Academic literature on the topic 'Primary energy sources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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HASSMANN, K., and H. KUHNE. "Primary energy sources for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 18, no. 8 (1993): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(93)90115-q.
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Drosos, Dimitrios, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Stamatios Ntanos, and Androniki Parissi. "School Managers Perceptions towards Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (2021): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36704.
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Global economic growth is accompanied by increased energy demand, thus conventional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the primary energy sources, are gradually being depleted. At the same time, the combustion of conventional fuel for energy production causes serious adverse effects on the environment and contributes to climate change due to the emitted greenhouse gases. For the above reasons, most of the developed and developing countries especially during the last decades, have introduced various incentives for the greater penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in all sectors of the economy. Concerning the building sector, several measures have been adopted, including the promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving. A significant proportion of the building stock are the school buildings where students and teachers spend a significant proportion of their daily time. Teachers' attitudes and views, especially the school unit managers concerning the use of RES in schools, are important in the effort to rationalize and control energy use. This study was conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 510 school managers in Greece's primary and secondary education. The school unit managerial role for the case of Greek schools is performed by the school principal who has both administrative and educational duties. Statistical analysis included the application of Friedman's test and hypothesis test on questions concerning school manager environmental perceptions and energy-saving habits. According to the results, Greek school managers have a high degree of environmental sensitivity, since 97.6 % agreed or strongly agreed that the main concern should focus on energy saving. Furthermore, 71% of the respondent reported to have good knowledge on solar energy, followed by 64% on wind energy while only 34% are knowledgeable on biomass. Almost all the respondents (99%) agreed that it is important to provide more RES-orientated education through the taught curricula. Concerning energy saving behaviour, around 90% reported that they switch off the lights when leaving the classroom and they close the windows when the air-condition is operating. Hypothesis tests revealed a relationship between the school managers' ecological beliefs, the energy saving habits in the school environment, and the recognition of the importance of environmental education. Conclusions highlighted the need to intensify environmental education programs in the school environment concerning RES in schools. This will lead to a higher level of environmental awareness of both teachers and students and therefore to a more dynamic behaviour towards the effort to “greenify” the school environment.
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Abdiyev, Umirbek Begmatovich, and Sirojiddin Furqat ogli Toshpulatov. "PRIMARY CONCEPTS OF ENERGY AND ENERGY SOURCES IN PHYSICS." Theoretical & Applied Science 102, no. 10 (2021): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.10.102.29.
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Denny, David. "Primary Energy Sources of Electric Power in China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 7, no. 5 (1989): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878900700504.
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Electrical generation, 938 Mw, now predominantly (62%) from coal with hydro- at 29% and oil and natural gas at 9%, is expected to grow to 255,000 Mw by the year 2000. Coal will contribute 67%, oil and gas 4%, hydro- 27% and nuclear 2%. There are small, local sources of energy for power generation: geothermal, tidal and wind. Development will be affected by the availability of resources and the extent to which foreign participation is sought.
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Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu. "Powering primary healthcare centres with clean energy sources." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2020009.
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Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) remain the populations' first point of contact when seeking medical help. Women and children, whose health status decides the fate of the country, are the predominant users of primary healthcare centres which means they (the PHCs') must function as high quality health providers. Karshi Primary Healthcare Centre (KPHC) is one of the health facility that need reliable electricity to improve their healthcare delivery. Due to unreliable power supply, they rely on a diesel powered solution as a primary source of power supply. This negatively impacts patients and the environment, and has been a burden on their operational budgets. Change in energy system is the solution to this unreliable, costly, and unsecure power supply in Karshi, and its objective is to improve and enhance the quality of healthcare delivery services. The assumption is that with better energy source, there will be better healthcare services. A solar powered system with battery storage was proposed as the solution and the simulation results demonstrate that except for the initial cost of investment, the solar PV generator performs better than the diesel generator, in terms of the life cycle costs and the cost per unit energy. The life cycle cost and the cost of energy show a decrease of 75% each. The environmental analysis implies that the solar PV energy system has the potential to avoid the 9371 kg of carbon dioxide if the system is implemented in the future at KPHC. The proposed powered system will supply electricity for the laboratory equipment (centrifuges, microscopes, blood chemical analyzer, hematology analyzer, CD4 machine), vaccine-refrigeration, general purpose refrigerator, computer and telecommunications, while being able to cater to a greater number of patients than in the past.
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Szlązak, Jan, and Rafał A. Szlązak. "Access to primary energy sources - the basis of national energy security." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 268 (November 2017): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/268/1/012002.
