Relevant bibliographies by topics / Primary producer

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Primary producer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Primary producer"

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TADA, KUNINAO, and SADAAKI YOSHIMATSU. "Primary producer in a tidal flat." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 70, no. 5 (2004): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.70.787.

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Ray, G. F. "The Decline of Primary Producer Power." National Institute Economic Review 121 (August 1987): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018712100104.

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The middle years of this decade will go down in economic history as a period when primary products hit rock bottom, whatever method is used to illustrate their real value or purchasing power. There have been hardly any exceptions to this general decline. Petroleum (by far the most important primary product), foodstuffs, agricultural industrial materials, minerals and metals all shared the same fate, though the extent of their losses differed. The only exception has been coffee, owing to unusually adverse weather conditions.
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Harpole, W. Stanley, Jacqueline T. Ngai, Elsa E. Cleland, et al. "Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities." Ecology Letters 14, no. 9 (2011): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01651.x.

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Finer, MH, TJ Dull, L. Qin, D. Farson, and MR Roberts. "kat: a high-efficiency retroviral transduction system for primary human T lymphocytes." Blood 83, no. 1 (1994): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.1.43.43.

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Abstract We describe a novel retroviral packaging system in which high titer amphotropic retrovirus was produced without the need to generate stable producer clones. kat expression vectors, which produce high levels of retroviral vector transcripts and retroviral packaging functions, were transfected into 293 cells followed by virus harvest 48 hours posttransfection. Viral titers as high as 3.8 proviral copies/cell/mL of frozen supernatant in 3T3 cells were obtained, 10- to 50-fold greater than transient viral titers reported using 3T3-based retroviral packaging lines. Cocultivation of primary human CD8+ T lymphocytes after transient transfection of 293 cells with kat plasmids resulted in transduction efficiencies of 10% to 40%, 5- to 10-fold greater compared to cocultivation with a high titer PA317 producer clone and significantly greater than previously reported results for transduction of primary human T lymphocytes with retroviral vectors. Virus produced using the kat system was shown to be free of detectable replication competent retrovirus by an extended provirus mobilization assay, demonstrating that this system is as safe as currently available stable packaging lines. The kat virus production system should be of general use for the rapid production of high titer viral supernatants, as well as for high-efficiency transduction hematopoietic cell types refractory to retroviral transduction.
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Finer, MH, TJ Dull, L. Qin, D. Farson, and MR Roberts. "kat: a high-efficiency retroviral transduction system for primary human T lymphocytes." Blood 83, no. 1 (1994): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v83.1.43.bloodjournal83143.

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We describe a novel retroviral packaging system in which high titer amphotropic retrovirus was produced without the need to generate stable producer clones. kat expression vectors, which produce high levels of retroviral vector transcripts and retroviral packaging functions, were transfected into 293 cells followed by virus harvest 48 hours posttransfection. Viral titers as high as 3.8 proviral copies/cell/mL of frozen supernatant in 3T3 cells were obtained, 10- to 50-fold greater than transient viral titers reported using 3T3-based retroviral packaging lines. Cocultivation of primary human CD8+ T lymphocytes after transient transfection of 293 cells with kat plasmids resulted in transduction efficiencies of 10% to 40%, 5- to 10-fold greater compared to cocultivation with a high titer PA317 producer clone and significantly greater than previously reported results for transduction of primary human T lymphocytes with retroviral vectors. Virus produced using the kat system was shown to be free of detectable replication competent retrovirus by an extended provirus mobilization assay, demonstrating that this system is as safe as currently available stable packaging lines. The kat virus production system should be of general use for the rapid production of high titer viral supernatants, as well as for high-efficiency transduction hematopoietic cell types refractory to retroviral transduction.
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Daufresne, Tanguy, and Michel Loreau. "Ecological Stoichiometry, Primary Producer-Decomposer Interactions, and Ecosystem Persistence." Ecology 82, no. 11 (2001): 3069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2679835.

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Daufresne, Tanguy, and Michel Loreau. "ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY, PRIMARY PRODUCER–DECOMPOSER INTERACTIONS, AND ECOSYSTEM PERSISTENCE." Ecology 82, no. 11 (2001): 3069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[3069:esppdi]2.0.co;2.

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Jurd, Stephen. "Drama as primary prevention: my life as a producer." Australasian Psychiatry 21, no. 6 (2013): 592–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856213498429.

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Sharma, Sushma, Soniya Acharya, Samikshya Regmi, Avishek Poudel, and Gokarna Adhikari. "Production Activities and Value Chain Analysis of Sericulture in Western Inner Terai Region of Nepal." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 8, no. 2 (2021): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v8i2.36614.

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The study was conducted in Nov 2019 – Feb 2020 with the objective of assessing the whole value chain of sericulture products in the Western inner terai region of Nepal. The beginning of sericulture in the region was due to some personal interest but gained popularity and huge return and turned out to achieve the objectives of food security and source of employment. As per the finding and research, Bi-voltine Silkworm (Bombyx mori) was mainly reared which feeds upon the leaves of the mulberry plant. The interview result indicates that producers produce cocoon at an average of 30.05 kg per ropani in one production round and production was made twice a year. In this region, three marketing channels were identified (producer to the primary collector/small hand processor) and (producer to primary processor or reelers) and the producer himself as the processor and distributor. Producers sold the cocoon to primary collectors at NRs 500per kg cocoon which was 15% more than percent sales while selling to the government, fetching an average BC ratio of 1.3. Problems recorded as per farmers were lack of appropriate technology to widen the scope of sericulture and modern silkworm rearing techniques, lack of proper irrigation facilities, and governmental aids and support. This research will address various problems and make an emphasis to make regional sericulture production mature and profitable.
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Young, Matthew, Emily Howe, Teejay O’Rear, Kathleen Berridge, and Peter Moyle. "Food Web Fuel Differs Across Habitats and Seasons of a Tidal Freshwater Estuary." Estuaries and Coasts 44, no. 1 (2020): 286–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-020-00762-9.

