Academic literature on the topic 'Primary metaphors'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Lima, Paula Lenz Costa. "About primary metaphors." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 22, spe (2006): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502006000300009.
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One important contribution to the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor is Grady's Primary Metaphor Hypothesis (1997), which claims that the emergence and nature of conceptual metaphors are often grounded in more experiential metaphorical patterns, called primary metaphors. The new hypothesis changes considerably the ideas concerning the generation of metaphors, in comparison to the former view. In this paper we discuss some of these main changes, namely the characteristics of source and target domain, the fundamental construct, and the licensing of metaphorical expressions.
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Pérez-Hernández, Lorena. "XL burgers, shiny pizzas, and ascending drinks: Primary metaphors and conceptual interaction in fast food printed advertising." Cognitive Linguistics 30, no. 3 (2019): 531–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2018-0014.
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AbstractThe experiential, embodied nature of primary metaphors endows them with a universal flavor of interest to the present-day global advertising needs. Based on the analysis of 500 printed advertisements corresponding to the top ten fast food brands currently in the market, this paper investigates the visual representation and functions of primary metaphors within this advertising genre. In contrast to what has been reported to be the case with resemblance metaphors used in advertising, primary metaphors do not have the product as their source or target domains. The connection between the primary metaphor and the product is established in a specific way, which reveals a close interaction with other cognitive (i.e. hyperbole and metonymy) and pragmatic (i.e. derivation of explicatures) operations. In addition, the paper explores how primary metaphors combine with one another and with other resemblance metaphors. The study of these interplays reveals new patterns of conceptual interaction (i.e. one-target and multiple-target primary metaphor clusters) and opens a window onto the varied functions performed by primary metaphors in the narrative of advertising (i.e. enhancing the conceptual layout of the product, highlighting one aspect of it, motivating, constraining and/or enriching lower-level resemblance metaphors).
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Ortiz, María J. "Primary metaphors and monomodal visual metaphors." Journal of Pragmatics 43, no. 6 (2011): 1568–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.12.003.
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MacArthur, Fiona, and Jeannette Littlemore. "On the repetition of words with the potential for metaphoric extension in conversations between native and non-native speakers of English." Metaphor and the Social World 1, no. 2 (2011): 201–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.1.2.05mac.
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Although quite a lot is known about the way that non-native speakers of English may interpret and produce metaphors in their second language, we know little about metaphor use in face-to-face conversation between primary and secondary speakers of English. In this article we explore the use of metaphors in two types of conversational data: one elicited in a semi-structured interview format, the other consisting of naturally occurring conversations involving one non-native speaker in dialogue with various native speakers. We found that although native speakers’ use of metaphor was occasionally problematic for the interaction, metaphor also afforded opportunities for topic development in these conversations. The repetition of a word with the potential for metaphoric extension was a particularly valuable strategy used by non-native speakers in these conversations in constructing their coherent contributions to the discourse. In contrast, the use of phraseological metaphors (often the focus of activities aimed at fostering second language learners’ mastery of conventional English metaphors) did not contribute to the joint construction of meanings in these circumstances. We discuss the role of high frequency vocabulary in these conversations and some implications for further research.
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David, Oana, George Lakoff, and Elise Stickles. "Cascades in metaphor and grammar." Constructions and Frames 8, no. 2 (2016): 214–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.8.2.04dav.
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Public discourse on highly charged, complex social and political issues is extensive, with millions of sentences available for analysis. It is also rife with metaphors that manifest vast numbers of novel metaphoric expressions. More and more, to understand such issues, to see who is saying what and why, we require big data and statistically-based analysis of such corpora. However, statistically-based data processing alone cannot do all the work. The MetaNet (MN) project has developed an analysis method that formalizes existing insights about the conceptual metaphors underlying linguistic expressions into a computationally tractable mechanism for automatically discovering new metaphoric expressions in texts. The ontology used for this computational method is organized in terms of metaphor cascades, i.e. pre-existing packages of hierarchically organized primary and general metaphors that occur together. The current paper describes the architecture of metaphor-to-metaphor relations built into this system. MN’s methodology represents a proof of concept for a novel way of performing metaphor analysis. It does so by applying the method to one particular domain of social interest, namely the gun debate in American political discourse. Though well aware that such an approach cannot replace a thorough cognitive, sociological, and political analysis, this paper offers examples that show how a cascade theory of metaphor and grammar helps automated data analysis in many ways.
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Hutchinson, Sterling, and Max Louwerse. "Language statistics and individual differences in processing primary metaphors." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 4 (2013): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0023.
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AbstractResearch in cognitive linguistics has emphasized the role of embodiment in metaphor comprehension, with experimental research showing activation of perceptual simulations when processing metaphors. Recent research in conceptual processing has demonstrated that findings attributed to embodied cognition can be explained through language statistics. The current study investigates whether language statistics explain processing of primary metaphors and whether this effect is modified by the gender of the participant. Participants saw word pairs with valence (Experiment 1: good–bad), authority (Experiment 2: doctor–patient), temperature (Experiment 3: hot–cold), or gender (Experiment 4: male–female) connotations. The pairs were presented in either a vertical configuration (X above Y or Y above X) matching the primary metaphors (e.g., HAPPY IS UP, CONTROL IS UP) or a horizontal configuration (X left of Y or Y left of X) not matching the primary metaphors. Even though previous research has argued that primary metaphor processing can best be explained by an embodied cognition account, results demonstrate that statistical linguistic frequencies also explain the response times of the stimulus pairs both in vertical and horizontal configurations, because language has encoded embodied relations. In addition, the effect of the statistical linguistic frequencies was modified by participant gender, with female participants being more sensitive to statistical linguistic context than male participants.