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Pimonenko, Tetyana V., Oleksii V. Lyulyov, Yana O. Us, Aleksy S. Kwilinski, Anastasiya P. Nazarenko, and Yulia O. Myroshnychenko. "Renewable Energy Generation in the Energy Balance: the Forecast until 2035." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation 2021, no. 2 (2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2021.92.03.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on developing national economic energy efficiency under optimizing renewable energy generations. This study aims to forecast renewable energy generation until 2035 under the current Ukrainian conditions. The relevance of this scientific issue is the urgency to combat the climate change consequences under economic development. A bibliometric analysis was conducted in the study frameworks to systemize the scientific treatises and indicate main research directions in energy investigation. The source of publications was the Scopus database. The VOSviewer software tools were applied to visualize the obtained results. In turn, to gain the research goal, the authors forecasted the primary energy generations from renewable sources using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The study sample was the shares of primary energy from renewable sources in Ukraine. The data covers 1985-2019. The results of bibliometric analysis allowed identifying main directions in investigating the energy policy such as renewable energy development under climate change; bioenergy; reducing carbon emissions towards economic growth; energy security and policy; management in the energy sector; satisfaction of the energy demand and improving the energy conditions for consumers. In the empirical part of this study, the forecast findings showed the growing tendency in primary energy generation from renewable sources. However, the share of primary energy from renewable sources would increase by 1.16 times (3,62 %). Therefore, the authors concluded that the target of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine of 25 % the share of primary energy from renewable sources would not be gained until 2035. This study highlights the necessity to develop renewable energy in Ukraine. The obtained results could be the base for further investigations devoted to elaborating the energy policy towards developing energy efficiency and green development.
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Gavrikova, Elizaveta, Yegor Burda, Vladimir Gavrikov, et al. "Clean Energy Sources: Insights from Russia." Resources 8, no. 2 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020084.
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The paper is devoted to the assessment of the prospects of implementing clean energy sources in Russia, where the current energy policy goal is to increase the role of renewable and clean energy sources. The research is based on data from the Krasnoyarsk Region as one of the largest territories but also as a representative model of Russia. The aim of the study is to identify where and which renewable energy source (solar, wind, hydro and nuclear) has the highest potential. The novelty of our research lies in its holistic nature: authors consider both geographical and technical potential for renewable energy sources development as well as prospective demand for such resources, while previous research is mostly focused on specific aspects of renewable energy development. We also consider the level of air pollution as an important factor for the development of renewable energy sources. The results of the study show that there is a strong potential for clean energy sources in the Krasnoyarsk Region. The resulting matrix identifies the potential of energy sources across all the municipal entities and also indicates whether the source of energy is primary or supplemental and where several sources may be implemented in cooperation.
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Brkić, Vladislav. "Energy Decarbonisation and Primary Energy in the 21st Century." Journal of Energy - Energija 70, no. 2 (2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/20217028.
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This paper emphasizes the role of primary sources of energy, primarily oil and gas in the future (so-called “energy mix”) with the expected trends in the future. The changes expected by the oil and gas sector in the 21st century have been underlined due to energy decarbonisation. There are intense discussions about the oil and gas future due to the effects of climate change and the announcement that oil is in the final phase of exploitation due to the high depletion of fields around the world. How are the big oil companies responding to these challenges and what are the trends of global energy consumption? In the 21st century, it is necessary to take in account all types of energy with the growth of renewable sources. In the meantime, natural gas is imposed as a bridge between fossil and decarbonised energy, and the trends in the gas segment in the world and in the Republic of Croatia will be emphasized as well. In addition, the new Croatian energy strategy must be aligned with changes in the oil and gas sector, as well as exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Carbon-free energy is still a long way, but the low-carbon energy period has begun.
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Lantasi, A. I. D., Syafrudin, and Budiyono. "The potential and prospect of biomass as primary energy in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012055.
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Abstract Energy is one of the needs to support daily human activities. Without energy, various activities such as industry, health, and household will be disrupted. Total energy consumption in Indonesia in 2018 reached 875 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE), which was dominated by fuel oil. It illustrates that national energy consumption is still dominated by primary energy sources originating from fossil fuels. Various previous studies have suggested the environmental and health impacts of air pollution from burning fossil fuels. This article will briefly discuss biomass as a primary energy source based on the results of literature studies. The discussion section will discuss the environmental impacts of biomass utilization based on several scientific studies and the form of biomass utilization in Indonesia that has been carried out. As a follow-up to several scientific facts, it is necessary to mix other primary energy from new and renewable energy sources.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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MAUES, JAIR ARONE. "RISK ANALYSIS APPLIED TO SELECT PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12964@1.
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O trabalho compara sistemas de conversão de energia para
geração de
energia elétrica, com ênfase no caso brasileiro, levando-se
em consideração todos
os fatores relevantes envolvidos, em especial os riscos
associados a cada um dos
componentes do custo final da energia. Os modelos de custos
usuais de
engenharia tendem a favorecer a geração de energia
tradicional em detrimento das
renováveis alternativas, ao ignorar os riscos envolvidos,
baseando-se apenas no
menor preço do quilowatt-hora gerado. O modelo financeiro
aplicado nesta
comparação baseia-se na Teoria de Portfólios, desenvolvida
por Harry Markowitz.