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AbstractEstuarine food webs are fueled by multiple different primary producers. However, identifying the relative importance of each producer to consumers is difficult, particularly for fishes that utilize multiple food sources due to both their mobility and their generally high trophic levels. Previous studies have documented broad spatial differences in the importance of primary producers to fishes within the Upper San Francisco Estuary, California, including separation between pelagic and littoral food webs. In this study, we evaluated the importance of primary producers to adult fishes in three closely spaced subregions that represented disparate habitat types (a tidal wetland channel, a turbid backwater channel, and a deep open-water channel), each a potential outcome of local restoration projects. Using stable isotope analysis coupled with a Bayesian mixing model, we identified significant differences in primary-producer contribution to fishes and invertebrates across habitats and seasons, especially in the relative contribution of submersed aquatic vegetation and phytoplankton. Most fishes utilized multiple primary producers and showed little segregation between pelagic and littoral food webs among habitats. Availability of primary producers differs seasonally and across multiple spatial scales, helping to buffer environmental variability and thus enhancing food web resilience. Ecosystem restoration may improve with emphasis on restoring a wide variety of primary producers to support consumers.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Primary producer"

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Hines, Jessica. "Linking detritus and primary producer based communities." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8052.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Entomology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Waters, Matthew Neal Piehler Michael Forbes Martens Christopher S. "Historic transitions in primary producer communities in eastern North Carolina lakes." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1396.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.
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Lacey, Elizabeth. "Herbivore and Nutrient Impact on Primary Producer Assemblages in a Tropical Marine Environment." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/694.

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Globally, human populations are increasing and coastal ecosystems are becoming increasingly impacted by anthropogenic stressors. As eutrophication and exploitation of coastal resources increases, primary producer response to these drivers becomes a key indicator of ecosystem stability. Despite the importance of monitoring primary producers such as seagrasses and macroalgae, detailed studies on the response of these benthic habitat components to drivers remain relatively sparse. Utilizing a multi-faceted examination of turtle-seagrass and sea urchin-macroalgae consumer and nutrient dynamics, I elucidate the impact of these drivers in Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Yal Ku Lagoon, macroalgae bioindicators signified high nutrient availability, which is important for further studies, but did not consistently follow published trends reflecting decreased δ15N content with distance from suspected source. In Akumal Bay, eutrophication and grazing by turtles and fishes combine to structure patches within the seagrass beds. Grazed seagrass patches had higher structural complexity and productivity than patches continually grazed by turtles and fishes. Results from this study indicate that patch abandonment may follow giving-up density theory, the first to be recorded in the marine environment. As Diadema antillarum populations recover after their massive mortality thirty years ago, the role these echinoids will have in reducing macroalgae cover and altering ecosystem state remains to be clear. Although Diadema antillarum densities within the coral reef ecosystem were comparable to other regions within the Caribbean, the echinoid population in Akumal Bay was an insufficient driver to prevent dominance of a turf-algal-sediment (TAS) state. After a four year study, declining coral cover coupled with increased algal cover suggests that the TAS-dominated state is likely to persist over time despite echinoid recovery. Studies on macroalgal diversity and nutrients within this same region of echinoids indicated diversity and nutrient content of macroalgae increased, which may further increase the persistence of the algal-dominated state. This study provides valuable insight into the variable effects of herbivores and nutrients on primary producers within a tropical coastal ecosystem. Results from this work challenge many of the currently accepted theories on primary producer response to nutrients and herbivory while providing a framework for further studies into these dynamics.
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Martin, Gerard. "Creating viable black economic empowerment initiatives on the primary producer level in the South African wine industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5877.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-135).<br>This research study focuses mainly on the internal environment of land reform in the South African Wine Industry. Therefore it deals specifically with empowerment projects in the South African Wine Industry on producer level. Given the concern as mentioned above the following research question was formulated: How does one increase the leadership and management capabilities of individuals within empowerment projects on the primary producer level in the South African Wine Industry?
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Dalton, Rebecca L. "Effects of Agrochemicals on Riparian and Aquatic Primary Producers in an Agricultural Watershed." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31026.

