Academic literature on the topic 'Primary prevention – methods'
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Journal articles on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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Chow, Louis Wc, Adrian Ys Yip, and Elizabeth Ly Ng. "Prevention of Oncological Diseases: Primary and Secondary Prevention." International Journal of Biological Markers 27, no. 4 (October 2012): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/jbm.2012.10370.
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Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Because there is presently no cure for cancer, the best strategy to combat oncological diseases is through early detection and prevention. The methods currently available are vaccines to target specific viruses (primary prevention), in combination with screening (secondary prevention), use of biomarkers, and administration of adjuvant therapy (tertiary prevention). Modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors are also important in cancer prevention. Vaccination has been proven to be highly effective against targeted diseases leading to the development of cancer, particularly if the vaccination is given in the early years of life. The need for regular screening (for breast cancer, cervical cancer, etc.) should not be neglected and should be followed to detect unusual changes or abnormalities in the body. With discoveries as targeted therapies, adjuvant treatment becomes a secure component of tertiary prevention in the betterment of disease management. The discovery of biomarkers and subsequent targeted therapies has led to personalized medicine as the current trend in cancer care.
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Bokovets, Olga, and Anastasiia Zhukova. "Social prevention of mobbing in the workplace." Visnyk of Lviv University. Series Pedagogics, no. 38 (2023): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vpe.2023.38.11852.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical study of the problem of social prevention of mobbing as psychological violence in the workplace. It is determined that the issue is relevant due to the spread of the phenomenon of mobbing and its negative impact on the mental health and work activity of the employees. It is found that in the international practice, the main approaches to the prevention of mobbing are consolidated at the legislative level. Social prevention is defined as a complex of activities aimed at preventing, detecting and eliminating violence. The paper substantiates the feasibility of primary and secondary prevention of mobbing in the workplace. It is noted that primary prevention is aimed at preventing the incidence of mobbing and consists mainly of raising the level of awareness of the employees about the causes, forms, features and consequences of mobbing, as well as possible ways of providing the assistance. The methods used in primary social prevention of mobbing in the workplace are defined as follows: awareness raising and educational activities; programs and courses within the framework of professional development; corporate holidays; team-building activities; monitoring of information resources of the organization; various kinds of social advertising, etc. The author notes that secondary prevention is aimed at preventing the escalation of an existing case of mobbing, minimizing the risk of its recurrence, and providing social and psychological assistance to victims. It is established that the methods of secondary prevention of mobbing include the following: the functioning of special commissions to review mobbing cases; registration of mobbing cases, statistics and monitoring of conflict relations in the team; psychological support for victims of mobbing; consultations and diagnostic interviews; social and psychological training, etc. It is concluded that social prevention of mobbing should comply with the principles of consistency and continuity. Keywords: mobbing, psychological violence, social prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, methods of prevention, workplace.
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Willms, Dennis G., J. Allan Best, D. Wayne Taylor, J. Raymond Gilbert, Douglas M. C. Wilson, Elizabeth A. Lindsay, and Joel Singer. "A Systematic Approach for Using Qualitative Methods in Primary Prevention Research." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 4, no. 4 (December 1990): 391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/maq.1990.4.4.02a00020.
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Piht, Sirje, Leida Talts, and Sigrit Nigulas. "Shaping Estonian primary school pupils’ values by using bullying-prevention methods." Early Child Development and Care 186, no. 12 (March 8, 2016): 1926–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1137561.
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Akther, Ummay Sufia, Jakaria Kabir, Liaquat Ali, and Nazia Haque Setu. "Low Dose Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome." Annals of International Medical and Dental Research 9, no. 2 (April 2023): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.53339/aimdr.2023.9.14.
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Background: Pregnancy is associated with various complications such as pre-eclampsia, SGA, preterm birth etc. Low dose aspirin is a possible medication to minimize these adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of low dose aspirin for primary prevention of adverse pregnancy outcome. Material Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in department of Gynaecology, North Bengal Medical College Hospital, Mirjapur Bkash Hospital, Mirjapur, Tangail, Bangladesh, during the period from June 2021 to August 2022. Total 200 pregnant women were included in this study. Results: In this study, the mean (±SD) age of the study subjects were 25.12 ± 5.49 years and 25.00 ± 4.83 years in LDA group and control group, respectively. There was no statistically significant (p>0.05) difference in age between the groups. The rate of caesarean section was higher in control group (68%) compared to LDA group (59%) but there was no statistically significant (p>0.05) difference among the groups. In our study, 8% pregnant women in LDA group and 19% pregnant women in control group had gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia was seen in 6% and 13% pregnant women in LDA group and control group, respectively, preterm birth was seen in 8% and 17% pregnant women in LDA group and control group, respectively, SGA was seen in 19% and 32% pregnant women in LDA group and control group, respectively, and fetal distress was seen in 2% pregnant women in both LDA group and control group. There were statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in complications except fetal distress. Mean (±SD) neonatal birth weight was 2.88±1.03 kg and 2.74±0.85 kg in LDA group and control group, respectively and there was no statistically significant (p>0.05) difference. Conclusion: We found that low dose aspirin could significantly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes, especially for pre-eclampsia, SGA and preterm birth.
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Smirnova, Oksana A. "Implementation of primary and secondary prevention measures of diseases in Moscow." City Healthcare 2, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2021.v2i4;92-100.
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Introduction. Preventive health care (preventive medicine or prophylaxis) implies a set of measures aimed at preventing the development of diseases, as opposed to their treatment of diseases. Disease prevention is based on interventions that can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention measures. Objective. To describe the primary and secondary prevention measures implemented in the city of Moscow. Materials and methods. For the purpose of the study, an information search was carried out according to a formulated request and a systematic analysis of the data obtained. Results. The analysis of the main measures implemented in the city of Moscow in relation to disease prevention has been carried out. The events on immunization of the population, on smoking cessation, getting rid of alcohol dependence, organization of rational nutrition and diet, protection of reproductive health and prevention of chronic non-infectious diseases are consecrated. The activity of executive authorities in relation to strengthening the health of the population of the city of Moscow is consecrated.
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Veiga, Nélio, Ricardo Figueiredo, Patrícia Correia, Pedro Lopes, Patrícia Couto, and Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes. "Methods of Primary Clinical Prevention of Dental Caries in the Adult Patient: An Integrative Review." Healthcare 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111635.
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Aim: Preventive approaches to oral health diseases, mainly dental caries, require individual and collective policies. Thus, this review was conducted to identify the primary prevention methods of dental caries in adults to improve oral health at the clinical and community levels. Methods: This review followed the PICO strategy with the research question: “What are the methods of primary prevention of dental caries, in adults, for improving and maintaining oral health integrating clinical and community-based strategies?” Electronic screening was carried out by two independent reviewers in five databases (MedLine/PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and LILACS) to find relevant publications between 2015–2022. We applied eligibility criteria for selection of the articles. The following MeSH terms were used: “Primary Prevention”; “Adult”; “Oral Health”; “Dental Caries”; “Fluorides, Topical”; “Fluoride Varnishes”; “Pit and Fissure Sealants”; “Preventive Dentistry”. Although the term “Prevention strategy” is not a MeSH descriptor, several correlated terms appeared and were used in the search engines: “Preventative Care”, “Disease Prevention, Primary”, and “Prevention, Primary”. The tool provided by the JBI organization (Joanna Briggs Institute) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Nine studies were included. Overall, it was found that the main primary prevention methods applied in dentistry in adults are the application of pit and fissure sealants, topical application of fluoride performed in the dental clinic, use of fluoridated toothpaste, mouthwash with chlorhexidine at home, use of xylitol, the recommendation for regular appointments with the dentist, and the need to inform patients about the saliva buffer capacity and adoption of a non-cariogenic diet. For that purpose, preventive policies should be taken to prevent dental caries. These include three major challenges: providing the adult population with more knowledge regarding their oral health, empowering patients through adopting healthy lifestyles, and developing new preventive strategies and awareness campaigns aimed at the adult population to promote proper oral health habits. Conclusions: A small number of studies were found whose participants were adult patients. There was some consistency regarding primary prevention methods in our studies. However, good quality randomized control studies are still required to define the best intervention strategies for adult caries prevention.
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Khryanin, Alexey A., and Maria V. Russkikh. "Improving methods of primary prevention of STIs and HIV infection among young people." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 97, no. 4 (October 30, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/vdv1242.
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Background. The article considers the possibility of raising awareness among young people about STIs and HIV infection. It presents the development of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health, which includes the following sections: Sexual Infections, Protect Yourself, Frequently Asked Questions, Get help and etc.
Aim. Improving methods of primary prevention of STIs and HIV infection among young people using a mobile app.
Materials and Methods. The mobile application (Personal Sexual Health) was developed taking into account previously conducted scientific (sociological) research on the level of awareness of STIs and HIV infection among young people in Novosibirsk. The development of the mobile application was carried out using Agile (agile software development) methodology.
Results. It was found that young people trust online information and view the Internet as a reliable source of sexual health advice. In fact, the Internet is a useful tool for spreading the reliable information about sexual health and different events detecteded to prevention of STIs and HIV-infection. The concept of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health implies raising the awareness of young people on the prevention of STIs and HIV infection. The informational component of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health was developed taking into account the previously obtained results from a sociological survey of young people.