Primeiramente são avaliados os resultados do binômio
risco-retorno relacionados
à matriz prevista pela EPE - Empresa de Pesquisa Energética
no Plano Nacional
de Energia - 2030, publicado em 2006. Posteriormente, as
alternativas indicadas
pelo modelo são comparadas. Os resultados mostraram que a
matriz prevista pela
EPE em 2030 não está otimizada do ponto de vista do binômio
retorno-risco dos
investimentos em geração elétrica. Os aumentos da
participação das fontes
renováveis não tradicionais à matriz, especificamente,
resíduos das plantações de
cana-de-açúcar e energia eólica, reduzem tanto o risco
quanto o custo médio do
quilowatt-hora gerado. Este resultado vale mesmo quando se
variam os dados de
entrada, notadamente os riscos associados aos custos de
geração relacionados às
diversas tecnologias consideradas, assim como os
coeficientes de correlação entre
elas. As participações dessas duas fontes renováveis na
fronteira eficiente,
tecnicamente viável, resultaram em portfólios bastante
robustos, imunes às
variações imputadas.<br>The work compares current approaches for evaluating and planning
Brazilian energy mixes for future power generation, based
not only on energy cost
components contribution to a portfolio, but on their
contribution to portfolio risk,
as well. Energy planners have traditionally used least-cost
as a basis for
generating capacity additions, understating the true value
of non traditional
renewable technologies for decreasing risk. This project
applies widely accepted
finance theory, Mean-Variance Portfolio Theory, developed by
Harry Markowitz,
to provide an economic basis for selecting alternative
generating scenarios. First,
Brazil`s expected future generating mix for 2030 as
predicted by Empresa de
Pesquisa Energética in its 2030 Brazilian Power Planning,
published in 2006, is
evaluated. This mix is referred to as the reference EPE
scenario. The risk-return
properties of Brazil`s expected EPE mix for the year 2030 is
compared to other
possible mixes on the projected efficient frontier. The
model finds solutions that
are superior to the EPE mix in that they reduce risk or cost
or both, while
including a greater share of wind and biomass from sugar
cane in the mix. The
basic findings of this analysis seem quite robust, and do
not materially change the
shape of the efficient frontier, where it is technically
feasible, even when the risk
parameter estimates and cost covariations are changed
significantly in the
sensitivity analysis.
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Roe, Curtis Aaron. "Impacts of automated residential energy management technology on primary energy source utilization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45865.
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The objective of the proposed research is to analyze automated residential energy management technology using primary energy source utilization. A residential energy management system (REMS) is an amalgamation of hardware and software that performs residential energy usage monitoring, planning, and control. Primary energy source utilization quantifies power system levels impacts on power generation cost, fuel utilization, and environmental air pollution; based on power system generating constraints and electric load.
Automated residential energy management technology performance is quantified through a physically-based REMS simulation. This simulation includes individual appliance operation and accounts for consumer behavior by stochastically varying appliance usage and repeating multiple simulation iterations for each simulated scenario. The effect of the automated REMS under varying levels of control will be considered.
Aggregate REMS power system impacts are quantified using primary energy source utilization. This analysis uses a probabilistic economic dispatch algorithm. The economic dispatch algorithm quantifies: fuel usage and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) generated; based on power system generating constraints and electric load (no transmission constraints are considered).
The analysis will comprehensively explore multiple residential energy management options to achieve demand response. The physically-based REMS simulation will consider the following control options: programmable thermostat, direct load control, smart appliance scheduling, and smart appliance scheduling with a stationary battery. The ability to compare multiple automated residential energy management technology options on an equal basis will guide utility technology investment strategies.
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Pionapen, Johann. "Biological sulphate reduction using primary sewage sludge as energy source in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5010.
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Green, Kaitlin Elinor. "Embodied Energy Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Primary School Settings on La Peninsula Valiente, Comarca Ngobe Bugle, Republic of Panama." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3127.
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The United Nations Millennium Development goals aim to make improvements in access to potable water. In the Bocas del Toro region of Panama, rainwater harvesting systems are making that goal more attainable. Rainwater harvesting, especially in rural, difficult access areas, may be a viable water source improvement that will allow a greater population to access improved water. This study uses the Carnegie Mellon University Economic Input-output Life Cycle Assessment tool to assess the embodied energy of plastic and ferrocement rainwater harvesting systems in rural Panama. Rainwater harvesting systems are assessed as source improvement technologies that increase access to potable water. This study adds to and compares its results to other source improvement LCAs that would potentially benefit developing communities in lesser developed countries.
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Dohnal, Martin. "Provoz elektrizační soustavy s velkým počtem netočivých zdrojů elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319292.
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This diploma thesis deals with the simulation of various operating situations in the network with many non-rotating power sources, especially focusing on frequency stability. Non-rotating power source is any source that delivers its power to the grid via power electronics. The first part of the thesis describes power system of the Czech Republic and its future development. In the next section, there is short description of today's most common non-rotating power sources. The third part deals with power regulation of the frequency in the grid. The following part describes the models of electrical circuit created for use in PSCAD simulations. The penultimate part describes simulations performed on a model of the network with many non-rotating power sources, which also includes rotating sources. The last part describes simulations performed on a model of the network that is composed of non-rotating power sources only.
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Roe, Curtis Aaron. "Power system impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29636.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.<br>Committee Chair: Dr. A. P. Meliopoulos; Committee Member: Dr. David Taylor; Committee Member: Dr. Ronald Harley; Committee Member: Dr. Shijie Deng. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Vídeňský, Ondřej. "Analýza bateriových hmot metodami EDS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-399522.