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DAVID, OANA, and TEENIE MATLOCK. "Cross-linguistic automated detection of metaphors for poverty and cancer." Language and Cognition 10, no. 3 (2018): 467–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2018.11.
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abstractConceptual metaphor research has benefited from advances in discourse analytic and corpus linguistic methodologies over the years, especially given recent developments with Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies. Such technologies are now capable of identifying metaphoric expressions across large bodies of text. Here we focus on how one particular analytic tool, MetaNet, can be used to study everyday discourse about personal and social problems, in particular, poverty and cancer, by leveraging reusable networks of primary metaphors enhanced with specific metaphor subcases. We discuss the advantages of this approach in allowing us to gain valuable insights into cross-linguistic metaphor commonalities and variation. To demonstrate its utility, we analyze corpus data from English and Spanish.
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Kang, Byongchang. "Unifying Opposites through Metaphor: A Cognitive Approach to the Buddhist Metaphors for the Mind in the Awakening of Faith Discourse." Religions 9, no. 11 (2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel9110345.
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While metaphors for the human mind have been intensively discussed across multiple disciplines, there remains a gap on how Buddhism deals with the mind metaphorically. This study explores how Mahāyāna Buddhist discourse resorts to embodied and discursive metaphors in describing and explaining the mind. Buddhist texts analyzed are the Treatise on the Awakening of Faith According to the Mahāyāna and its two commentaries by Wŏnhyo. The Awakening of Faith discourse abounds in metaphors for the sentient being’s mind in two aspects: the ordinary phenomenal mind and the transcendental essential mind. The focus of this study is on the relationship between the seemingly opposing two minds, and the ways in which these two opposites are unified metaphorically. To do so, I first examine how the essential mind, which is said to transcend ordinary experience and verbal expression, is made speakable through primary metaphors and NON-CONTAINER (unboundedness) image schema, and how the phenomenal mind is metaphorically understood according to the covarying scalar properties in primary metaphors. With respect to the argument for harmonizing the two minds, in which introducing more apt analogical metaphors is important, two representative discursive metaphors (a mirror metaphor and an ocean metaphor) are compared and discussed.
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Wageche, Irungu, and Changhai Chi. "Conceptual Metaphors and Rhetoric in Barack Obama’s and Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse in Africa and Europe." International Journal of English Linguistics 7, no. 2 (2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v7n2p52.
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This paper examines the use of conceptual metaphors in Barack Obama’s and Xi Jinping’s diplomatic discourse in both Africa and Europe. Drawing on four speeches, this paper begins by examining the pervasiveness of metaphor utility in the speeches by using Pragglejazz Metaphor Identification Procedure. This paper examines the underlying concepts in the identified metaphors by using Lakoff and Johnson conceptual metaphor framework. Finally, this paper examines the significance of conceptual metaphors as a rhetorical strategy in diplomatic discourse. This paper found out that both Barack Obama and Xi Jinping employed an exceptionally high number of metaphors in their discourse in Africa and Europe. We found out that metaphors used by each leader do form an underlying concept. Barack Obama’s diplomatic discourse embodies journey metaphors while Xi Jinping’s diplomatic discourse embodies nature metaphors. The paper illustrates how both leaders draw on neutral lexical units such as distance, crossroads, pace, path, water, lions, mountains, wells, et cetera and charge them with metaphors as a rhetorical strategy in order to draw African and European audiences closer to their primary message.
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van Weelden, Lisanne, Alfons Maes, Joost Schilperoord, and Marc Swerts. "How Object Shape Affects Visual Metaphor Processing." Experimental Psychology 59, no. 6 (2012): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000165.
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In order to interpret novel metaphoric relations, we have to construct ad hoc categories under which the metaphorically related concepts can be subsumed. Shape is considered to be one of the primary vehicles of object categorization. Accordingly, shape might play a prominent role in interpreting visual metaphors (i.e., two metaphorically related objects depicted in one visual array). This study explores the role of object shape in visual metaphor interpretation of 10- to 12-year-olds. The experiment shows that participants can produce more correspondences between similarly shaped objects as compared to dissimilarly shaped objects and that they need less thinking time to do so. These findings suggest that similarity in shape facilitates the process of interpreting visual metaphors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Carswell, Margaret F., and res cand@acu edu au. "Biblical Metaphors for God in the Primary Level of the Religious Education Series To Know Worship And Love." Australian Catholic University. School of Theology, 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp137.17052007.
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To Know Worship and Love is the religious instruction curriculum produced and mandated for use by the Archdiocese of Melbourne. The primary series comprises a Teaching Companion and Student Text for every level of education, Preparatory to Year 6. This study undertakes examination of the series to determine if biblical metaphors for God which contain a physical vehicle are used and presented within it in accord with the accepted exegetical practices of the Church. The study begins by examining Church documents that pertain to both religious instruction and Scripture to determine a set of principles which should guide the use of Scripture. Notable among the six principles elucidated is the expectation that the use of Scripture should reflect accepted exegetical practices of the Church. These are defined as those which enable a clear understanding of the literal sense of Scripture, as ascertained through use of the Historical-Critical method. In order to come to a sound understanding of the literal sense of metaphors, the study reviews how they work and what results from their use. Such a review is important for two reasons. First, in the finding that metaphors for God prompt the formation of a concept of God, the need for their valid interpretation in religious instruction is stressed. Second, it enables the articulation of eight specific requirements for the interpretation of biblical metaphors for God. Subsequent examination of the series against what is required reveals that of the eight requirements, only one is provided within the series. No unit or activity identifies the sixty-three biblical metaphors cited in the series and no unit teaches students how they work to communicate meaning. No unit provides information of the vehicles used within their historical setting and no unit explains the historical circumstances which gave rise to the dominance of certain metaphors. In order to explain why biblical metaphors for God are presented so poorly in To Know Worship and Love, the use of Scripture generally in the series is examined against the six principles drawn from Church documents. The finding that the series does not observe the principles which should guide the use of Scripture, in particular, the finding that the series does not use accepted exegetical practices of the Church, provides significant insight into the inadequate presentation of metaphors. The study concludes by making three recommendations. First, it recommends that a process of rewriting To Know Worship and Love must be undertaken immediately. Second, it recommends that the use and placement of Scripture in religious instruction programmes in the future adhere to the six principles of the Church outlined in this study. Third, it recommends that the clear and accurate teaching of what metaphors and how they work be made a priority in religious instruction programmes.