Conclusion. The modern generation of young people is forming a new ethics of communication, and the Internet is a basic source of information about sexual health for most teens and young adults. However, the information from Internet is not always correct or sufficient. Using modern, relevant, and still gaining in popularity technology (mobile apps and social media) will help to better absorb information about STIs and HIV prevention programms among young people. Personal Sexual Health is the first mobile application in Russia dedicated to sexual health and primary prevention programms of STIs and HIV-infection among young people.
Background. The article considers the possibility of raising awareness among young people about STIs and HIV infection. It presents the development of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health, which includes the following sections: Sexual Infections, Protect Yourself, Frequently Asked Questions, Get help and etc.
Aim. Improving methods of primary prevention of STIs and HIV infection among young people using a mobile app.
Materials and Methods. The mobile application (Personal Sexual Health) was developed taking into account previously conducted scientific (sociological) research on the level of awareness of STIs and HIV infection among young people in Novosibirsk. The development of the mobile application was carried out using Agile (agile software development) methodology.
Results. It was found that young people trust online information and view the Internet as a reliable source of sexual health advice. In fact, the Internet is a useful tool for spreading the reliable information about sexual health and different events detecteded to prevention of STIs and HIV-infection. The concept of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health implies raising the awareness of young people on the prevention of STIs and HIV infection. The informational component of the mobile application Personal Sexual Health was developed taking into account the previously obtained results from a sociological survey of young people.
Conclusion. The modern generation of young people is forming a new ethics of communication, and the Internet is a basic source of information about sexual health for most teens and young adults. However, the information from Internet is not always correct or sufficient. Using modern, relevant, and still gaining in popularity technology (mobile apps and social media) will help to better absorb information about STIs and HIV prevention programms among young people. Personal Sexual Health is the first mobile application in Russia dedicated to sexual health and primary prevention programms of STIs and HIV-infection among young people.
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Pushchina, V. B., I. L. Plisov, and N. G. Antsiferova. "Prevention, approaches and methods of treatment for primary inferior oblique muscle overaction." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2019-4-207-209.
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Volchegorskaya, E. Y., M. V. Zhukova, K. I. Shishkina, and E. V. Frolova. "Teacher's work on prevention of cyberbullying in primary school." Vestnik of Minin University 11, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2023-11-3-8.
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Introduction. In the conditions of digitalization of modern society, the problem of choosing forms, methods, and means of preventing dependence on virtual reality of a computer and the related problem of cyber-victimization is acute. Especially relevant is the organization of preventive work to prevent bullying in a virtual environment starting from elementary school. The article also examines the relationship of exposure to cyberbullying, widespread among primary school students, with some personal characteristics of children.Materials and Methods. Theoretical research methods: review and critical analysis of scientific literature. Empirical research methods: testing, experiment. Methods of mathematical processing and interpretation of research results. The assessment of the susceptibility of younger schoolchildren to cyberbullying was assessed using the methodology of N. E. Shchurkova in the modification of N. P. Fetiskin (diagnosis of interactive personality orientation), the Multifactorial scale of victimization (Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale) H. Mynard, S. Joseph, the methodology of the multifactorial study of R. Cattell's personality (children's version).Results. The initial level of exposure to cyberbullying of children of primary school age has been revealed, the relationship between cyberbullying and personal characteristics of children has been established. A program of joint activity of the teacher and parents for the prevention of cyberbullying in primary school children in extracurricular activities has been developed. During the analysis of the results of the study of children of the experimental group, a significant decrease in the indicators of cyberbullying was revealed, which confirms the effectiveness of the developed program.Discussion and Conclusions. The implementation of the program for the prevention of cyberbullying of younger schoolchildren should be carried out in the conditions of the educational process based on the joint activity of the teacher and parents in the framework of extracurricular activities, taking into account the personal characteristics that determine the victim behavior of children.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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Ojala, K. (Kati). "Modern methods in the prevention and management of complications in labor." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514261640.
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Abstract
Although in Finland the incidence of maternal and neonatal mortality in labor is very low, labor carries some risks. This study focused on two major complications in labor: fetal asphyxia and maternal hemorrhage. The roles of fetal electrocardiographic ST-analysis (STAN) and pelvic artery embolization in the prevention and management of these complications were investigated.
Intrapartum fetal monitoring aims at a timely detection of fetal hypoxemia. When non-selected parturients were randomly assigned to be monitored during labor either by STAN or conventional cardiotocography, no differences between the groups were detected in terms of neonatal outcome and operative delivery rates. Only the incidence of fetal blood sampling was lower in the STAN group. In the interpretation of the STAN tracings according to the guideline matrix provided by the STAN manufacturer, the interobserver agreement was moderate; in terms of clinical decision -making as to whether to intervene in the labor, this agreement varied from moderate to good among STAN-trained obstetricians.
The aim of prophylactic pelvic artery occlusion balloon catheterization, with or without embolization, is to reduce hemorrhage in elective cesarean operations in patients with placenta accreta. Furthermore, pelvic arterial embolization may be performed post partum if bleeding continues after cesarean hysterectomy, or may serve as an alternative to hysterectomy. In the present study, pelvic artery catheterization and embolization did not reduce blood loss during cesarean delivery, nor did it decrease the need to perform hysterectomy in patients with placenta accreta. In the management of massive postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization was most successful in patients with uterine atony, with a success rate of 75% in achieving hemostasis. However, the angiographic method included risk of complications, the most hazardous being thromboembolic complications.
To conclude, STAN does not provide improvement in intrapartum fetal monitoring when compared to cardiotocography, but the need for fetal blood sampling is reduced. This may relate to the fact that subjective interpretation of STAN data is moderate at best. Prophylactic catheterization and embolization of pelvic arteries does not improve the surgical outcome of patients with placenta accreta. In the management of postpartum hemorrhage, pelvic artery embolization should be considered, especially in cases with uterine atony.
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Gavine, Anna J. "The primary prevention of violence in secondary school pupils in the West of Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6544.
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Violence is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst young people. Public health approaches are now being increasingly utilised to reduce the risk of young peoples' involvement in violence. One such programme is Medics Against Violence (MAV), which aims to reduce pro-violent attitudes and enhance empathy in secondary school pupils. This thesis aims to investigate whether this approach can be effective in tackling youth violence in secondary school pupils. A mixed-methods approach was adopted to conduct both an outcome and process evaluation of MAV. Four schools took part in the outcome evaluation, which examined whether there was a change in attitudes towards violence or empathy in pupils receiving the MAV programme. The process evaluation consisted of focus groups with school pupils, and open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with MAV volunteers. There was a small but significant reduction in pro-violent attitudes immediately post-intervention. However, this was not sustained at three months and there was no significant increase in empathy scores. Pupils generally demonstrated anti-violent attitudes, although were more likely to support the use of reactive violence. The pupils appeared to enjoy and generally engage well with the programme. In particular, the use of real footage, interviews with those affected by violence and the Glasgow setting provided a sense of realism for the pupils. Moreover, pupils valued the opportunity to discuss the issues raised by MAV with the volunteers. Volunteers felt engagement was occasionally an issue in the most affluent areas. However, some volunteers adapted the programme to focus on victimisation prevention in the most affluent schools. Further development is therefore needed in terms of establishing who the programme is aimed at (i.e. potential victims or perpetrators), focusing on reactive violence and increasing the sustainability of its effects.
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Middlemass, Jo. "Behavioural change in the primary prevention of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) : evaluating the transtheoretical/stages of change behavioural model : a mixed methods study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601802.
