Academic literature on the topic 'Primary measures of NOx control'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Jančauskas, Adolfas, and Kęstutis Buinevičius. "Combination of Primary Measures on Flue Gas Emissions in Grate-Firing Biofuel Boiler." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040793.
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Increasingly stringent limits for NOx and SO2 emission are forcing the investigation of new reduction methods. This study was conducted to determine the combination of primary measures, i.e., flue gas recirculation (FGR) and excess air effects on sulfur, nitrogen and hydrocarbon emissions, in boiler flue gas. Experimental research was performed using an experimental, small-scale (20 kW) model of an industrial biofuel boiler. During combustion of sunflower seed hulls at different FGR ratios and incomplete combustion regimes, the composition of flue gas (NO, NO2, N2O, HCN, NH3, SO2, SO3, H2S, CO, and CxHy) was compared, allowing an explanation of the determinants of emission concentration changes to be provided. Increasing the flue gas recirculation ratio in the primary air had a positive effect on reducing NOX and CO with certain organic compounds. However, an opposite effect on SO2 was observed. NOX and SO2 concentrations were found to be approximately 500 mg/m3 and 150 mg/m3 under a regular combustion regime. When the FGR ratio of 50% NOX concentration decreased by 110 mg/m3, the SO2 concentration increased by 60 mg/m3. The incomplete combustion regime reduced NOX concentration by 70 mg/m3, whereas SO2 concentration increased by 100 mg/m3. The influence of primary measures presented an unclear relationship to hydrocarbon emissions, with concentrations not exceeding 18 mg/m3.
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Yao, X., N. T. Lau, C. K. Chan, and M. Fang. "The use of tunnel concentration profile data to determine the ratio of NO<sub>2</sub>/NO<sub>x</sub> directly emitted from vehicles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, no. 6 (December 13, 2005): 12723–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-12723-2005.
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Abstract. Recently, it is reported that primary vehicular NO2/NOx ratio to be 10–30% and primary vehicular NO2 has raised much interest and concern in the control of NO2 in urban areas. In this study, primary vehicular NO2/NOx ratio in Hong Kong was investigated based on intensive long tunnel (3.7–4 km in length) experiments where concentration profiles of air pollutants along the entire lengths of the tunnels were obtained. Long tunnels were selected because of the inherent low O3 concentrations in the partially enclosed environment. In addition the concentrations of pollutants from vehicles are high. Thus, the NO2 measured inside long tunnels would be more representative of the primary NO2 emitted by vehicles and contribution due to atmospheric transformation would be limited. This dataset was supported by a long-term on-road air quality dataset (June 2002–August 2003). Both datasets were obtained using the Mobile Real-time Air Monitoring Platform (MAP). The primary on-road vehicular NO2/NOx ratio was less than 2%, detected in the mid sections of tunnels investigated, where O3 concentration was at a minimum. In sections of the tunnels (entrance and exit) where O3 concentrations were relatively high, the NO2/NOx ratio could be as high as 19%. Long-term (annual average) on-road air quality data in open air yielded NO2/NOx ratios up to 28%. Thus, it is apparent that directly emitted NO2 from vehicles is not significant in atmospheric NO2 concentration. A simple model was used to segregate the contribution of background NO2 and transformed NO2 measured in vehicle plumes.
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Chang, C. C., M. Shao, C. C. K. Chou, S. C. Liu, J. L. Wang, K. Z. Lee, C. H. Lai, T. Zhu, and P. H. Lin. "Biogenic isoprene and implications for oxidant levels in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 9, 2013): 25939–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-25939-2013.
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Abstract. As the host of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, Beijing implemented a series of stringent, short-term air quality control measures to reduce the emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants. Large reductions in the daily average concentrations of primary pollutants, e.g., non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) of approximately 50% were observed at the air quality observatory of Peking University. Nevertheless, high levels of ozone were present during the control period. Although anthropogenic precursors were greatly reduced, the meteorological conditions in summer, including high temperature and light flux, are conducive to the production of large amounts of biogenic isoprene, which is extremely reactive. The diurnal pattern of isoprene showed daily maximum mixing ratios of 0.83 ppbv at noon and a minimum at night, reflecting its primarily biogenic properties. Using the ratio of isoprene to vehicle exhaust tracers, approximately 92% of the daytime isoprene was estimated from biogenic sources, and only 8% was attributed to vehicular emissions. In terms of OH reactivity and the ozone formation potential (OFP), biogenic isoprene with its midday surge can contribute approximately 20% of the total OFPs and 40–50% of the total OH reactivities of the 65 measured NMHCs during the midday hours. The discrepancy between decreased precursor levels and the observed high ozone was most likely caused by a combination of many factors. The changes in the partition among the components of oxidation products (O3, NO2 and NOz) and the contribution of air pollutants from regional sources outside Beijing should be two primary reasons. Furthermore, the influences of biogenic isoprene as well as the non-linearity of O3-VOC-NOx chemistry are other major concerns that can reduce the effectiveness of the control measures for decreasing ozone formation. Although anthropogenic precursors were greatly reduced during the Olympic Games, sufficient biogenic isoprene and moderate NOx were still present in the conditions of high radiation flux and temperature during midday and early afternoon, which can still contribute a significant fraction of midday and early afternoon O3.
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Bian, Yahui, Zhijiong Huang, Jiamin Ou, Zhuangmin Zhong, Yuanqian Xu, Zhiwei Zhang, Xiao Xiao, et al. "Evolution of anthropogenic air pollutant emissions in Guangdong Province, China, from 2006 to 2015." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 18 (September 20, 2019): 11701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11701-2019.
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Abstract. Guangdong Province (GD), one of the most prosperous and populous regions in China, still experiences haze events and growing ozone pollution in spite of the substantial air-quality improvement in recent years. Integrated control of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone in GD calls for a systematic review of historical emissions. In this study, emission trends, spatial variations, source-contribution variations, and reduction potentials of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM2.5, inhalable particles (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in GD from 2006 to 2015 were first examined using a dynamic methodology, taking into account economic development, technology penetration, and emission controls. The relative change rates of anthropogenic emissions in GD during 2006–2015 are −48 % for SO2, −0.5 % for NOx, −16 % for PM2.5, −22 % for PM10, 13 % for CO, 3 % for NH3, and 13 % for VOCs. The declines of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10 emissions in the whole province mainly resulted from the stringent emission control in the Pearl River delta (PRD) region, where most previous control measures were focused, especially on power plants (SO2 and NOx), industrial combustion (SO2, PM2.5, PM10), on-road mobile sources (NOx), and dust sources (PM2.5 and PM10). Emissions from other areas (non-PRD, NPRD), nevertheless, remain relatively stable due to the lax control measures and rapidly growing energy consumption. In addition, emission leaks of SO2 and NOx from industries are observed from PRD to NPRD in 2010 and 2011. As a result, emissions in NPRD are increasingly important in GD, particularly those from industrial combustion. The contribution of NPRD to the total SO2 emissions in GD, for example, increased from 27 % in 2006 to 48 % in 2015. On-road mobile sources and solvent use are the two key sources that should receive more effective control measures in GD. Current control-driven emission reductions from on-road mobile sources are neutralized by the substantial growth of the vehicle population, while VOC emissions in GD steadily increase due to the growth of solvent use and the absence of effective control measures. Besides, future work could focus on power plants and industrial combustion in GD and industrial process sources in NPRD, which still have large emission reduction potentials. The historical emission inventory developed in this study not only helps to understand the emission evolution in GD, but also provides robust data to quantify the impact of emission and meteorology variations on air quality and unveil the primary cause of significant air-quality change in GD in the recent decade.