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Lima, JoÃo Paulo Rodrigues de. "A emergÃncia de metÃforas na fala sobre violÃncia urbana: uma anÃlise cognitivo-discursiva." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8360.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>O discurso pode ser compreendido como um sistema dinÃmico complexo, que se adapta de acordo com as necessidades contextuais. Desse modo, as metÃforas presentes nos discursos parecem emergir a partir de uma negociaÃÃo de conceitos durante a interaÃÃo conversacional. Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008) chama estes tipos de metÃforas de sistemÃticas, pois percorrem diversas falas, apontando para uma construÃÃo colaborativa. A emergÃncia destas metÃforas significa uma estabilidade temporÃria no discurso, resultante da interaÃÃo entre diversos agentes: pragmÃticos, sociais, culturais, histÃricos e cognitivos. Contudo, Cameron nÃo especifica que recursos cognitivos podem ter sido usados para fazer emergir estas estabilizaÃÃes. Esta pesquisa sugere que o sistema dinÃmico discursivo à tambÃm constituÃdo de estruturas conceituais esquemÃticas derivadas das experiÃncias bÃsicas corpÃreas comuns a todos (ou pelo menos a maioria) dos seres humanos: os esquemas imagÃtico-cinestÃsicos (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987) e as metÃforas conceituais primÃrias (GRADY, 1997). Assim, entendemos que a metÃfora sistemÃtica nÃo emerge somente do discurso, mas tambÃm da cogniÃÃo, em uma dupla direcionalidade (discurso-cogniÃÃo e vice-versa). A fim de confirmar este pensamento, foi utilizada a tÃcnica de investigaÃÃo de grupo focal, formado por jovens adultos universitÃrios, que discorreram sobre violÃncia urbana. O discurso foi gravado em Ãudio e vÃdeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa, portanto os dados sÃo interpretados utilizando os seguintes referenciais teÃricos: Teoria Integrada da MetÃfora PrimÃria (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), esquemas imagÃtico-cinestÃsicos (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), Teoria dos Sistemas DinÃmicos Complexos Adaptativos e a anÃlise do discurso à luz da metÃfora (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON ET AL., 2009, CAMERON & MASLEN, 2010). As metÃforas sistemÃticas foram identificadas e relacionadas aos esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias, sendo possÃvel inferir que a emergÃncia de linguagem figurada no discurso ocorre dinamicamente em duas vias. AlÃm disso, verificamos que esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias parecem ser alguns dos agentes cognitivos envolvidos nestas emergÃncias, e os tÃpicos discursivos sÃo os agentes que motivam o uso de certos esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias em detrimento de outros.<br>The discourse can be seen as a complex dynamic system, which adapts itself according to contextual needs. Thus, the metaphors in the discourse seem to emerge out of a conceptual negotiation along the conversational interaction. Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008) calls these types of metaphors systematic, since they permeate different talks, signaling a collaborative construction. The emergence of these metaphors means a temporary stability, due to the interaction between different agents: pragmatic, social, cultural, historical and cognitive. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive elements could have been used to emerge these stabilizations. This research suggests the dynamic discursive system is also made of conceptual schematic structures as a result of embodied basic experiences common to every person (or at least to the vast majority): the image and kinesthetic schemas (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987) and conceptual primary metaphors (GRADY, 1997). Thus, it is understood that systematic metaphors do not emerge only from discourse factors, but also from cognition, in double directionality (discourse-cognition and vice-versa). In order to confirm this thought, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was made of college students who talked about urban violence. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative, so the data analysis is guided by the following theoretical references: Primary Metaphor Integrated Theory (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), image and kinesthetic schemas (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), Complex Adaptive Dynamic System Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON ET AL., 2009, CAMERON & MASLEN, 2010). The systematic metaphors identified in the data were matched to schemas and primary metaphors, inferring then the emergence of figurative language in the discourse occurs in two ways. Furthermore, schemas and primary metaphors seem to be some of the cognitive agents present in those emergences, and the discourse topics are at least one of the agents which motivate the use of certain schemas and primary metaphors instead of others.
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Knighton, Erik Joseph. "Vertical Scales in Temporal sub Constructions." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1402999952.
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Arvidsson, Carina. "Tal och gesters samverkan i undervisningen : En empirisk studie på lågstadiet." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för svenska språket (SV), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96181.
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Studien syftar till att undersöka sambandet mellan tal och gester utifrån lärares resonemang och språkbruk i klassrummet. Studien utgår från ett förkroppsligande perspektiv där begreppen deiktiska gester, metaforiska gester, ikoniska gester och rytmiska gester återfinns. Begreppen är hämtade från McNeills (1992) indelning av gester i olika kategorier. För insamling av data användes ostrukturerad observation och semistrukturerad intervju. Resultatet från observationerna visade att deiktiska rörelser, främst att peka mot tavlan, var den mest förekommande gesten hos lärarna och de rytmiska gesterna förekom inte alls. De näst mest förekommande gesterna var metaforiska gester som symboliserar en abstrakt idé, någon handling som utförs. Genom intervjuerna framkom att lärarna ansåg det viktigt att använda gester i undervisningen. Studiens didaktiska implikation blir att gesterna tillför liv och rörelse i undervisningen och är en bra hjälp för att förtydliga ord och begrepp både för elever med svenska som första språk och elever med svenska som andraspråk. Av studiens resultat dras slutsatsen att gester och verbal kommunikation är en användbar kombination i undervisningen för att eleverna ska ta till sig budskapet.
