Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primary Association

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Primary Association'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Primary Association"

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Bundela, R. K., Luxmi Singh, Nishant Rai, Pragati Garg, Swati Yadav, and B. B. Lal. "Association of primary open-angle glaucoma with systemic hypertension." Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (October 2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.4.7.

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Shenai, Ashwini, and Deepa Gurunathan. "Association of Primary Tooth Metrics and Body Mass Index Among Chennai Children." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 11, no. 2 (2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.11218.6.

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Buccoliero, Anna Maria, Gian Luigi Taddei, Adele Caldarella, Pasquale Mennonna, Franco Ammannati, Antonio Taddei, and Furio Mariotti. "Meningioma-primary brain lymphoma association." Neuropathology 24, no. 4 (December 2004): 336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2004.00570.x.

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Bhatia, Ajay, Stephen Cannon, Tim Briggs, and Richard W. Keen. "Chondrosarcoma in Association With Primary Hyperparathyroidism." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 19, no. 7 (March 22, 2004): 1200–1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.040317.

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GUSTAFSSON, ÅKE. "PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ASSOCIATION IN TARAXACUM." Hereditas 20, no. 1-2 (July 9, 2010): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1935.tb03176.x.

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Matinlauri, Irma, Markku Nurminen, Krister Höckerstedt, and Helena Isoniemi. "Human leukocyte antigen associations in Finnish liver transplantations due to primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis." Open Medicine 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-007-0009-3.

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AbstractA genetic predisposition has been suggested in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The aim of the study was to evaluate human leukocyte antigen (HLA) frequencies and HLA associations in Finnish PSC and PBC patients. The relative frequencies of HLA-A,-B, and-DR antigens were compared between patients with PSC (n=50), or PBC (n=89), transplanted due to end-stage liver disease, and healthy members in the Finnish bone marrow donor registry (n=10000). Prevalence differences, prevalence ratios and the associated large-sample significance probabilities (2-sided P-values) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.We found a strong positive association between PSC and HLA-B8 and-DR3, and a weak positive association between HLA-A1 and PSC. HLA-DR3 also had a weak positive association with PBC, and a weak negative association between HLA-DR5 and PBC was found. In conclusion, HLA-B8, and-DR3 are susceptible for progressive liver disease in PSC, and HLA-DR3 may also be susceptible for disease progression in PBC. HLA-DR5 may be protective against severe PBC.
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Arroliga, Alejandro C., Sunder Sandur, Donald W. Jacobsen, Sanjiv Tewari, Masroor Mustafa, Edward J. Mascha, and Killian Robinson. "Association between hyperhomocysteinemia and primary pulmonary hypertension." Respiratory Medicine 97, no. 7 (July 2003): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0954-6111(03)00038-6.

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Oma, Erling, Kristian K. Jensen, Thue Bisgaard, and Lars N. Jorgensen. "Association of Primary Ventral Hernia and Pregnancy." Annals of Surgery 272, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000003170.

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Dwight, Trisha, Anne E. Nelson, Deborah J. Marsh, Bin T. Teh, Catharina Larsson, and Bruce G. Robinson. "Parathyroid tumorigenesis in association with primary hyperparathyroidism." Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes 9, no. 1 (February 2002): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00060793-200202000-00008.

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Maida, M. J., E. Praveen, S. R. Crimmins, and G. L. Swift. "Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association?" Postgraduate Medical Journal 82, no. 974 (December 1, 2006): 833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary Association"

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Mitry, Danny. "Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment : clinical epidemiology and genetic aetiology." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8923.

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Primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is one of the most common ophthalmic emergencies. RRD is caused by a full thickness break in the retina which initiates separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. The subsequent accumulation of fluid within this potential space extends the area of detachment and causes visual loss. Previous assessments of RRD incidence have demonstrated large differences in case definition and methodology, with incidence estimates varying 3-fold geographically and in different time periods. To date there have been no systematic or prospective incidence estimates of primary RRD in the U.K. In this thesis I present the findings of a 2-year epidemiology study that prospectively aimed to recruit all incident cases of primary RRD diagnosed in Scotland. Case recruitment from consenting participants comprised a detailed questionnaire and a blood sample. In this thesis, I present the findings of the Scottish retinal detachment study that examined the incidence, demographic features, temporal incidence trends, as well as clinical and socio-economic associations of primary RRD in Scotland. From the clinical and genetic resource I assembled, I calculated the first population based estimate of the sibling recurrence risk ratio for RRD and designed and assisted in the analysis of the first case-control genome wide association study of this condition. Results from this study have estimated the annual incidence of primary RRD in Scotland to be 12.05 per 100,000 population. Based on this estimate, there are approximately 7,300 new cases annually in the United Kingdom. RRD incidence increases with age, is more common in men and right eyes, and is strongly associated with socio-economic affluence. In addition, using hospital episode data, the overall age-standardised incidence of RRD in Scotland was shown to be steadily increasing since 1987 with an average annual increase of 1.9%. Analysis of the clinical findings highlighted that the majority of RRD cases are caused by more than one retinal break; an important consideration for appropriate surgical management. Ocular trauma, previous cataract surgery, family history, and retinal degeneration are important predisposing features. In addition, over a 2 year period approximately 7% of individuals will suffer a RRD in the fellow eye representing an important risk of bilateral visual loss. Furthermore, I demonstrate that the risk of having an affected sibling with RRD is increased 2-fold given that one sibling has had the condition, substantiating a genetic component to the pathogenesis of this condition. In the final aspect of this thesis I will present the design and analysis of a two stage case-control genome-wide association study examining the role of common genetic variants and selected candidate genes in predisposing to RRD development.
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Almutairi, Wafa A. H. J. "The association between clinical and radiographic findings in carious primary molar teeth." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18577/.

