Journal articles: 'Primary energy sources'

1

HASSMANN, K., and H. KUHNE. "Primary energy sources for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 18, no. 8 (1993): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(93)90115-q.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Drosos, Dimitrios, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Stamatios Ntanos, and Androniki Parissi. "School Managers Perceptions towards Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (2021): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36704.

Full text

Abstract:

Global economic growth is accompanied by increased energy demand, thus conventional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the primary energy sources, are gradually being depleted. At the same time, the combustion of conventional fuel for energy production causes serious adverse effects on the environment and contributes to climate change due to the emitted greenhouse gases. For the above reasons, most of the developed and developing countries especially during the last decades, have introduced various incentives for the greater penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in all sectors of the economy. Concerning the building sector, several measures have been adopted, including the promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving. A significant proportion of the building stock are the school buildings where students and teachers spend a significant proportion of their daily time. Teachers' attitudes and views, especially the school unit managers concerning the use of RES in schools, are important in the effort to rationalize and control energy use. This study was conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 510 school managers in Greece's primary and secondary education. The school unit managerial role for the case of Greek schools is performed by the school principal who has both administrative and educational duties. Statistical analysis included the application of Friedman's test and hypothesis test on questions concerning school manager environmental perceptions and energy-saving habits. According to the results, Greek school managers have a high degree of environmental sensitivity, since 97.6 % agreed or strongly agreed that the main concern should focus on energy saving. Furthermore, 71% of the respondent reported to have good knowledge on solar energy, followed by 64% on wind energy while only 34% are knowledgeable on biomass. Almost all the respondents (99%) agreed that it is important to provide more RES-orientated education through the taught curricula. Concerning energy saving behaviour, around 90% reported that they switch off the lights when leaving the classroom and they close the windows when the air-condition is operating. Hypothesis tests revealed a relationship between the school managers' ecological beliefs, the energy saving habits in the school environment, and the recognition of the importance of environmental education. Conclusions highlighted the need to intensify environmental education programs in the school environment concerning RES in schools. This will lead to a higher level of environmental awareness of both teachers and students and therefore to a more dynamic behaviour towards the effort to “greenify” the school environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Abdiyev, Umirbek Begmatovich, and Sirojiddin Furqat ogli Toshpulatov. "PRIMARY CONCEPTS OF ENERGY AND ENERGY SOURCES IN PHYSICS." Theoretical & Applied Science 102, no. 10 (2021): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.10.102.29.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Denny, David. "Primary Energy Sources of Electric Power in China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 7, no. 5 (1989): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878900700504.

Full text

Abstract:

Electrical generation, 938 Mw, now predominantly (62%) from coal with hydro- at 29% and oil and natural gas at 9%, is expected to grow to 255,000 Mw by the year 2000. Coal will contribute 67%, oil and gas 4%, hydro- 27% and nuclear 2%. There are small, local sources of energy for power generation: geothermal, tidal and wind. Development will be affected by the availability of resources and the extent to which foreign participation is sought.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Ani, Vincent Anayochukwu. "Powering primary healthcare centres with clean energy sources." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2020009.

Full text

Abstract:

Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) remain the populations' first point of contact when seeking medical help. Women and children, whose health status decides the fate of the country, are the predominant users of primary healthcare centres which means they (the PHCs') must function as high quality health providers. Karshi Primary Healthcare Centre (KPHC) is one of the health facility that need reliable electricity to improve their healthcare delivery. Due to unreliable power supply, they rely on a diesel powered solution as a primary source of power supply. This negatively impacts patients and the environment, and has been a burden on their operational budgets. Change in energy system is the solution to this unreliable, costly, and unsecure power supply in Karshi, and its objective is to improve and enhance the quality of healthcare delivery services. The assumption is that with better energy source, there will be better healthcare services. A solar powered system with battery storage was proposed as the solution and the simulation results demonstrate that except for the initial cost of investment, the solar PV generator performs better than the diesel generator, in terms of the life cycle costs and the cost per unit energy. The life cycle cost and the cost of energy show a decrease of 75% each. The environmental analysis implies that the solar PV energy system has the potential to avoid the 9371 kg of carbon dioxide if the system is implemented in the future at KPHC. The proposed powered system will supply electricity for the laboratory equipment (centrifuges, microscopes, blood chemical analyzer, hematology analyzer, CD4 machine), vaccine-refrigeration, general purpose refrigerator, computer and telecommunications, while being able to cater to a greater number of patients than in the past.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Szlązak, Jan, and Rafał A. Szlązak. "Access to primary energy sources - the basis of national energy security." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 268 (November 2017): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/268/1/012002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Pimonenko, Tetyana V., Oleksii V. Lyulyov, Yana O. Us, Aleksy S. Kwilinski, Anastasiya P. Nazarenko, and Yulia O. Myroshnychenko. "Renewable Energy Generation in the Energy Balance: the Forecast until 2035." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation 2021, no. 2 (2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2021.92.03.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on developing national economic energy efficiency under optimizing renewable energy generations. This study aims to forecast renewable energy generation until 2035 under the current Ukrainian conditions. The relevance of this scientific issue is the urgency to combat the climate change consequences under economic development. A bibliometric analysis was conducted in the study frameworks to systemize the scientific treatises and indicate main research directions in energy investigation. The source of publications was the Scopus database. The VOSviewer software tools were applied to visualize the obtained results. In turn, to gain the research goal, the authors forecasted the primary energy generations from renewable sources using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The study sample was the shares of primary energy from renewable sources in Ukraine. The data covers 1985-2019. The results of bibliometric analysis allowed identifying main directions in investigating the energy policy such as renewable energy development under climate change; bioenergy; reducing carbon emissions towards economic growth; energy security and policy; management in the energy sector; satisfaction of the energy demand and improving the energy conditions for consumers. In the empirical part of this study, the forecast findings showed the growing tendency in primary energy generation from renewable sources. However, the share of primary energy from renewable sources would increase by 1.16 times (3,62 %). Therefore, the authors concluded that the target of the Energy Strategy of Ukraine of 25 % the share of primary energy from renewable sources would not be gained until 2035. This study highlights the necessity to develop renewable energy in Ukraine. The obtained results could be the base for further investigations devoted to elaborating the energy policy towards developing energy efficiency and green development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Gavrikova, Elizaveta, Yegor Burda, Vladimir Gavrikov, et al. "Clean Energy Sources: Insights from Russia." Resources 8, no. 2 (2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8020084.