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Alam, Mohammed S., Leigh R. Crilley, James D. Lee, Louisa J. Kramer, Christian Pfrang, Mónica Vázquez-Moreno, Milagros Ródenas, Amalia Muñoz, and William J. Bloss. "Interference from alkenes in chemiluminescent NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 5977–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5977-2020.
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Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) are critical intermediates in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution. NOx levels control the cycling and hence abundance of the primary atmospheric oxidants OH and NO3 and regulate the ozone production which results from the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. They are also atmospheric pollutants, and NO2 is commonly included in air quality objectives and regulations. NOx levels also affect the production of the nitrate component of secondary aerosol particles and other pollutants, such as the lachrymator peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). The accurate measurement of NO and NO2 is therefore crucial for air quality monitoring and understanding atmospheric composition. The most commonly used approach for the measurement of NO is the chemiluminescent detection of electronically excited NO2 (NO2∗) formed from the NO + O3 reaction within the NOx analyser. Alkenes, ubiquitous in the atmosphere from biogenic and anthropogenic sources, also react with ozone to produce chemiluminescence and thus may contribute to the measured NOx signal. Their ozonolysis reaction may also be sufficiently rapid that their abundance in conventional instrument background cycles, which also utilises the reaction with ozone, differs from that in the measurement cycle such that the background subtraction is incomplete, and an interference effect results. This interference has been noted previously, and indeed, the effect has been used to measure both alkenes and ozone in the atmosphere. Here we report the results of a systematic investigation of the response of a selection of commercial NOx monitors to a series of alkenes. These NOx monitors range from systems used for routine air quality monitoring to atmospheric research instrumentation. The species-investigated range was from short-chain alkenes, such as ethene, to the biogenic monoterpenes. Experiments were performed in the European PHOtoREactor (EUPHORE) to ensure common calibration and samples for the monitors and to unequivocally confirm the alkene levels present (via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – FTIR). The instrument interference responses ranged from negligible levels up to 11 %, depending upon the alkene present and conditions used (e.g. the presence of co-reactants and differing humidity). Such interferences may be of substantial importance for the interpretation of ambient NOx data, particularly for high VOC, low NOx environments such as forests or indoor environments where alkene abundance from personal care and cleaning products may be significant.
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Xue, Yifeng, Shihao Zhang, Zhen Zhou, Kun Wang, Kaiyun Liu, Xiaoyan Wang, Aijun Shi, Kangli Xu, and Hezhong Tian. "Spatio-Temporal Variations of Multiple Primary Air Pollutants Emissions in Beijing of China, 2006–2015." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090494.
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Air pollution in Beijing, China has attracted continuous worldwide public attention along with the rapid urbanization of the city. By implementing a set of air pollution mitigation measures, the air quality of Beijing has been gradually improved in recent years. In this study, the intrinsic factors leading to air quality improvement in Beijing are studied via a quantitative evaluation of the temporal and spatial changes in emissions of primary air pollutants over the past ten years. Based on detailed activity levels of each economic sector and a localized database containing source and pollutant specific emission factors, an integrated emissions inventory of primary air pollutants discharged from various sources between 2006 and 2015 is established. With the implementation of phased air pollution mitigation measures, and the Clean Air Action Plan, the original coal-dominated energy structure in Beijing has undergone tremendous changes, resulting in the substantial reduction of multiple air pollutants. The total of emissions of six major atmospheric pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX, VOCs and NH3) in Beijing decreased by 35% in 2015 compared to 2006—this noticeable decrease was well consistent with the declining trend of ambient concentration of criterion air pollutants (SO2, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2) and air quality improvement, thus showing a good correlation between the emission of air pollutants and the outcome of air quality. SO2 emission declined the most, at about 71.7%, which was related to the vigorous promotion of combustion source control, such as the shutdown of coal-fired facilities and domestic stoves and transition to clean energy, like natural gas or electricity. Emissions of PM decreased considerably (by 48%) due to energy structure optimization, industrial structure adjustments, and end-of-pipe PM source control. In general, NOX, NH3, and VOCs decreased relatively slightly, by 25%, 14%, and 2%, respectively, and accordingly, they represented the limiting factors for improving air quality and the key points of air pollution mitigation in Beijing for the future.
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Chou, C. C. K., C. Y. Tsai, C. C. Chang, P. H. Lin, S. C. Liu, and T. Zhu. "Photochemical production of ozone in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2011): 16553–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16553-2011.
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Abstract. As a part of the CAREBeijing-2008 campaign, observations of O3, oxides of nitrogen (NOx and NOy), CO, and hydrocarbons (NMHCs) were carried out at the air quality observatory of the Peking University in Beijing, China during August 2008, including the period of the 29th Summer Olympic Games. The measurements were compared to those of the CAREBeijing-2006 campaign to evaluate the effectiveness of the air pollution control measures, which were conducted for improving the air quality in Beijing during the Olympics. The results indicate that significant reduction in the emissions of primary air pollutants had been achieved; the monthly averages of NOx, NOy, CO, and NMHCs reduced by 42.2, 56.5, 27.8, and 49.7 %, respectively. In contrast to the primary pollutants, the averaged mixing ratio of O3 increased by 42.2 %. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the ambient levels of total oxidants (Ox=O3+NO2+1.5NOz) and NOz reduced by 21.3 and 77.4 %, respectively. The contradictions between O3 and Ox were further examined in two case studies. Ozone production rates of 30–70 ppbv hr−1 and OPEx of ~8 mole mole−1 were observed on a clear-sky day in spite of the reduced levels of precursors. In that case, it was found that the concentrations of O3 increased with the increasing NO2/NO ratio, whereas the NOz concentrations leveled off when NO2/NO>8. Consequently, the ratio of O3 to NOz increased to above 10, indicating the shift from VOC-sensitive regime to NOx-sensitive regime. However, in the other case, it was found that the O3 production was inhibited significantly due to substantial reduction in the ambient levels of NMHCs. According to the observations, it was suggested that the O3/Ox production rates in Beijing should have been reduced for the reduction in the emissions of precursors during the Olympic period; however, the nighttime O3 levels were increased for decline in the NO-O3 titration, and the midday O3 peak levels were elevated for the shift in the photochemical regime and the inhibition of NOz formation.