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Young, Jennifer. "(The) Student Body/ies: Cultural Paranoia and Embodiment in the American High School." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1405542939.
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Petrou, Michael. "Souffrances limites individuelles et cadres transsubjectifs pour leur symbolisation. : approche psychanalytique des institutions de soin, de l'adolescence, de la violence et du deuil, à l'interface de l'Anthropologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2107.
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Cette Thèse est un travail de réélaboration et de synthèse à partir de l’expérience de l’auteur acquise lors :● de sa participation active à la récente réforme psychiatrique en Grèce (mise en place et fonctionnement d’un foyer d’hébergement pour patients asilaires et ensuite d’un centre de jour pour enfants autistes) ;● de sa réflexion clinico-théorique sur la maltraitance et les adolescents (auteurs et victimes de violence), à savoir ce que l’auteur propose d’appeler transitions violentées ;● de ses recherches étalées sur trente ans au sujet du devenir du deuil des personnes disparues à Chypre (lors de l’invasion de l’île par la Turquie en 1974) et des interférences individuelles, sociales et politiques de ce deuil impossible ;● de ses études sur les extensions du concept du travail du deuil (en tant que prototype du travail psychique dans son rapport au travail culturel), des limites et des obstacles que le deuil rencontre au sein de la culture et de la société contemporaines.Le long de ces développements l’approche pluridisciplinaire adoptée met en dialogue la Psychanalyse, l’Anthropologie et la Littérature grecque ancienne. La pluridisciplinarité permet à la fois de multiplier les approches, afin de mieux saisir les phénomènes dans leur complexité et leurs rapports avec leurs environnements, d’examiner ce qui se développent sur les interfaces, de mettre en relief nos limites conceptuelles et méthodologiques, enfin de mettre en perspective des voies de dégagement et de dépassement. (L’étude de la primauté présumée de la mère en Psychanalyse et en Anthropologie, ainsi que l’étude de la culture postmoderne comme métacadre anti-deuil, en sont l’exemple).2En multipliant les expressions des souffrances psychiques à étudier, les environnements où elles se manifestent et les perspectives de leur examen, l’auteur s’efforce de montrer que la structure et les processus psychiques du sujet singulier, d’autant plus ses souffrances, ne peuvent être suffisamment comprises et encore moins soutenues et soulagées, que si on les rapporte aux charges et aux contenus qu’ils prennent pour d’autres sujets, que si on les articule et les met en communication avec les opérations psychiques de ceux-ci, ainsi qu’avec les cadres et métacadres dans lesquels les sujets s’inscrivent, en tant que partie prenante et partie constituante d’un ensemble transsubjectif.Des hypothèses sur les processus, les fonctions et les contenus intersubjectifs de transfert, de charge, de transit, d’encadrement transsubjectif, de reprise et de resymbolisation sont au premier plan de ce travail<br>This Thesis is the reworking and re-composition of a study based on the experience acquired by the author from the following:• his active participation in the recent psychiatric reform in Greece (establishment and functioning of a shelter for asylum-seeker patients and later a daycentre for autistic children);• his clinical theory reflections on maltreatment and adolescents (offenders and victims of violence), what the author proposes to call violated transitions.• this research stretching over thirty years on the topic the continuing mourning of the missing persons in Cyprus (on account of the invasion of the island by Turkey in 1974) and the individual, social and political interferences with this impossible mourning;• his studies on the extension of the concept of the work of mourning (as a prototype of the psychic work in his report on the cultural work), the limits and obstacles that the mourning encounters in the context of culture and contemporary society.In the course of these developments, the adopted pluridisciplinary approach gives rise to a dialogue involving the Psychoanalysis, Anthropology and Literature of ancient Greece. Pluridisciplinarity allows, at the same time, the multiplication of approaches, in order to better seize of the phenomena in their complexity and relation to their environments, examine that which is developing on the interfaces, bring out in relief our conceptual and methodological limitations, in order to place into perspective the ways of disengagement and overtaking. (The study on the presumed primacy of the mother in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, as well as the study on postmodern culture as an anti-mournful meta-frame, are examples of this).4In multiplying the expressions of psychic suffering that have to be studied, the environments where they manifest themselves and the perspectives of their examination, the author is forced to show that the structure and the psychic processes of the individual subject, especially their sufferings, cannot be sufficiently understood and even less so sustained and alleviated, whether one relates them to the loads and contents they take for other subjects, or one articulates and places them in communication with other psychic functions of the latter, also with the frames and meta-frames in which the subjects fall, in their capacity as accepting party and constituent party of a trans-subjective unit.Hypotheses on the inter-subjective processes, functions and contents of transfer, load, transit, trans-subjective framing, recovery and re-symbolization are at the forefront of this work
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Carswell, Margaret F. "Biblical metaphors for God in the primary level of the religious education series To Know, Worship and love." 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp137.17052007/index.html.
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Thesis (PhD) -- Australian Catholic University, 2006.<br>Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Bibliography: p. 256-265. Also available in an electronic version via the internet.
Books on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Dyson, Anne Haas. Weaving possibilities: Rethinking metaphors for early literacy development. Center for the Study of Writing, 1990.
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Richards, Eve Michelle. Metaphor and other non-literal language in the primary school classroom. University of Birmingham, 1992.