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AIM This project undertook two cross-sectional studies involving the primary dentition. The aim was: Study A: to characterise the relationship between the radiographic appearance of early approximal carious lesions and cavitation threshold in primary molar teeth. Study B: to correlate the radiographic and histological measurements of the Remaining Dentine Thickness (RDT) beneath deep caries lesions in primary molar teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients requiring extraction under general anaesthesia at the Leeds Dental Institute were asked to participate in the study. For Study A, teeth were examined visually (both in-vivo and in-vitro) for presence/absence of cavitation and radiographically according to two radiographic criteria (i) ICDAS radiographic scoring system and (ii) the extent of the lesion as < or > 0.5mm from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) into dentine. For Study B, RDT was measured radiographically and histologically (in mm). RESULTS For Study A, 72 primary molars with approximal carious lesions extending radiographically into enamel, outer and inner dentine were included. Teeth showed a mixture of first and second primary molars (30 and 42 respectively), maxillary and mandibular teeth (36 teeth each), and mesial and distal lesions (34 and 38 respectively). Regarding radiographic ICDAS, no cavitation was associated with score 0 and 1. For score 2, 3 and 4, cavitation was reported in 11%, 45% and 86% of the cases respectively. According to the radiographic extension from EDJ, there was a statistically significant increase (p<0.05, chi-square) in the probability of cavitation (92%) with the radiographic lesions extended >0.5mm beyond the EDJ compared to the lesions extended < 0.5mm (29%). For study B, 50 primary molars were collected. Teeth showed a mixture of 21 first and 29 second primary molars of which 23 were maxillary and 27 were mandibular teeth with approximal and occlusal lesions (28 and 22 respectively). Radiographic RDT overestimated the histologic RDT by approximately 0.4 (0.2) mm. The overestimation was consistent across all primary molars and both proximal and occlusal lesions. CONCLUSION This study has given an additional insight into the radiographic interpretation in the primary dentition. It identified noticeable increase in the probability of cavitation when carious lesions extend >0.5mm beyond EDJ. In addition, it showed that digital bitewing radiographs overestimate the remaining dentine thickness in carious primary molars. These are significant findings when considering different treatment options for both early and deep carious lesions in primary molars.
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Martin, Keith J. "Association between Unscheduled Pediatric Primary Care Visits and Risk of Developmental Delay." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613745845662717.

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Lichtenstein, Morgan R. L. "The Association Between Patient Complexity and Primary Care Visit Length and Composition." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27007752.

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Importance: Our research examines the duration and content of primary care visits with a focus on whether visit length or composition differs for highly complex patients as compared to non-complex patients. This comparison elucidates the potential for primary care practices to provide more appropriately tailored outpatient care to meet the needs of complicated patients. Objective: We hypothesized that physician-defined complex patients would spend more time with their primary care physicians in each visit based on their increased medical, psychosocial, and mental health issues. With similar reasoning, we predicted that a physician-defined complex patient appointment would have different composition than a non-complex appointment. Design, Setting and Participants: This study was a prospective cohort study conducted at a large hospital-based primary care practice at Massachusetts General Hospital. Seven volunteer primary care physicians were recruited and data was collected from a total of 635 visits. Results: The study results regarding total visit length revealed that physician-defined complex patients and non-complex patients spend the same amount of time in any given primary care appointment. We also found that visit composition differs significantly between physician-defined complex and non-complex groups. Conclusion and Relevance: The study results regarding visit length showed that physician-defined complex patients and their non-complex counterparts spend the same amount of time in a single medical appointment. Within this standard visit length, we found that visit composition differs significantly between the patient groups. In complex visits, more time is spent discussing medications, specialty care coordination, and mental health. These patients receive less time on education, care planning, screening guidelines, logistics, and social discourse. These differences raise questions about whether standard visit length provides adequate time for patients with increased medical needs. Given that physician-defined complex patients struggle with relatively compromised health outcomes, these patients likely need more, not less, emphasis on the elements currently lacking in their care. Though complex patients have a greater number of appointments over time, less focus on the same subset of topics in each visit may ultimately compromise care in those areas. Thus complex patients may benefit from standardized supplemental care tailored to meet their advanced needs.
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Nahhas, Mahmoud A. "Investigating the association between obesity and asthma among primary schoolchildren in Madinah, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17916.