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This master thesis deals with analysis of battery mass using x-ray spectral microanalysis. For the measurement two scanning electron microscopes equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopes were used. Appropriate examples were prepaired by standard method. Then elemental analysis was performed with changing conditions of measurement. Two programs were used for spectrums evaluation and in the end the size of errors was observed for every conditions.
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Ostrovský, Milan. "Environmentální porovnání dřevostavby a zděné stavby bytového domu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227663.
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This thesis is concerned with the evaluation of sustainable construction. It is a multi-criteria evaluation focused on building environmental, socio-cultural sphere, economics and management. The reviews I chose passive apartment house in two of designs. The purpose of this study is to compare the standard insulated brick buildings and in our non-traditional wood construction. At the beginning there will explain the basic concepts associated with the topic. After that, the problems of the sustainable construction and environmental impact assessment, which will describe the basic concepts, methodologies, criteria, description of evaluation. The last part will be made an example of evaluation SBToolCZ brick and wooden buildings passive residential Duma. Comparison of both results achieved certification and think about the advantages or disadvantages of both options. The aim of this thesis is dedicated readers and explain to them the issues of this topic.
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Zhao, Ruichen. "A multiple-input single ended primary inductor converter for modular micro-grids with hybrid low-power sources." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-1160.
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This thesis studies a multiple-input single ended primary inductor converter (MI SEPIC) topology. The configuration allows the integration of different low-power distributed generation sources, such as individual photovoltaic modules, fuel cells, and small residential wind generators, into a common dc main bus. The current source interface allows the integration of all types of sources without the addition of filters; sources that require a nearly constant input current, such as fuel cells. In addition to discussing the circuit’s main models and operation, the thesis evaluates the stability under a decentralized PI control scheme through small signal analysis. The analysis is verified with simulations and experiments with prototypes. A derived circuit topology, the isolated MI SEPIC, is also explored here. In addition, a nonlinear control scheme, Lyapunov-based control, is implemented to stabilize an MI SEPIC.<br>text
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Pereira, Daniel José Ribeiro. "Análise Simulada do Impacto da Disseminação de Geração Baseada em Fontes de Energia Renovável Variável na Resposta Inercial de um Sistemas de Energia Elétrica de Teste." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93961.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>A estabilidade dos sistemas de energia elétrica é um dos requisitos fundamentais para o seu funcionamento fiável, eficiente e económico. Os sistemas de energia convencionais evoluíram para sistemas de grandes dimensões e altamente interligados, com maior produção de energia baseada em fontes de energia renovável e dispositivos de eletrónica de potência cada vez mais complexos, tendo um funcionamento de constante mudança. Apesar das fontes de energia renovável contribuírem para a redução da poluição a nível global, a sua disseminação cada vez mais elevada, tem criado obstáculos para o adequado comportamento dos sistemas, alguns dos quais serão abordados ao longo deste documento. Como é sabido, a inércia e a resposta inercial dos sistemas são duas componentes essenciais para o bom funcionamento dos sistemas, em termos de estabilidade de frequência, na ocorrência de eventos diversos. No entanto, o aumento de fontes baseadas em energia renovável, eólica e solar fotovoltaica, tem criado alguma preocupação aos operadores de sistema uma vez que têm menor inercia, disponibilizando, desta forma, menor resposta inercial, comparando com geradores convencionais (baseados em máquinas síncronas). Pretendeu-se com este trabalho, primeiramente analisar o impacto da disseminação das fontes de energia renováveis com baixa inercia (eólica e solar fotovoltaica) na resposta do sistema, perante eventos que causem desequilíbrios entre geração e procura (perda de geração, curto-circuitos em barramentos/linhas, perda de carga). Segundamente, utilizando as contribuições das diferentes tecnologias de geração (eólica, solar e síncrona) verificadas em 2020 e previstas para 2030 no sistema de energia elétrico português, procurou-se replicar o sistema. Desta forma, avaliou-se a sua resposta e tentou-se perceber até que ponto, o sistema atual está preparado para lidar com as alterações que vão existir com a entrada das novas normas de ligação à rede das fontes de energia renovável variável. Para tal, após ser caraterizado detalhadamente, no estado de arte, o tipo de tecnologias e requisitos regulatórios, recorreu-se à ferramenta de simulação PowerWorld para avaliar o impacto que as novas normas podem ter para o futuro do sistema. Este trabalho permitiu concluir que, apesar dos elevados níveis de disseminação de fontes de energia renovável e consequente diminuição de inércia no sistema, é possível que o sistema apresente respostas adequadas perante diversos eventos. Para além disso, também se concluiu que, apesar da inércia ser um fator importante para a estabilidade do sistema, existem outros fatores que têm de se ter em conta. Por fim, foram realizadas ações de gestão da procura para tentar melhorar a resposta do sistema perante diversos eventos.<br>The stability of electrical power systems is one of the fundamental requirements for their reliable, efficient and economic operation. Conventional power systems have evolved into large, highly interconnected systems, with increased energy production based on renewable energy sources and increasingly complex power electronics devices, with constantly changing operation. Although renewable energy sources contribute to the reduction of global pollution, their increasing dissemination has created obstacles to the proper behavior of systems, some of which will be discussed in this document.As it is well known, inertia and the inertial response of the systems are two essential components for its proper functioning, in terms of frequency stability, in the occurrence of diverse events. However, the increase in sources based on renewable energy, for example wind and solar photovoltaic, has created some concern for system operators since they have less inertia, thus providing less inertial response to the system, compared to conventional generators (based on synchronous machines). The purpose of this work is first, to analyze the impact of the dissemination of renewable energy sources with low inertia (wind and solar photovoltaic) in the system response to events that cause imbalances between generation and demand (loss of generation, short circuits in buss/lines, loss of load). Secondly, using the contributions of different generation technologies (wind, solar and synchronous) verified in 2020 and expected for 2030 in the Portuguese electrical power system, we tried to replicate the system. Evaluating its response and trying to understand to what extent the current system is prepared to deal with the changes that will exist with the entry of new standards for grid connection of variable renewable energy sources. To this end, after being characterized in detail, in the state of the art, the type of technologies and regulatory requirements, the PowerWorld simulation tool was used to assess the impact that the new standards may have for the future of the system. This work allowed us to conclude that, despite the high levels of dissemination of renewable energy sources and consequent decrease of inertia in the system, it is possible that the system presents adequate responses to various events. In addition, it was also demonstrated that, although inertia is an important factor for the stability of the system, there are other factors that must be considered. Finally, demand management actions were carried out to try to improve the system's response to various events.