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Feyaerts, Kurt, and Lieven Boeve. Religious Metaphors at the Crossroads between Apophatical Theology and Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0003.
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This chapter introduces an interdisciplinary approach to the study of religious discourse, inspired by the observation that the tradition of negative theology, rediscovered by postmodern philosophy and theology, shares major points of interest with the cognitive theory of language. Its primary goal is an attempt to compare two epistemological systems in a fruitful and promising way. There are three major parts. The first deals with aspects of apophatical (or negative) theology and presents its rediscovery by postmodern theology. The second describes central aspects of cognitive semantics, with special attention to the theory of conceptual metaphor. The third brings the two theories together in search of both similarities and differences. It will be shown that there are common points of interest and methodology, and that each approach can contribute to the other, offering possible benefits to theology.
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Joosen, Vanessa, ed. Connecting Childhood and Old Age in Popular Media. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496815163.001.0001.
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Media narratives in popular culture often ascribe interchangeable characteristics to childhood and old age. In the manner of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By, the authors in this volume envision the presumed semblance between children and the elderly as a root metaphor that finds succinct articulation in the idea that “children are like old people” and vice versa. The volume explores the recurrent use of this root metaphor in literature and media from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. The authors demonstrate how it shapes and is reinforced by a spectrum of media products from Western and East-Asian countries. Most the media products addressed were developed for children as their primary audience, and range from children’s classics such as Heidi to recent Dutch children’s books about euthanasia. Various authors also consider narratives produced either for adults (for instance, the TV series Mad Men, and the novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close) or for a dual audience (for example, the family film Paddington or The Simpsons). The diversity of these products in terms of geography, production date, and audience buttresses a broad comparative exploration of the connection between childhood and old age, allowing the authors to bring out culturally specific aspects and biases. Finally, since this book also unites scholars from a variety of disciplines (media studies, children’s literature studies, film studies, pedagogy, sociology), the individual chapters provide a range of methods for studying the connection between childhood and old age.
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Murphy, Patrick D. Earth Discourses. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252041037.003.0002.
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This chapter draws from the interpretive school of environmental policy analysis, especially John S. Dryzek’s The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses (Oxford, 2005), to provide an overview of the environmental discourses that have historically held cultural currency around the world. It summarizes the ontological foundations of key and competing environmental discourses: the Limits discourse (Survivalism), the Promethean discourse, Democratic Pragmatism, Ecological Modernization, Green Radicalism (Eco-feminism, Environmental Justice) and Sustainable Development. Of primary interest in this overview is how the emergence of what Dryzek calls the “Promethean discourse,” an environmental discourse tied to abundance, limited government, and innovation, has been conversely related to the “Limits discourse,” which is grounded in the construct of scarcity and the “commons” and “tipping point” metaphors, and how the debate between the two has spawned a range of other, alternative environmental discourses.
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Slenes, Robert W. Metaphors to Live By in the Diaspora. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190657543.003.0016.
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Inspired by research in anthropology and cognitive science that places analogical thinking at the center of human culture and cognition, this chapter focuses on the metaphors by which western Central Africans, particularly speakers of Kikongo, understood—and withstood—the horrors of the Middle Passage and New World enslavement. Canoe metaphors figured prominently in West Central Africa. So too did tropes making ontological connections between things designated by phonetic (near-) homonyms. Both types of analogies helped people explain their lineage origins (locating them in past migrations under duress), find cures for social ills, seal marriages and other alliances, and open liminal paths from suffering to plenitude in this world and in the afterlife. Based primarily on the author’s research in dictionaries of African languages, particularly Kikongo, and on Central African cults of affliction-fruition in Brazil’s 19th-century Southeast, the essay argues that strong shipmate bonding during the Atlantic crossing embodied these homeland metaphors.
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Pinfari, Marco. Terrorists as Monsters. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927875.001.0001.
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This book explores the use of archetypal metaphors of monstrosity in relation to terrorism. It presents two main original arguments, which are influenced by recent studies by leading philosophers and anthropologists on the social and political functions of monstrosity and monster metaphors. The first argument, developed in Part 1, explores the reasons why “terrorists” are sometimes framed as monsters by their audiences. Although this imagery serves the immediate purpose of depicting the “terrorist” as a non- or sub-human “other,” the book examines the recurrence of specific monster types across time and space (from the French Revolution through anarchist and ethnonational terrorism, until the current wave of jihadist terrorism), and concludes that the terrorist-monster is primarily an unmanageable creature and that this characterization is functional to the pursuit of rational political agendas and to securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. The second, developed in Part 2, is about why “terrorists” might want to portray and present themselves as monsters. In this regard, it argues that the impersonation of the monster prototype (in its entirety or in some of its components) is a tactic that has been rationally pursued by several groups throughout the history of terrorism, as part of the modus operandi of so-called revolutionary terrorism, primarily for increasing their scare power. Part 3 applies these analytical frameworks to other areas of terrorism studies, including the use of monster metaphors by the “terrorists” themselves to frame their enemies and recent trends in counterterrorism.
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Rondel, David. Two Concepts of Equality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680688.003.0002.
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This chapter distinguishes between “vertical” and “horizontal” egalitarianism. The vertical and horizontal metaphors differentiate primarily between two types of relationship in which equality is said to play an important role—the “vertical” relationship between state and citizen, on the one hand, and the “horizontal” relationship between or among the people of a society, on the other. But the distinction may be used in a wider way to track several issues around which egalitarian theories tend to diverge: about what a commitment to equality ultimately means; about to whom or what egalitarian principles are meant to apply; about how equality is achieved and what its achievement looks like, and about how theorizing on equality is properly or most promisingly undertaken.