Full text

Abstract:

The paper is devoted to the assessment of the prospects of implementing clean energy sources in Russia, where the current energy policy goal is to increase the role of renewable and clean energy sources. The research is based on data from the Krasnoyarsk Region as one of the largest territories but also as a representative model of Russia. The aim of the study is to identify where and which renewable energy source (solar, wind, hydro and nuclear) has the highest potential. The novelty of our research lies in its holistic nature: authors consider both geographical and technical potential for renewable energy sources development as well as prospective demand for such resources, while previous research is mostly focused on specific aspects of renewable energy development. We also consider the level of air pollution as an important factor for the development of renewable energy sources. The results of the study show that there is a strong potential for clean energy sources in the Krasnoyarsk Region. The resulting matrix identifies the potential of energy sources across all the municipal entities and also indicates whether the source of energy is primary or supplemental and where several sources may be implemented in cooperation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Brkić, Vladislav. "Energy Decarbonisation and Primary Energy in the 21st Century." Journal of Energy - Energija 70, no. 2 (2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/20217028.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper emphasizes the role of primary sources of energy, primarily oil and gas in the future (so-called “energy mix”) with the expected trends in the future. The changes expected by the oil and gas sector in the 21st century have been underlined due to energy decarbonisation. There are intense discussions about the oil and gas future due to the effects of climate change and the announcement that oil is in the final phase of exploitation due to the high depletion of fields around the world. How are the big oil companies responding to these challenges and what are the trends of global energy consumption? In the 21st century, it is necessary to take in account all types of energy with the growth of renewable sources. In the meantime, natural gas is imposed as a bridge between fossil and decarbonised energy, and the trends in the gas segment in the world and in the Republic of Croatia will be emphasized as well. In addition, the new Croatian energy strategy must be aligned with changes in the oil and gas sector, as well as exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Carbon-free energy is still a long way, but the low-carbon energy period has begun.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Lantasi, A. I. D., Syafrudin, and Budiyono. "The potential and prospect of biomass as primary energy in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012055.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Energy is one of the needs to support daily human activities. Without energy, various activities such as industry, health, and household will be disrupted. Total energy consumption in Indonesia in 2018 reached 875 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE), which was dominated by fuel oil. It illustrates that national energy consumption is still dominated by primary energy sources originating from fossil fuels. Various previous studies have suggested the environmental and health impacts of air pollution from burning fossil fuels. This article will briefly discuss biomass as a primary energy source based on the results of literature studies. The discussion section will discuss the environmental impacts of biomass utilization based on several scientific studies and the form of biomass utilization in Indonesia that has been carried out. As a follow-up to several scientific facts, it is necessary to mix other primary energy from new and renewable energy sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Pitonak, Anton, and Martin Lopusniak. "Analysis of Energy Sources on Energy Indicators Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.198.

Full text

Abstract:

In the members states of the European Union, portion of buildings in the total consumption of energy represents 40%, and their portion in CO2 emissions fluctuates around 35%. The European Union is trying to protect the environment by reducing energy demand and releasing CO2 emissions into the air. Energy performance is the quantity of energy, which is necessary for heating and domestic hot water production, for cooling and ventilation and for lighting. Based on results of energy performance, individual buildings are classified into energy classes A to G. A global indicator (primary energy) is the decisive factor for final evaluation of the building. The new building must meet minimum requirements for energy performance, i.e. it must be classified to energy class A1 since 2016, and to energy class A0 since 2020. The paper analyses effect of the use of different resources of heat in a family house designed according to requirements valid since 2020, and its subsequent classification into an energy class.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

BESPALOV, Victor Ya, Boris N. KARZHAVOV, and Anton O. SIDOROV. "Rectifiers AC Voltage Development for Primary Energy Limited Power Sources." Elektrichestvo 12 (2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2019-12-21-29.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Matias, João Carlos de Oliveira, and Tessaleno Campos Devezas. "Socio-Economic Development and Primary Energy Sources Substitution Towards Decarbonization." Low Carbon Economy 02, no. 02 (2011): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/lce.2011.22008.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Schilling, M. T., and I. C. Nasser. "Performance assessment indices for primary energy sources and generation systems." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 10, no. 3 (1995): 1204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.466536.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Alfimov, Michail V., and Vladimir F. Razumov. "Modern energetics: current problems in energy conversion and utilization of produced energy." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 10 (2017): 1521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-1214.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractIn this study, we discussed the state-of-art in global energy industry in a historical retrospective and the forecast of its development for the next 25 years. At least in the nearest quarter of a century, the main source of primary energy will remain the chemical energy of different hydrocarbon fuels, including natural gas, coal, oil, and biofuels. In this context, of current importance becomes the problem of more rational utilization of produced energy. We analyzed the basic physical constraints that define a maximum efficiency of energy conversion and utiliztion of primary energy sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Aziz, Muhammad. "Advanced Green Technologies Toward Future Sustainable Energy Systems." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15805.