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Background: Over the latter half of the last century, a dramatic increase in the prevalence of asthma has been observed. Over this same period there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of obesity, this giving credence to the hypothesis that obesity and asthma may be causally associated. Aim: The main aims of this thesis were to: i) estimate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in primary schoolchildren in Madinah, Saudi Arabia; ii) investigate the association between childhood obesity and prevalence of asthma; and iii) investigate possible mechanisms that might explain any associations observed. Methods: I undertook a pilot study aimed at testing the feasibility of conducting a large-scale descriptive epidemiological study of asthma and associated allergic disorders. This was followed by a two-stage cross-sectional survey, which was conducted to investigate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema in a sample of 5,188 schoolchildren, aged 6-8 years using an Arabic, validated version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. Finally, I undertook an analytical study investigating the relationship between obesity and asthma. The cross-sectional study allowed for the identification of cases (i.e. those with a history of symptoms suggestive of asthma) and controls (i.e. those without a history suggestive of asthma). A sample of 632 cases and controls were recruited into a matched case-control study. Conditional logistic regression analysis, with appropriate adjustment for a range of potential confounders, was undertaken to explore the association between measures of obesity (in particular, body mass index (BMI)) and asthma. The possible aetiological roles of atopy and airway obstruction were studied by investigating the impact of sensitisation to common aeroallergens and measurements of lung function on the association between body mass index (BMI) and asthma. Results: In the pilot study, I found that the asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema were very prevalent in children in Madinah and that further epidemiological studies were therefore likely to be feasible. The overall prevalence of children with a history of symptoms suggestive of asthma was 23.6% (95% CI: 21.3, 26.0); the prevalence among boys was estimated at 24.4% (95% CI: 22.0, 26.9) and among girls at 21.9% (95% CI: 17.4, 27.1), respectively. After adjustment for a number of possible confounders, BMI was found to be a significant predictor of the odds of asthma in both boys (OR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.19) and girls (OR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.56). When sensitisation to allergens was included in the analyses, the effect of BMI on the risk of asthma was no longer evident in boys (OR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.99-1.19) or girls (OR=1.25; 95% CI: 0.96-1.60). When the effect of lung function measures were factored into the model, the association however persisted: boys: OR=1.10 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.18) and girls OR=1.37 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.54). Conclusions: Asthma and related allergic disorders are very common in primary schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia. BMI is associated with symptoms suggestive of asthma in primary schoolchildren. This effect does not appear to be mediated through respiratory obstruction, but may, at least in part, be mediated through increasing the risk of allergic sensitisation. Prospective and more detailed gender-specific mechanistic studies are now needed to further investigate this association.
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Tomson, Derek. "Evaluating the association between adult primary brain tumours and a family history of cancer." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27301.

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There are very few established causes of primary brain tumours in adults. Associated with short survival times, increasing effort is being put forth in an attempt to better understand the risk factors of these neoplasms, including investigating the possible relationship with a family history of cancer and germline genetic polymorphisms. This thesis was conducted to evaluate both of these potential associations. Using an international population-based case-control study, the self-reported family histories of cancer were compared between 1089 glioma cases and 1922 matched controls and between 307 meningioma cases and 1095 controls. Significantly lowered odds of glioma were associated with the reporting of any type of cancer in a first degree relative (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.99) and with any type of cancer excluding brain tumours (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9). No significant associations were found amongst the meningioma cases and controls, though elevated point estimates were found for those reporting parental lung and genitourinary cancers, while the presence of breast, lip, oral, pharyngeal and unspecified cancers all produced great reductions in meningioma odds, suggesting that further study is required. In order to evaluate the association between adult brain tumours and genetic polymorphisms, a systematic review of the literature was completed. A total of 41 case-control studies were included, covering 46 separate genes and more than 100 different single nucleotide polymorphisms. When possible, quantitative data synthesis was performed to establish a more refined point estimate and confidence intervals. Heterogeneity across the studies and variability in the subject matter often prevented any possible data synthesis so establishing associations that were statistically significant was difficult. All told, there were 41 significant associations found amongst the included studies and each varied by the particular polymorphism or histology studied. None of the estimates produced in the quantitative data syntheses suggested a statistically significant association. The results of this thesis suggest that a family history of cancer is not a risk factor for primary brain tumours in adults and that further work is necessary to better establish the possible association between various genetic polymorphisms and adult brain tumours.
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Sharafieh, Roshanak. "Molecular genetic screening and association studies of adult-onset primary open angle and congenital glaucomas." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559280.