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Tsai, Jiun-Horng, Ming-Ye Lee, and Hung-Lung Chiang. "Effectiveness of SOx, NOx, and Primary Particulate Matter Control Strategies in the Improvement of Ambient PM Concentration in Taiwan." Atmosphere 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040460.
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The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) measurement was employed for evaluating the effectiveness of fine particulate matter control strategies in Taiwan. There are three scenarios as follows: (I) the 2014 baseline year emission, (II) 2020 emissions reduced via the Clean Air Act (CAA), and (III) other emissions reduced stringently via the Clean Air Act. Based on the Taiwan Emission Data System (TEDs) 8.1, established in 2014, the emission of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) was 73.5 thousand tons y−1, that of SOx was 121.3 thousand tons y−1, and that of NOx was 404.4 thousand tons y−1 in Taiwan. The CMAQ model simulation indicated that the PM2.5 concentration was 21.9 μg m−3. This could be underestimated by 24% in comparison with data from the ambient air quality monitoring stations of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). The results of the simulation of the PM2.5 concentration showed high PM2.5 concentrations in central and southwestern Taiwan, especially in Taichung and Kaohsiung. Compared to scenario I, the average annual concentrations of PM2.5 for scenario II and scenario III showed reductions of 20.1% and 28.8%, respectively. From the results derived from the simulation, it can be seen that control of NOx emissions may improve daily airborne PM2.5 concentrations in Taiwan significantly and control of directly emitted PM2.5 emissions may improve airborne PM2.5 concentrations each month. Nevertheless, the results reveal that the preliminary control plan could not achievethe air quality standard. Therefore, the efficacy and effectiveness of the control measures must be considered to better reduce emissions in the future.
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Zhang, Gen, Honghui Xu, Hongli Wang, Likun Xue, Jianjun He, Wanyun Xu, Bing Qi, et al. "Exploring the inconsistent variations in atmospheric primary and secondary pollutants during the 2016 G20 summit in Hangzhou, China: implications from observations and models." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 5391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-5391-2020.
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Abstract. Complex aerosol and photochemical pollution (ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate, PAN) frequently occur in eastern China, and mitigation strategies to effectively alleviate both kinds of pollution are urgently needed. Although the effectiveness of powerful control measures implemented by the Chinese State Council has been comprehensively evaluated in terms of reducing atmospheric primary pollutants, the effectiveness in mitigating photochemical pollution is less assessed and therefore the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The stringent emission controls implemented from 24 August to 6 September 2016 during the summit for the Group of Twenty (G20) provide us a unique opportunity to address this issue. Surface concentrations of atmospheric O3, PAN, and their precursors including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen dioxides (NOx), in addition to the other trace gases and particulate matter, were measured at the National Reference Climatological Station (NRCS) (30.22∘ N, 120.17∘ E, 41.7 m a.s.l) in urban Hangzhou. We found significant decreases in atmospheric PAN, NOx, total VOCs, PM2.5, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) under the unfavorable meteorological conditions during G20 (DG20) relative to the adjacent period before and after G20 (BG20 and AG20), indicating that the powerful control measures were effective in reducing the pollutant emissions in Hangzhou. Unlike with the other pollutants, daily maximum 8 h average (DMA8) O3 exhibited a slight increase and then decrease from BG20 to AG20, which was mainly attributed to the variation in the solar irradiation intensity and regional transport in addition to the contribution from the implementation of stringent control measures. Results from an observation-based chemical model (OBM) indicated that acetaldehyde and methylglyoxal (MGLY) were the most important second-generation precursors of PAN, accounting for 37.3 %–51.6 % and 22.8 %–29.5 % of the total production rates including the reactions of OVOCs, propagation of other radicals, and other minor sources. Moreover, we confirmed the production of PAN and O3 was sensitive to VOCs throughout the whole period, specifically dominated by aromatics in BG20 and DG20 but by alkenes in AG20. These findings suggested that reducing emissions of aromatics, alkenes, and alkanes would mitigate photochemical pollution including PAN and O3. Source appointment results attributed the reductions of VOC source and ozone formation potentials (OFPs) during G20 to the effective emission controls on traffic (vehicle exhaust) and industrial processes (solvent utilization and industrial manufacturing). However, fuel combustion and biogenic emissions both weakened such an effect with a sizable contribution to the VOC mixing ratios (18.8 % and 20.9 %) and OFPs (25.6 % and 17.8 %), especially during the latter part of G20 (G20 II) when anthropogenic VOCs were substantially reduced. This study highlights the effectiveness of stringent emission controls in relation to traffic and industrial sources, but a coordinated program related to controlling fuel combustion and biogenic emissions is also required to address secondary pollution.
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Liu, Yiming, and Tao Wang. "Worsening urban ozone pollution in China from 2013 to 2017 – Part 2: The effects of emission changes and implications for multi-pollutant control." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 6323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6323-2020.