Full text

Abstract:

Currently, the usable energy is basically harvested from the fossil energy sources, including coal, oil, and gas, which are believed to harm the environment due to the emitted GHGs. The awareness to the climate change and limited reserve of fossil energy sources has led to a strong motivation to develop a new energy system which can facilitate three important pillars: security, clean environment, and economic opportunity. This future energy system is strongly expected to be able to blend both fossil and renewable energy sources, while minimize its environmental impacts. To realize it, the primary energy sources are converted to the efficient secondary energy sources, including electricity and hydrogen. These two kinds of secondary energy source are considered very promising in the future, following a high demand in many sectors. In transportation sector, both electricity and hydrogen are believed to become the future fuels as the deployment of electric and fuel cell vehicles is increasing rapidly. In this paper, several potential technologies to produce the energy cleanly from primary energy sources are introduced and evaluated. In addition, clean and efficient technologies in storage and utilization are also described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Kraus, Michal, Kateřina Kubenková, and Darja Kubečková. "The Evaluation of Non-Renewable Primary Energy as Part of Energy Performance Certificates." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.222.

Full text

Abstract:

The evaluation of non-renewable primary energy expressing the impact of the environment is part of the energy performance certificate. The evaluation is based on factors of primary energy. New buildings or larger modifications of existing buildings must meet the legislative requirements in the Czech Republic, which are consistent with the requirements of the European Union. On the basis of modeling of different energy sources and different number of energy sources for the selected building are set values of non-renewable primary energy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Sabishchenko, Oleksandr, Rafał Rębilas, Norbert Sczygiol, and Mariusz Urbański. "Ukraine Energy Sector Management Using Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems." Energies 13, no. 7 (2020): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071776.

Full text

Abstract:

The Ukrainian energy sector is one of the most inflexible energy sectors in the world as a result of the almost complete depreciation of the equipment of the main sources of power supply: nuclear, thermal, and hydropower. In connection with existing problems, there is a need to develop and use new energy-saving technologies based on renewable energy sources. In this proposed research, a regression model of renewable energy growth in the energy sector of Ukraine was developed. The studied literature reveals that the independent use of individual functioning elements of renewable energy sources function as the primary power source that is not an optimal solution for stable energy supply. This study proposes the use of hybrid renewable energy systems, namely a combination of two or more renewable energy sources that will help each other to achieve higher energy efficiency, accelerate the growth of renewable energy in the share of the Ukrainian energy sector and/or improve functioning with battery energy storages. Moreover, the use of hybrid renewable energy systems in Ukraine will reduce the human impact on the environment, realize the potential of local renewable energy resources and also increase the share of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. Therefore, mechanisms for managing state regulation of stimulating the development of hybrid renewable energy systems have been developed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Soava, Georgeta, Anca Mehedintu, and Mircea Raduteanu. "Clean Energy, a Sine Qua Non Condition for Sustainable Development." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4, no. 5 (2018): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.45.2005.

Full text

Abstract:

Starting from the reality that Europe is in full transition, the aim of this study is to carry out an analysis to determine the contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy production and also to determine the impact of the increase in the share of renewable energy on energy prices, on the economy. The study is based on the 2011 – 2015 information taken from the most recent studies conducted at EU and Romanian level on action plans on renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. On the basis of the data collected, the analysis focused on the share of renewable energy sources in energy production and primary energy production from renewable sources divided by individual sources and the structure of consumption on the main activities of the national economy to see how various factors influence the future of clean energy and the impact on energy prices. For analysis, a dynamic analysis tool was used, the Risk module in the Palisade software package, which through a series of simulations allows combining the identified uncertainties. The results of the analysis and simulations carried out made highlight the best scenarios of increasing the share of renewable sources in energy production, to lower energy prices and to sustainable economic growth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Mugnini, Alice, Gianluca Coccia, Fabio Polonara, and Alessia Arteconi. "Energy Flexibility as Additional Energy Source in Multi-Energy Systems with District Cooling." Energies 14, no. 2 (2021): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020519.