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Glaucoma is a group of disorders with a broad range of clinical and histopathological manifestations. This condition presents itself in many different ways and with distinct shared characteristics that include optic neuropathy due to optic nerve head damage (cupping) and visual field dysfunction with or without presence of increased intraocular pressure (lOP). Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness, which afflicts nearly 67 million people worldwide. It is considered the second most frequent cause of bilateral blindness, affecting 6.7 million people worldwide. By 2020, glaucoma is anticipated to affect 79.6 million people, increasing the number of bilaterally blind individuals due to glaucoma to 11.1 million. This thesis aimed to provide new insights into the molecular genetics of adult-onset Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and a paediatric form of Primary Congenital Glaucoma (PCG). In the first portion of this work, the GLC1B locus on chromosome 2pl1.2-qI2.2 was investigated using extensive linkage and saturation mapping in order to reduce the region and to select potential candidate genes for screening 9 previously linked families. Genomic Convergence and Proteomic Streamlining methods were used to select and prioritise the most likely candidate genes. The prioritisation was based on tissue expression, bioinformatics, microarray data, as well as assessment of their protein- encoded functions. This investigation leads to the hypothesis that there may actually be two areas of interest for the GLCl B locus, one on the p arm and the other on the q arm of chromosome 2. Since at least three other independent studies shared a common overlapping area on the q arm of chromosome 2, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from each of the genes within this common region were selected for a regional gene-specific association study. After genotyping our linked-GLC1B POAG families, sporadic cases and other matched control subjects, the genes that showed strong association were selected and screened for mutations. After direct sequencing of these genes, 62 DNA alterations (known and novel intronic and exonic variants) were observed and their disease-causing nature was carefully investigated. In conclusion, the GLC1B locus has been significantly reduced to a region of approximately 6.66-Mb. A total of 10 candidate genes were selected, individually sequenced and ultimately excluded as being involved in the aetiology of a group of GLC1B-linked POAG families. Further work is necessary to identify the defective gene(s) at the GLC1B locus. In the second portion of this thesis, the GLC3C locus on chromosome 14q24.3- q31.1, the study aimed to prioritise genes using similar methods to the strategies previously used to identify candidate genes within the GLC1B locus. These included Genomic Convergence, Proteomic Streamlining and the information from other linked families within the region. A total of 7 regional candidate genes were selected, sequenced and excluded as being involved in the aetiology of our GLC3C-linked family. Altogether, 80 DNA alterations (known and novel intronic and exonic variants) were observed in the sequenced genes and their disease-causing nature was carefully investigated. In addition, to the screening of the above-mentioned GLC3C candidate genes, a newly described PCG-causing gene, LTBP2, was fully sequenced and excluded in our GLC3C-linked family. Additionally, a total of 94 familial and sporadic PCG and 96 matched-control subjects were fully sequenced for the entire 36-coding exons of the LTBP2 gene. Only two heterozygous DNA alterations were identified in 2 PCG individuals, which were absent in 96 normal control subjects. Since no homozygous mutations were observed, further investigation is required to determine the disease- causing nature of these two DNA alterations. Therefore, this study was unable to replicate previously described mutations in the PCG subjects from Pakistan and Iran. Likewise, at least one other study of American PCG cases did not find any gene mutations in the LTBP2 gene, thus further confirming the observation of this study. As this gene is implicated in diseases with multiple clinical presentations, further investigation is necessary to determine the overall role that LTBP2 plays in the isolated PCG phenotype as well as in identifying the causative gene(s) within the GLC3C locus.
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Fletcher, Stephen. "Analysis of a failed primary commodity cartel : the Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association (GCNA) and the Association of Indonesian Nutmeg Exporters (ASPIN) Joint Marketing Agreement." Thesis, Aston University, 2017. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/37547/.

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This thesis is a study of a failed attempt at the formation of a primary commodity cartel. In 1986, the Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association (GCNA) entered into a Joint Marketing Agreement with the Association of Indonesian Nutmeg Exporters (ASPIN) to create a cartel by agreeing to control the supply of nutmeg and mace onto the international market to increase and stabilise the prices of the commodities. At the time of the Agreement , Indonesia was the world‘s largest supplier of nutmegs and mace (75 - 80 per cent of supply), and Grenada the second the second largest (10 - 15 per cent of supply). Catz International B V, a Dutch spice trader played a key role in the formation of the Agreement and was also instrumental in the formation of ASPIN, as an Indonesian association of nutmeg exporters and secured sole buyer status for nutmeg and mace exported by ASPIN. The Agreement appeared to be briefly effective raising prices but cracks appeared in the Agreement within two years and it formally ended in mid-1990. This thesis investigates: (a) the motivations and decision making of Grenadian stakeholders in forming the Agreement; (b) the role of external stakeholders in the formation, performance and demise of the Agreement, and (c) the ongoing efforts of the GCNA to continue the Agreement when it was failing. GCNA‘s archival records, statistical data, and discussions with key Grenadian stakeholders and some international traders were the sources of data. Stakeholder analysis and the literature on cartels provided the theoretical grounding and context. The qualitative case-study approach using triangulation to establish what happened and Langley‘s sense-making strategies have been used to construct the narrative. The key results of this study are: (a) the fundamental economic conditions necessary for the formation and sustenance of the Agreement as a cartel were absent; (b) the organisational arrangements for the sustenance of the Agreement on the Indonesian side were deficient, and (c) GCNA was active in forming the Agreement and persisted in attempts to revive the Agreement because of deficiencies in its information and knowledge about the Indonesian and market situation arising out of over-reliance on a single source. The study contributes to knowledge on decision making in commodity cooperatives in small economies and has wider lessons for management decision making in developing countries.
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Takada, Shiho. "Association Between Subjective Sleep Quality and Future Risk of Falls in Older People: Results From LOHAS." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232464.