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In agricultural watersheds, streams are intimately connected with croplands and may be inadvertently exposed to agrochemicals such as fertilizers and herbicides. Riparian plants and aquatic primary producers (aquatic plants, phytoplankton and periphyton) may be particularly affected by agrochemicals due to their taxonomic similarity to the intended targets (crop and weed species). The overall objective of this thesis was to assess the effects of fertilizers and the herbicide atrazine on riparian plants and aquatic primary producers. Effects were assessed across varying scales of observation ranging from empirical field studies at the watershed scale to in-situ experimental manipulations in two temperate streams to a laboratory concentration-response experiment. Twenty-four stream/river sites located across the South Nation River watershed, Canada ranged in surrounding agricultural land use (6.7-97.4 % annual crops) and in-stream concentrations of reactive phosphate (4-102 μg/L) and nitrate (3-5404 μg/L). A gradient of atrazine contamination spanning two orders of magnitude (56 d time-weighted-average concentrations of 4-412 ng/L) was observed using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). A total of 285 riparian and aquatic plant species were identified with species richness ranging from 43-107 species per site. Atrazine and the percentage of surrounding annual crops had no statistically significant effects on community structure. In contrast, an increase in the percentage of non-native species, a decrease in submerged macrophytes and a decrease in overall floristic quality was observed along a gradient of increasing nitrate. Similarly, periphyton biomass increased with increasing nitrate across the watershed and was associated with the Chlorophyta. In contrast, no clear response was observed in periphyton exposed to nutrient enrichment and atrazine contamination in in-situ periphytometer experiments in two streams. Greenhouse concentration-response experiments provided evidence that the sensitivity of duckweed (Lemna minor) to atrazine was lower in populations previously exposed to the herbicide. However, the overall range in biomass 25% inhibition concentrations was small (19-40 μg/L atrazine). A clear gradient in agrochemical contamination was observed at the watershed scale and this research provided evidence of negative effects on riparian and aquatic primary producers. Effects of nutrients, specifically nitrate, superseded observable effects of the herbicide atrazine.
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Mzuyanda, Christian. "Assessing the impact of primary agricultural co-operative membership on smallholder farm performance (crops) in Mnquma Local Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021285.

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Schmidtke, Andrea. "Biodiversity effects on the performance of terrestrial plant and phytoplankton communities." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3893/.