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Abstract. The Chinese government launched the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in 2013, and various stringent measures have since been implemented, which have resulted in significant decreases in emissions and ambient concentrations of primary pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM). However, surface ozone (O3) concentrations have still been increasing in urban areas across the country. In a previous analysis, we examined in detail the roles of meteorological variation during 2013–2017 in the summertime surface O3 trend in various regions of China. In this study, we evaluated the effect of changes in multi-pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities on O3 levels during the same period by using an up-to-date regional chemical transport model (WRF-CMAQ) driven by an interannual anthropogenic emission inventory. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was improved with regard to heterogeneous reactions of reactive gases on aerosol surfaces, which led to better model performance in reproducing the ambient concentrations of those gases. The model simulations showed that the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio in urban areas increased by 0.46 ppbv per year (ppbv a−1) (p=0.001) from 2013 to 2017. In contrast, a slight decrease in MDA8 O3 by 0.17 ppbv a−1 (p=0.005) in rural areas was predicted, mainly attributable to the NOx emission reduction. The effects of changes in individual pollutant emissions on O3 were also simulated. The reduction of NOx emission increased the O3 levels in urban areas due to the nonlinear NOx and volatile organic compound (VOC) chemistry and decreasing aerosol effects; the slight increase in VOC emissions enhanced the O3 levels; the reduction of PM emissions increased the O3 levels by enhancing the photolysis rates and reducing the loss of reactive gases on aerosol surfaces; and the reduction of SO2 emissions resulted in a drastic decrease in sulfate concentrations, which increased O3 through aerosol effects. In contrast to the unfavorable effect of the above changes in pollutant emissions on efforts to reduce surface O3, the reduction of CO emissions did help to decrease the O3 level in recent years. The dominant cause of increasing O3 due to changes in anthropogenic emissions varied geographically. In Beijing, NOx and PM emission reductions were the two largest causes of the O3 increase; in Shanghai, the reduction of NOx and increase in VOC emissions were the two major causes; in Guangzhou, NOx reduction was the primary cause; in Chengdu, the PM and SO2 emission decreases contributed most to the O3 increase. Regarding the effects of decreasing concentrations of aerosols, the drop in heterogeneous uptake of reactive gases – mainly HO2 and O3 – was found to be more important than the increase in photolysis rates. The adverse effect of the reductions of NOx, SO2, and PM emissions on O3 abatement in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu would have been avoided if the anthropogenic VOCs emission had been reduced by 24 %, 23 %, 20 %, and 16 %, respectively, from 2013 to 2017. Our analysis revealed that the NOx reduction in recent years has helped to contain the total O3 production in China. However, to reduce O3 levels in major urban and industrial areas, VOC emission controls should be added to the current NOx-SO2-PM policy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Kubínek, Martin. "Návrh mlýnského okruhu kotle PK 4S v Teplárně Košice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232164.
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The aim of this thesis is the proposal of a coal mill system and a combustion chamber for the boiler PK 4S situated in Košice CHP station with regard to transition to the new fuel. This proposal is focused on the elimination of NOx emissions. The calculation is based on required parameters of the boiler and declared characteristic of the new fuel. The proposal of the coal mill system includes three roller mills working in closed circuit with direct blowing. One of the mills serves as a reserve in case of failure. Dimensions of the dry bottom combustion chamber are proposed considering the applied primary measures to reduce NOx emissions so that the temperature at the end of the furnace would not be higher than maximal allowed temperature 1200 °C.
Books on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Douglas, Cullen William. The Public Inquiry into the shootings at Dunblane Primary School on 13 March 1996. [Edinburgh?]: Stationery Office, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Employer insurance primary payer for 11 percent of disabled beneficiaries : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1990.
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Office, General Accounting. VA health care: Changes in medical residency slots reflect shift to primary care : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington 20548-0001): The Office, 2000.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0008.
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Soon after the discovery that bacteria are abundant in natural environments, the question arose as to whether or not they were active. Although the plate count method suggested that they were dormant if not dead, other methods indicated that a large fraction of bacteria and fungi are active, as discussed in this chapter. It goes on to discuss fundamental equations for exponential growth and logistic growth, and it describes phases of growth in batch cultures, continuous cultures, and chemostats. In contrast with measuring growth in laboratory cultures, it is difficult to measure in natural environments for complex communities with co-occurring mortality. Among many methods that have been suggested over the years, the most common one for bacteria is the leucine approach, while for fungi it is the acetate-in ergosterol method. These methods indicate that the growth rate of the bulk community is on the order of days for bacteria in their natural environment. It is faster in aquatic habitats than in soils, and bacteria grow faster than fungi in soils. But bulk rates for bacteria appear to be slower than those for phytoplankton. All of these rates for natural communities are much slower than rates measured for most microbes in the laboratory. Rates in subsurface environments hundreds of meters from light-driven primary production and high organic carbon conditions are even lower. Rates vary greatly among microbial taxa, according to data on 16S rRNA. Copiotrophic bacteria grow much faster than oligotrophic bacteria, but may have low growth rates when conditions turn unfavorable. Some of the factors limiting heterotrophic bacteria and fungi include temperature and inorganic nutrients, but the supply of organic compounds is perhaps most important in most environments.
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Blisard, Deanna, and Ali Al-Khafaji. Diagnosis and management of variceal bleeding in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0178.
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Cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension, which subsequently leads to development of gastroesophageal varices (GEV). Generally, presence of GEV correlates with the severity of cirrhosis and variceal haemorrhage can develop when hepatic venous pressure gradient exceeds 10–12 mmHg. The gold standard for diagnosis and often treatment of GEV is oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD). Management of GEV is divided into primary prophylaxis, acute haemorrhage control, and secondary prophylaxis. Primary prophylaxis includes surveillance OGD and endoscopic intervention based on the size of the varices. Management of acute variceal haemorrhage includes resuscitation and endoscopic interventions. Basic resuscitative measures to maintain haemodynamic stability, vasoconstricting agents to decrease portal pressure, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Endoscopic intervention includes any of variceal band ligation, variceal sclerotherapy, and variceal obturation. Radiological or surgical portosystemic shunting markedly reduces portal pressure and are clinically effective therapy for patients who fail endoscopic or pharmacological therapy. Balloon tamponade is effective in temporarily controlling oesophageal variceal haemorrhage in over 80% of patients. Its use should be restricted to patients with uncontrollable bleeding, where more definitive therapy is planned within 24 hours. Secondary prophylaxis includes endoscopy plus pharmacological therapy of non-selective β−blockers.
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Health Sector Reform in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq: Financing Reform, Primary Care, and Patient Safety. Rand, 2014.
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Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Clinical trial design. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0014.
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This chapter outlines the various study designs and their uses. The phases of drug development are described and the appropriate study design employed at each phase of development is identified Elimination of bias is critical to the study design and methods of eliminating bias are discussed, defining the population, randomisation and blinding. A summary of the elements to be considered when designing a study are presented including the types of control, placebo or active, and their uses, Non comparative and comparative designs are presented. In the comparative design both within and between patient designs are discussed including crossover, parallel, sequential, factorial and left right comparisons. Patient outcomes measures as well as efficacy measurement are required for new treatments. There is a brief review of pharmaeconomic study designs. Other types of study design, dose escalation and dose response studies are also discussed. As well as reducing bias in studies another critical element is the recording of the primary assessment methods. The choice of methods will affect other aspects of the study such as the statistical considerations. The methodology must be standardised and validated.
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Sabri, Omar, and Martin Bircher. Management of limb and pelvic injuries. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0336.