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Jamensky, Glen Alexander. "Investigation of the association between posterior interproximal contact points and approximal caries in the primary dentition." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33006.

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Caries in the primary dentition remains a public health problem despite a general decline in caries prevalence over the past 25 years. The present cross-sectional study investigates a hypothesized association between closed contact points in the primary dentition and approximal caries formation. It was carried out using a convenience sample of 286 children receiving dental care at the Montreal Children's Hospital. Bivariate analysis was performed using odd ratios, to determine which independent variables collected by the survey had a significant association with the dependent variable (approximal caries). Significant independent variables were then controlled for in multiple logistic regression analysis. These analyses revealed a strong association between the presence of approximal caries and closed contact points, warranting further investigation by longitudinal studies. If these results can be replicated, flossing the primary teeth and incorporating tooth position into prediction models could become important preventative weapons in fighting this disease.
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Books on the topic "Primary Association"

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Krijgsman, Peter. A brief history: IPMA'S role in harmonising international capital markets, 1984-1994. London: IPMA, 1994.

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Webb, Rosemary. After the deluge: Changing roles and responsibilities in the primary school. London: Association of Teachers & Lecturers, 1994.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Education, Science and Arts Committee. Achievement in primary schools: Minutes of evidence, Tuesday 12 November 1985 : National Association of Parent-Teacher Associations. London: H.M.S.O., 1985.

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LaRene, Gaunt, ed. The children's friends: Primary presidents and their lives of service. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1996.

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Association on American Indian Affairs. Native America, a primary record: The Association on American Indian Affairs Archives, 1851-1983. Woodbridge, CT: Primary Source Microfilm, 2004.

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Norman, Ellis. General practitioners handbook: British Medical Association. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Medical Press, 1997.

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Webb, Rosemary. After the deluge: Changing roles and responsibilities in the primary school : final report of research commissioned by the Association of Teachers and Lecturers. London: ATL, 1994.

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Weinreb, Robert N., Paul R. Healey, and Fotis Topouzis. Glaucoma screening: Screening for open angle glaucoma, primary angle-closure and primary angle-closure glaucoma : the 5th consensus report of the World Glaucoma Association. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Kugler Publications, 2008.

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Webb, Rosemary. After the deluge: Changing roles and responsibilities in the primary school : summary and recommendations of research commissioned by the Association of Teachers and Lecturers. London: Association of Teachers and Lecturers, 1994.

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University of Malawi. Centre for Social Research. Report on the evaluation of the Private Hospital Association of Malawi (PHAM) primary health care programme. Zomba [Malawi]: The Centre, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primary Association"

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Iñiguez-Ariza, Nicole M., and Bart L. Clarke. "Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Association with Coexistent Secondary Causes of Hypercalcemia." In Hyperparathyroidism, 137–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25880-5_16.

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Rodrigues, Ana, Maria Cadilhe, Filipa Ferreira, Cláudia Pereira, and Marta Santos. "Developing a Training Action for Primary School Teachers by Doubly Considering (Their) Work." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 758–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74614-8_93.

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El Badry, Mohammed, Mostafa Alaoui Abdallaoui, and Abdelfattah Haily. "Primary Group Rings." In Associative and Non-Associative Algebras and Applications, 179–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35256-1_10.

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Legrouri, Ahmed. "The African Dream for Quality Higher Education." In The Promise of Higher Education, 325–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67245-4_49.

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AbstractEducation is well established as a leading means for building broad-based social welfare, promoting economic development and eradicating poverty. Most governments and international development agencies have, for many years, argued for a sequential development of schooling, giving priority to primary and then to secondary education before moving on to higher education. The World Education Forum: Education for All (Dakar, Senegal in 2000) advocated for primary education as a lone driver for development. In 2015, the United Nations recognised the role of HE in advancing the 2030 sustainable development agenda. HE is mentioned among the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in target 4.3 and forms an important part of other goals (See Higher Education and Research for Sustainable Development (HESD) global portal, International Association of Universities).
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Okoro, Judith I., Brittany Ballen, Melissa Afterman, Carisa Harris Adamson, and Michelle M. Robertson. "Applying a Systems Approach to Developing Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Among Primary School Children While Distance Learning During the COVID-19 pandemic- the Stand up Kids Study." In Proceedings of the 21st Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2021), 88–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74605-6_11.

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Krueger, Hans, David McLean, and Dan Williams. "Summary of Significant SPC Associations." In The Prevention of Second Primary Cancers, 135–37. Basel: KARGER, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000151881.

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Rea, David. "Primary, Concentrated and Regulated Sectors: Steel." In The Challenge of Change in EU Business Associations, 93–102. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230523234_7.

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"Primary Prevention Public Schools." In The National Mental Health Association, 117–28. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315826004-6.