Books on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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Koomsup, Praiphol. Rāingān phon kānwičhai rư̄ang Pricing of primary indigenous energy sources in Thailand. Faculty of Economics, Thammasat University, 1992.
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Fleay, Brian J. Sustainable energy policy for Australia: Submission to the Dept. of Primary Industry and Energy Green Paper 1996. Institute for Science and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, 1997.
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Vigotti, Roberto, and Michael Grubb. Renewable Energy Strategies for Europe: Electricity Systems and Primary Electricity Sources (Renewable Energy Strategies for Europe). Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995.
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Primary sources of energy for the power supply of remote telecommunication systems. International Telecomunication Union, 1985.
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Heshmati, Almas, and Shahrouz Abolhosseini. European Energy Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0015.
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This chapter reviews relevant literature on the current state and effectiveness of developing renewable energy on energy security in general, and on energy security in the European Union (EU) in particular. The chapter elaborates on primary energy import sources, possible alternatives, and how energy security is affected by the sources of supply. It also gives an analysis of the effects of the Ukrainian crisis, the isolation of Iran on diversification sources, and on European energy security. It examines EU’s energy policy, analyses the best motivation for a new energy policy direction within Europe, and suggests alternative solutions for enhanced energy supply security. The aim is to suggest suitable solutions for energy security in Europe through energy supply diversification. Supply diversification includes alternative energy corridors for reducing dependency on Russia as a supplier and enhancing the power generated by renewable energy sources under the European Union 2020 strategy.
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Parker, Leslie. International Law and the Renewable Energy Sector. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0017.
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This chapter examines key legal instruments and mechanisms relevant to international renewable energy regulation. These play an important role in governing unified action and enhancing collaboration and information-sharing on effective policies and investment frameworks aimed at reducing barriers and risks to investments in renewable energy. The mechanisms that are analysed are the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Statute, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and related international climate change negotiations and declarations, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), and various sector-specific treaties. The chapter also turns its attention to the primary international organizations that influence present and future directions in international renewable energy policy, such as the Nairobi Programme of Action for the Development and Utilization of New and Renewable Sources of Energy, International Energy Agency, Development Banks, and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership.
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Rez, Peter. The Simple Physics of Energy Use. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.001.0001.
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In industrially developed countries, energy is used primarily for three things—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transporting people and goods and manufacturing products. Each accounts for about one-third of the total primary energy use. Controlling the indoor temperature accounts for most of the energy use in buildings. Therefore, this strongly depends on the local climate. Electricity accounts for a high proportion of the energy transfer in developed countries. The problem is that electricity cannot easily be stored, and that supply therefore has to match demand. This makes the use of intermittent renewables such as solar and wind particularly challenging. Transportation efficiency can be measured by the energy used to move a person or a tonne of freight over a given distance, but there is also the journey time to consider. Transportation, with the exception of trains, is constrained by the energy density and convenience of fuels, and it is hard to beat liquid hydrocarbons as fuels. Materials that are dug out of the earth are nearly always oxides, but we want the element itself. The reduction process inevitably uses energy and produces carbon dioxide. Even growing crops requires energy in addition to that provided by sunlight. A meat-based diet requires significantly higher energy inputs than a vegetarian diet. Growing crops for fuel is a poor use of land, the problem being that crops do not grow fast enough. Policy should ultimately be based on what works from a physics and engineering viewpoint, and not on legislation that mandates the use of favoured renewable energy sources.
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Sovacool, Benjamin K. The History and Politics of Energy Transitions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0002.