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Saglia, Diego. Theatre, Drama, and Vision in the Romantic Age. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.38.
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Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European cultures saw drama and theatre as endowed with extraordinary relevance, celebrating their social and aesthetic functions, as well as those transitively metaphorical features for which this period coined the term ‘theatricality’. This neologism aptly conveys the pervasiveness of theatre and the theatrical in these decades and goes some way towards explaining why many Romantic manifestoes and diatribes were primarily concerned with the stage. Drama and theatre were crucial laboratories for the creation of new ways of seeing, forms and genres, notions of the body, and models of subjectivity. As forms of entertainment, metaphors, or hermeneutic tools, Romantic-period drama and theatre were visual vantage points for the examination of contemporary culture and history and their endless transformations. As such, they paved the way for subsequent dramatic and theatrical revolutions and for the conception of modernity emerging in the later nineteenth century.
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Neves, Marcelo. Constitutionalism and the Paradox of Principles and Rules. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898746.001.0001.
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The present book offers a critical counterpoint to Ronald Dworkin’s principle-based theory, and in particular to Robert Alexy’s idea of optimizing balancing. Instead of ceding to the compulsion of an optimizing balancing, it suggests the possibility of a comparative or at least ‘satisficing’ balancing, considering the precariousness of legal rationality. The book also reverses Dworkin’s metaphor, associating rules with Hercules and principles with the Hydra. It takes constitutional principles seriously, criticizing the abuse of principles by the legal and constitutional doctrine and practice, but pointing out their relationship of complementarity and tension with rules. Finally, the author offers an alternative model to the recent legal and constitutional theory on the basis of certain assumptions of the systems theory. It deals especially with the paradox of the circular and reflexive relationship between constitutional principles and rules: the former are referred primarily to the openness and adequacy of legal system to society and thus to substantive argumentation; the second are referred primarily to the closure and consistency of legal system and thus to formal argumentation.
Book chapters on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Rydning, Antin Fougner, and Christian Lachaud. "Are primary conceptual metaphors easier to understand than complex conceptual metaphors?" In Methods and Strategies of Process Research. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.94.13ryd.
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Changsheng, Jiang, Zhang Jie, Liang Xiaohua, Yuan Yuan, and Xie Qun. "6. Piecing Together the Jigsaw: Understanding Motivations of English Learners in Chinese Primary School through a Questionnaire and Elicited Metaphor Analysis." In Early Language Learning, edited by Janet Enever and Eva Lindgren. Multilingual Matters, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21832/9781783098323-008.
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Inya, Onwu. "Metaphors for Nation and War in Chinua Achebe's Memoir." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0081-0.ch011.
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Chinua Achebe's memoir, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, caused quite a stir in the Nigerian polity when it was published in 2012. This chapter, therefore, examined the metaphors used by the author to construe the concepts of nation and the (Nigerian civil) war in the memoir. Theoretical insights were drawn from Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Primary metaphor theory and Conceptual blending theory to analyze the metaphors identified. Two central metaphors were used by the author to construe the concept of nation, namely, the DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY and the SCAPEGOAT metaphors. Metaphors for war included WAR AS NIGHTMARE, AS A TRIANGLE GAME, and AS A SERIES OF VIOLENT CRIMES respectively. The metaphor system highlighted in this chapter indicates that bad governance, corruption and ethnic politics were critical to the failure of Nigeria's first democratic experience (1960-1966) and the resultant civil war of 1967-1970.
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Blumenberg, Hans. "Observations Drawn from Metaphors." In History, Metaphors, Fables. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501732829.003.0010.
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This chapter explores Hans Blumenberg's “Observations Drawn from Metaphors” (1971). This work is an attempt to update the metaphorological project by extending research matter from the tropes of strictly philosophical texts to contemporary discourse in the form of journalistic debates, political strategies, scientific projects, and quotidian speech. Blumenberg also discusses typological procedures. To many, they appear to be some kind of display of wares to choose from, that is, as the preliminary stage to a decisionist act. But that is not the primary function of typology. Its primary function is the virtual opposite: it neutralizes decisionist processes that have already occurred by trying to present the complete field of possibilities, that is, confronting prejudice with the judgments that would have been possible in the first place, and by retroactively supplying it with what still is. The decisionist character of preconceived “opinions” becomes transparent with regard to what has not at all been consulted in the life-world and therefore could also not at all have been eliminated.
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Nichter, Mark. "Vaccinations in South Asia: False Expectations and Commanding Metaphors." In Anthropology and Primary Health Care. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429045936-14.
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Arslan-Cansever, Belgin, and Gamze Bilir Seyhan. "What Does Culture of Higher Education Mean for Teacher Candidates?" In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9850-5.ch015.
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When a university is considered as an organization, the meaning of culture to students should be investigated to have knowledge of its organizational culture. In this qualitative study, it is aimed to examine university students' perceptions of higher education culture via metaphors. Participants were 230 primary school teacher candidates enrolled in Faculty of Education, Ege University in Turkey. Researchers prepared a form to use as data gathering tool including the prompt “Higher education culture is like ... because ...”. In the study, the 5 common metaphors generated by four grades and these metaphors were freedom, youth, library, sea, and sun. Moreover, all participants generated 101 original metaphors. At the end of the analysis, metaphors were grouped into seven different categories; information environment, shaping the future, pathfinder, free, perpetual adapting itself, multi-cultural, exciting. To conclude, it could be said that most of teacher candidates have a positive perception about higher education.
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Knoll, Gillian. "The Physics and Metaphysics of Metaphor." In Conceiving Desire in Lyly and Shakespeare. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428521.003.0009.