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Pelvic ring injuries can be life and limb threatening. The mechanism of injury can often be a good indicator of the type of injury; the Young & Burgess classification deploys that concept to full effect. Early identification based on mechanism of injury and improved prehospital care can play a major role in the outcome following such injuries. Pelvic ring injuries can lead to significant haemorrhage. Mechanical measures to stabilize the pelvis, in addition to modern concepts of damage control resuscitation (DCR), have been shown to be effective in early management of potentially life-threatening haemorrhage. Emphasis is now entirely on protecting the primary clot following a pelvic ring injury. Mechanical disturbance by log rolling the patient or springing of the pelvis are strongly discouraged. Early radiological clearance of the pelvis is encouraged. The lethal triad of coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia should be corrected simultaneously to improve outcome. A traffic light system for monitoring venous lactate as an indicator of the patients’ physiological state can help the intensive care practitioner and the surgeon identify optimum timing for surgery. Pelvic ring injuries are associated with significant concomitant injuries. Limb trauma can also be life or limb threatening. Early identification, splinting, and resuscitation follow the same guidelines as pelvic ring injuries. Open long bone fractures should be managed by senior orthopaedic and plastic surgeons.
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Sue, Bogner Marilyn, ed. Misadventures in health care: Inside stories. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
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Thun, Michael J., Martha S. Linet, James R. Cerhan, Christopher Haiman, and David Schottenfeld. Primary Prevention of Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0062.
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Primary prevention has enormous potential to reduce the human, social, and economic costs of cancer worldwide. The following sections discuss the development and application of preventive interventions in six broad areas of public health: tobacco control, the prevention of obesity and physical inactivity, prevention of infection-related cancers, protection against excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, preventive drug therapies (chemoprevention), and the regulation of carcinogenic exposures. All of these areas affect multiple types of cancer and massive numbers of people. Different interventions are at varying stages of development. For example, effective, evidence-based approaches have been developed over several decades to reduce tobacco use, prevent chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, protect children from excessive sun exposure, regulate exposures in high-income countries, and reduce breast cancer incidence and recurrence in high-risk women. More recent efforts are seeking to identify upstream measures to prevent excessive weight gain, reduce caloric intake, and increase physical activity.
Book chapters on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Bos, H. G. "Primary Measures for NOx Reduction." In Sulphur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides in Industrial Waste Gases: Emission, Legislation and Abatement, 205–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3624-2_12.
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Cosme-Blanco, Wilfredo, Yanira Arce-Ayala, Iona Malinow, and Sylvette Nazario. "Primary and Secondary Environmental Control Measures for Allergic Diseases." In Allergy and Asthma, 785–819. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05147-1_36.
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Cosme-Blanco, Wilfredo, Yanira Arce-Ayala, Iona Malinow, and Sylvette Nazario. "Primary and Secondary Environmental Control Measures for Allergic Diseases." In Allergy and Asthma, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58726-4_36-1.
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Hofer, Marvin, Sebastian Hellmann, Milan Dojchinovski, and Johannes Frey. "The New DBpedia Release Cycle: Increasing Agility and Efficiency in Knowledge Extraction Workflows." In Semantic Systems. In the Era of Knowledge Graphs, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59833-4_1.
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Abstract Since its inception in 2007, DBpedia has been constantly releasing open data in RDF, extracted from various Wikimedia projects using a complex software system called the DBpedia Information Extraction Framework (DIEF). For the past 12 years, the software received a plethora of extensions by the community, which positively affected the size and data quality. Due to the increase in size and complexity, the release process was facing huge delays (from 12 to 17 months cycle), thus impacting the agility of the development. In this paper, we describe the new DBpedia release cycle including our innovative release workflow, which allows development teams (in particular those who publish large, open data) to implement agile, cost-efficient processes and scale up productivity. The DBpedia release workflow has been re-engineered, its new primary focus is on productivity and agility, to address the challenges of size and complexity. At the same time, quality is assured by implementing a comprehensive testing methodology. We run an experimental evaluation and argue that the implemented measures increase agility and allow for cost-effective quality-control and debugging and thus achieve a higher level of maintainability. As a result, DBpedia now publishes regular (i.e. monthly) releases with over 21 billion triples with minimal publishing effort .
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Ganibegović, Nedim, and Amel Mešić. "The Causes and Consequences of Deficit in Nominal Temperature of Reheated Steam After Implementation of Primary Measures for NOx Reduction on the Boiler OB-650." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 1147–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71321-2_98.
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Prokhorova, Anna. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Russian Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 263–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_15.
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AbstractRussia’s diaspora policies target a broad category of compatriots including both Russian nationals residing abroad and non-nationals with Soviet background, which are estimated at around 30 million people. Russian nationals abroad constitute about 1/5 of all compatriots residing abroad. Diaspora-related legislation and institutional framework are focused on compatriots living in former Soviet republics, so-called ‘Near Abroad’. Until 2006, diaspora policies addressed primarily cultural and language support of Russian-speaking compatriots abroad. In 2007, to compensate for the natural population decline, Russian authorities launched the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, after 2010, the outflow of Russian nationals for permanent residence abroad increased. Between 2011 and 2017, the estimated 2.7 million people left the country to live somewhere beyond former Soviet republics. Russian citizens residing abroad have a right to pension benefits, one family-related benefit, and free access to public health services on the territory of Russia. Russian nationals permanently residing in the so-called ‘Far Abroad’ have been mostly beyond the outreach of the Russian authorities. Legislative initiatives targeting specifically this category of compatriots are rare, and often associated with control mechanisms rather than support measures.
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Mikkelsen, Bent Egberg, and Collins Momanyi Bosire. "Food, Sustainability, and Science Literacy in One Package? Opportunities and Challenges in Using Aquaponics Among Young People at School, a Danish Perspective." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 597–606. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_23.
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AbstractThe call for sustainable food production and consumption has led to an increased interest and new policy measures to support the circular economy and climate-smart farming practices. The merits of aquaponics and closed-loop nutrient cycling systems are increasingly being examined in terms of sustainable productivity in various settings including urban environments. Aquaponics also has the potential to be applied as a learning tool for people of all ages but especially for young people at school. This chapter studies the potential of aquaponics to teach food and science literacy and the use of the technology as an educational tool in primary school. The chapter draws on data from the Growing Blue & Green (GBG) program carried out in cooperation among Aalborg University, Copenhagen, municipal schools and their teachers and a private aquaponic enterprise. The chapter draws on three empirical studies including an exploratory study on the educational opportunities at school, a feasibility study carried out among teachers, as well as the educational Growing Blue & Green (eGBG) study, in which a digital-based regulation component was added. The conclusion is that low-cost versions of aquaponics have considerable potential for supportive learning in elementary school. Preliminary findings furthermore suggest that fitting the setup with easy-to-install intelligent sensors and devices offers the opportunity to provide learning about food, sustainability, and a basic understanding of the control and management of biological systems in one package.