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Die Ökosysteme unserer Erde sind durch das rasante Artensterben infolge von Umweltveränderungen durch den Menschen und des globalen Klimawandels stark betroffen. Mit den Auswirkungen dieses Artenverlustes und der damit einhergehenden Veränderung der Diversität beschäftigt sich die heutige Biodiversitätsforschung. Spezieller wird der Effekt der Diversität auf Ökosystemprozesse wie beispielsweise den Biomasseaufbau von Primärproduzenten oder der Resistenz einer Gemeinschaft gegen die Einwanderung neuer Arten untersucht. Die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Diversität auf die Primärproduktion und das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ist von besonderer Wichtigkeit. In terrestrischen Pflanzengemeinschaften wurde bereits ein positiver Diversitätseffekt auf die Gemeinschaftsbiomasse beobachtet. Dies wird hauptsächlich durch den Komplementaritäts- und/oder den Dominanzeffekt erklärt. Die Komplementarität zwischen Arten ist beispielsweise bei Unterschieden in der Ressourcenausnutzung gegeben (z.B. unterschiedliche Wurzeltiefen). Diese kann zu einer besseren Nährstoffausnutzung in diverseren Gemeinschaften führen, die letztlich deren höhere Biomassen erklärt. Der Dominanzeffekt hingegen beruht auf der in diverseren Gemeinschaften höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine hochproduktive Art anzutreffen, was letztlich die höhere Biomasse der Gemeinschaft verursacht. Diversitätseffekte auf Ökosystemprozesse wurden bisher hauptsächlich auf der Gemeinschaftsebene untersucht. Analysen über die Reaktionen, die alle Arten einer Gemeinschaft einschließen, fehlen bisher. Daher wurde der Einfluss der Diversität auf die individuelle Performance von Pflanzenarten innerhalb des Biodiversitätsprojektes „Das Jena Experiment“ untersucht. Dieses Experiment umfasst 60 Arten, die charakteristisch für Mitteleuropäische Graslandschaften sind. Die Arten wurden in die 4 funktionellen Gruppen Gräser, kleine Kräuter, große Kräuter und Leguminosen eingeteilt. Im Freilandversuch zeigte sich, dass mit steigender Artenzahl die individuelle Pflanzenhöhe zunahm, während die individuelle oberirdische Biomasse sank. Der positive Diversitätseffekt auf die pflanzliche Gemeinschaftsbiomasse kann folglich nicht auf der individuellen oberirdischen Biomassezunahme beruhen. Überdies reagierten die einzelnen funktionellen Gruppen und sogar die einzelnen Arten innerhalb einer funktionellen Gruppe unterschiedlich auf Diversitätsveränderungen. Folglich ist zu vermuten, dass einige Ökosystemprozesse auf Gemeinschaftsebene durch die Reaktionen von bestimmten funktionellen Gruppen bzw. Arten hervorgerufen werden. Diversitätseffekte auf Gemeinschaftsbiomassen wurden bislang hauptsächlich mit terrestrischen Pflanzen und weniger mit frei-schwebenden Algenarten (Phytoplankton) erforscht. Demzufolge wurde der Einfluss der Diversität auf die Biomasse von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften experimentell untersucht, wobei es sowohl zu negativen als auch positiven Diversitätseffekten kam. Eine negative Beziehung zwischen Diversität und Gemeinschaftsbiomasse zeigte sich, wenn schnell-wüchsige Algenarten nur geringe Biomassen in Mono- und Mischkultur aufbauten. Die vorhandenen Nährstoffe in der Mischkultur wurden von den schnell-wüchsigen Arten monopolisiert und folglich standen sie den langsam-wüchsigen Algenarten, welche viel Biomasse in Monokultur aufbauten, nicht mehr zur Verfügung. Zu einem positiven Diversitätseffekt auf die Gemeinschaftsbiomasse kam es, wenn die Artengemeinschaft eine positive Beziehung zwischen Wachstumsrate und Biomasse in Monokultur zeigte, sodass die schnell-wüchsige Algenarten viel Biomasse aufbauten. Da diese schnell-wüchsigen Algen in der Mischkultur dominant wurden, bestand die Gemeinschaft letztlich aus hoch-produktiven Algenarten, was zu einer erhöhten Gesamtbiomasse führte. Diese beiden Versuchsansätze verdeutlichen Mechanismen für die unterschiedlichen Reaktionen der Gemeinschaften auf Diversitätsveränderungen, welche auch für terrestrische Pflanzengemeinschaften gefunden wurden. Ein anderer wichtiger Ökosystemprozess, der von der Diversität beeinflusst wird, ist die Anfälligkeit von Gemeinschaften gegenüber invasiven Arten (Invasibilität). Die Invasibilität wird von einer Vielzahl von Faktoren beeinflusst und demzufolge wurde der Effekt der Diversität und der Produktivität (Nährstoffgehalt) auf die Invasibilität von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften in An- und Abwesenheit eines Herbivoren untersucht. Die zwei funktionell unterschiedlichen invasiven Arten waren die Blaualge Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (schlecht fressbar) und der Phytoflagellat Cryptomonas sp. (gut fressbar). Es zeigte sich, dass der Fraßdruck, welcher selber durch die Produktivität beeinflusst wurde, einen bedeutenden Effekt auf die Invasibilität von Phytoplankton-Gemeinschaften hat. Die funktionellen Eigenschaften der invasiven und residenten Arten waren zudem bedeutender als die Artenzahl.<br>To date, positive relationships between diversity and community biomass have been mainly found, especially in terrestrial ecosystems due to the complementarity and/or dominance effect. In this thesis, the effect of diversity on the performance of terrestrial plant and phytoplankton communities was investigated to get a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning context. In a large grassland biodiversity experiment, the Jena Experiment, the effect of community diversity on the individual plant performance was investigated for all species. The species pool consisted of 60 plant species belonging to 4 functional groups (grasses, small herbs, tall herbs, legumes). The experiment included 82 large plots which differed in species richness (1-60), functional richness (1-4), and community composition. Individual plant height increased with increasing species richness suggesting stronger competition for light in more diverse communities. The aboveground biomass of the individual plants decreased with increasing species richness indicating stronger competition in more species-rich communities. Moreover, in more species-rich communities plant individuals were less likely to flower out and had fewer inflorescences which may be resulting from a trade-off between resource allocation to vegetative height growth and to reproduction. Responses to changing species richness differed strongly between functional groups and between species of similar functional groups. To conclude, individual plant performance can largely depend on the diversity of the surrounding community. Positive diversity effects on biomass have been mainly found for substrate-bound plant communities. Therefore, the effect of diversity on the community biomass of phytoplankton was studied using microcosms. The communities consisted of 8 algal species belonging to 4 functional groups (green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria, phytoflagellates) and were grown at different functional richness levels (1-4). Functional richness and community biomass were negatively correlated and all community biomasses were lower than their average monoculture biomasses of the component species, revealing community underyielding. This was mainly caused by the dominance of a fast-growing species which built up low biomasses in monoculture and mixture. A trade-off between biomass and growth rate in monoculture was found for all species, and thus fast-growing species built up low biomasses and slow-growing species reached high biomasses in monoculture. As the fast-growing, low-productive species monopolised nutrients in the mixtures, they became the dominant species resulting in the observed community underyielding. These findings suggest community overyielding when biomasses of the component species are positively correlated with their growth rates in monocultures. Aquatic microcosm experiments with an extensive design were performed to get a broad range of community responses. The phytoplankton communities differed in species diversity (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12), functional diversity (1, 2, 3, and 4) and community composition. The species/functional diversity positively affected community biomass, revealing overyielding in most of the communities. This was mainly caused by a positive complementarity effect which can be attributed to resource use complementarity and/or facilitative interaction among the species. Overyielding of more diverse communities occurred when the biomass of the component species was correlated positively with their growth rates in monoculture and thus, fast-growing and high-productive species were dominant in mixtures. This and the study mentioned above generated an emergent pattern for community overyielding and underyielding from the relationship between biomass and growth rate in monoculture as long as the initial community structure prevailed. Invasive species can largely affect ecosystem processes, whereas invasion is also influenced by diversity. To date, studies revealed negative and positive diversity effects on the invasibility (susceptibility of a community to the invasion by new species). The effect of productivity (nutrient concentration ranging from 10 to 640 µg P L-1), herbivory (presence/absence of the generalist feeder) and diversity (3, 4, 6 species were randomly chosen from the resident species pool) on the invasibility of phytoplankton communities consisting of 10 resident species was investigated using semi-continuous microcosms. Two functionally diverse invaders were chosen: the filamentous and less-edible cynaobacterium C. raciborskii and the unicellular and well-edible phytoflagellate Cryptomonas sp. The phytoflagellate indirectly benefited from grazing pressure of herbivores whereas C. raciborskii suffered more from it. Diversity did not affect the invasibility of the phytoplankton communities. Rather, it was strongly influenced by the functional traits of the resident and invasive species.
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Klaus, Jaclyn Elizabeth. "In situ measurement of mercury ecotoxicological effects on stream periphyton in southwest Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409918494.

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Lin, Chi-Yuan. "Primary agricultural product demand and economic development /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487683049377861.

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Schoo, Katherina L. [Verfasser]. "Stoichiometric constraints in primary producers affect secondary consumers / Katherina L. Schoo." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020003626/34.

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Books on the topic "Primary producer"

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Green, Thuso J. Report on a survey of primary producer cooperatives, village development councils, and other organisations. Sechaba Consultants, 1990.