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"The Association of Primary Dealers." In After the Accord, 371–79. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108885386.031.

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Spivak, Jerry L. "Primary myelofibrosis." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 4274–80. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.220309_update_003.

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Myelofibrosis is a reactive process common to many malignant and benign disorders. Primary myelofibrosis is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder of unknown aetiology that involves a multipotent haemopoietic progenitor cell and results in abnormalities in red cell, white cell, and platelet production in association with marrow fibrosis and extramedullary haemopoiesis....
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Conference papers on the topic "Primary Association"

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Lousado, José P., Gabriela R. Moura, Manuel A. S. Santos, and José Luis Oliveira. "Exploiting Codon-Triplets Association for Genome Primary Structure Analysis." In International Conference on Biocomputation, Bioinformatics, and Biomedical Technologies (BIOTECHNO 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biotechno.2008.21.

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Elbishari, Zaineb, and Michael Barrett. "GP69 Cerebral vascular accident association post primary varicella infection." In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.135.

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Gavrik, Vitali V. "Tetrachromacy of human vision: spectral channels and primary colors." In 9th Congress of the International Color Association, edited by Robert Chung and Allan Rodrigues. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.464730.

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Azizah, Widya Nur. "Need and Demand of Primary Health Care on Public Health’s Undergraduate Students, Airlangga University, Surabaya." In Indonesian Health Economics Association. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007022900250028.

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Liu, Yunxiang, and Qi Pan. "Association analysis of Primary liver cancer based on Apriori Algorithm." In 2019 4th International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciibms46890.2019.8991456.

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Lucas Vieira Rodrigues, Andrey, Jeniffer Mirelli dos Santos Lopes, Lucas Vasco Aragão, Gabriela de Lira Pessoa Mota, Matheus Henrique Silva Menor, Bárbara Mariana dos Santos Silva, Eduarda Collier de França, et al. "A RARE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PRIMARY SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME AND NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA." In Congresso Brasileiro de Reumatologia 2020. Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47660/cbr.2020.17393.

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Banerjee, Shramana M., Soha El Sheikh, Anmol Malhotra, Sandy Mosse, Sweta Parker, Norman R. Williams, Sandy MacRobert, Rifat Hamoudi, Stephen G. Bown, and Mo R. S. Keshtgar. "Photodynamic therapy in primary breast cancer: the first human study (Conference Presentation)." In 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, edited by Tayyaba Hasan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2525480.

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Thécua, Elise, Fabienne Lecomte, Laurine Ziane, Anne-Sophie Vignion-Dewalle, Cyril Maire, Claire Vicentini, Henry Abirached, Delphine Staumont, Laurent Mortier, and Serge R. Mordon. "Light emitting fabrics for photodynamic treatment of vulvar primary extramammary Paget's disease." In 17th International Photodynamic Association World Congress, edited by Tayyaba Hasan. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2525609.

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Putra, D. G. "Improved Primary Cementing Design as Mitigation to Post-Cementing Gas Migration." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 42nd Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa19.e.261.

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Ramiirez G., Ana M., Mario A. Munoz G., Jimmy A. Florez Z., Claudia C. Botero S., and Sergio T. Kofuji. "Multipoint primary radar detection association and tracking construction based on BLUE filter." In 2013 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2013.6922064.

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Reports on the topic "Primary Association"

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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Lant Pritchett. Women’s Education May Be Even Better Than We Thought: Estimating the Gains from Education When Schooling Ain’t Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/049.

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Women’s schooling has long been regarded as one of the best investments in development. Using two different cross-nationally comparable data sets which both contain measures of schooling, assessments of literacy, and life outcomes for more than 50 countries, we show the association of women’s education (defined as schooling and the acquisition of literacy) with four life outcomes (fertility, child mortality, empowerment, and financial practices) is much larger than the standard estimates of the gains from schooling alone. First, estimates of the association of outcomes with schooling alone cannot distinguish between the association of outcomes with schooling that actually produces increased learning and schooling that does not. Second, typical estimates do not address attenuation bias from measurement error. Using the new data on literacy to partially address these deficiencies, we find that the associations of women’s basic education (completing primary schooling and attaining literacy) with child mortality, fertility, women’s empowerment and the associations of men’s and women’s basic education with positive financial practices are three to five times larger than standard estimates. For instance, our country aggregated OLS estimate of the association of women’s empowerment with primary schooling versus no schooling is 0.15 of a standard deviation of the index, but the estimated association for women with primary schooling and literacy, using IV to correct for attenuation bias, is 0.68, 4.6 times bigger. Our findings raise two conceptual points. First, if the causal pathway through which schooling affects life outcomes is, even partially, through learning then estimates of the impact of schooling will underestimate the impact of education. Second, decisions about how to invest to improve life outcomes necessarily depend on estimates of the relative impacts and relative costs of schooling (e.g., grade completion) versus learning (e.g., literacy) on life outcomes. Our results do share the limitation of all previous observational results that the associations cannot be given causal interpretation and much more work will be needed to be able to make reliable claims about causal pathways.
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Schnabel, Filipina, and Danielle Aldridge. Effectiveness of EHR-Depression Screening Among Adult Diabetics in an Urban Primary Care Clinic. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0003.