Full text

Abstract:

The integration of multi-energy systems to meet the energy demand of buildings represents one of the most promising solutions for improving the energy performance of the sector. The energy flexibility provided by the building is paramount to allowing optimal management of the different available resources. The objective of this work is to highlight the effectiveness of exploiting building energy flexibility provided by thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) in order to manage multi-energy systems (MES) through model predictive control (MPC), such that energy flexibility can be regarded as an additional energy source in MESs. Considering the growing demand for space cooling, a case study in which the MPC is used to satisfy the cooling demand of a reference building is tested. The multi-energy sources include electricity from the power grid and photovoltaic modules (both of which are used to feed a variable-load heat pump), and a district cooling network. To evaluate the varying contributions of energy flexibility in resource management, different objective functions—namely, the minimization of the withdrawal of energy from the grid, of the total energy cost and of the total primary energy consumption—are tested in the MPC. The results highlight that using energy flexibility as an additional energy source makes it possible to achieve improvements in the energy performance of an MES building based on the objective function implemented, i.e., a reduction of 53% for the use of electricity taken from the grid, a 43% cost reduction, and a 17% primary energy reduction. This paper also reflects on the impact that the individual optimization of a building with a multi-energy system could have on other users sharing the same energy sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Paska, Józef, Piotr Biczel, and Mariusz Kłos. "Hybrid power systems – An effective way of utilising primary energy sources." Renewable Energy 34, no. 11 (2009): 2414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.02.018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Aydin, G. "The Modeling and Projection of Primary Energy Consumption by the Sources." Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 10, no. 1 (2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2013.771716.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

de Oliveira Matias, João Carlos, and Tessaleno Campos Devezas. "Consumption dynamics of primary-energy sources: The century of alternative energies." Applied Energy 84, no. 7-8 (2007): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.01.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Varga, Bogdan Ovidiu. "Electric vehicles, primary energy sources and CO2 emissions: Romanian case study." Energy 49 (January 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.036.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Mollo Neto, Mario, Lucélia Maria Casagrande, Camila Pires Cremasco, and Luís Roberto Almeida Gabriel Filho. "Prospecting and modeling of primary energy production indicators in Brazil supported by graph theory." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 10 (2021): e485101019199. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19199.

Full text

Abstract:

This research presents a study on the scenario of primary energy production in Brazil over the period from 1970 to 2018, as well as the main sources that contributed to the national energy matrix. To map trends in primary energy production, Social Network Analysis was applied. Also are presented the mathematical models that represent the variation in the centrality and density of primary energy production. Based on the results and the literature on the economy of Brazil in the period between the years 1970 to 2018, it discuss the movements carried out by public policymakers that culminated in a reduction of investments in the sector, even that demand would always be growing. However, it would continue to be linked to the results of small increases in GDP and HDI. Another result was the evolution and of oil as a non-renewable primary source offer for the entire period of the research. Was perceived the alternation of offers from non-renewable sources that, starting with the predominance of firewood, passing on to the generation of hydraulic energy, the most important for two decades, and the substitution by-products derived from sugarcane, which extends until the year 2018. It was also observed that in the period from 2010 to 2018, the share of supply from renewable primary sources, in percentage terms, it is no longer so distant from the share of offers from non-renewable primary sources, almost even dividing availability for the composition of the Brazilian matrix.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Szilvia, Domán, Tamus Antalné, Erdélyi Tamás, and Elena Horská. "The Change Of Residents’ Attitudes Towards Renewable Energy Sources In 2006–2014 As A Reflection Of Primary Research." Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 4, no. 1 (2015): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2015-0004.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Within the frame of the North Hungarian region's eco-energy program, we examined the change of residents’ attitudes to alternative energy sources during a multi-stage primary research. The level of familiarity and knowledge of the population, the examination of the source of knowledge and the analysis of renewable energy sources’ judgment were the main areas of the standard interviews. According to our hypothesis, all of the information supply and attitudes related to the subject changed in a positive direction. The use of renewable energy sources is mainly dependent on the consumers’ and residents’ attitude in the given region. Consequently, we consider the knowledge of residents’ attitude particularly important and that the multi-stage research was needed. Primary research was performed in form of standard interviews in households during 2006. Our research in 2009 and 2014 indicated the next phase, where we studied, how the relationship of the parties concerned to renewable energy sources has changed during the past three years.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Oschmann, Volker. "Renewable Energy Sources in European Law: an Overview." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 3, no. 6 (2006): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601006x00137.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article gives an overview of the European legal framework on renewable energy sources, that is those European legal provisions whose objective is to increase the exploitation of renewable energy sources in the production of electricity, heating and cooling, as well as fuel for transport. Although renewable energy sources are not an explicit matter for primary European law, it is clear, particularly given climate change and increasing dependency on energy imports, that they are gaining increasing importance in secondary European law and at Member State level.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

El Khaili, Mohamed, Redouane Marhoum, Chaimaa Fouhad, and Hassan Ouajji. "Contribution to Multi-Energy Flow Management for Building Energy Hub." Journal of Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks 15, no. 01 (2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5383/juspn.15.01.004.

Full text

Abstract:

Global demand for primary fossil energy continues to increase. However, the production of energy from fossil fuels, in addition to depleting available reserves, releases millions of tons of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) into the atmosphere. Thus, it is obvious that the high concentration of GHGs in the air disrupts the natural greenhouse effect and consequently causes global warming. The implementation of action plans aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions has led all countries to use clean energy sources (sun, earth, wind) called renewable energies and also to rationalize the use of energies whether based on fossil fuels or renewable. Our paper presents a modeling of the demand and its management to ensure an optimization of the energy consumption and the reduction of its bill

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Tamašauskas, Rokas, Jolanta Šadauskienė, Patrikas Bruzgevičius, and Dorota Anna Krawczyk. "An Evaluation of Primary Energy Factor Values of Wind Turbines." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016009.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, much attention has been paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is one type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article was to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of 100 investigated wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. Investigation results showed that the difference of the non-renewable primary energy factor between wind turbines due to capacity is 35%. This paper provides a recommendation with regard to EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations: All EU member states should use the same or very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factor of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Arévalo, Juan, Fabian Santos, and Sergio Rivera. "Aplicación de Costos de Incertidumbre Analíticos de Energía Solar, Eólica y Vehículos Eléctricos en el Despacho Óptimo de Potencia." Ingeniería 22, no. 3 (2017): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/23448393.11673.