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Taxation of primary producers in Australia. 2nd ed. CCH Australia, 1985.

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Govett, Robert. Directory of Idaho primary wood processors. Dept. of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, University of Idaho, 1987.

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Nielsen, Søren Laurentius, Gary T. Banta, and Morten Foldager Pedersen, eds. Estuarine Nutrient Cycling: The Influence of Primary Producers. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3021-5.

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Hansen, Bruce G. Survey of primary processors in New York, 1999. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2002.

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Foster, Russell J. Byproduct output from the domestic primary copper, lead, and zinc industries. Division of Policy Analysis, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.

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Foster, Russell J. Byproduct output from the domestic primary copper, lead, and zinc industries. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Massachusetts. Bureau of Forest Development. Massachusetts primary wood products industry directory: Sawmills & timber harvesters directory. Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Management, Division of Forests & Parks, Bureau of Forest Development, 1987.

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May, Dennis M. Development and status of Arkansas' primary forest products and industry. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1990.

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Gillespie, Mary. A retrospective view of non-oil primary products from 1972 to 1988. Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Primary producer"

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Zhang, Ning. "Study of Primary and Secondary Online Schools Based on ASP and PPT Producer Technology." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35470-0_89.

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Melack, John M. "Primary producer dynamics associated with evaporative concentration in a shallow, equatorial soda lake (Lake Elmenteita, Kenya)." In Saline Lakes. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3095-7_1.

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Cox, Eileen J., Jürgen Marxsen, and Thomas G. Horvath. "Primary Producers." In Central European Stream Ecosystems. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527634651.ch5.

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Allan, J. David, Maria M. Castillo, and Krista A. Capps. "Primary Producers." In Stream Ecology. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61286-3_6.

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Krezel, Stephanie. "Primary Producer Welfare Following a Policy Paradigm Shift: A Review of the Deregulation of the Australian Wheat Market." In Advances in Time Series Data Methods in Applied Economic Research. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02194-8_36.

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Large, A. R. G., G. Pautou, and C. Amoros. "Primary production and primary producers." In The Fluvial Hydrosystems. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1491-9_6.

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Bartoli, M., G. Castaldelli, D. Nizzoli, L. G. Gatti, and P. Viaroli. "Benthic Fluxes of Oxygen, Ammonium and Nitrate and Coupled-uncoupled Denitrification Rates within Communities of Three Different Primary Producer Growth Forms." In Mediterranean Ecosystems. Springer Milan, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2105-1_29.

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Cebrián, Just. "Grazing On Benthic Primary Producers." In Estuarine Nutrient Cycling: The Influence of Primary Producers. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3021-5_6.

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Barton, A. D. "Investment Allowances for Primary Producers." In Selected Essays on Economic Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510562_6.

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Valiela, Ivan. "Primary Producers in the Sea." In Marine Ecological Processes. Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79070-1_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Primary producer"

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Daniel Travieso Pedroso, Einara Blanco Machin, Nestor Proenza Pérez, Lúcia Bollini Braga, and José Luz Silveira. "CLEAN PRODUCER GAS BY THE APPLICATION OF PRIMARY METHOD FOR TAR ELIMINATION IN DOWNDRAFT BIOMASS GASIFIER." In 23rd ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. ABCM Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cob-2015-1379.

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Brown, Travis E., Scott E. Bartholomew, Glen A. Dragon, Aaron C. Smykowski, Alvaro J. Rojas Arciniegas, and Marcos Esterman. "Challenges for Managing Component Obsolescence in Long Life Products Through the Product Development Lifecycle." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48422.

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Producers of low volume, long life products must utilize the latest commercial, off the shelf (COTS) components in order to meet cutting edge technological needs. These COTS components often have a primary use in the high volume commercial markets (e.g. smart phones) which are characterized by short product lifecycles to satisfy consumer needs and remain competitive. Consequently, the two to three year lifecycles of these products tend to heavily influence the lifecycle of the components inside. Most tactical military products (as an example of low volume, long life products) have a very long design, production and support period that can often exceed ten years. Given the lifecycle mismatch between the products and components, an obsolescence management process is essential in order for a producer of low volume, long life products to effectively manage obsolescence in their product line. In this paper, the obsolescence management strategies are reviewed to identify best practices and recommendations that can improve a company’s ability to deal with obsolescence, sometimes called DMSMS (Diminishing manufacturing sources and material shortages), though the terms are not strictly interchangeable. This is achieved not only through a comprehensive literature review but also through a series of case studies from different companies. These validate findings from literature and provide a realistic perspective on the challenge to manage obsolescence, during the product development lifecycle.
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Pillot, Sylvain, Ste´phanie Corre, Ce´dric Chauvy, and Patrick Toussaint. "Estimation of CTOD in the Case of Very Thick Plates by Knowing CVN Value at a Given Temperature." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25625.

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Material properties assessment at given temperature and thickness is of primary importance for steelmakers. Generally, a list of mechanical properties requirements, namely tensile, Charpy V-Notch (CVN), fracture mechanics, as well as chemical or heat treatments limits are furnished by customers. Subsequently, the best compromise has to be found by the steel producer in order to reach these requirements. Concerning tensile and CVN properties, experience is large and metallurgists are used to determine the best product optimizations so as to reach the requirements’ values. However, optimization is generally more complicated regarding fracture mechanics. Tools are therefore needed in order to evaluate these properties with reference to conventional (i.e. tensile and CVN) properties. The objective of the present paper is to present some rules that can be used to extrapolate Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) values from CVN and tensile properties. Recent example is given to illustrate this methodology. In addition, special attention will be paid to the comparison of estimated and measured CTOD values.
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Johnson, Nathan G., Arne Hallam, Stuart Conway, and Mark Bryden. "Sustainable and Market-Based Analyses of Cooking Technologies in Developing Countries." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15375.