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Galvão, Rosa Maria Morgado. "Financial Analysis and Value Creation." In Handbook of Research on Reinventing Economies and Organizations Following a Global Health Crisis, 244–71. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6926-9.ch014.
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The business environment is increasingly complex and demanding, and companies now face a pandemic situation with severe repercussions for the global economy. With this in mind, it is clear that the information provided by financial analysis is more than ever an essential instrument for management control, for decision making. Value creation is considered one of management's primary objectives; however, there is still no consensus on the superiority of value-based measures over traditional measures based on profit. The study intends to highlight the importance of complementing the financial analysis, based on traditional valuation measures, using value creation as an essential management control instrument. Thus, using the case study methodology, an analysis of historical performance will be performed using data from a company listed on Euronext Lisbon from 2014 to 2018. Economic Value Added (EVA®) was used to measure value creation.
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Plumed, A., L. Cañadas, P. Otero, M. I. Espada, M. Castro, J. F. Gonzálcz, and F. Rodríguez. "Primary measures for reduction of nox in low volatile coals combustion." In Coal Science, Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Coal Science, 1783–86. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9449(06)80161-8.
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Lemanska, Agnieszka, Uy Hoang, Nathan Jeffreys, Clare Bankhead, Kam Bhui, Filipa Ferreira, Sally Harcourt, et al. "Study into COVID-19 Crisis Using Primary Care Mental Health Consultations and Prescriptions Data." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210277.
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The effect of the 2020 pandemic, and of the national measures introduced to control it, is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of primary care data can help quantify the effect of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis on mental health. A retrospective cohort study investigated changes in weekly counts of mental health consultations and prescriptions. The data were extracted from one the UK’s largest primary care databases between January 1st 2015 and October 31st 2020 (end of follow-up). The 2020 trends were compared to the 2015-19 average with 95% confidence intervals using longitudinal plots and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A total number of 504 practices (7,057,447 patients) contributed data. During the period of national restrictions, on average, there were 31% (3957 ± 269, p < 0.001) fewer events and 6% (4878 ± 1108, p < 0.001) more prescriptions per week as compared to the 2015-19 average. The number of events was recovering, increasing by 75 (± 29, p = 0.012) per week. Prescriptions returned to the 2015-19 levels by the end of the study (p = 0.854). The significant reduction in the number of consultations represents part of the crisis. Future service planning and quality improvements are needed to reduce the negative effect on health and healthcare.
Conference papers on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Allen, J. W., K. R. Parker, and A. Sanyal. "Coal Quality and Its Impact on Power Stations Emissions Control." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50196.
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Although coal fired power generation plant was originally designed to operate on a particular coal, increasingly stringent emissions regulations have led to modifications to both the coal type and firing mode. Low sulphur (S) coals minimize the requirement for sulphur dioxide (SO2) scrubbing plant combustion modifications are used as the primary measure to reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and these changes in the firing regime and/or the coal type can also impact on the in boiler ash deposition, particulate collection and the overall efficiency of the boiler operation. Emission regulations requiring maximum NOx levels of 0.15lbs./MM.Btu. are at, or just below, the limit of NOx reduction achievable by primary measures and at this limit significant increases in unburnt carbon (UBC) in ash levels can be expected, which affect boiler efficiency and also the operation of any SO2 and particulate collection plant. Coals are usually purchased, in addition to price, on quality based on the well established proximate and ultimate analyses, whereas parameters derived from these basic analyses may be more effective in defining the behaviour of a coal, substituted for the original design coal, in order to meet current emissions regulations whilst still maintaining an acceptable operating efficiency.
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Fredette, Danielle, Junbo Jing, and Umit Ozguner. "Intelligent Vehicle Fuel Saving Technologies: Comparing Three Primary Categories of Methods." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9869.
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In recent years, numerous control algorithms for connected and automated vehicles have emerged which focus on modifying driving strategy in order to reduce fuel usage. Referred to as “dynamic eco-driving,” these technologies have realized the possibility for additional fuel savings by utilizing information technologies rather than mechanics. The exact methodologies, however, are diverse. Three primary categories of dynamic eco-driving methodologies are identified and described: 1) ad-hoc methods, designed for the purpose of saving fuel but not considering optimality, 2) classical optimization methods, which use fuel usage modeling to solve an optimal control problem forwards in time, whether numerically or analytically, and 3) optimization by dynamic programming, in which a fuel usage-oriented cost function is minimized but solved backwards in time in discrete steps. Representatives from each of these categories are studied and implemented in simulation for comparison. Advantages and disadvantages of each relative to multiple performance measures are discussed.
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Brandt, Robert O. "The Need for Accurate Primary and Secondary Air Measurement and Control in a Pulverized Coal Fired Utility." In ASME 2007 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2007-22024.
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Air-fuel balance is the key to clean combustion. Coal-fired public utilities are under constant pressure to meet environmental air quality standards in reducing NOx emissions. Reduction of NOx is critically dependent, on controlled combustion conditions. Accurate measurement and control of the Primary and Secondary Air is an important factor in attaining this goal. Once the Primary Air can be measured accurately, the next variable to consider in the chain is the Secondary air. The actual “Burner Zone Stoichiometry” is the sum of the two air flows to any one burner plus the fuel flow. As shown in Figure 1 below, the Primary air conveys the fuel to the burner and supplies some of the combustion air. The Secondary air provides the oxygen to complete the combustion in the “Burner Zone” to the extent the burner is designed. On a typical burner, there is more combustion air delivered to the burner by the Secondary air than the Primary air generally by a factor of 2, depending on burner design. The additional air or Secondary air completes the combustion in the “Burner Zone”, based on optimizing a set of conditions such as NOx, CO, and boiler tube flame impingement. Maintaining desired stoichiometric ratio and Primary/Secondary air ratio to minimize emissions requires accurate measurement/control of the Primary and Secondary air.
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Steinbach, Ch, N. Ulibarri, M. Garay, H. Lu¨bcke, Th Meeuwissen, K. Haffner, J. Aubry, and D. Kodim. "Combustion Optimization for the ALSTOM GT13E2 Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90943.