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This section argues that Lyly’s and Shakespeare’s characters process and experience eros through the primary metaphor of motion. These introductory pages explore the philosophical and conceptual underpinnings of this metaphor through the example of Shakespeare’s Angelo in Measure for Measure. Drawing from the work of cognitive linguistics George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Zoltan Kövecses, this section explores the broad metaphorical structures that shape Angelo’s erotic experience as both a passion and an action. Things happen within Angelo well before he ‘acts out’ his sexual pursuit of the novitiate Isabella. The remainder of this section investigates the relationship between erotic potentiality and actuality, or entelechy, in Aristotle’s Physics and Metaphysics. In Aristotle’s writings, as in Shakespeare’s play, the boundary between potency and actuality is fluid rather than fixed. As a result, Angelo’s metaphors dramatize the capacity of erotic potentiality to create drama. For him, as for so many of Lyly’s and Shakespeare’s characters, desire is itself a frenzied action.
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Gupta, Gopal K. "Māyā in Relation to the Human Condition". У Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856993.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses māyā’s role as the deluding power that covers the memory of souls that desire to live in forgetfulness of God and causes them to identify as products of matter, living in the temporal realm. As with most Indic literatures, the Bhāgavata employs metaphors to explain its philosophical doctrines, and the dream experience is the primary metaphor used to describe māyā’s deluding power. The Bhāgavata considers the human condition to be a condition of dreaming, with the word svapna (dream) appearing well over sixty times throughout its pages. This chapter also explores the Bhāgavata’s largest and most complex allegory—that of Purañjana and the City of Nine Gates. The questions to be addressed by means of this allegory are of paramount concern to the Bhāgavata, and they are central to its account of māyā and the human condition: What is the self? Why does the eternally transcendent self misidentify with temporary matter? How does it come to do so?
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Telotte, J. P. "The Real Thing." In Movies, Modernism, and the Science Fiction Pulps. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949655.003.0003.
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Abstract: Chapter Three traces out how film and a filmic consciousness entered into the fiction that was, ostensibly, the SF pulps’ primary reason for existence. It begins by recognizing the extent to which a cinematic rhetoric filtered into SF writing, which readily drew metaphors, similes, and key images or references from the world of the movies. The chapter then considers how film technology—cameras, sound recording devices, screens, etc.—took a place alongside other sorts of fascinating modern technology as proper subjects for SF narratives. Finally, it examines a variety of the stories that focus specifically on the film industry—of the present and the future—with a special emphasis on the work of neglected SF author Henry Kuttner.
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Vine, Angus. "Chorography and Antiquarian Compilation." In Miscellaneous Order. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809708.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the miscellany’s links with antiquarian compilation and chorography (the branch of geography concerned with the particulars of a specific region or place). Its primary interest is with textual production in the two fields, and with the practices of annotation and organization that allowed antiquaries and chorographers to turn their heterogeneous notes into orderly narratives. The manuscript miscellany, it argues, was essential to the kind of assemblage scholars carried out here. Compilers discussed in the chapter include William Lambarde, Edmund Tilney, George Owen of Henllys, Abraham Ortelius, and most extensively William Camden. The chapter shows that this kind of antiquarian assemblage was most commonly conceived as a kind of stitching or tailoring, in keeping with one of the more frequent early modern metaphors for textual and miscellaneous production.
Conference papers on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Todor, Ioana. "Metaphors About Teachers' Role and Didactic Interactions in Primary School." In Edu World 7th International Conference. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.05.02.103.
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Joo, Woohun. "Sonifyd: A Graphical Approach for Sound Synthesis and Synesthetic Visual Expression." In ICAD 2019: The 25th International Conference on Auditory Display. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2019.045.
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This paper describes Sonifyd, a sonification driven multimedia and audiovisual environment based on color-sound conversion for real-time manipulation. Sonifyd scans graphics horizontally or vertically from a scan line, generates sound and determines timbre according to its own additive synthesis based color-to-sound mapping. Color and sound relationships are fixed as default, but they can be organic for more tonal flexibility. Within this ecosystem, flexible timbre changes will be discovered by Sonifyd. The scan line is invisible, but Sonifyd provides another display that represents the scanning process in the form of dynamic imagery representation. The primary goal of this project is to be a functioning tool for a new kind of visual music, graphic sonification research and to further provide a synesthetic metaphor for audiences/users in the context of an art installation and audiovisual performance. The later section is a discussion about limitations that I have encountered: using an additive synthesis and frequency modulation technique with the line scanning method. In addition, it discusses potential possibilities for the future direction of development in relation to graphic expression and sound design context.
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Zaytsev, Pavel. "Modernism, Publicness, Zombification: Gestalt of "Worker" by E. Junger, And Phenomena of Contemporary Exploitative Culture." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-17.
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The need for researching into ideological sources of contemporary exploitative culture is necessitated by both the outer edge of its interaction with other triggers of modernity, and the inner edge consisting in the answer to the following question: ‘what is an exploitative culture?’. The modernism era gave rise not only to global mass culture, but diverse oppositions of ‘privacy’ and ‘publicity’ categories in their key anthropological images. It seems to us to be no coincidence that exploitative culture is presented by researchers primarily in the anthropological dimension of race and sex. While considering the heroic characters proposed to be scaled for the era of modernism, it is necessary to account for the invariative content, which was reflected in gestalt of the ‘worker’ by E. Junger, and its particular historical variations. We pay our attention to the pedagogical system suggested by A. Makarenko, and the system of fostering actors of the future by V. Meyerhold as projects of the taylorisation of school and theater. The contemporary culture which, as a result of racial protests in the USA, has tended to be attributed with the predicate ‘exploitative’ reveals the exploitative meanings of the worker’s gestalt in the image of the zombie and the phenomenon of zombification associated with it. As a result of this study, conclusions were drawn regarding the continuity of the anonymous image of the ‘worker’ E. Junger and the film image of the zombie as one of modern culture’s most demanded anonymous generalised characters of the masses. Their affinity is as follows: the ‘worker’ of E. Junger is not a social, much less an economic category, it is the most common anthropological metaphore of ‘generic attributes’ to characterise the modernism era, like a zombie character in contemporary mass culture. However, if gestalt of ‘worker’ by E. Junger means the totality of creation of a new world, then the zombie character in contemporary mass culture is associated with the totality of devastation.