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Over two billion persons worldwide use biomass as their primary form of energy in household cooking. This creates significant adverse consequences to families in developing nations that use stoves made without technical advancements commonly used in the industrialized world. The often simple, ad-hoc stoves lead to harmful side effects including disease, pollution, injury, and deforestation. Further negative consequences arise in household economics when considering losses in labor, time spent gathering fuel, and high fuel costs relative to income. Because of this much research over the past 10-20 years has been conducted with developing better household cooking methods. Findings from these efforts produced more effective stoves to accommodate the needs of impoverished families. Many of these projects began with philanthropic interests and grants to aid the world's poor. However outside of lump-sum funds for materials and labor there is often be little available to sustain the technical or human resources needed for continued stove utilization. One method to approach sustainability involves a market-based approach to better insure continuation of the benefits of improved cookstoves. This paper provides an assessment of the benefits of advanced cooking devices to both consumers and producers. Further investigations demonstrate consumer and producer impediments in collaborating for mutual benefit. Through realization of the interests and constraints facing both sides, plausible processes can be drawn for holistic improvement of communities in relation to household cooking. This paper also provides various options for intervention and start-up as potential methods in creating sustainable markets for safe, cost-effective, and efficient stoves.
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Wei, Bing, Qiong Yang, Runxue Mao, Qingtao Tian, Dianlin Wang, and Jun Lu. "Direct Visualization and Quantification of NCF-Strengthened CO2 Foam Generation, Propagation and Sweep in a 2D Heterogeneous Fracture Network Model." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206011-ms.

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Abstract CO2 foam holds promising potential for conformance improvement and mobility reduction of CO2 injection in fractured systems. However, there still exists two main issues hampering its wide application and development, 1. Instability of CO2 foam lamellae under reservoir conditions, and 2. Uncertainties of foam flow in fracture systems. To address these two issues, we previously developed a series of functional nanocellulose materials to stabilize the CO2 foam (referred to NCF-st-CO2 foam), while the primary goal of this paper is to thoroughly elucidate foam generation, propagation and sweep of NCF-st-CO2 foam in fractured systems by using a self-designed visual heterogeneous fracture network. We found that NCF-st-CO2 foam produced noticeably greater pressure drop (ΔP) than CO2 foam during either co-injection (COI) or surfactant solution-alternating-gas (SAG) injection, and the threshold foam quality (fg*) was approximately 0.67. Foam generation was increased with total flow rate for CO2 foam and stayed constant for NCF-st-CO2 foam in fracture during COI. CO2 breakthrough occurred at high flow rates (&amp;gt;8 cm3/min). For SAG, large surfactant slug could prevent CO2 from early breakthrough and facilitate foaming in-situ. The increase in sweep efficiency by NCF-st-CO2 foam was observed near the producer for both COI and WAG, which was attributed to its better foaming capacity. Film division and behind mainly led to foam generation in the fracture model. Gravity segregation and override was insignificant during COI but became noticeable during SAG, which caused the sweep efficiency decreased by 3~9% at 1.0 fracture volume (FV) injected. Due to the enhanced foam film, the NCF-st-CO2 foam was able to mitigate gravitational effect, especially in the vicinity of producer.
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Dabi, Maryom, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Experimental Analysis of a Dual-Fuel Engine Fueled by Producer Gas Derived From Pine Leaves and Cattle Dung Briquettes." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1263.

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In the recent times, there has been a much concerned about the efficient utilization and conservation of energy across the globe. The fossil fuels supply most of the energy requirements, however, it is a non-renewable energy source having a limited reserve across the globe. In view of this, there has been a continuous drive to explore the renewable, easily available and environment friendly energy sources to partially or fully replace the fossil fuel. With this background, this paper investigates the viability of utilizing producer gas, derived from the biomass briquettes, as the primary fuel to run a diesel engine in dual fuel mode. Biomass used was sun-dried pine leaves and cow dung. Briquettes were prepared at the proportion of 75 % cow dung and 25 % pine leaves, by mass, using water as the binder. The producer gas, generated from a downdraft gasifier, was fed to single cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, 5.2 kW compression ignition engine to run on dual fuel mode. A minor modification of engine was carried out to suit the dual fuel mode operation. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine were studied at various loads. The system sustains well in a dual fuel mode although there is a drop in brake thermal efficiency in the range of 7 to 22%. There is a significant reduction, up to 93%, in NOX emission in the exhaust but CO and CO2 emission increases, more than 40% and 8% respectively, in the dual fuel mode.
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Wei, Bing, Mengying Zhong, Haoran Tang, Lele Wang, Ke Gao, and Jun Lu. "Mass Transport and Exchange Inside Tight Matrix-Fracture Systems During CO2 Huff-n-Puff and Flooding Processes." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21830-ms.