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The NOx emissions of low NOx premix combustors are not only determined by the burner design, but also by the multi burner interaction and the related distribution of air and fuel flows to the individual burners. Often the factors that have a positive impact on NOx emission have a negative impact on the flame stability, so the main challenge is to find an optimum point with the lowest achievable NOx while maintaining good flame stability. The hottest flame zones are where most of the NOx is formed. Avoiding such zones in the combustor (by homogenization of the flame temperature) reduces NOx emissions significantly. Improving the flame stability and the combustion control allows the combustor to operate at a lower average flame temperature and NOx emissions. ALSTOM developed a combustion optimization package for the GT13E2. The optimization package development focused on three major issues: • Flame stability; • Homogenization of flame temperature distribution in the combustor; • Combustion control logic. The solution introduced consists of: • The reduction of cooling air entrainment in the primary flame zone for improved flame stability; • The optical measurement of the individual burner flame temperatures and their homogenization by burner tuning valves; • Closed loop control logic to control the combustion dependent on the pulsation signal. This paper shows how fundamental combustion research methods were applied to derive effective optimization measures. The flame temperature measurement technique will be presented along with results of the measurement and their application in homogenization of the combustor temperature distribution in an engine equipped with measures to improve flame stabilization. The main results achieved are: • Widening of the main burner group operation range; • Improved use of the low NOx operation range; • NOx reduction at the combustor pulsation limit and hence, large margins to the European emission limit (50 mg/m3 @ 15%O2).
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Brandt, Robert O. "Fuel Air Ratio With Accurate Primary and Tempering Air Measurement in a Pulverized Coal Fired Utility." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60002.
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Fuel/Air balance is the key to clean combustion. Coal-fired public utilities are under constant pressure to meet environmental air quality standards in reducing NOx emissions. Reduction of NOx is critically dependent on controlled combustion conditions. Accurate measurement of the Primary and Tempering Air provides the capability for an improved control scheme. Measuring the Primary and Tempering Air separately avoids the need to measure the mass air flow in the mixed duct where large temperature variations exist. Such variations cause inaccurate, non-repeatable measurements. Very often, when measuring total air flow in a mixed air duct, a change in the Tempering Air damper will cause more of a temperature distribution change than a mass rate change. Erroneous mass flow rate indications and even wrong air flow direction indications are possible. In addition to the Fuel/Air ratio errors that result, unstable control can lead to an operational change from automatic to manual control.
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Zekert, F., A. Hufnagl, A. Hufnagl, and M. A. A. Kratzer. "FIRST EXPERIENCE WITH A NEW SYSTEM TO MEASURE PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS IN VITRO." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643078.
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Control of hemostatic parameters of patients undergoing surgery usually involves only determination of parameters of the coagulation cascade, but not measurement of primary hemostasis. This has mainly methodological reasons. Recently a model of primary hemostasis has been introduced (Kratzer & Bom, Haemostasis 15:357; 1985) now produced under the name “ Thrombostat 4000” (VDG von der Goltz, 8221 Seeon, West Germany). This device measures computerized within minutes “ in vitro” bleeding parameters (vBP) like bleeding volume (V,ul), time (T,sec) and the viscosity depending initial flow (IF,ul/min) in a small sample (0.5-lml) of whole anticoagulated blood (Na citrate 1 to 10). The clinical relevance of the vBP was tested in patients undergoing major surgery.Results : Case 1: A 78 years old woman with osteomyelosarcoma, heavy bleeding and normal coagulation parametrs showed strongly pathological vBP: (V > 800, T > 300, IF 184); control values: (V = 177, T = 105, IF = 145); An improvement of beeding and shortening of vBP was observed after infusion of platelet concentrate: (V = 328, T = 245, IF = 147).Case 2: A 60 years old man with adenocarcinoma undergoing liver transplantation, before operation (OP) vBP: (V = 224, T = 114, IF = 182); displayed a strong increase during OP: (V > 800, T = 360, IF = 277; decreasing values after Oft (V = 348, T = 146, IF = 254); 1. day after OP: (V = 250, T = 127, IF = 221); 13 day after OP normal vBft (V = 160, T = 111, IF 182).Case 3: A 35 years old man with III. grade burnings of the skin (35%) and a massive platelet function defect: (V > 800, T > 180, IF = 328); improvement after infusion of platelet concentrate: (V = 393, T = 164, IF = 239); further improvement some hours later: (V = 240, T = 120, IF = 213); and normalizing of parameters at the 1. day: (V = 197, T = 126, IF = 186) and the 5. day after OP: (V = 130, T = 122, IF = 142).It is interesting to note that patients with heavy burnings reguarly displayed reduced vBP: (V = 120, T = 70, IF = 127) if measured very early after the accident. The new method seems to be a valuable instrument to judge platelet functions.
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Elsen, Guido, Alan D. Jensen, Axel Boehme, and Jens Happel. "High Tech Tool for Combustion Optimization and Economic Emissions Reductions." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40069.
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The power generation industry is currently in a very difficult period of business restructuring. All the while, the demands to reduce emissions of NOx, SOx and particulates in accordance with the Clean Air Act continue. The high capital and operating cost of post-combustion NOx controls like Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is leading to greater interest in finding methods to reduce NOx formation during combustion. The most cost effective means of reducing any pollutant is to never form it in the first place. The science behind combustion NOx control uses techniques which limit the amount of air available in the high temperature combustion zones where thermal NOx forms. Minimum NOx formation occurs when fuel and air mixing are carefully controlled to maintain required stoichiometric ratios. Additionally, controlling coal and air flow minimizes excess air requirements, can reduce unburned carbon resulting in better electrostatic precipitator performance and improved overall boiler efficiency. Thus maintaining fuel and air flow at optimal levels becomes a major concern if one wishes to achieve minimum NOx formation during combustion and maintain optimum boiler performance throughout the units load range. Since pulverized coal is transported by primary air in a two phase flow it has been difficult, if not impossible, in the past to measure coal mass flow on a continuous basis. Typically, coal flow and fineness have been measured on an intermittent basis using extractive techniques. This paper serves to introduce a real-time “flow measuring system” for pulverized coal, based on the use of microwave technology. It will describe how microwaves are used to obtain very accurate coal flow measurements. Comparisons of data obtained using the microwave system will be made with measurements obtained using extractive isokinetic methods. Some relevant operational effects from both US and German installations will be discussed and projections of operational savings will be made especially when using the system on an SCR equipped installation.
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Escola, George, Charles W. Bucey, Preston Montague, Michael J. Telfer, John McClain, Mahesh Patel, Chad Miars, and Michael Shockley. "Improvement of Microturbine Recuperators Using Taguchi Methodology." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90144.