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Introduction In primary care, clinicians are engaged in trying to help patients change their behaviour in order to prevent heart disease. The risk of heart disease is increased by lack of exercise; smoking and eating a high fat diet, all of which are modifiable lifestyle behaviours. The aim of the thesis is to explore the potential for the use of the Transtheoretical Stages of Change CTIM/SOC) model in primary care and consider how the findings can be utilised by clinicians helping patients to change unhealthy behaviour. Method There are three parts to this study; the first is a structured review which examines studies using the TIM/SOC behavioural model in primary care, both when the intervention is tailored to the stage of change and/or when it is used as an outcome/predictor measure. The second part examines the secondary data from a cardiovascular disease study ('Realising the potential of the family history in risk assessment and primary prevention of coronary heart disease in primary care' - ADDFAM) which used the TIM/SOC model, to see what change predictors could be found. The third part comprises a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to identify the facilitators and barriers of behaviour change as experienced by individuals attempting to change their unhealthy behaviour to see if these could be explained in terms of the TIM/SOC model. Results • There appears to be validity in the basic premise of moving through the stages of change which spanned the three distinct sources of evidence. However, in the interview data, no-one spoke in terms of a timeframe except for a social occasion or in terms of life priorities, which throws some doubt on the time-scales imposed on change process in the TIM/SOC model. • There is mixed evidence for the TIM/SOC model either as an intervention, or an outcome/predictor measure, in particular, there is some doubt that movement through the stages of changes equates to actual behavioural change. • There was evidence to suggest that the TIM/SOC constructs are used in the process of change. However, there were identified differences to the processes as outlined in the model, in particular the helping relationships construct was found to be in use throughout the change process, rather than as the TIM/SOC suggests between the action and maintenance stage. Specific constructs for sustaining behavioural changes are not covered under the TIM/SOC model and their inclusion may be helpful for the maintenance stage of the behaviour change. Additional constructs that may be useful to consider in the model include denial/fatalism; psychological aspects and demographic data. XlI Conclusions By triangulating the structured review with the ADDFAM study database results and findings from the qualitative interviews, this study has highlighted both positive and negative aspects of the TIMjSOC model for use in primary care. Suggestions are made for changes to the model that could be evaluated in future research and these include: comparing the TIMjSOC model against the PAPM (a non-timeframe model); inclusions of additional constructs for denial/fatalism; demographic details and psychological factors. The helping relationships construct should be expanded for use across all stages of change and specific new constructs evaluated for sustaining the change. In addition the similarities and differences between the constructs of self-efficacy and control should be explored and evaluated. The findings identified in the thesis have highlighted some areas that clinicians can focus on in primary care to help patients to change their unhealthy behaviours. Xlll
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Nuñovero, Daniela, Ernesto Rodríguez, Jimmy Armas, and Paola Gonzalez. "A Technological Solution to Identify the Level of Risk to Be Diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Wearables." Repositorio Academico - UPC, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653787.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.This paper proposes a technological solution using a predictive analysis model to identify and reduce the level of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through a wearable device. Our proposal is based on previous models that use the auto-classification algorithm together with the addition of new risk factors, which provide a greater contribution to the results of the presumptive diagnosis of the user who wants to check his level of risk. The purpose is the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by a non-invasive method composed of the phases: (1) Capture and storage of risk factors; (2) Predictive analysis model; (3) Presumptive results and recommendations; and (4) Preventive treatment. The main contribution is in the development of the proposed application.
Revisión por pares
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Norlén, Markus, and Stefan Persson. "Sjuksköterskans primärpreventiva metoder för att uppmuntra till livsstilsförändringar hos patienter med risk för hjärt- och kärlsjukdom : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19367.
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Bakgrund: Hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar är ett globalt växande folkhälsoproblem som dessutom är en ekonomisk last på samhället. Forskning har uppskattat att majoriteten av dödsfall kommer att bero på hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar vid år 2030. Några riskfaktorer för att utveckla hjärt- och kärlsjukdom är ett högt BMI, rökning och låg fysisk aktivitet. Forskning har visat att primärpreventivt arbete med livsstilsförändringar är något som minskar riskfaktorerna och är kostnadseffektivt för samhället. Syftet: var att beskriva vilka primärpreventiva metoder sjuksköterskan använder för att uppmuntra till livsstilsförändringar hos patienter med risk för hjärt- och kärlsjukdom samt att beskriva hur dessa primärpreventiva metoder påverkar riskfaktorerna. Syftet var också att beskriva urvalsgrupperna i de valda vetenskapliga artiklarna. Metod: För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna hade denna litteraturstudie en beskrivande design där tolv vetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats. Databaserna PubMed och CINAHL användes vid sökningen för att finna de vetenskapliga artiklarna. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor använde olika metoder för att uppmuntra till livsstilsförändring hos hjärt- och kärlsjuka patienter. Dessa metoder innebar att sjuksköterskan antingen fungerar som en informationsgivare eller samarbetspartner gentemot patienten. Effekten av metoderna varierade och enligt vissa studier gav de ej gav någon effekt. Slutsats: Utifrån litteraturstudiens resultatet går det ej med säkerhet att säga vilka metoder som är mest effektiva. Sammanfattningsvis kan sjuksköterskan i sitt kliniska arbete ta hänsyn till båda förhållningssätt i mötet med patienterna och anpassa metoden utifrån ett individuellt perspektiv.Background: Coronary heart disease is a growing health issue from a global perspective. Research has estimated that coronary heart disease will stand for the majority of deaths by the year 2030. Risk factors include a high BMI, smoking and low level physical activity. Research has also shown that lifestyle change can decrease the risk factors and is cost-effective for the society. Aim: The aim with the litterature study was to describe which primary prevention methods nurses use to encourage lifestyle change for patients at risk of developing coronary heart disease, and to describe how these methods affect the risk factors. The purpose was also to describe the sample groups in the chosen articles. Method: To answer the study questions, the literature study had a descriptive design where twelve scientific articles were analysed and categorized. The databases PubMed and CINAHL were used to find the scientific articles. Results: Nurses use an array of different methods to encourage life style change in patients with coronary heart disease. These methods include the nurse either acting as a information giver or a collaboration partner towards the patient. The effect of these methods varied and some of the studies didn’t show any effect whatsoever. Conclusion: On the basis of the literature study, the methods nurses use and their effectiveness are inconclusive. In conclusion, the nurse can consider all of the methods in the work place, and decide which method is adequate based on the individual variations of the patients.
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Riddle, Alison. "Assessing and changing attitudes and behaviours toward intimate partner violence in southern Africa as a primary prevention method for HIV infection." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28499.
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Reducing intimate partner violence levels in southern Africa is a necessary component of an effective HIV primary prevention strategy. A prerequisite to behaviour change is a shift in attitudes. This study sought to identify effective ways of assessing and changing attitudes and behaviours towards IPV to prevent HIV infection in a developing country context. Combining a systematic review of current evidence with advanced statistical analyses of data from a southern Africa regional household survey (n = 20,639), Soul City Regional Evaluation Phase 1, findings indicate that: a gold standard to measure IPV attitudes and behaviours is needed; interventions targeting structural change and based in the community are more effective; the effectiveness of mass media interventions may not be robust; the interaction of different prevention interventions may mediate overall effectiveness. Exploratory factor analysis, multiple imputation, and regression techniques were applied to complex, multileveled, and correlated data with missingness.
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Blane, David Nicholas. "Understanding the role of primary care in the management of adults with co-morbid obesity : a mixed methods programme." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30627/.
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Introduction: Obesity is widely regarded as one of the biggest public health problems in the UK today. Policy suggests more can be done in primary care to support adults with obesity, particularly identifying and referring individuals with “high risk” obesity (obesity with co-morbidities) to weight management services. The aims of this thesis were to examine the role of primary care in the management of adults with co-morbid obesity; to understand the barriers facing patients and practitioners in accessing NHS adult weight management services via primary care; and to explore theory-driven, evidence-based interventions targeted at primary care practitioners to improve the management of co-morbid obesity. Methods: This was a mixed methods study, integrating qualitative and quantitative approaches. There were 4 phases of research in this thesis: Phase 1) Semi-structured interviews with 9 senior dietitians involved in planning and delivery of adult weight management in Scotland; Phase 2) A realist review of interventions targeted at primary care practitioners to improve the identification and referral of adults with obesity; Phase 3) Analysis of 9,677 GP referrals to the largest NHS weight management service in Scotland, the Glasgow and Clyde Weight Management Service (GCWMS); Phase 4) Analysis of interviews with 20 patients who had been referred to GCWMS, as well as 17 primary care practitioners (GPs and practice nurses) from referring practices. Key results: Phase 1) identified that there is no consensus among key stakeholders (senior dietitians) about the role of primary care in adult weight management, with a number of tensions apparent related to who should be doing what, where, and how. Phase 2) found 12 mechanisms that were characteristic of successful interventions targeting primary care practitioners, many of which could be activated by improving communication between primary care and weight management services. A number of important contextual factors that influence these interventions were also identified, at micro (individual/interpersonal), meso (institutional) and macro (infrastructural) levels. Phase 3) found that roughly a third (n=3250, 33.6%) of 9,677 adults with obesity referred to GCWMS attended at least one session. The likelihood of attendance increased with age, BMI category, and increasing affluence. Practice-level characteristics that were most strongly associated with attendance were being a non-training practice, having a larger list size, and not being in the most deprived areas. Phase 4) helped to explain some of this variation in attendance, related to geographical and structural barriers, particularly for working adults and those from areas of high socio-economic deprivation. An expanded conceptual model of candidacy theory is proposed, advancing our understanding of access to weight management. Conclusion: GPs and practice nurses are well placed to discuss weight and related health issues and to refer patients to further sources of support. This support should ideally be local, familiar, and relatively quick and easy to access, particularly important in areas of high socio-economic deprivation, which have the highest proportion of referrals to GCWMS but the lowest likelihood of attendance. To improve the identification and referral of adults with obesity, future interventions should consider training of practitioners, audit/feedback on referrals, and tools to aid both identification (e.g. automatic BMI calculators, posters in waiting area) and referral. To improve attendance following referral, however, greater emphasis needs to be placed on improved communication between weight management services and primary care, and improved accessibility of services.