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Abstract The potential of CO2 injection in stimulating tight oil recovery after primary production has been extensively demonstrated previously. However, the processes of mass transport and exchange inside dual-permeability matrix-facture system driven by CO2 remain unclear. To improve our understanding and supplement the existing knowledge, three types of matrix-fracture models were designed and employed to mimic CO2 injection processes (huff-n-puff and flooding modes), named fully open fracture (FOF), partially open fracture (POF), and crossed open fracture (COF) models, respectively. CO2 huff-n-puff and flooding experiments were conducted on these three models to observe the dynamics of pressure and oil recovery factor. Core-scale models were built up by history-matching the oil recovery dynamics through modifying the relative permeability curves based on Corey correlations. The mass transport and exchange processes with the proceeding of CO2 injection were delineated. The results showed that either CO2 huff-n-puff or CO2 flooding was capable of extracting the oil from tight matrix substantially but the increase in oil recovery factor became insignificant with the increase in cycle number or injection time. The oil resided in the proximity of injector, fracture and producer were primarily recovered during CO2 flooding. In the FOF and COF models, the matrix oil near the injector and producer was mainly mobilized. As for CO2 huff-n-puff, the oil saturation of the three models was reduced uniformly throughout the cores with cycles. The high sweep efficiency of CO2 largely mobilized the oil near the injector. It can be generally concluded that injecting CO2 by huff-n-puff protocol might be more beneficial than flooding mode for unconventionals. The results of this paper can provide insights into the oil recovery dynamics and mass transport and exchange induced by CO2 injection in tight reservoirs.
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Bilcan, A., M. Tazerout, O. Le Corre, and A. Ramesh. "Ignition Delay in Dual Fuel Engines: An Extended Correlation for Gaseous Fuels." In ASME 2001 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2001-105.

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Abstract Agricultural &amp; municipal waste and wood residues can be easily converted to biogas or producer gas and used for producing heat and power. The main problem with these fuels is their low energy content. This is due to the presence of certain non-combustible gases like CO2 and N2 in these fuels. The use of these gases in SI engines is associated with problems like unstable operation and high levels of HC and CO emissions. Gaseous fuel can be easily used with good efficiencies and low emissions in diesel engines running in the dual-fuel mode. In dual-fuel engines, these gaseous fuels are inducted along with air and ignited after compression by a small spray of diesel called the pilot. The presence of these gases alters the thermodynamic properties of the intake charge and significantly influence the ignition delay of the pilot diesel fuel and hence the performance of the engine. The aim of this paper is to modify an existing correlation for ignition delay in a dual-fuel engine to incorporate the effects of the gaseous fuel concentration and composition on the polytropic index. An ignition delay correlation of a biogas dual-fuel engine was modified so that it can be used with any primary fuel. The polytropic index was assumed to be a function of the ratio of specific heats. Further, the effect of injection timing on ignition delay was included. The adapted model was introduced in a simulation program and the results of ignition delay were compared with those given in the literature for a dual-fuel engine. In addition, the correlation was used to predict the ignition delay of the pilot fuel when biogas, LPG, natural gas and producer gas were treated as primary fuels. The results obtained with the new correlation have been compared with experimental values from a LPG-diesel dual fuel engine. The comparison was also made for a biogas dual fuel engine. Errors less than 10% were obtained for both of the fuels between the experimental measurements and simulation results.
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Stepien, Sebastian, and Jan Polcyn. "Market integration as a determinant of agricultural prices and economic results of small-scale family farms." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.053.

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Due to the specific features of the land factor, under market conditions, there is a tendency towards income deprivation of farms in relation to their surroundings. One way to improve this situation is to create a system of market institutions for farmer-recipient transactions. The issue of the position of the agricultural producer in the food supply chain is widely described in the literature on the subject. Nevertheless, practical analyses showing the real impact of the marketing position on economic results of farm are still rare. Therefore, the aim of this article is to assess the relationship between market integration and agricultural selling prices and, as a consequence, the level of global output and household income. The analysis is based on primary data from surveys of over 700 small-scale family farms in Poland. The choice of small-scale farms was deliberate, as these entities are the most discriminated against in the food supply chain. Explaining this process is key to improving the economic situation of small-scale farming and constitutes a premise for the objectives of agricultural policy and creating business strategy. The results of the research indicate that there is a positive correlation between the level of integration of an agricultural holding and sales prices for selected groups of agricultural products. This, in turn, leads to the improvement of economic condition of farms more closely integrated with the market.
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Moore, J. Jeffrey, and Marybeth G. Nored. "Novel Concepts for the Compression of Large Volumes of Carbon Dioxide." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50924.

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In order to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere, significant consideration has been given to the sequestration of CO2 from power plants and other major producers of greenhouse gas emissions. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power plants offer an alternative to pulverized coal plants because the carbon dioxide may be separated from the process gas stream prior to combustion. The compression of the captured carbon dioxide stream requires a sizeable amount of power, which impacts plant availability, capital expenditures and operational cost. Preliminary analysis has estimated that the CO2 compression process reduces the plant efficiency by 8% to 12% for a typical IGCC plant. The detailed thermodynamic analysis presented here examines methods to minimize the power penalty to the producer through integrated, low-power compression concepts. The goal of the present research is to reduce this penalty through novel compression concepts and integration with existing IGCC processes. The research supports the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) objectives of reducing the energy requirements for carbon capture and sequestration in electrical power production. The primary objective of this study is to boost the pressure of CO2 to pipeline pressures with the minimal amount of energy required. Fundamental thermodynamic analysis methods related to the compression of CO2 are used in the following paper to explore pressure and enthalpy rise in both liquid and gaseous states.
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Reports on the topic "Primary producer"

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May, Dennis M. Development and status of Arkansas' primary forest products industry. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-rb-152.

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Wichner, R. P. Fission product plateout and liftoff in the MHTGR primary system: A review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5875738.

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Baltussen, Willy, Michiel van Galen, Katja Logatcheva, et al. Positie primaire producent in de keten : samenwerking en prijsvorming. Wageningen Economic Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/452740.

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Singhvi, Punit, Javier García Mainieri, Hasan Ozer, and Brajendra Sharma. Rheology-Chemical Based Procedure to Evaluate Additives/Modifiers Used in Asphalt Binders for Performance Enhancements: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-020.

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The increased use of softer binders in Illinois over the past decade is primarily attributed to the increased use of recycled materials in asphalt pavement construction. The shift in demand of using PG 58-28 over PG 64-22 has resulted in potential alternative methods to produce softer binders more economically using proprietary products. However, there are challenges in using these proprietary products for asphalt modification because of uncertainty in their long-term performance and significant variability in binder chemistry. The current SuperPave performance grading specification for asphalt binders is insufficient in differentiating binders produced from these modifiers. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of various softener-type asphalt binder modifiers using a wide array of rheological and chemistry tests for their integration into the Illinois Department of Transportation’s material specifications. The small-strain rheological tests and their parameters allowed for consistent grouping of modified binders and can be used as surrogates to identify performing and nonperforming asphalt binders. A new parameter, Δ|G*|peak τ, was developed from the linear amplitude sweep test and showed potential to discriminate binders based on their large-strain behavior. Chemistry-based parameters were shown to track aging and formulation changes. The modifier sources were identified using fingerprint testing and were manifested in the modified binder chemical and compositional characteristics. The two sources of base binders blended with the modifiers governed the aging rate of the modified binders. Mixture performance testing using the Illinois Flexibility Index Test and the Hamburg Wheel-Track Test were consistent with the rheological and chemical findings, except for the glycol amine-based modified binder, which showed the worst cracking performance with the lowest flexibility index among the studied modifiers. This was contrary to its superior rheological performance, which may be attributed to lower thermal stability, resulting in high mass loss during mixing. According to the characterization of field-aged binders, laboratory aging of two pressurized aging vessel cycles or more may represent realistic field aging of 10 to 15 years at the pavement surface and is able to distinguish modified binders. Therefore, an extended aging method of two pressurized aging vessel cycles was recommended for modified binders. Two different testing suites were recommended for product approval protocol with preliminary thresholds for acceptable performance validated with field-aged data.
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Bowers, J. A., M. A. Toole, and Y. van Duyn. Steel Creek primary producers: Periphyton and seston, L-Lake/Steel Creek Biological Monitoring Program, January 1986--December 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10106918.

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Qamhia, Issam, Erol Tutumluer, and Han Wang. Aggregate Subgrade Improvements Using Quarry By-products: A Field Investigation. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-017.

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This report presents a case study for constructing aggregate subgrade improvement (ASI) layers using quarry by-product aggregates (QBA), a quarry mix of large primary crushed rocks (PCR) and sand-sized quarry fines. The construction took place at Larry Power Road in Bourbonnais Township in Kankakee County, Illinois, where the Illinois Department of Transportation placed two QBA mixes. The first mix (QBA_M1) consisted of 45% quarry by-products and 55% railroad ballast–sized 3×1 PCR. The second mix (QBA_M2) consisted of 31% and 69% quarry by-products and PCR, respectively. Two conventional ASI sections were also constructed conforming to Illinois Department of Transportation’s CS02 gradation. All sections consisted of a 9 in. (229 mm) QBA/PCR layer topped with a 3 in. (76 mm) dense-graded capping layer. Laboratory studies preceded the construction to recommend optimum quarry by-product content in the QBA materials and construction practice. The Illinois Center for Transportation research team monitored the quality and uniformity of the construction using nondestructive testing techniques such as dynamic cone penetrometer, lightweight deflectometer, and falling weight deflectometer. The segregation potential was monitored by visual inspection and imaging-based techniques. Short-term field evaluation of the constructed QBA layers, particularly QBA_M2 with a 31% quarry by-product content, showed no evidence of abnormal segregation and did not jeopardize the structural integrity of the QBA ASI layers, which had slightly lower but comparable strength and stiffness profiles to the conventional ASI sections. The use of QBA materials in ASI was field validated as a sustainable construction practice to provide stable pavement foundation layers.
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Howard, James L., Rebecca Westby, and Kenneth E. Skog. Criterion 6, indicator 25 : value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary and secondary processing. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-316.

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Howard, James L., David B. McKeever, and Ted Bilek. Criterion 6, indicator 25: Value and volume of wood and wood products production, including primary and secondary processing. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-rn-341.

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ANANTATMULA, R. P. ANALYSIS OF CORROSION PRODUCT RETRIEVED FROM THE PRIMARY TANK WALL IN THE ANNULUS OF TANK 241-AY-102. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/812342.

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Rico Franco, John Alexander. Visión de la seguridad informática en tiempos del coronavirus. Corporación Universitaria Republicana, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/cont.virt.2020.s2.

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Este producto digital de investigación esta segmentado en tres módulos principales: el primero es en el cual se exhibirán todas las estrategias y campañas de ataque materializadas por los cibercriminales en esta época tan particular en la que vivimos y con temática del COVID-19; en el segundo se presentaran algunas recomendaciones de seguridad asociadas directamente a las temáticas tratadas en el primer módulo; y el tercero estará enfocado a exponer actualizaciones instantáneas de cualquier evolución presentada en la ventana de vigencia de la pandemia, sobre los temas expuestos en los primeros dos módulos, para así poder conocer integralmente el accionar de los cibercriminales en estas fechas tan volátiles y como poder protegernos proactivamente ante ellos.
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