Full text

Abstract:

Context: Currently, renewable energy sources are playing an important role in counteracting the environmental impact of traditional energy sources. For this reason, system operators must have analytical tools that allow them to incorporate these new forms of energy. In electrical power systems, when incorporating renewable resources such as photovoltaic solar generation, wind power generation or electric vehicles, uncertainty is introduced due to the stochasticity of primary resources.Method: Uncertainty costs are proposed that incorporate the injected power variability of the main sources of renewable energy (solar and wind) and the consumed power (electric vehicles). Variability is considered by the probability distributions of the primary sources of renewable energy (solar irradiation and wind speed).Results: The main result of this research is the application of analytical costs of uncertainty. In this way it is possible to modify the cost function of a traditional economic dispatch. Additionally, it is proposed to solve the problem with a heuristic optimization method of economic dispatch of active-reactive power. Finally, a comparison is made with the operating cost of the system without the incorporation of renewable energies.Conclusions: The proposed model in this article is a potential decision-making tool that power system operators may consider in the operation of the system. The tool is capable of considering the uncertainties of the primary sources of renewable energy. The probability distribution of the primary source forecast is assumed to be known. An opportunity in order to extend the model is to study its applicability to dynamic time horizons, contemplating the constraints of the unit commitment problem

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Skrúcaný, Tomáš, Saša Milojević, Štefánia Semanová, Tomáš Čechovič, Tomasz Figlus, and František Synák. "The Energy Efficiency of Electric Energy as a Traction Used in Transport." Transport technic and technology 14, no. 2 (2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttt-2018-0005.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The article deals with the problem of electric power production in terms of environmental impact, in particular the energy efficiency of its production to utilize primary sources. The efficiency of its production directly depends on the composition of primary sources and technologies used. Difference in efficiency by converting various forms of energy into electrical power and their ratio in the use directly affect the resulting efficiency, production of emissions and thus the environmental impact. Electric traction, its production, is burdened less efficient than other types of tractions used in transport, but at the final reconciliation of their consumption in vehicles, this difference decreases or delays because the vehicles themselves work with different conversion efficiency of its traction on mechanical work, vehicle driving.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Tamašauskas, Rokas, Jolanta Šadauskienė, Patrikas Bruzgevičius, and Dorota Anna Krawczyk. "Investigation and Evaluation of Primary Energy from Wind Turbines for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB)." Energies 12, no. 11 (2019): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112145.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to fulfill the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, great attention is paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is considered a type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article is to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources and wind speed on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of investigated 100 wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. The results of the investigation show that the difference in the non-renewable primary energy factors between wind turbines with regard to their capacity is 35%. In addition, primary energy factor (PEF) values depend on geographic location and climate conditions. This paper provides a recommendation that the EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations of all EU member states should use the same or, at least, a very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factors of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Hamzaçebi, Coşkun. "Primary energy sources planning based on demand forecasting: The case of Turkey." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 1 (2016): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i1a1560.

Full text

Abstract:

Forecasting electricity consumption is a very important issue for governments and electricity related foundations of public sector. Recently, Grey Modelling (GM (1,1)) has been used to forecast electricity demand successfully. GM (1,1) is useful when the observed data is limited, and it does not require any preliminary information about the data distribution. However, the original form of GM (1,1) needs some improvements in order to use for time series, which exhibit seasonality. In this study, a grey forecasting model which is called SGM (1,1) is proposed to give the forecasting ability to the basic form of GM(1,1) in order to overcome seasonality issues. The proposed model is then used to forecast the monthly electricity demand of Turkey between 2015 and 2020. Obtained forecasting values were used to plan the primary energy sources of electricity production. The findings of the study may guide the planning of future plant investments and maintenance operations in Turkey. Moreover, the method can also be applied to predict seasonal electricity demand of any other country.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Sifakis, Nikolaos, Tryfon Daras, and Theocharis Tsoutsos. "How Much Energy Efficient are Renewable Energy Sources Cooperatives’ Initiatives?" Energies 13, no. 5 (2020): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051136.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper is provided a systematic, in-depth, behavioral analysis of renewable energy sources cooperatives’ members. The analysis proved that in, on hand, there was a noticeable difference in the portion of affection of each proposed intervention on the actual energy consumption, which may be to even ten times more in some cases, and on the other hand, the difference in energy consumption between the analyzed groups was noticeable as well. So, implementing energy efficiency interventions of various types, such as technical support, special tariffs, energy generation schemes, and smart meters, seems to lead to substantial energy reductions to even more than 10%, cumulatively, and reduces the environmental footprint. Additionally, the majority of energy efficiency interventions applied by the renewable energy sources cooperatives are proved to be effective in achieving their primary goal, sensitizing members, and leading them to a more efficient energy consumption behavior (“greener”). The results of the analysis showed that each proposed intervention had played a different but nonetheless significant role in the diminishing of the energy consumption of the members and that there was a noticeable difference in energy consumption between the analyzed groups. The results of the analysis demonstrated more than 22 GWh totally in green consumption, and almost 4500 tons of CO2 saved.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Bay, Sean, Belinda Ferrari, and Chris Greening. "Life without water: how do bacteria generate biomass in desert ecosystems?" Microbiology Australia 39, no. 1 (2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18008.