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According to some definitions, an energy transition refers to the time that elapses between the introduction of a new primary energy source, or prime mover, and its rise to claiming a substantial share of the overall energy market. According to one academic view, energy transitions take an incredibly long time to occur. Another view argues the opposite. It suggests that there have been many transitions at varying scales that have occurred quite quickly—that is, between a few years and a decade or so, or within a single generation. This chapter holds that both sides are partly right, and partly wrong. After presenting evidence in support of either thesis, it elucidates four lessons for energy analysts and policymakers.
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Thompson, William R., and Leila Zakhirova. The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0006.
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In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
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Glazewski, Jan, Lee-Ann Steenkamp, and Peter Kayode Oniemola. Promoting Renewable Energy in African Countries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0013.
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This chapter reviews the development and role of financial mechanisms and fiscal incentives in two African economic powerhouses, South Africa and Nigeria, and the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases on the continent. Inoutlining both countries’ financial and fiscal policy response to promoting renewable energy, the term ‘financial mechanisms or incentives’ refers to macro-economic instruments such as feed-in tariffs; while ‘fiscal incentive’ refers to narrower revenue incentives including disincentives such as a carbon tax. In South Africa, a shift from traditional carbon-based energy sources towards renewables is encouraged by both financial mechanisms and fiscal incentives . In Nigeria, fiscal incentives are promoted by focusing on measures to increase non-oil revenues, primarily through improved tax policy and administration The chapter reveals that while significant strides have been made in both countries to invoke fiscal and financial incentives to promote renewable energy many challenges remain before this ideal becomes a reality.
Book chapters on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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Aresta, Michele, and Angela Dibenedetto. "The Alternative, Carbon-Free Primary Energy Sources and Relevant Technologies." In The Carbon Dioxide Revolution. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59061-1_5.
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Hasan, Dae-Seok Rho, Chanhyeok Kim, and Yongpeel Wang. "Operation Method for Protection Devices at the Primary Feeders with New Energy Sources Using EMTDC/PSCAD." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27180-9_14.
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Stone, Timothy. "The Challenge of Climate Change—Complete Energy Systems Transformation: No Nuclear, No Net Zero." In Nuclear Law. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_6.
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AbstractTo achieve Net Zero, natural gas, gasoline, diesel, and fuel oils must be replaced with another source. However, most of the current low-carbon energy sources will also need to be replaced as almost none have more than about 25 years remaining of useful life. The pace and scale of the needed change is unprecedented: almost the whole of the world’s primary energy supply must be replaced. The (re)development of the entire energy system is inherently a sovereign risk and it can only be governments who set national energy policy. There is no doubt that markets will continue to play a part in future energy systems, but at the top level, the pace and scale of change to achieve Net Zero is simply far too fast for markets to adapt properly. This chapter is a call to action to the national policy makers and presents this challenge as an opportunity for creating higher-quality jobs and potentially highly attractive and long-dated investment options. The chapter also outlines some risks, including political indecisiveness and policy volatility as potential impediments to making the most of this opportunity and achieving the Net Zero.
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Kocherzhinsky, Yu A. "Anthropological Irreversible Change of Interaction between our Planet and the Sun. Role of Hydrogen and Primary Energy Sources." In Hydrogen Materials Science and Chemistry of Metal Hydrides. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0600-2_39.
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Nzengya, Daniel M., Paul Maina Mwari, and Chrocosiscus Njeru. "Barriers to the Adoption of Improved Cooking Stoves for Rural Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_133.
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AbstractMajority of Kenya’s citizens reside in the rural areas where wood fuel is still the primary source of energy for cooking. Continuing reliance on wood fuel against the backdrop of burgeoning population poses huge threats to the country’s forest cover, undermining capacity for climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study conducted in Machakos and Laikipia counties explored; (i) women’s perceptions of the health risks associated with dependence of firewood for cooking, (ii) women’s attitudes and perceptions towards improved cooking charcoal stoves (ICS) as cleaner alternatives to traditional firewood stoves for cooking, and (iii) women’s perceptions of barriers to adoption of improved cooking stoves. Study findings revealed that women were aware of the health risks associated with the use of firewood for cooking. However, despite these perceptions, upward trends in demands for firewood as a source of energy for cooking in the rural areas may persist in the next coming decades. Barriers to adoption of improved cooking stoves vary by sociocultural contexts. The study concludes that innovations that involve stakeholders especially participatory designs, monitoring, and evaluation of ICS might improve adoption levels. Moreover, innovations to increase adoption need to leverage on the opportunities provided by Sustainable development goal number 7 to accelerate adoption of ICS among other forms of cleaner, affordable, and sustainable sources of energy for cooking.
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Ebadollahi, Mohammad, Omid Pourali, Hadi Ghaebi, and Majid Amidpour. "Thermodynamic, Economic and Environmental Study of a Combined Power Generation Cycle Using Biogas Fuel as a Primary Heat Source." In Green Energy and Technology. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90720-4_4.
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Hofmann, Benjamin, David Kolcava, and Philipp Thaler. "The Role of Switzerland in European Electricity Governance." In Swiss Energy Governance. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_4.