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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) and depression are important comorbid conditions that can lead to more serious health outcomes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) supports routine screening for depression as part of standard diabetes management. The PHQ2 and PHQ9 questionnaires are good diagnostic screening tools used for major depressive disorders in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). This quality improvement study aims to compare the rate of depression screening, treatment, and referral to behavioral health in adult patients with DM2 pre and post-integration of depression screening tools into the electronic health record (EHR). Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review on patients aged 18 years and above with a diagnosis of DM2 and no initial diagnosis of depression or other mental illnesses. Chart reviews included those from 2018 or prior for before integration data and 2020 to present for after integration. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from a pool of 33,695 patients in the clinic with DM2 from the year 2013-2021. Thirty of the patients were prior to the integration of depression screening tools PHQ2 and PHQ9 into the EHR, while the other half were post-integration. The study population ranged from 18-83 years old. Results All subjects (100%) were screened using PHQ2 before integration and after integration. Twenty percent of patients screened had a positive PHQ2 among subjects before integration, while 10% had a positive PHQ2 after integration. Twenty percent of patients were screened with a PHQ9 pre-integration which accounted for 100% of those subjects with a positive PHQ2. However, of the 10% of patients with a positive PHQ2 post-integration, only 6.7 % of subjects were screened, which means not all patients with a positive PHQ2 were adequately screened post-integration. Interestingly, 10% of patients were treated with antidepressants before integration, while none were treated with medications in the post-integration group. There were no referrals made to the behavior team in either group. Conclusion There is no difference between the prevalence of depression screening before or after integration of depression screening tools in the EHR. The study noted that there is a decrease in the treatment using antidepressants after integration. However, other undetermined conditions could have influenced this. Furthermore, not all patients with positive PHQ2 in the after-integration group were screened with PHQ9. The authors are unsure if the integration of the depression screens influenced this change. In both groups, there is no difference between referrals to the behavior team. Implications to Nursing Practice This quality improvement study shows that providers are good at screening their DM2 patients for depression whether the screening tools were incorporated in the EHR or not. However, future studies regarding providers, support staff, and patient convenience relating to accessibility and availability of the tool should be made. Additional issues to consider are documentation reliability, hours of work to scan documents in the chart, risk of documentation getting lost, and the use of paper that requires shredding to comply with privacy.
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Prysyazhnyi, Mykhaylo. UNIQUE, BUT UNCOMPLETED PROJECTS (FROM HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT PRESS). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11093.

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In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.
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Connor, Robert J., and Cem Korkmaz. Fatigue Categorization of Obliquely Oriented Welded Attachments. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317210.

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In current bridge design specifications and evaluation manuals from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO LRFD) (AASHTO, 2018), the detail category for base metal at the toe of transverse stiffener-to-flange fillet welds and transverse stiffener-to-web fillet welds to the direction of the web and hence, the primary stress) is Category C′. In skewed bridges or various other applications, there is sometimes a need to place the stiffener or a connection plate at an angle that is not at 90 degrees to the web. As the plate is rotated away from being 90 degrees to the web, the effective “length” of the stiffener in the longitudinal direction increases. However, AASHTO is currently silent on how to address the possible effects on fatigue performance for other angles in between these two extremes. This report summarizes an FEA study that was conducted in order to investigate and determine the fatigue category for welded attachments that are placed at angles other than 0 or 90 degrees for various stiffener geometries and thicknesses. Recommendations on how to incorporate the results into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are included in this report.
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Leavy, Michelle B., Danielle Cooke, Sarah Hajjar, Erik Bikelman, Bailey Egan, Diana Clarke, Debbie Gibson, Barbara Casanova, and Richard Gliklich. Outcome Measure Harmonization and Data Infrastructure for Patient-Centered Outcomes Research in Depression: Report on Registry Configuration. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcregistryoutcome.