Full text

Abstract:

Many of the world's most arid deserts harbour surprisingly diverse communities of heterotrophic bacteria. These organisms persist in surface soils under extreme climatic conditions, despite lacking obvious energy inputs from phototrophic primary producers. A longstanding conundrum has been how these communities sustain enough energy to maintain their diversity and biomass. We recently helped to resolve this conundrum by demonstrating that some desert communities are structured by a minimalistic mode of chemosynthetic primary production, where atmospheric trace gases, not sunlight, serve as the main energy sources. These findings are supported by pure culture studies that suggest atmospheric trace gases are dependable energy sources for the long-term survival of dormant soil bacteria. We predict that atmospheric trace gases may be a major energy source for desert ecosystems worldwide.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

EUNGWANICHAYAPANT, A., and F. AHARONIAN. "VERY HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS FROM e± PAIR HALOS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 18, no. 06 (2009): 911–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271809014832.

Full text

Abstract:

In this paper we study the formation of giant electron–positron pair halos around the powerful high energy extragalactic sources. We investigate the dependence of radiation of pair halos, in particular the spectral and angular distributions on the energy spectrum of the primary gamma rays, the redshift of the source, and the flux of the extragalactic background light.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Wobrauschek, Peter, Peter Kregsamer, Christina Streli, Robert Rieder, and Hannes Aiginger. "TXRF with Various Excitation Sources." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, B (1991): 925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800013112.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractImproving the detection limits in TXRF by optimizing the excitation conditions is the goal of this work. The properties of the exciting radiation due to spectral distribution, polarisation, intensity and energy are investigated and compared to find best conditions. Results are given from experiments performed with synchrotron radiation, Bragg polarized monoenergetic x-rays, high energy cut-off reflector in the primary beam path of a high power x-ray tube and several geometries for the sample reflector.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Жданов, Дмитрий, Dmitriy Zhdanov, Сергей Лесовой, Sergey Lesovoi, Сусанна Тохчукова, and Susanna Tokhchukova. "Sources of type III solar microwave bursts." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2, no. 2 (2016): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20996.

Full text

Abstract:

Microwave fine structures allow us to study plasma evolution in an energy release region. The Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) is a unique instrument designed to examine fine structures at 5.7 GHz. A complex analysis of data from RATAN-600, 4–8 GHz spectropolarimeter, and SSRT, simultaneously with EUV data, made it possible to localize sources of III type microwave bursts in August 10, 2011 event within the entire frequency band of burst occurrence, as well as to determine the most probable region of primary energy release. To localize sources of III type bursts from RATAN-600 data, an original method for data processing has been worked out. At 5.7 GHz, the source of bursts was determined along two coordinates, whereas at 4.5, 4.7, 4.9, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, and 6.0 GHz, their locations were identified along one coordinate. The size of the burst source at 5.1 GHz was found to be maximum as compared to those at other frequencies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Han, Yawen, Shigemi Kagawa, Fumiya Nagashima, and Keisuke Nansai. "Sources of China’s Fossil Energy-Use Change." Energies 12, no. 4 (2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040699.

Full text

Abstract:

Technology improvement related to energy conservation and energy mix low-carbonization is a critical approach for tackling global warming in China. Therefore, we attempt to identify the technology factors of China’s energy consumption change between 2007 and 2012, when China’s economy started slowing. This study proposes a new refined structural decomposition analysis (SDA) based on a hybrid multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model. The technology factors are expressed through the energy input level effect, energy composition effect, and non-energy input effect. We find that the energy level effect was the primary driver for energy reduction, saving 1205 million tonnes of standard coal equivalent (Mtce) of energy, while 520 Mtce was offset by energy composition and non-energy input effects. The sector analysis shows that the energy input level, energy composition, and non-energy input effects of electricity, the chemical industry, and metallurgy are noteworthy. In addition, the sector contribution to energy-use change, by province, related to the three effects, is also studied. From these results, we propose policy suggestions for further energy saving, in order to achieve China’s energy target through technology improvements by the higher priority contributors identified.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Eichler, David. "Particle Acceleration in High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 142 (1994): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100078246.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractMany proficient gamma-ray sources show energy spectra that are consistent with E−2 primary spectra. Such sources include recently identified gamma-ray quasars and some gamma-ray bursts. Assuming thick target conversion, this is consistent with shock acceleration, and the dominance of the gamma rays of the luminosity is also consistent with previous predictions of high production efficiency of fresh cosmic rays in shocks. The spectral cutoffs in the gamma rays may offer clues as to whether the high-energy particles are electrons or protons. Resolution of this matter might have implications for the nature of the sources and for theory of shock accelerated electrons.Subject headings: acceleration of particles — gamma rays: bursts — shock waves

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Cenejac, Aleksandra, Radivoje Bjelakovic, Aleksandar Andjelkovic, and Damir Djakovic. "Covering of heating load of object by using ground heat as a renewable energy source." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 1 (2012): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120209074c.