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AbstractThis chapter explores the political influence of Switzerland as a non-EU country in European electricity governance. We argue that the influence of non-EU countries depends on their access to European governance institutions and their structural power resources. We further posit that the type of structural power resources circumscribes the specific areas of influence. The empirical analysis assesses these variables qualitatively based on interview and other primary data. First, it shows that Switzerland has relatively high access to important European governance bodies. Second, it reveals that Switzerland possesses structural power in serving as a European transit hub for electricity and an important source of technical expertise. Third, it confirms our theoretical expectation that Switzerland acts as a shaper in European electricity governance. Swiss influence is especially seen in matters related to grid management and cross-border electricity trade. Limitations to Swiss influence are often rooted in the legal principles of the EU internal market. Our findings qualify claims about a marginalization of Switzerland in European electricity governance. At the same time, we highlight uncertainties resulting from the present lack of an electricity agreement between Switzerland and the EU. Our chapter recommends Swiss policy-makers to strive for viable forms of energy cooperation with the EU and to strengthen the transit function and technical expertise of the country.
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Murty, K. S. "INDIA'S PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES." In Hydrogen Systems. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4832-8375-3.50102-8.
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Goldemberg, José. "Energy Sources." In Energy. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199812905.003.0003.
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Which are the primary energy sources? The world′s energy system is very large: in 2008 it amounted to 492 exajoules, corresponding to 11.75 billion tons of oil equivalent (toe). With a population of almost 6.7 billion people, this corresponds approximately to 1.75 toe per...
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Anthony, L. J. "Primary sources of information." In Information Sources in Energy Technology. Elsevier, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-408-03050-2.50009-0.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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Sachdeva, Nishchay, and Rajendran Senthil Kumar. "Numerical analysis of heat transfer and primary geometrical influence on secondary cylinder at inline arrangements." In RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5127615.
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Cerri, Giovanni, Marco Gazzino, Fabio Botta, and Coriolano Salvini. "Influence of Natural Primary Thermal-Source Temperatures on Power Consumption in Air-Conditioning Plants." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36067.
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This paper is focused on exploring the potential of connecting air-conditioning plants to primary thermal sources qualified by temperatures. Several connection layouts between plant components and thermal sources are investigated. Traditional systems including chillers and heat pumps, as well as systems based on chillers equipped with partial or total heat recovery devices are considered. The influence of primary thermal-source temperatures on overall design performance of such systems is deeply investigated and results focusing on power consumption and energy savings, as well as on reduction of CO2 emissions produced by the source of mechanical work, will be presented and widely discussed.
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Survilo, Josifs, Dmitrijs Boreiko, Ivars Zalitis, and Jevgenijs Kozadajevs. "Primary use of renewable energy sources in electric power industry." In 2017 5th IEEE Workshop on Advances in Information, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (AIEEE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aieee.2017.8270531.
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Alsayegh, Osamah. "Primary Energy System Chain Security Under the Energy Transition." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204893-ms.
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Abstract This paper examines the energy transition consequences on the oil and gas energy system chain as it propagates from net importing through the transit to the net exporting countries (or regions). The fundamental energy system security concerns of importing, transit, and exporting regions are analyzed under the low carbon energy transition dynamics. The analysis is evidence-based on diversification of energy sources, energy supply and demand evolution, and energy demand management development. The analysis results imply that the energy system is going through technological and logistical reallocation of primary energy. The manifestation of such reallocation includes an increase in electrification, the rise of energy carrier options, and clean technologies. Under healthy and normal global economic growth, the reallocation mentioned above would have a mild effect on curbing the oil and gas primary energy demands growth. A case study concerning electric vehicles, which is part of the energy transition aspect, is presented to assess its impact on the energy system, precisely on the fossil fuel demand. Results show that electric vehicles are indirectly fueled, mainly from fossil-fired power stations through electric grids. Moreover, oil byproducts use in the electric vehicle industry confirms the reallocation of the energy system components' roles. The paper's contribution to the literature is the portrayal of the energy system security state under the low carbon energy transition. The significance of this representation is to shed light on the concerns of the net exporting, transit, and net importing regions under such evolution. Subsequently, it facilitates the development of measures toward mitigating world tensions and conflicts, enhancing the global socio-economic wellbeing, and preventing corruption.
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Tiang Tow Leong and Dahaman Ishak. "Deadbeat-based PI controller for stand-alone single-phase voltage source inverter using battery cell as primary sources." In 2011 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CET). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cet.2011.6041442.
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Yu, Sheng-Yang, Ruichen Zhao, and Alexis Kwasinski. "Design considerations of a multiple-input isolated single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) for distributed generation sources." In 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2011.6064308.
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Tamm, Gunmar, D. Yogi Goswami, Shaoguang Lu, and Afif A. Hasan. "A Novel Combined Power and Cooling Thermodynamic Cycle for Low Temperature Heat Sources: Part I — Theoretical Investigation." In ASME Solar 2002: International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sed2002-1033.