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Background: Major depressive disorder is a common mental disorder. Many pressing questions regarding depression treatment and outcomes exist, and new, efficient research approaches are necessary to address them. The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility and value of capturing the harmonized depression outcome measures in the clinical workflow and submitting these data to different registries. Secondary objectives include demonstrating the feasibility of using these data for patient-centered outcomes research and developing a toolkit to support registries interested in sharing data with external researchers. Methods: The harmonized outcome measures for depression were developed through a multi-stakeholder, consensus-based process supported by AHRQ. For this implementation effort, the PRIME Registry, sponsored by the American Board of Family Medicine, and PsychPRO, sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association, each recruited 10 pilot sites from existing registry sites, added the harmonized measures to the registry platform, and submitted the project for institutional review board review Results: The process of preparing each registry to calculate the harmonized measures produced three major findings. First, some clarifications were necessary to make the harmonized definitions operational. Second, some data necessary for the measures are not routinely captured in structured form (e.g., PHQ-9 item 9, adverse events, suicide ideation and behavior, and mortality data). Finally, capture of the PHQ-9 requires operational and technical modifications. The next phase of this project will focus collection of the baseline and follow-up PHQ-9s, as well as other supporting clinical documentation. In parallel to the data collection process, the project team will examine the feasibility of using natural language processing to extract information on PHQ-9 scores, adverse events, and suicidal behaviors from unstructured data. Conclusion: This pilot project represents the first practical implementation of the harmonized outcome measures for depression. Initial results indicate that it is feasible to calculate the measures within the two patient registries, although some challenges were encountered related to the harmonized definition specifications, the availability of the necessary data, and the clinical workflow for collecting the PHQ-9. The ongoing data collection period, combined with an evaluation of the utility of natural language processing for these measures, will produce more information about the practical challenges, value, and burden of using the harmonized measures in the primary care and mental health setting. These findings will be useful to inform future implementations of the harmonized depression outcome measures.
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Hutchinson, M. L., J. E. L. Corry, and R. H. Madden. A review of the impact of food processing on antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in secondary processed meats and meat products. Food Standards Agency, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.bxn990.

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For meat and meat products, secondary processes are those that relate to the downstream of the primary chilling of carcasses. Secondary processes include maturation chilling, deboning, portioning, mincing and other operations such as thermal processing (cooking) that create fresh meat, meat preparations and ready-to-eat meat products. This review systematically identified and summarised information relating to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during the manufacture of secondary processed meatand meat products (SPMMP). Systematic searching of eight literature databases was undertaken and the resultantpapers were appraised for relevance to AMR and SPMMP. Consideration was made that the appraisal scores, undertaken by different reviewers, were consistent. Appraisal reduced the 11,000 initially identified documents to 74, which indicated that literature relating to AMR and SPMMP was not plentiful. A wide range of laboratory methods and breakpoint values (i.e. the concentration of antimicrobial used to assess sensitivity, tolerance or resistance) were used for the isolation of AMR bacteria.The identified papers provided evidence that AMR bacteria could be routinely isolated from SPMMP. There was no evidence that either confirmed or refuted that genetic materials capable of increasing AMR in non-AMR bacteria were present unprotected (i.e. outside of a cell or a capsid) in SPMMP. Statistical analyses were not straightforward because different authors used different laboratory methodologies.However, analyses using antibiotic organised into broadly-related groups indicated that Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to third generation cephalosporins might be an area of upcoming concern in SPMMP. The effective treatment of patients infected with Enterobacteriaceaeresistant to cephalosporins are a known clinical issue. No AMR associations with geography were observed and most of the publications identified tended to be from Europe and the far east.AMR Listeria monocytogenes and lactic acid bacteria could be tolerant to cleaning and disinfection in secondary processing environments. The basis of the tolerance could be genetic (e.g. efflux pumps) or environmental (e.g. biofilm growth). Persistent, plant resident, AMR L. monocytogenes were shown by one study to be the source of final product contamination. 4 AMR genes can be present in bacterial cultures used for the manufacture of fermented SPMMP. Furthermore, there was broad evidence that AMR loci could be transferred during meat fermentation, with refrigeration temperatures curtailing transfer rates. Given the potential for AMR transfer, it may be prudent to advise food business operators (FBOs) to use fermentation starter cultures that are AMR-free or not contained within easily mobilisable genetic elements. Thermal processing was seen to be the only secondary processing stage that served as a critical control point for numbers of AMR bacteria. There were significant linkages between some AMR genes in Salmonella. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes were associated with copper, tetracycline and sulphonamide resistance by virtue of co-location on the same plasmid. No evidence was found that either supported or refuted that there was any association between AMR genes and genes that encoded an altered stress response or enhanced the survival of AMR bacteria exposed to harmful environmental conditions.
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Corlin Christensen, Rasmus, Martin Hearson, and Tovony Randriamanalina. At the Table, Off the Menu? Assessing the Participation of Lower-Income Countries in Global Tax Negotiations. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.004.

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Since 2013, the formal structure of global corporate tax policymaking at the OECD has changed. Decisions are no longer made by 37 OECD members, but by 137 countries from all regions and levels of development through the ‘Inclusive Framework’ (IF). Official documentation emphasises that all countries participate on an ‘equal footing’, but some participants and observers have emphasised that developing countries in particular face practical obstacles that lead to unequal participation in practice. In this paper, we assess these claims, drawing primarily on 48 interviews with negotiators, policymakers and stakeholders involved in global tax discussions. We find that the explosion in formal membership has not in itself led to the step-change in developing country influence that the raw numbers imply. This is because of a combination of structural obstacles that are not unique to the IF, and some challenging aspects of the OECD’s way of working. Yet, lower-income countries have made some modest achievements to date, and there are signs of incremental progress towards a more effective presence. We develop a typology of mechanisms through which successes have been achieved: association with the efforts of more powerful states, anticipation of lower-income countries’ needs by the OECD secretariat and others, collaboration to form more powerful coalitions, and the emergence of expert negotiators with individual authority.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.

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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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