Full text

Abstract:

Rational use of energy, improving energy performance of buildings and use of renewable energy sources are the most important measures for reducing consumption of non-renewable primary energy (solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels), environmental protection and for the future sustainable development of mankind. In the total primary energy consumption great part is related to building industry, for heating spaces in which people stay and live. Renewable energy sources (RES) present natural resources and they are one of the alternatives that allow obtaining heat for heating buildings, and by that they provide a significant contribution to the energy balance of a country. This paper analyzes the participation of ground source as RES, when the vertical (the probe in the ground) and horizontal (registry in the ground) heat exchangers are used for covering heating load of the building.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Johnson-Down, Louise, Heidi Ritter, Linda Jacobs Starkey, and Katherine Gray-Donald. "Primary Food Sources of Nutrients In the Diet of Canadian Adults." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 67, no. 1 (2006): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/67.1.2006.7.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose: Food sources of nutrients in the Canadian diet were explored. Knowledge of these sources is important to public health professionals and to those in clinical practice. Methods: Using data from the Food Habits of Canadians study, we investigated nutrient sources from detailed food groupings in a sample of 1,543 adults (971 women, 572 men) from across Canada. Subjects were interviewed by trained dietitians. At the time of the interview, a sociodemographic questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall were completed. Results: The response rate was 30%. Subjects aged 18 to 34 reported eating more prepared and convenience foods than did those aged 35 to 65. Energy was contributed mainly by breads, pasta, rice, grains, and fluid milk. Protein intake was primarily derived from meat and dairy products; legumes, nuts, seeds, and eggs were not high contributors. For men aged 35 to 65 and women aged 18 to 65, butter, margarine, and oil were the primary fat sources; they were the second most common source for men aged 18 to 34. Fibre was provided by foods that are not usually considered good sources, but because of the large total consumption of these foods, they are important in Canadians’ diet. The main source of calcium was dairy products, and iron came mainly from non-heme sources. Conclusions: We must understand the contributions of foods to nutrients, and distinguish “important” sources of nutrients (those consumed by many in substantial amounts) from “good” sources (foods rich in particular nutrients, whether eaten or not).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Temukuyev, Timur B., Gennady S. Prazdnow, and Boris B. Temukuyev. "Hydrogen as an alternative planetary fuel: current problems and environmental impact." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 3 (2022): 032091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032091.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract The article discusses the possibility of using hydrogen as an ideal alternative fuel with a zero carbon footprint. It can be considered as such only if it is obtained from the decomposition of water using energy from renewable sources, since hydrogen will no longer belong to traditional types of fuel, turning into an energy accumulator obtained from a certain source, with all the advantages and disadvantages of such devices. The economic efficiency of the battery is estimated by the efficiency. For the industrial use of hydrogen as a fuel, it is necessary to solve such technical problems as the choice of primary energy sources for the decomposition of water, storage and transportation of the resulting gases, as well as to determine the energy feasibility of introducing certain technological schemes. To assess the carbon footprint, it is necessary to determine the primary energy efficiency, that is, to identify the sources of used energy in all links of the technological scheme from the development of project documentation to the disposal of used equipment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Lee, Danielle, Laura Chiavaroli, Sabrina Ayoub-Charette, et al. "Effect of Important Food Sources of Fructose-Containing Sugars on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab053_045.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Objectives Fructose as a source of excess calories increases non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) markers. Whether this effect is mediated by the food matrix is unknown. We thus conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled feeding trials assessing the effect of important food sources of fructose-containing sugars at different energy control levels on NAFLD markers. Methods MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched through January 18, 2021 for controlled trials ≥7-days. Four trial designs were prespecified based on energy control: substitution (energy-matched replacement of sugars by other macronutrients); addition (excess energy from sugars added to diets); subtraction (energy from sugars subtracted from diets); and ad libitum (energy from sugars freely replaced by other macronutrients). The primary outcome was intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL). Secondary outcomes were alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Certainty of evidence was assessed by GRADE. Results We included 44 trials (65 trial comparisons, n = 1941) assessing the effect of 8 food sources (sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs]; sweetened dairy alternative [soy]; fruit juice; fruit; dried fruit; baked goods, desserts and sweets; added nutritive sweetener; and mixed sources) across 4 energy levels. Total fructose-containing sugars increased IHCL in addition trials (standardized mean difference = 1.69 [95% CI, 1.00–2.37], P &lt; 0.001), but no effect in substitution, subtraction and ad libitum trials. There was evidence of interaction by food source in addition trials with SSBs increasing IHCL and ALT, and mixed sources increasing AST. The overall certainty of evidence was high for SSBs on IHCL and ALT in addition trials and high to very low for all other comparisons. Conclusions Energy control and food source appear to mediate the effect of fructose-containing sugars on NAFLD markers. High certainty evidence suggests that SSBs providing excess energy increase NAFLD markers, while the evidence is less certain that mixed sources share the same effect and other food sources do not. More high-quality randomized trials of different food sources are needed to improve our estimates (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02716870). Funding Sources Primary funding: Diabetes Canada.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Michaelides, Efstathios E. "Primary Energy Use and Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 3 (2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12030138.