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The fabrication of primary surface recuperators for gas turbines and microturbines is a complex process involving a multitude of variables, which are highly interactive. After over 25 years of improvements to recuperator manufacture at Solar Turbines Incorporated, fabrication of the recuperator primary sheet is still prone to scatter of output measures within drawing requirements caused by variations in raw foil properties and changes in environmental conditions. This paper outlines a systematic analysis and improvement of the primary sheet fin folding process using Taguchi methodology. The approach was to break the overall system into subsystems, analyze each subsystem using computer simulation for fin folding and then to analyze the complete system in actual use. The goal was to improve the fabrication process so that multiple drawing requirements for primary recuperator sheet are consistently met with minimum variation and the time needed for subsequent manufacturing steps is reduced. An improved system is more robust, meaning total variability in the primary sheet is minimized and outputs are more insensitive to noise (inputs that are not controllable or are very expensive to control). Improvement is measured by calculating the ratio of desired output to undesired output (noise), i.e. the signal to noise (S/N) ratio. More consistent primary sheet will improve overall recuperator system performance and reduce the cost of this critical gas turbine system component. A secondary objective was to increase the durability of the fin-folding blades, which are subject to wear and breakage. As this paper goes to press, analysis of the final design of experiment on the actual system is in progress.
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LANZERSTORFER, Christof, and Andreas GAHLEITNER. "Primary measures for the reduction of nox emissions from iron ore sintering – a review." In METAL 2019. TANGER Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2019.667.
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Stachowicz, Robert W., David E. Watson, Donald M. Newburry, and Timothy J. Callahan. "Design and Development of Waukesha’s Stoichiometric, Cooled EGR Engine for the California ARICE Program." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2005-1329.
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Waukesha Engine, Dresser, Inc., (Waukesha) entered into a program with the California Energy Commission (CEC) to develop and demonstrate a 500 kWe ultra-low emission, Advanced Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine (ARICE) for power generation. The purpose of the program was to demonstrate a natural gas fueled engine with emissions control technology that could achieve the following ARICE goals: • Reduce specified emissions by 90%; • Increase thermal efficiency by 10%; • Reduce installed costs of Distributed Generation (DG) systems by 10%; • Maintain engine durability. All changes are with respect to current levels defined at the time the program began. To work towards meeting these program goals Waukesha partnered with two primary subcontractors, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and MIRATECH Corporation. The program was originally defined in two phases. In Phase I Waukesha would develop and demonstrate a cooled EGR system. In Phase II further enhancements would be applied to the cooled EGR system with the intent of achieving still further gains in efficiency and reductions in emissions. A cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system was installed on a base Waukesha H24GSI engine. The diluent properties of the EGR added to the stoichiometric fuel-air charge reduce peak cylinder combustion temperature. The lower combustion temperatures result in lower NOx values without the need for excess air which would yield oxygen in the exhaust gas. The lack of oxygen in the exhaust gas allows the use of an efficient, cost-effective, three-way catalyst (TWC) to reduce all three primary emittants — NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons. This paper describes the Phase I design and development of an ultra-low emission, natural gas engine operating at stoichiometric conditions with cooled EGR and a TWC. Hardware modifications to incorporate the cooled EGR system on the base engine are covered. The TWC and control system developed are briefly described. The EGR engine with control system and three-way catalyst successfully completed a 500 hour durability test at SwRI. Stable control of the engine across the load range and acceptable load response by the unit have been demonstrated. Very low emissions of the three primary pollutants were measured downstream of the catalyst both before and after the 500 hours of durability testing. The phase I emissions goals were easily met. Emission levels near the Phase II goals were achieved. The Phase I engine efficiency was increased 12% and BMEP was increased 33% compared to the baseline engine. Examination of the engine and systems after the 500 hour run did not show signs of unusual wear or deposits. The potential for a cooled EGR system to produce significantly reduced NOx in a reciprocating natural gas engine was demonstrated. Remaining challenges include the demonstration of consistent, long term emissions performance and the long term durability of engine systems and components operating with EGR.
Reports on the topic "Primary measures of NOx control"
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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.
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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Gopinath, Ranjani, Rajesh Bhatia, Sonalini Khetrapal, Sungsup Ra, and Giridhara R. Babu. Tuberculosis Control Measures in Urban India: Strengthening Delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Services. Asian Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps200409-2.
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Approximately 2.69 million tuberculosis (TB) cases—about a quarter of the global cases—were reported in India on The Global TB Report 2019. There are nearly half a million “missing” cases every year, either undiagnosed, unaccountable, or inadequately diagnosed and treated. This paper analyzes the magnitude of TB transmission and the quality of interventions in urban areas and migrant populations in India. It identifies key factors and areas that need to be further strengthened for the country to achieve its goal of eliminating TB by 2025. The study is aligned with the government’s objective to strengthen the provision of comprehensive primary health care services for the urban poor as part of India’s National Strategic Plan, 2017–2025.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.
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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Gates, Allison, Michelle Gates, Shannon Sim, Sarah A. Elliott, Jennifer Pillay, and Lisa Hartling. Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials: A Prospective Evaluation of a Machine Learning and Text Mining Tool. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodscreatingefficiencies.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Machine learning tools that semi-automate data extraction may create efficiencies in systematic review production. We prospectively evaluated an online machine learning and text mining tool’s ability to (a) automatically extract data elements from randomized trials, and (b) save time compared with manual extraction and verification. Methods. For 75 randomized trials published in 2017, we manually extracted and verified data for 21 unique data elements. We uploaded the randomized trials to ExaCT, an online machine learning and text mining tool, and quantified performance by evaluating the tool’s ability to identify the reporting of data elements (reported or not reported), and the relevance of the extracted sentences, fragments, and overall solutions. For each randomized trial, we measured the time to complete manual extraction and verification, and to review and amend the data extracted by ExaCT (simulating semi-automated data extraction). We summarized the relevance of the extractions for each data element using counts and proportions, and calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) across data elements. We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings. Results. The tool identified the reporting (reported or not reported) of data elements with median (IQR) 91 percent (75% to 99%) accuracy. Performance was perfect for four data elements: eligibility criteria, enrolment end date, control arm, and primary outcome(s). Among the top five sentences for each data element at least one sentence was relevant in a median (IQR) 88 percent (83% to 99%) of cases. Performance was perfect for four data elements: funding number, registration number, enrolment start date, and route of administration. Among a median (IQR) 90 percent (86% to 96%) of relevant sentences, pertinent fragments had been highlighted by the system; exact matches were unreliable (median (IQR) 52 percent [32% to 73%]). A median 48 percent of solutions were fully correct, but performance varied greatly across data elements (IQR 21% to 71%). Using ExaCT to assist the first reviewer resulted in a modest time savings compared with manual extraction by a single reviewer (17.9 vs. 21.6 hours total extraction time across 75 randomized trials). Conclusions. Using ExaCT to assist with data extraction resulted in modest gains in efficiency compared with manual extraction. The tool was reliable for identifying the reporting of most data elements. The tool’s ability to identify at least one relevant sentence and highlight pertinent fragments was generally good, but changes to sentence selection and/or highlighting were often required.