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A combined thermal power and cooling cycle proposed by Goswami is under intensive investigation, both theoretically and experimentally. The proposed cycle combines the Rankine and absorption refrigeration cycles, producing refrigeration while power is the primary goal. A binary ammonia-water mixture is used as the working fluid. This cycle can be used as a bottoming cycle using waste heat from a conventional power cycle or an independent cycle using low temperature sources such as geothermal and solar energy. Initial parametric studies of the cycle showed the potential for the cycle to be optimized for first or second law efficiency, as well as work or cooling output. For a solar heat source, optimization of the second law efficiency is most appropriate, since the spent heat source fluid is recycled through the solar collectors. The optimization results verified that the cycle could be optimized using the Generalized Reduced Gradient method. Theoretical results were extended to include realistic irreversibilities in the cycle, in preparation for the experimental study.
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Sandquist, Gary M., and Jay F. Kunze. "Comparative Study of Government Subsidization of U.S. Electrical Energy Sources." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29327.
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Perception that U.S. government energy subsidies have favored nuclear energy at expense of renewables (hydroelectric, wind, solar, geothermal) is not supported by facts. Largest beneficiaries between 1950 and 2006 from federal energy subsidies have been oil and gas receiving more than half of all federal incentives. Primary subsidy for nuclear energy has been R&D. Evaluating the actual electrical energy produced resulting from government subsidy support shows that wind and solar have cost taxpayers 355mils/kWh, coal 1.53 mils/kWh, nuclear 3.8 mils/kWh and hydro at 5.88 mils/kWh. Average cost of U.S. electrical energy in 2006 was 91 mils/kWh so renewables were subsidized at four times the average cost of electricity. Subsidy for Solar Photovoltaic to produce 0.01% of U.S. electricity as of 2006 was $4.43/kWh.
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Narin, Müslüme, and Alpay Öznazik. "Solar Energy in the World and Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02175.
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Sun comes into prominence as both a strong and clean energy source. Because of its being inexhaustible and creating an effect reducing import dependency, a noticeable progress has been made in solar-oriented technologies in recent years. In this regard, Germany as the pioneer in world, China whose installed solar capacity has overtaken Germany, and the USA and Japan which caught up Germany became benefited from solar energy significantly nowadays. Besides, the EU countries like Italy, England, France, Spain and Belgium are also raising their installed solar capacities.
 Turkey has relatively high solar potential compared to the EU countries. However, it is not benefiting from solar energy sufficiently. Because its setup costs are still higher than other sources, solar production requires to be carried out R&D activities intensively. For these R&D activities there is a need for big budgets. Developed countries mentioned above could have been successful in allocating these budgets. Turkey as a developing country has difficulties in this respect.
 The purpose of this paper is to reveal required policies and works to raise installed solar capacity and benefit more from solar energy in Turkey. In this context, primarily, policies imposed in leader countries in world with regards to benefit from solar energy will be examined. Thereafter, imposed policies and developments in Turkey until today in this respect will be mentioned. Consequently, suggestions will be made for Turkey in light of experiences of the countries that could have succeeded to benefit from solar energy by higher rates in primary sources.
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BICZKOWSKI, Mirosław, Aleksandra JEZIERSKA-THOLE, and Anna DUBOWNIK. "ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR IN SPECIFIC EUROPEAN UNION STATES, WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON POLAND." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.185.
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At present, the energy from renewable sources is an important element of the sustainable development strategy of the European Union (strategy covering the period until 2020). The article presents the role of renewable energy in the structure of primary energy sources and total energy production. In order to evaluate the present-day role of the renewable energy sector, specific European Union states were analysed, with particular focus on Poland, the country whose results were juxtaposed with the average ratios established for the EU-28. A detailed analysis of the current facts was performed (also a forecast for the period running up to 2020 was made), where particular energy sources were distinguished in the renewable energy production structure. A special role among renewable energy sources was ascribed to solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy, biogases and biofuels. The conclusions drawn from the research point out to the fact that the development of renewable energy in Poland is growing slowly but surely. In 2011, the share was at 9.5% and by 2015 it grew to 11.8%, with the target set for 2020 being at the level of 15.0%. The production of energy from renewable sources is improving (from 7.5 to 8.1 Mtoe). Nevertheless, the share of primary energy obtained from renewable energy sources in the total primary energy is less than half of the EU share. The data showcase that the projected aim is likely to be achieved; however, the few years to come should envisage some intensification of activities oriented to this goal. Biomass now enjoys the dominant role but its significance is gradually waning, which favours wind energy and biofuels. The projected directions of renewable energy development indicate that this sector is going to be a significant factor in implementing the sustainable development policy in the years to come.
Reports on the topic "Primary energy sources"
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Hasan, Shahid, and Rami Shabaneh. The Economics and Resource Potential of Hydrogen Production in Saudi Arabia. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp24.
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Energy transition discussions, policymakers are increasingly viewing hydrogen as a preferred emissions-free substitute for oil, natural gas and coal in hard-to-abate sectors. However, hydrogen is not a primary energy source but rather is a carrier of energy. Many factors, including its source and the technology used to manufacture it, influence its production costs. Currently, hydrogen manufacturing processes themselves have significant carbon footprints. Thus, for hydrogen to be accepted as a low-carbon fuel source, its production methods must also be decarbonized.
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Gorensek, M. FEASIBILITY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION USING LASER INERTIAL FUSION AS THE PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/895967.
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.
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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report