Full text

Abstract:

The global market of electric vehicles has become one of the prime growth industries of the 21st century fueled by marketing efforts, which frequently assert that electric vehicles are “very efficient” and “produce no pollution.” This article uses thermodynamic analysis to determine the primary energy needs for the propulsion of electric vehicles and applies the energy/exergy trade-offs between hydrocarbons and electricity propulsion of road vehicles. The well-to-wheels efficiency of electric vehicles is comparable to that of vehicles with internal combustion engines. Heat transfer to or from the cabin of the vehicle is calculated to determine the additional energy for heating and air-conditioning needs, which must be supplied by the battery, and the reduction of the range of the vehicle. The article also determines the advantages of using fleets of electric vehicles to offset the problems of the “duck curve” that are caused by the higher utilization of wind and solar energy sources. The effects of the substitution of internal combustion road vehicles with electric vehicles on carbon dioxide emission avoidance are also examined for several national electricity grids. It is determined that grids, which use a high fraction of coal as their primary energy source, will actually increase the carbon dioxide emissions; while grids that use a high fraction of renewables and nuclear energy will significantly decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. Globally, the carbon dioxide emissions will decrease by approximately 16% with the introduction of electric vehicles.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Smith, Tim, Michele Trancossi, Dean Vucinic, Chris Bingham, and Paul Stewart. "Primary and Albedo Solar Energy Sources for High Altitude Persistent Air Vehicle Operation." Energies 10, no. 4 (2017): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10040573.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Krause, Frederick C., John-Paul Jones, Simon C. Jones, et al. "High Specific Energy Lithium Primary Batteries as Power Sources for Deep Space Exploration." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 165, no. 10 (2018): A2312—A2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.1061810jes.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Schurov, N. I., M. V. Yaroslavtsev, and D. M. Strelnikova. "Enhancement of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.580.

Full text

Abstract:

The article deals with the selection of optimal parameters of hybrid electric vehicle power sources. Construction of a hybrid electric vehicle with buffer energy storage based on double electric layer capacitors considers choosing minimal sufficient capacity of the storage.Required buffer storage capacity depends on the vehicle’s driving cycle. If it moves in cycle with the average power (the ratio of energy consumption to the duration of the cycle) higher than power of primary energy source, it means that missing energy would be drawn from the buffer storage and long-time moving in this cycle would discharge it. To avoid the case, the power of primary source and the capacity of buffer storage should be chosen in coordination.In the article the primary source power ensuring any driving cycle implementation with minimal storage capacity is calculated. It may be further reduced taking into account real driving cycles. A technique of selecting the combination of primary source power and buffer storage capacity based on numerical modeling of energy consuming process is proposed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

D'Imperio, Seth, Corinne R. Lehr, Harry Oduro, Greg Druschel, Michael Kühl, and Timothy R. McDermott. "Relative Importance of H2 and H2S as Energy Sources for Primary Production in Geothermal Springs." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 18 (2008): 5802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00852-08.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACT Geothermal waters contain numerous potential electron donors capable of supporting chemolithotrophy-based primary production. Thermodynamic predictions of energy yields for specific electron donor and acceptor pairs in such systems are available, although direct assessments of these predictions are rare. This study assessed the relative importance of dissolved H2 and H2S as energy sources for the support of chemolithotrophic metabolism in an acidic geothermal spring in Yellowstone National Park. H2S and H2 concentration gradients were observed in the outflow channel, and vertical H2S and O2 gradients were evident within the microbial mat. H2S levels and microbial consumption rates were approximately three orders of magnitude greater than those of H2. Hydrogenobaculum-like organisms dominated the bacterial component of the microbial community, and isolates representing three distinct 16S rRNA gene phylotypes (phylotype = 100% identity) were isolated and characterized. Within a phylotype, O2 requirements varied, as did energy source utilization: some isolates could grow only with H2S, some only with H2, while others could utilize either as an energy source. These metabolic phenotypes were consistent with in situ geochemical conditions measured using aqueous chemical analysis and in-field measurements made by using gas chromatography and microelectrodes. Pure-culture experiments with an isolate that could utilize H2S and H2 and that represented the dominant phylotype (70% of the PCR clones) showed that H2S and H2 were used simultaneously, without evidence of induction or catabolite repression, and at relative rate differences comparable to those measured in ex situ field assays. Under in situ-relevant concentrations, growth of this isolate with H2S was better than that with H2. The major conclusions drawn from this study are that phylogeny may not necessarily be reliable for predicting physiology and that H2S can dominate over H2 as an energy source in terms of availability, apparent in situ consumption rates, and growth-supporting energy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Grigoriev, Aleksey U., and Tatyana V. Ukraintseva. "THE FORMATION OF PRIMARY IGNITION SOURCES WITH IMPACTIVE EXPLOSIVES INITIATION." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 59 (2021): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/1998-9849-2021-59-85-47-50.

Full text

Abstract:

In the article, an attempt was made to develop a theory of formation of primary decomposition sources in energy-saturated materials. Meanwhile, probabilistic values are used: relative speed of primary decomposition "sources" occurrence and the quantity of those sources. A special role in the initiation is given to the occurrence of so-called clusters of primary sources, which sizes exceed the critical one, which is determined by the charge size and the conditions of initiation. The proposed model defines the optimal initiation speed leading to guaranteed detonation excitation and becomes a prerequisite for blasting explosives probabilistic initiation theory development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Primary energy sources'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles