morphology will be assessed in 1995. Analysis of these data will determine relative genetic distances among the populations and enhance the understanding of the diversity available in R. ursinus.

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Sweede, Matthew, Gayatri Ankem, Boonta Chutvirasakul, Hugo F. Azurmendi, Souhad Chbeir, Justin Watkins, Richard F. Helm, Carla V. Finkielstein, and Daniel G. S. Capelluto. "Structural and Membrane Binding Properties of the Prickle PET Domain†." Biochemistry 47, no. 51 (December 23, 2008): 13524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi801037h.

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Davis, K. D., G. E. Pope, A. P. Crawley, and D. J. Mikulis. "Neural correlates of prickle sensation: a percept-related fMRI study." Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 11 (October 7, 2002): 1121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn955.

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35

Hu, Jiyong, Yi Li, and Junyan Hu. "Neuromechanical representation of fabric-evoked prickle: Spatial and probability integration." Fibers and Polymers 11, no. 5 (August 2010): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-0790-5.

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36

Uijtewaal, B. A., D. J. Huigen, and J. G. Th Hermsen. "Production of potato monohaploids (2n=x=12) through prickle pollination." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 73, no. 5 (September 1987): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00260786.

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Ankem, Gayatri, Matthew Sweede, Boonta Chutvirasakul, Hugo Azurmendi, Souhad Chbeir, Justin Watkins, Richard Helm, Carla V. Finkielstein, and Daniel G. Capelluto. "Structural and membrane binding properties of the Prickle PET domain." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 334a—335a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.1684.

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38

Yin, Chunyue, Maria Kiskowski, Philippe-Alexandre Pouille, Emmanuel Farge, and Lilianna Solnica-Krezel. "Cooperation of polarized cell intercalations drives convergence and extension of presomitic mesoderm during zebrafish gastrulation." Journal of Cell Biology 180, no. 1 (January 14, 2008): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200704150.

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During vertebrate gastrulation, convergence and extension (C&E) movements narrow and lengthen the embryonic tissues, respectively. In zebrafish, regional differences of C&E movements have been observed; however, the underlying cell behaviors are poorly understood. Using time-lapse analyses and computational modeling, we demonstrate that C&E of the medial presomitic mesoderm is achieved by cooperation of planar and radial cell intercalations. Radial intercalations preferentially separate anterior and posterior neighbors to promote extension. In knypek;trilobite noncanonical Wnt mutants, the frequencies of cell intercalations are altered and the anteroposterior bias of radial intercalations is lost. This provides evidence for noncanonical Wnt signaling polarizing cell movements between different mesodermal cell layers. We further show using fluorescent fusion proteins that during dorsal mesoderm C&E, the noncanonical Wnt component Prickle localizes at the anterior cell edge, whereas Dishevelled is enriched posteriorly. Asymmetrical localization of Prickle and Dishevelled to the opposite cell edges in zebrafish gastrula parallels their distribution in fly, and suggests that noncanonical Wnt signaling defines distinct anterior and posterior cell properties to bias cell intercalations.

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Duan, Ling, and Weidong Yu. "Novel and Efficient Method to Reduce the Jute Fibre Prickle Problem." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 23, no. 3(111) (April 30, 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1151702.

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Davis, Karen D. "Cold-induced pain and prickle in the glabrous and hairy skin." Pain 75, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00203-0.

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Zhang, C. H., W. L. Wu, S. Y. Hu, L. F. Lv, and W. L. Li. "Expression analysis of stem prickle formation in blackberry using cDNA-AFLP." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1110 (February 2016): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1110.25.

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Tree, David R. P., Joshua M. Shulman, Raphaël Rousset, Matthew P. Scott, David Gubb, and Jeffrey D. Axelrod. "Prickle Mediates Feedback Amplification to Generate Asymmetric Planar Cell Polarity Signaling." Cell 109, no. 3 (May 2002): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00715-8.

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Süpüren Mengüç, Gamze, Nilgün Özdil, and Lubos Hes. "Prickle and handle properties of fabrics produced from specialty animal fibers." Textile Research Journal 85, no. 20 (April 16, 2015): 2155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517515578327.

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Kai, Masatake, and Noriyuki Kinoshita. "P11. Dissecting biological functions of a Wnt/PCP pathway component Prickle." Differentiation 80 (November 2010): S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diff.2010.09.017.

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Wang, Suiping, Zaisheng Wu, Fengli Qu, Songbai Zhang, Guoli Shen, and Ruqin Yu. "A novel electrochemical immunosensor based on ordered Au nano-prickle clusters." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, no. 4 (December 2008): 1020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.08.013.

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Tao, Hirotaka, J. Robert Manak, Levi Sowers, Xue Mei, Hiroshi Kiyonari, Takaya Abe, Nader S. Dahdaleh, et al. "Mutations in Prickle Orthologs Cause Seizures in Flies, Mice, and Humans." American Journal of Human Genetics 88, no. 2 (February 2011): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.12.012.

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Veeman, Michael T., Diane C. Slusarski, Ajamete Kaykas, Sarah Hallagan Louie, and Randall T. Moon. "Zebrafish Prickle, a Modulator of Noncanonical Wnt/Fz Signaling, Regulates Gastrulation Movements." Current Biology 13, no. 8 (April 2003): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00240-9.

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Takeuchi, Masaki, Jun Nakabayashi, Takuya Sakaguchi, Takamasa S. Yamamoto, Hiroki Takahashi, Hiroyuki Takeda, and Naoto Ueno. "The prickle-Related Gene in Vertebrates Is Essential for Gastrulation Cell Movements." Current Biology 13, no. 8 (April 2003): 674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00245-8.

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Fujimura, Lisa, Haruko Watanabe-Takano, Yoshiharu Sato, Takeshi Tokuhisa, and Masahiko Hatano. "Prickle promotes neurite outgrowth via the Dishevelled dependent pathway in C1300 cells." Neuroscience Letters 467, no. 1 (December 2009): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.09.050.

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Bishop, D. P., J. Shen, E. Heine, and B. Hollfelder. "The Use of Proteolytic Enzymes to Reduce Wool-fibre Stiffness and Prickle." Journal of the Textile Institute 89, no. 3 (January 1998): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405009808658640.

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