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Meškova, Sandra. "THE SENSE OF EXILE IN CONTEMPORARY EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN WOMEN’S LIFE WRITING: DUBRAVKA UGREŠIČ AND MARGITA GŪTMANE." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/22.
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Exile is one of the central motifs of the 20th century European culture and literature; it is closely related to the historical events throughout this century and especially those related to World War II. In the culture of East Central Europe, the phenomenon of exile has been greatly determined by the context of socialism and post-socialist transformations that caused several waves of emigration from this part of Europe to the West or other parts of the world. It is interesting to compare cultures of East Central Europe, the historical situations of which both during World War II and after the collapse of socialism were different, e.g. Latvian and ex-Yugoslavian ones. In Latvia, exile is basically related to the emigration of a great part of the population in the 1940s and the issue of their possible return to the renewed Republic of Latvia in the early 1990s, whereas the countries of the former Yugoslavia experienced a new wave of emigration as a result of the Balkan War in the 1990s. Exile has been regarded by a great number of the 20th century philosophers, theorists, and scholars of diverse branches of studies. An important aspect of this complex phenomenon has been studied by psychoanalytical theorists. According to the French poststructuralist feminist theorist Julia Kristeva, the state of exile as a socio-cultural phenomenon reflects the inner schisms of subjectivity, particularly those of a feminine subject. Hence, exile/stranger/foreigner is an essential model of the contemporary subject and exile turns from a particular geographical and political phenomenon into a major symbol of modern European culture. The present article regards the sense of exile as a part of the narrator’s subjective world experience in the works by the Yugoslav writer Dubravka Ugrešič (“The Museum of Unconditional Surrender”, in Croatian and English, 1996) and Latvian émigré author Margita Gūtmane (“Letters to Mother”, in Latvian, 1998). Both authors relate the sense of exile to identity problems, personal and culture memory as well as loss. The article focuses on the issues of loss and memory as essential elements of the narrative of exile revealed by the metaphors of photograph and museum. Notwithstanding the differences of their historical situations, exile as the subjective experience reveals similar features in both authors’ works. However, different artistic means are used in both authors’ texts to depict it. Hence, Dubravka Ugrešič uses irony, whereas Margita Gūtmane provides a melancholic narrative of confession; both authors use photographs to depict various aspects of memory dynamic, but Gūtmane primarily deals with private memory, while Ugrešič regards also issues of cultural memory. The sense of exile in both authors’ works appears to mark specific aspects of feminine subjectivity.
Reports on the topic "Primary metaphors"
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Smerecka, Honorata. ANALYSIS OF PRESS HEADLINES FROM KROSNOCITY.PL AND KROSNO24.PL WEB PORTALS IN KROSNO. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11108.
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The analysis of press headlines from the krosnocity.pl and krosno24.pl news portals in Krosno allowed to distinguish features and ways of creating headlines in the local press: from schematic constructions to metaphors, word games, hyperbolization of events and quoting statements. During the linguistic research, several key functions of local Internet portals also emerged: it is primarily to inform about the most important events from the region, but also to support the development of the city, promote local products and businesses, take care of the good name and the interests of its inhabitants and make their achievements and passions known.
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Crispin, Darla. Artistic Research as a Process of Unfolding. Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.503395.
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As artistic research work in various disciplines and national contexts continues to develop, the diversity of approaches to the field becomes ever more apparent. This is to be welcomed, because it keeps alive ideas of plurality and complexity at a particular time in history when the gross oversimplifications and obfuscations of political discourses are compromising the nature of language itself, leading to what several commentators have already called ‘a post-truth’ world. In this brutal environment where ‘information’ is uncoupled from reality and validated only by how loudly and often it is voiced, the artist researcher has a responsibility that goes beyond the confines of our discipline to articulate the truth-content of his or her artistic practice. To do this, they must embrace daring and risk-taking, finding ways of communicating that flow against the current norms. In artistic research, the empathic communication of information and experience – and not merely the ‘verbally empathic’ – is a sign of research transferability, a marker for research content. But this, in some circles, is still a heretical point of view. Research, in its more traditional manifestations mistrusts empathy and individually-incarnated human experience; the researcher, although a sentient being in the world, is expected to behave dispassionately in their professional discourse, and with a distrust for insights that come primarily from instinct. For the construction of empathic systems in which to study and research, our structures still need to change. So, we need to work toward a new world (one that is still not our idea), a world that is symptomatic of what we might like artistic research to be. Risk is one of the elements that helps us to make the conceptual twist that turns subjective, reflexive experience into transpersonal, empathic communication and/or scientifically-viable modes of exchange. It gives us something to work with in engaging with debates because it means that something is at stake. To propose a space where such risks may be taken, I shall revisit Gillian Rose’s metaphor of ‘the fold’ that I analysed in the first Symposium presented by the Arne Nordheim Centre for Artistic Research (NordART) at the Norwegian Academy of Music in November 2015. I shall deepen the exploration of the process of ‘unfolding’, elaborating on my belief in its appropriateness for artistic research work; I shall further suggest that Rose’s metaphor provides a way to bridge some of the gaps of understanding that have already developed between those undertaking artistic research and those working in the more established music disciplines.