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Johnson, Dawn Alice. "Learners’ understanding and experiences of bullying at a primary school in the Western Cape." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1869.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Education
in the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences
at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2014This study aimed to determine learners' understanding and experiences of the different types of bullying and to examine the extent of bullying and roles they have been exposed to in various types of bullying. The research question was: What are primary school learners. understanding and experiences of bullying? Literature indicates that bullying can be executed in direct and indirect forms (Olweus, 1993:10; Boulton et al., 2002:354; Hunter & Boyle, 2002:324; Piskin, 2003:556; Lee, 2004:9). Direct bullying can be defined as relatively open attacks on a victim (Boulton et al., 2002:354) that are carried out face to face and may include pushing, kicking and fighting (Lee, 2004:10). Indirect bullying can be defined as being more subtle and less direct (Boulton et al., 2002:354) and will include behaviour such as social isolation and exclusion from a group. This study used the Olweus Intervention Method (1995), which offers a theoretical framework that could help the researcher find meaning in respect of the roles of the bully, victim and bystander. Urie Bronfenbrenner.s ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner,1998:993-1027) of human development was used as a lens for understanding bullying. Bronfenbrenner places child development within four different interacting levels, for example, the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem (Sigelman & Schaffer, 1995:87). The researcher used a mixed-method research design as it could provide a better understanding of how learners understand their experiences of bullying . whether they were the victim, bully or witness. The total sample comprised 296 Intermediate Phase learners. The study began with a quantitative method, testing the understanding of concepts, and using a questionnaire for learners, and thereafter concluded with a qualitative method comprising a small number of learners (interviews with a focus group), exploring their experiences of bullying. The quantitative data was analysed by means of descriptive statistics to present simple summaries about the sample and the measures. The responses were recorded in frequency tables and percentages were calculated to determine general trends. The qualitative data was systematically organised into themes and patterns to bring meaning to the themes by telling a story. Information obtained from respondents was treated as highly confidential and the research findings were presented with integrity. The results indicated that most learners have not been exposed to bullying as victims, although a high number of incidences were reported. Older boys were mostly involved in incidences of physical violence. Of significance is the fact that the main kind of bullying was that of emotional bullying. Table 4.7 shows that mostly boys are teased (37.0%), while Table 4.16 shows teasing others mostly occurs between learners of the same age (30.4%). On the other hand, Table 4.17 reveals that mostly girls are prone to spread rumours about others (17.5%) of the same age as themselves (26%) and fall prey to this type of emotional bullying.
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Vlasatá, Andrea. "Využití metod a technik dramatické výchovy jako prevence rizikového chování ve třídě." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340491.
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My diploma thesis is about prevention of the most risky behaviour on primary school which is bullying. Prevention is presented through the methods and strategie sof drama education. In the theoretical section acquaints readers with important informations of bullying and substance of drama in education, which are the basis for a comprehensive understanding of this issue. The theoretical part is also the basis for creating bullying prevention project using the methods and strategies of drama education, presented and reflected in the practical part. The practical part is also the result of a questionnaire, which is focused on opinion surveys of teachers of primary schools to prevent bullying and the use of methods and techniques of drama in this issue. KEYWORDS: Drama in Education, methods and strategies, risky behaviour, bullying, prevention, classroom, primary school
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Kubovčiaková, Helena. "Pozice školního metodika prevence a změny v jeho činnosti." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-434822.
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School prevention methodist plays a key role in the successful elimination of risky behavior in the school environment. His function has undergone changes since its establishment, as has the context of its operation. This thesis is focused on the process of generating the position of a prevention methodist and the changes that have affected his current position. It also outlines current issues related to the performance of the function of school preventionist. The theoretical part presents the current legislative framework in which the school prevention methodist operates, as well as earlier legislation, and draws attention to the possible pitfalls of some legal norms. It also places the person of the ŠMP in the intra-ministerial system of school prevention and more broadly in the inter-ministerial organization of prevention. For a better understanding of the current situation, the theoretical part of the work opens a look into the history of prevention in the Czech Republic, or ČSFR, respectively. It characterizes the basic concepts associated with the person of the school prevention methodist, ie primary prevention, risk behavior, etc. The essential part is devoted to a broader understanding of the role of school prevention methodist through a look at the development of his function and the...
Books on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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O, Harris Norman, and Garcia-Godoy Franklin, eds. Primary preventive dentistry. 5th ed. Stamford, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1999.
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O, Harris Norman, García-Godoy Franklin, and Nathe Christine Nielsen, eds. Primary preventive dentistry. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson, 2009.
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Samraweera, Shera. Primary prevention: Making it work: philosophies, strategies, and methods to promote emotional health. Chestnut Hill, Mass: Life Studies Foundation, 2000.
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Spitz, Margaret R. Recommendations for cancer prevention. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992.
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Prevention practice and health promotion: A health care professional's guide to health, fitness, and wellness. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Incorporated, 2015.
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MD, Lucas Alan, and Sampson Hugh A, eds. Primary prevention by nutrition intervention in infancy and childhood. Basel: Karger, 2006.
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Robert K. Conyne. Prevention program development and evaluation: An incidence reduction, culturally relevant approach. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010.
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Manfred, Ganz, ed. Prevention of type 2 diabetes. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2005.
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1954-, Thompson Catherine Rush, ed. Prevention practice: A physical therapist's guide to health, fitness, and wellness. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK, 2007.
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Ebony, Boulware L., United States. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality., and Johns Hopkins University. Evidence-based Practice Center., eds. Value of the periodic health examination. Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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Durlak, Joseph A., Roger P. Weissberg, Elena Quintana, and Francisco Perez. "Primary prevention: Involving schools and communities in youth health promotion." In Participatory community research: Theories and methods in action., 73–86. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10726-004.
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Brambilla, Andrea, Erica Brusamolin, Stefano Arruzzoli, and Stefano Capolongo. "A New Generation of Territorial Healthcare Infrastructures After COVID-19. The Transition to Community Homes and Community Hospitals into the Framework of the Italian Recovery Plan." In The Urban Book Series, 991–1002. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_88.
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AbstractCOVID-19 disrupted existing processes and accelerated the rethinking of healthcare spaces, functions, and model of care, stressing the ineffectiveness of the territorial health network in the Italian National Health System (NHS). Within the framework of European Recovery Plan (Next Generation EU), Italy’s Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) allocated €15.63 Bn in the Mission 6 “Health” to strengthen proximity networks, facilities, and telemedicine for territorial healthcare. Aware of the importance that the physical built environment plays in the process of care delivery and health promotion and prevention, €3 Bn has been allocated to the planning, design, and construction of two new low-care typologies in a vision of person-centered healthcare: the Community Home (Casa della Comunità-CdC), and the Community Hospital (Ospedale di Comunità-OdC). It has been estimated that 795 new CdCs and 381 new OdCs will completed before 2026 as novel buildings or renovation of existing healthcare facilities. Although in European context several best practices are present in terms of integration of healthcare architectures into the urban context (Spanish Health Centers or Swedish Primary Care Centers), the Italian experience is generally outdated, with some regional exceptions; there is the need to understand the architectural characteristics of such new typologies. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to shed light on the spatial, functional, technological, and organizational needs and requirements of CdC and OdCs and to map the different regional requirements in a systematic and structured framework. The methods adopted in the study include a review of national and regional guidelines, data collection from National agency for regional health services (AGENAS) databases, and comparison matrix development of the different requirements in Italian regions. The results will highlight technological and architectural implications of territorial health centers implementation.
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Al Shehhi, Aishah H. O., Gul Ahmed Jokhio, and Abid Abu-Tair. "Preventive Maintenance Using Recycled Asphalt: Review." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 189–97. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27462-6_18.
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AbstractThe article addresses the importance of using recycled asphalt with the integration of road maintenance procedures in the road network. The road network is considered the main element of any national infrastructure development plan. The research aims to study and highlight the using recycled asphalt as a suggested sustainable method for road maintenance procedures. Therefore, the study elaborates on the historical use of recycled asphalt, its advantages, and disadvantages. Besides that, maintenance process categories to ensure the suitable type that helps provide the best quality of the network. Since roadway pavement assessment is based on quality as well as different characteristics parameters such as rutting, cracking, pavement quality Index, and roughness in addition to other parameters. The primary method used in this study is the review of existing literature. It can be concluded that the use of recycled asphalt in road maintenance can become a viable and sustainable alternative to current road maintenance practices.
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Yu, Zhen-huan, and Na Zhang. "Finite Element Simulation of Loss Stroke Phenomenon of Shock Absorber Based on Fluid Structure Interaction." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 595–605. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1876-4_47.
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AbstractTo provide a design reference with guaranteed performance for vehicle shock absorbers, the loss stroke mechanism is studied in this paper based on fluid–structure interaction (FSI) numerical method. According to the parametric model of cavitation mechanism and by applying fluid–structure interaction (FSI) numerical methods, the structural and fluid finite element mesh shock absorber models with high precision are both established. Furthermore, simulations for the proposed models are carried out based on ADINA software. By analyzing the simulation results, the specific position and the distribution of loss stoke, and the difference of cavitation phenomenon under diverse shock absorber loading speeds are revealed. The results indicate that cavitation of the shock absorber primarily centers around the shock absorber valve system, and this phenomenon becomes increasingly pronounced as the piston speed rises. Moreover, the cavitation effect is higher apparent when the shock absorber oil possesses higher viscosity. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and implementation of measures aimed at preventing performance distortion in shock absorbers.
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Dhang, Partho, Philip Koehler, Roberto Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye II. "Drywood termites." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 63–68. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0008.
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Abstract This book discusses drywood termites. The characteristics of this group are based on the alates (winged primary reproductives) and includes the presence of ocelli, a left mandible with two marginal teeth, 2-segmented cerci, antennae with 10 to 24 segments, and lack of a fontanelle. The colony of the dry wood termite consists of a labyrinth of gallery systems inside wood that expands with time as the population increases. Unlike subterranean termites, a drywood colony does not need to forage for food; however, with the passing of time the colony can face a serious depletion of food. However, the common name often associated with this family, "dry wood", is misleading. The control of drywood termite starts with visual inspection which is possible when the affected wood is accessible. Drywood termites were first recognized as a distinct group in the late 19th century and assigned to the family Kalotermitidae. The architecture of the gallery system consists of narrow passageways that inter-connect to a number of larger feeding chambers. Colony fusion between two colonies is known to occur after they contact each other in the same wooden material. Fumigation by use of registered fumigants is an efficient and effective method for large infestations. Prevention of infestation from drywood termites is another method of controlling damage.
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"Methods of Primary Prevention." In Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, 181–95. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-0658-7.00015-3.
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Brough, Helen A., and Aikaterini Anagnostou. "Novel methods for primary and secondary prevention of food allergy." In Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-96018-2.00103-6.
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Murch, Mervyn. "Providing short-term primary preventive crisis intervention for children in schools." In Supporting Children When Parents Separate, 125–48. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345947.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses some ideas about how the Caplanian approach to preventive mental health — specifically the method of crisis intervention — might be applied in state schools, a non-stigmatic site for primary prevention. It argues that there is a strong prima facie case, based both on evidence from children and young people and from theory, for finding ways and means to apply crisis intervention methods of support for children in schools to help them cope with stressful upheavals associated with intense interparental conflict, separation and divorce. The main challenge is how to persuade practitioners and policy makers and educational and school health services that this is a promising approach worth developing.
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Grenier-Sennelier, Catherine, and Etienne Minvielle. "Application Of Quality Management Methods For Preventing An Adverse Event: The Case of Falls in Hospitals." In Evidence-Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services, 882–90. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165005.003.0097.
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Abstract Many prevention strategies are, naturally, approached from clinical and statistical perspectives. Clinical and organizational strategies, care effectiveness, and the risks or benefits of preventive measures are often not well defined, but the efficacy of these programs also depends in many ways on management and organizational processes. First, different causes of the occurrence of an adverse event can be the result of organizational dysfunctions (e.g., lack of coordination among caregivers). Second, implementation of preventive measures requires management skills regarding availability, affordability, and acceptability of procedures to prevent these adverse events, for which clinicians are rarely trained. Preventive measures must eventually be taken by others who help to manage the adverse event when it unfortunately occurs. For this reason, all levels of prevention and risk management must be considered, from primary prevention (targeting risk factors to prevent occurrence of disease or injury), to secondary prevention (targeting subclinical disease through early identification and treatment), to tertiary prevention (aiming at established disease or injury to ameliorate progression and maximize function for the person affected). In this context, continuous quality improvement (CQI) or total quality management can enhance clinical outcomes through management channels, enriching prevention program effects.
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Falgenhauer, Markus, Aaron Lauschensky, Karl Kreiner, Stefan Beyer, Kristina Reiter, Andreas Ziegl, Robert Modre-Osprian, et al. "Towards an Electronic Health Prevention Record Based on HL7 FHIR and the OMOP Common Data Model." In dHealth 2024. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti240020.
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Background: Approximately 40% of all recorded deaths in Austria are due to behavioral risks. These risks could be avoided with appropriate measures. Objectives: Extension of the concept of EHR and EMR to an electronic prevention record, focusing on primary and secondary prevention. Methods: The concept of a structured prevention pathway, based on the principles of P4 Medicine, was developed for a multidisciplinary prevention network. An IT infrastructure based on HL7 FHIR and the OHDSI OMOP common data model was designed. Results: An IT solution supporting a structured and modular prevention pathway was conceptualized. It contained a personalized management of prevention, risk assessment, diagnostic and preventive measures supported by a modular, interoperable IT infrastructure including a health app, prevention record web-service, decision support modules and a smart prevention registry, separating primary and secondary use of data. Conclusion: A concept was created on how an electronic health prevention record based on HL7 FHIR and the OMOP common data model can be implemented.
Conference papers on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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Разер, Т. М., and П. М. Попов. "Primary prevention as a tool for preventing cyber addictive behavior in children." In II Международная научно-практическая конференция "Концепции и теории эффективного использования научного потенциала общества". Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.26118/5103.2024.75.94.019.
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Проблема профилактики кибераддиктивных паттернов поведения обладает особой актуальностью в современных условиях тотальной цифровизации. Статья посвящена проблемам превенции киберзависимости у детей. Представлены результаты анализа отечественной и зарубежной практики в сфере профилактики кибераддиктивных паттернов поведения. Рассмотрены основные формы киберзависимого поведения и концептуальные основания и подходы к профилактике киберзависимости. Проанализированы основные модели и методы к первичной профилактике киберзависимых форм поведения у несовершеннолетних. В качестве ключевых моделей первичной профилактики киберзависимости у детей выделены: модель аффективного обучения; модель обучения жизненным навыкам; модель формирования здорового образа жизни; модель формирования медиаграмотности; модель альтернативной деятельности. The problem of preventing cyberaddictive patterns of behavior is of particular relevance in modern conditions of total digitalization. The article is devoted to the problems of preventing cyber addiction in children. The results of the analysis of domestic and foreign practice in the field of prevention of cyberaddictive patterns of behavior are presented. The main forms of cyber-dependent behavior and the conceptual foundations and approaches to the prevention of cyber-dependence are considered. The main models and methods for the primary prevention of cyber-dependent behaviors in minors are analyzed. The key models of primary prevention of cyber dependence in children are: the model of affective learning; the model of life skills training; the model of healthy lifestyle formation; the model of media literacy formation; the model of alternative activities.
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Bazarnyk, Kateryna-Mykhailyna, and Marta Kozak. "Preventive social work as a component of the strategy for the prevention of human trafficking in the youth environment in the conditions of war." In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.112.
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Background: The issue of preventing and countering human trafficking is relevant all over the world, including in Ukraine. Solving and preventing this problem has become more acute due to the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine. With the beginning of this invasion, there was a great risk of falling into a situation of human trafficking. Many citizens, especially women with children and young people, left for Europe, some were forced to move within the borders of Ukraine, in the occupied territories people are forcibly deported to the territory of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The risks of falling into the sphere of human trafficking are quite large, people who were already a risk group fall into difficult life circumstances and become even more vulnerable to this problem. And young people in search of a better life in Europe neglect their safety and have risky behavior, which causes the need to spread social and preventive work with this group to prevent them from falling into situations of human trafficking. Purpose: to analyze the methods of social work with young people in order to increase the awareness of young people about the issue of human trafficking. Methods: the method of analyzing scientific documents, the method of comparing opinions, and the method of theoretical analysis of foreign works were used. Results: Preventive activities among young people in order to prevent them from falling into situations of human trafficking are quite important. It is necessary to develop this area and actively apply social work in this area. Methods of social work at the primary level of prevention among young people are diverse and can be successful. Conclusion: Informing young people for the purpose of preventing human trafficking has many forms that can be successful in this work. Primary social prevention among young people can be diverse, it is necessary to develop this area. Also, the use of social work in this area is appropriate. Social work specialists can conduct interactive trainings and seminars aimed at raising the level of awareness of young people about the problem of human trafficking and ways to protect against it. Such activities may include various elements such as group discussions, role-playing, video materials and others. Keywords: human trafficking, youth as a risk group of human trafficking, primary prevention, informing, raising awareness.
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Chepurko, Iuliia Iuliia chepurko, and Sofiia Aleksandrovna Sokolenko. "Interpersonal conflicts of social orphans of primary school age." In All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-53603.
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The article deals with the actual problem of social orphanhood, education and training of children of primary school age in boarding schools. The authors reveal the specificity of conflict interpersonal interaction among children of primary school age. The research methods used were the analysis of scientific literature on the problem of research, comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization. As a result, a program of conflict training for children was developed. Prevention and resolution of interpersonal conflicts among social orphans of primary school age will help to prevent the increase of socially negative phenomena in society.
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Goryachkina, Svetlana Yurievna, and Svetlana Alexandrovna Palevskaya. "PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE COMBINATORIAL PRINCIPLES IN THE INTENSIFICATION OF MOTIVATION FOR A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign international scientific conference «Joint innovation - joint development». Part 2. by HNRI «National development» in cooperation with PS of UA. October 2023. - Harbin (China). Crossref, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/231024.2023.57.99.014.
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A healthy lifestyle is a basic preventive measure to avert non-communicable diseases and premature death, as a consequence. Motivation is one of the ways to modify a human lifestyle. Motivation for healthy lifestyle is a multi-component problem, which includes a variety of components (internal, external; incentives; skills availability; awareness of risk factors; cooperation and etc.). Individual "motivational interviewing" and reliance on "basic needs" are the most effective to deal with risk factors in the basis of motivation. Motivation via automation based on the combinatorial principles is considered in this article as a primary prevention method of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by increasing the coverage of informing about detected risk factors. The large-scale coverage of the entire population by measures is the basis for the effectiveness of primary prevention. However, the current working conditions of primary care physicians have some obstacles as well as opportunities. Obstacles include time resource, skills availability, absence of tools for monitoring the effectiveness of specific incentives directed at enhancing motivation, absence of adjusted and validated assessment methods for individual internal motivation for healthy lifestyle, assessment of the effectiveness in the motivational interviewing (in Russia). The opportunities include information technologies, algorithms, medical recommendations, national manuals, that allow to automate and unify the process at the primary step. Formation of work priorities on identified risk factors for medical experts, directed individual "beneficial tips" (general plan of tips on healthy lifestyle) is possible due to the offered automation. This article considers the way of enhancing motivation to a healthy lifestyle via a primary care physician using the example of a medical organisation in Russia by automating processes applying the methods of combinatorics (the multiplication principle), the logic concept, and principles of "motivational interviewing". The results suggest a meaningful gap in effectiveness improvement - there is a 15% increase in the satisfaction about awareness of risk factors and healthy lifestyle (as per patient feedback) (Pearson's Chi - squared test is 67.77 (at p <0.001)), further research on effectiveness is being conducted to measure awareness coverage.
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Batista, Valéria Bruna Souza, Rebeca Lima de Almeida Santos, Pedro Veiga Rodrigues, Ana Flávia Novaes, Pedro Ferreira de Souza Evangelista, Ronaldo Teixeira da Silva Júnior, and Davi Tanajura Costa. "Epidemiological profile of Stroke hospitalizations in Brazil from 2017 to 2022 and the role of primary health care." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.719.
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Introduction: Stroke is the most disabling neurological disorder and the second leading cause of death in Brazil. In turn, the acute and chronic clinical repercussions lead to the need for Primary Health Care (PHC) to act as a tool for access, continuity and quality of care, as well as to prevent risk factors. Objectives: To identify the profile of patients hospitalized for stroke in Brazil and the role of PHC. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive and ecological study based on TabNet data on stroke hospitalizations in Brazil during the years 2017 to 2022, using the variables processing year, region, sex and age group 1. Results: There were 971,205 hospitalizations for stroke with emphasis on 2022, which recorded 181,190 cases, 13% higher than the previous year and 16% above the average of the previous 5 years. By regions, the Southeast is the leader (42.4%), followed by the Northeast and South. According to gender, there was a predominance of male patients 10% more than females, a pattern observed in all regions. Per age group, the elderly (72%) were the most affected, with prevalence between 70 and 79 years (26.2%), highlighting the relation of population aging with the pathophysiological process of the disease. In this sense, it denotes the importance of the role of PHC in acting in primary prevention and control of risk factors related to stroke, as well as in the secondary prevention of new events, to reduce the number of hospitalizations. Conclusion: Stroke is a disease with high morbimortality. The epidemiological profile can be a potential tool for identifying and directing resources to PHC, especially considering regional sociodemographic aspects in order to offer prevention, quality care and resolve bad outcomes.
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Maksimovic, Jelena, and Jelena Osmanović Zajić. "PREVENTION OF SCHOOL FAILURE IN CONTEMPORARY TEACHING: A THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACH." In SCIENCE AND TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT. FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN UŽICE, UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/stec20.47m.
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Through theoretical analysis of school failure factors and empirical examination, in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary way, we tried to explore this complex problem that is constantly present in the teaching process, and at the same time point out the importance of systematic work on its prevention. The context of the research problem is empirical and refers to the examination of the main factors of school failure. Students’ self-reflections on: 1. family relations, 2. curricula, 3. motivation for learning and 4. teaching methods and contents as possible factors of school failure were examined. Specific hypotheses set in the research refer to the existence of statistically significant correlation of students’ self-reflections on school failure factors with set independent research variables: grade students (p < 0.05) and school success (p < 0.05). Survey research method with scaling technique was used in the research. The research included 235 primary school students in the territory of southern Serbia, in the 2019 school year. The results show that the factor analysis from the Likert-type assessment scale constructed for the needs of the research, highlights 4 factors important for the research of school failure: family, curriculum, motivation, teaching methods and contents. The process of factor analysis extracted the main factors of school failure, which were brought into a correlative relationship at the level of statistical significance with students’ self-reflections. The results of the research indicate the theoretical and practical significance of the problem of school failure, thus representing a good starting point and incentive for further research work.
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Agzamova, G. S., N. U. Ibragimova, and Yu A. Abdieva. "PREVENTION ISSUES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND PRODUCTION-RELATED DISEASES IN MINING INDUSTRY WORKERS." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-12-15.
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Abstract: Protecting and promoting the health of workers in the mining industry is one of the most important problems of occupational pathology and health care. The structure and levels of prevention of occupational diseases are directly dependent on harmful and adverse factors of the production environment and labor process, adequately reflecting the state of production. Purpose: to study the issues of prevention of occupational and production-related diseases of mining and metallurgical plant workers. Research materials and methods: a dynamic observation of the health status of workers in the main industries of the mining and metallurgical plant (800 workers) was carried out. 92 patients with silicosis were examined. Results: Up to 92.8% of first-time occupational diseases are detected during periodic medical examinations. The prevailing sociomatic pathology is cardiovascular pathology, namely, arterial hypertension and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, mainly osteochondrosis of the spine. Prevalence of silicosis was observed in individuals with little professional experience (from 5 years old), young age and primary detection of patients in stage II silicosis, which was accompanied by respiratory failure. Conclusions: The prevention programme developed will ensure a high level of health care in terms of early diagnosis, rehabilitation and secondary prevention of both occupational and occupational diseases.
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Fe´lix-Henry, Antoine. "Prevention and Monitoring of Fatigue-Corrosion of Flexible Risers’ Steel Reinforcements." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29186.
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Flexible pipelines used for oil production on floating platforms are subject to dynamic loads and are designed to ensure no fatigue failure over their service life. Their reinforcing layers are located in a very confined environment called the annular space and are made out of high strength steel wires. If these steel wires are subjected to a wet corrosive environment, corrosion fatigue can become an issue, especially for sour service applications with the presence of H2S and CO2. Over the past years, Flexi France has dedicated a lot of effort not only to predict the composition of the environment in the annular space and the steel wires’ fatigue-corrosion behaviour, but also towards the prevention of corrosion and the monitoring of this annular space. Several innovative solutions recently developed and tested in Flexi France are presented in this paper concerning prevention of annular space flooding by seawater ingress or by diffused water. The paper also presents new designs for integrating monitoring sensors into the pipe structure and corrosion fatigue mitigation methods. Inspection and monitoring methods by integration of sensors or conduits within the pipe structure during its manufacture are now commercially available. These technologies, some of which are already applied on offshore fields, extend the usage limits of high strength steels and increase the fatigue life of dynamic risers. This is of primary importance for demanding applications such as deepwater, high pressure and/or sour service production.
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Čurová, Viera, Oľga Orosová, Lenka Abrinková, and Marcela Štefaňáková. "EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAMS UNPLUGGED AND UNPLUGGED 2 ON ALCOHOL USE AND SMOKING AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact092.
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"Objectives: The aim of the study is to examine the long-term effectiveness of the school-based drug prevention programs Unplugged and Unplugged2 using a Solomon design and supplemented with n-Prevention booster sessions on the cumulative index (CI) of reported alcohol use (AU) and smoking. Methods: In 2013/2014, Unplugged was implemented during 12 consecutive weeks in Slovak primary schools. A sample of 744(M=12.5; 58.72%girls) was collected before program implementation(T1) and 12months later(T3). In 2017/2018, Unplugged2 was implemented by each school over 6months. A sample of 408(M=14.48; 51.96%girls) was collected before program implementation (T1), immediately after implementation(T2) and 12months later(T3). Participation in Unplugged was divided into control and experimental groups and Unplugged2 into control, experimental and experimental groups with n-Prevention, a pre-test and post-test or with post-test only. CI in the past 30 days was dichotomized (0-not used,1-AU, smoking or both). Binary logistic regressions were used to analyze the data at every measurement point. The moderation effect of gender was examined. The CI at T1 in Unplugged and Unplugged2 with a pre-test and post-test, and CI at T2 in Unplugged2 with a post-test were used as the control variables. Results: There was no significant effect of Unplugged and Unplugged2 with the pre-test and post-test. Unplugged2 with a post-test was significantly associated with CI at T3. The experimental group with n- Prevention was less likely to use alcohol and/or smoke. There was no significant effect or moderation effect of gender. Conclusions: The results show the long-term effectiveness of a preventive program is more pronounced with booster sessions, specifically with the post-test design."
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Sanchez-Gendriz, Ignacio, Matheus Diniz, Adrião Duarte Dória Neto, Rodrigo Moreira Pedreira, Ion Andrade, and Ricardo Valentim. "Deep Learning-Based Ovitrap Spatial Dynamics Analysis for Arbovirus Vector Monitoring." In Congresso Brasileiro de Inteligência Computacional. SBIC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21528/cbic2023-056.
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Dengue is a significant global health issue, affecting millions of people annually and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens. Effective disease control relies on monitoring the population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary vector of dengue. One surveillance method involves counting the eggs laid by these mosquitoes in spatially distributed ovitraps. This study focuses on the application of computational methods to forecast dengue vector populations. We analyze a four-year (2016- 2019) database from 397 ovitraps distributed across Natal, RN, Brazil, with a weekly sampling frequency. Our objective is to develop accurate machine learning (ML) models that can predict the egg density index (EDI) at a fine-grained spatial resolution, aligned with zoonosis interventions. To preprocess the dataset obtained from the ovitraps, we employ spatial smoothing techniques and aggregation. The preprocessed data is then used to train ML models, including recurrent deep learning (DL) models, enabling accurate forecasting of the EDI. This approach shows promise for monitoring and preventing arbovirus outbreaks. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of spatial smoothing and aggregation as preprocessing steps for reducing randomness and noise in the dataset. The recurrent DL models exhibit high forecasting accuracy, thereby validating their utility in arbovirus monitoring and prevention efforts.
Reports on the topic "Primary prevention – methods"
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong, and Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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FEDOTKINA, S. A., O. V. MUZALEVA, and E. V. KHUGAEVA. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67320-2-4-22.
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Introduction. The economic losses associated with disability due to diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the costs of providing medical care to patients suffering from heart and vascular diseases, are increasing annually. The state preventive measures currently being carried out are of a delayed nature. The results of the medical examination of the population of the Russian Federation in recent years (2015-2019) indicate that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is at a fairly high level. In the middle of the last century, the Concept of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases were formulated, in the structure of which cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, occupies one of the primary positions. The concept is based on the results of promising epidemiological studies, and, at present, is a methodological basis for planning and organizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study. Based on the analysis of literary sources (including foreign ones) containing experience in the use of telemedicine technologies, to assess their significance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as well as forecasting improvements in the quality of medical care when adapting to the use of clinical recommendations. Materials and methods. The article provides an analytical review of the use of modern telemedicine technologies in the prevention of hypertension. The results of the study and their discussion. The analysis of literary sources has shown that in the context of the progress of information and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare system, a fundamentally new direction has appeared in the organization and provision of medical care to the population - telemedicine, which will ensure the modern level of prevention, detection and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, and also determines positive medical, social and economic performance indicators. To date, updates in the legislative framework of the Russian Federation are aimed at ensuring that medical care with the use of telemedicine technologies is more widespread, taking into account the standards of medical care and clinical recommendations. Conclusion. Based on a review of literature sources, it has been established that the modern solution to the problem of improving the quality of medical care for patients, including those with hypertension, diseases is medical care using telemedicine technologies that prove their medical, social and economic effectiveness.
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Parsons, Helen M. Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer260.
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Objective. To understand the evidence base for nutrition interventions delivered prior to or during cancer treatment for preventing and treating negative cancer and cancer treatment–related outcomes among individuals with or at risk for malnutrition. The primary purpose was to inform the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Pathways to Prevention workshop Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes, held July 26–28, 2022. Data sources. We searched Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify studies from 2000 through July 2022. We conducted grey literature searches to identify additional resources relevant to the associated costs or value (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) of nutrition interventions. Review methods. The review was guided by a set of Key Questions established by the NIH planning committee for the Nutrition as Prevention for Improved Cancer Health Outcomes workshop. We searched for studies that evaluated a broad range of nutrition interventions (e.g., dietary supplements, nutrition support, nutrition counseling) for preventing and treating negative outcomes of cancer and cancer-related treatment. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with enrollment ≥50 participants. We extracted basic study information from all eligible studies, then grouped studies by broad intervention and cancer types. We provide a detailed evidence map for all included studies, but conducted risk of bias and additional qualitative descriptions of outcomes for only those intervention and cancer types with a larger volume of literature. Results. We identified 9,798 unique references, with 206 studies from 219 publications reporting RCTs of nutrition interventions to potentially improve negative outcomes of cancer and cancer-related treatment. Two decades of randomized trial evidence on nutrition interventions for adults prior to and/or during cancer treatment primarily focused on dietary supplements, nutrition support (including oral nutrition supplements), and the route or timing of nutrition interventions for gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers in the inpatient setting. Most studies evaluated changes in body weight/composition, adverse events, length of hospital stay, and quality of life. Few studies were conducted within the U.S. setting. Among intervention and cancer types with a high volume of literature (n=114), which predominantly included studies in dietary supplements and nutrition support in gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers, 11 percent (n=12) were rated as low risk of bias (higher quality), 40 percent (n=46) medium risk of bias, and 49 percent (n=56) high risk of bias (lower quality). Low and medium risk-of-bias studies reported mixed results on the effect of nutrition interventions across cancer and treatment-related outcomes. Although the evidence map shows a large volume of studies evaluating nutrition interventions and outcomes, these studies showed high heterogeneity across study populations, interventions, and outcomes (measure definitions, timing of measurements), even within nutrition intervention categories; as a result, we could not aggregate results. While studies enrolled individuals from multiple cancer types, treatments, and stages, across the lifespan, with varying degrees of muscle wasting, and in those with a range of comorbid conditions, no eligible studies specifically evaluated whether the effects of nutrition interventions on preventing negative outcomes varied across these characteristics. Among studies included in our Key Questions, we found that few (4%, n=8) published cost or value (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit) information related to the intervention. In our grey literature search of additional studies examining cost or value of nutrition interventions, we found few studies that conducted cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit analyses; among those that did, we found the studies were conducted in non-U.S. health systems and demonstrated mixed results on the value of nutrition interventions. Conclusions. Although overall RCT evidence focused on a wide range of nutrition interventions, studies were concentrated in use of dietary supplements, nutrition support, and the route or timing of nutrition interventions within gastrointestinal and head and neck cancers in inpatient settings. Among interventions with the highest volume of literature, the majority of studies were rated as high risk of bias. Our findings point to the need for rigorous new research to bolster the evidence base. Specifically, the field needs a more detailed future evaluation of a subset of nutrition interventions contained in this evidence map that focuses on priorities most relevant to specific stakeholders (e.g., oncologists, patients, dietitians, researchers, policymakers). Further, studies should be specifically designed to evaluate the main outcomes of interest for clinical practice. Future research would also benefit from creation of standardized taxonomies for interventions and outcomes as well as more rigorous design and reporting of nutrition interventions. As mentioned, heterogeneity of populations, interventions, comparators, and outcomes precluded aggregation. Currently, the quality and heterogeneity of the studies limit translation of findings into clinical practice or guidelines. In order to inform development of these guidelines, coordinated efforts are required to develop detailed conceptual frameworks for mechanisms of nutrition interventions most relevant to clinical care providers and patients. Such frameworks would help inform priorities for future research as well as guide practice and policy.
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McCarthy, Sean T., Aneesa Motala, Emily Lawson, and Paul G. Shekelle. Prevention in Adults of Transmission of Infection With Multidrug-Resistant Organisms. Rapid Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_mhs4mdro.
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Objectives. This rapid review summarizes literature for patient safety practices intended to prevent and control the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). Methods. We followed rapid review processes of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We searched PubMed to identify eligible systematic reviews from 2011 to May 2023 and primary studies published from 2011 to May 2023, supplemented by targeted gray literature searches. We included literature that addressed patient safety practices intending to prevent or control transmission of MDROs which were implemented in hospitals and nursing homes and that included clinical outcomes of infection or colonization with MDROs as well as unintended consequences such as mental health effects and noninfectious adverse healthcare-associated outcomes. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023444973). Findings. Our search retrieved 714 citations, of which 42 articles were eligible for review. Systematic reviews, which were primarily of observational studies, included a wide variety of infection prevention and control (IPC) practices, including universal gloving, contact isolation precautions, adverse effects of patient isolation, patient and/or staff cohorting, room decontamination, patient decolonization, IPC practices specifically in nursing homes, features of organizational culture to facilitate implementation of IPC practices and the role of dedicated IPC staff. While systematic reviews were of good or fair quality, strength of evidence for the conclusions was always low or very low, due to reliance on observational studies. Decolonization strategies showed some benefit in certain populations, such as nursing home patients and patients discharging from acute care hospitalization. Universal gloving showed a small benefit in the intensive care unit. Contact isolation targeting patients colonized or infected with MDROs showed mixed effects in the literature and may be associated with mental health and noninfectious (e.g., falls and pressure ulcers) adverse effects when compared with standard precautions, though based on before/after studies in which such precautions were ceased. There was no significant evidence of benefit for patient cohorting (except possibly in outbreak settings), automated room decontamination or cleaning feedback protocols, and IPC practices in long-term settings. Infection rates may be improved when IPC practices are implemented in the context of certain logistical and staffing characteristics including a supportive organizational culture, though again strength of evidence was low. Dedicated infection prevention staff likely improve compliance with other patient safety practices, though there is little evidence of their downstream impact on rates of infection. Conclusions. Selected infection prevention and control interventions had mixed evidence for reducing healthcare-associated infection and colonization by multidrug resistant organisms. Where these practices did show benefit, they often had evidence that applied only to certain subpopulations (such as intensive care unit patients), though overall strength of evidence was low.
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Snyder, Claire, Christina T. Yuan, Renee F. Wilson, Katherine Smith, Youngjee Choi, Paul C. Nathan, Allen Zhang, and Karen A. Robinson. Models of Care That Include Primary Care for Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Realist Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcrealistmodelsofcare.
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Objectives. We had two aims: (1) identify and analyze models of survivorship care for adult survivors of childhood cancer that include primary care, and (2) identify available tools, training, and other resources for adult survivors of childhood cancer. Methods. For each aim, we used realist synthesis to provide insights on how and for whom, in what contexts, and via what mechanisms the models of care and resources we identified can be effective for adult survivors of childhood cancer. We developed an initial program theory through searches of the literature and discussions with Stakeholders. We then identified and summarized quantitative evidence that supported or refuted the theory and developed specific hypotheses about how contexts and mechanisms may interact to produce outcomes (i.e., “CMO” hypotheses). The final program theory and CMO hypotheses were presented to Stakeholders for feedback. Results. Our final refined theory describes how, within the overall environment, survivor and provider characteristics and facilitators/barriers interact to produce intermediate and final outcomes. We focus on the role of models of care and resources (e.g., care plans) in these interactions. The program theory variables seen most consistently in the literature include oncology care versus primary care, survivor and provider knowledge (i.e., survivor risks and needs), provider comfort treating childhood cancer survivors, communication and coordination between and among providers and survivors, and delivery/receipt of prevention and surveillance of late effects of original cancer treatment. In turn, these variables played the most prominent role in the seven CMO hypotheses (4 focused on survivors and 3 focused on providers) regarding what works for whom and in what circumstances. Conclusions. To enable models of care that include primary care for adult survivors of childhood cancer, there needs to be communication of knowledge to both survivors and primary care providers. Our program theory provides guidance on the ways this knowledge could be shared, including the role of resources in doing so, and our CMO hypotheses suggest how the relationships illustrated in our theory could be associated with survivors living longer and feeling better through high-value care.
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Rankin and Mahrous. BTOOJ1O External Corrosion Probability Assessment for Carrier Pipes Inside Casings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010898.
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This report contains the results of review of literature related to external corrosion of carrier pipes inside casing, descriptions of related corrosion mechanisms, descriptions of related corrosion detection techniques and methodologies, and the results of cathodic protection shielding and related testing using realistic pipe-casing models. The report additionally contains methodologies for Casing Corrosion Direct Assessment (CCDA) and risk assessment, descriptions of corrosion prevention and remediation methods, descriptions of monitoring techniques, and recommendations for future research. The primary intent of this report is to provide pipeline operators with a consolidated body of work that will assist the pipeline operators with development and implementation of procedures for dealing with external corrosion and cathodic protection issues related to carrier pipes inside casings, or that will assist with improvement of existing pipeline operator procedures.
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Song, He, and McFarland. PR-015-073504-R01 ECDA Techniques for Shorted and Non-shorted Cased Crossings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010732.
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This report contains the results of review of literature related to external corrosion of carrier pipes inside casing, descriptions of related corrosion mechanisms, descriptions of related corrosion detection techniques and methodologies, and the results of cathodic protection shielding and related testing using realistic pipe-casing models. The report additionally contains methodologies for Casing Corrosion Direct Assessment (CCDA) and risk assessment, descriptions of corrosion prevention and remediation methods, descriptions of monitoring techniques, and recommendations for future research. The primary intent of this report is to provide pipeline operators with a consolidated body of work that will assist the pipeline operators with development and implementation of procedures for dealing with external corrosion and cathodic protection issues related to carrier pipes inside casings, or that will assist with improvement of existing pipeline operator procedures.
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Chen. L51995 Class Location Criteria for Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010375.
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Current standards and regulations for gas transmission pipelines classify pipeline corridors into location classes and specify design factors accordingly. In the U.S., the current class location system was developed in the 1950's to mitigate increased potential of equipment impact due to frequent excavation activities in developed areas (Shires and Harrison 1998, Michalopoulos and Babka 2000). By using relatively low design factors for populated areas, the increased wall thickness provides extra protection to resist equipment impact with corresponding increase in costs. The primary objectives of this project were to examine the current class location system and develop supplementary criteria that would enhance pipeline safety by applying risk-based or reliability-based methods. This report covers four related topics dealing with 1. assessment area, 2. end boundary between different class locations, 3. enhanced prevention and maintenance for class upgrade, and 4. development of a new safety class system.
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Syrowatka, Ania, Aneesa Motala, Emily Lawson, and Paul Shekelle. Computerized Clinical Decision Support To Prevent Medication Errors and Adverse Drug Events. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_mhs4mederror.
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Objectives. To assess the evidence on the effects of computerized clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) on the prevention of medication errors and adverse drug events, related implementation outcomes such as rates of medication alert overrides, and unintended consequences of use. We also summarized the literature around the effective implementation of a CDSS. Methods. We followed the rapid review processes of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We queried PubMed and the Cochrane Library to locate relevant systematic reviews and primary studies published from 2015 to April 2023, supplemented by a targeted review of the grey literature. We narratively synthesized the evidence and assessed the overall strength of evidence for the outcomes of interest. The protocol for the review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023449710). Findings. Our search yielded 1,335 unique abstracts, of which 33 articles met the target criteria and were included in the review (27 systematic reviews, one overview of reviews, and five primary studies). Twenty reviews (out of 22) reporting on effectiveness were rated “good” or “fair” quality. One primary study included in the narrative synthesis was rated as having a “low” risk of bias. The evidence covered the effects of CDSSs across various healthcare settings and specialties. The type of decision support provided by the CDSSs and outcomes were heterogeneous between studies. Overall, computerized provider order entry with medication-related CDSSs were associated with reduced medication errors (moderate strength of evidence) and prevention of adverse drug events (low strength of evidence). Improved or targeted medication-related CDSSs were associated with reductions of medication errors and adverse drug events (moderate strength of evidence). However, alert override rates were high and varied between studies, and the appropriateness of the overrides was largely influenced by the type of alert. Other unintended consequences included CDSS-related errors, overdependence on alerts, alert fatigue, inappropriate alert overrides, and provider burnout. An additional 48 articles focused on barriers and facilitators of CDSS implementation. 2 Making Healthcare Safer IV – Computerized Clinical Decision Support Conclusions. Overall, CDSSs reduce medication errors and adverse drug events, with moderate- and low-certainty evidence, respectively. However, there were several unintended consequences of CDSS implementation and use. The evidence of benefits and harms was generally reported in different studies with varying contexts, making the net benefit difficult to estimate. Future research should focus on measuring these outcomes and unintended consequences in the same study to generate evidence on both the benefits and harms associated with using a CDSS in the same context.
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Olson, Hannah, Madeleine Haas, and Megan L. Kavanaugh. State-Level Contraceptive Use and Preferences: Estimates from the US 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Guttmacher Institute, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1363/2024.300488.
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Contraception plays a key role in people’s realization of their sexual and reproductive health and well-being. The factors that shape contraceptive behaviors are complex and dynamic, and there is growing recognition among reproductive health service providers and advocates that contraceptive service delivery must prioritize patients’ values and preferences to help them exercise their reproductive autonomy.1 Similarly, research and public health surveillance systems that measure not only contraceptive use and method selection but also contraceptive preferences are best suited to evaluate service quality and track progress toward meeting the needs of reproductive-aged people. Building on findings from two previous Guttmacher Institute reports describing Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data on contraceptive use in 20172 and 2019,3 this report uses data from the 2022 BRFSS to provide an expanded set of state-level estimates of contraceptive use and preferences. In 2022, scientists at Guttmacher collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to modify existing questions and include additional questions in the BRFSS family planning module. The resulting data set allows analysis not only of people’s primary contraceptive method use but also of multiple method use, overall contraceptive preferences and method-specific contraceptive preferences. Data collection for the 2022 BRFSS occurred during a pivotal time for reproductive health and rights due to the US Supreme Court’s June 2022 ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overturned the federal right to abortion. A wave of restrictive state laws and policies have followed, and as legislation concerning sexual and reproductive health care becomes increasingly politicized, state-level policies are key determinants of the quality and accessibility of contraceptive care.4 In this environment, state-level data, especially on person-centered measures of contraceptive preferences, are of paramount importance in understanding how shifts in reproductive health policy and service delivery are felt in the population. This report finds that contraceptive use is high across all reporting jurisdictions, but there is considerable variation in whether people are realizing preferences for which contraceptives they use or whether to use at all. People who report having used a method that requires some interaction with a provider, for example, are more likely than people using exclusively provider-independent or over-the-counter methods to report their current method as their preferred method of contraception. Throughout this report, we will explore how patterns of contraceptive use and preferences vary by type of method or combination of methods and jurisdiction. Given the elevated barriers to contraception that young people have historically experienced,5,6 we also highlight differences between two age-groups (18–24 and 25–49) where possible.*