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Custance, Deborah M. "Social learning and imitation in human and nonhuman primates." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15076.
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Most people assume that monkeys and apes can imitate, but recently, several researchers have suggested there is little convincing evidence of imitation in any nonhuman species. The purpose of the present thesis is to compare the imitative abilities of human and non-human primates. Some of the most convincing evidence for imitation comes from anecdotal reports of imitative behaviour in great apes. A survey of the literature was performed and a database of imitative episodes in chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans was compiled (using a similar approach to Whiten & Byrne's 1988a tactical deception database). Each report was subjected to a strict evaluation, and it was deemed that 23 reports from chimpanzees, 3 from gorillas and 4 from orangutans provided relatively convincing evidence of imitation. An experiment was conducted to test if chimpanzees can imitate as the anecdotal data suggests. Two chimpanzees were taught to reproduce 15 arbitrary gestures on the command "Do this". Next they were presented with 48 novel items. They imitated 13 and 20 novel gestures respectively. Using a rigorous coding system, two independent observers correctly identified a significant number of the chimpanzees' imitations (P< 0.0001). These results show that chimpanzees are capable of the complex intermodal visual-motor co-ordination and control necessary for imitation. The second experimental chapter explores whether monkeys, apes, and/or humans imitate in the context of a functional task. Six capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), eight chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 24 children were presented with an analogue of a natural food processing task. The subjects were divided into two groups and each saw a different method for opening an artificial fruit. The children showed quite extensive imitation; the capuchin monkeys showed little to none; while the chimpanzees showed marginal imitative abilities. This constitutes the first experimental evidence of functional object imitation in a nonhuman specie.
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Nagy-Reis, Mariana Baldy 1986. "Ecologia alimentar e comportamento de Callicebus nigrifrons em um fragmento florestal de Mata Atlântica em Campinas, SP." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315842.
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Orientadora: Eleonore Zulnara Freire SetzDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T18:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nagy-Reis_MarianaBaldy_M.pdf: 70885205 bytes, checksum: c47da08b5a6303f670a2ad95f9faf467 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: O gênero Callicebus é o segundo maior dentre os primatas neotropicais e possui ampla distribuição geográfica. No entanto, também e um dos gêneros menos estudados e pouco se sabe sobre sua ecologia e comportamento. Dessa forma, estudamos a ecologia alimentar e o comportamento de C. nigrifrons, com ênfase na dieta, padrão de atividade, uso de espaço e estratégias adotadas em resposta a abundancia de recursos no ambiente. Observações sistemáticas de um grupo de sauás foram conduzidas ao Iongo de um ano (547hs) em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica em Campinas, SP...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: Callicebus is the second largest genus among neotropical primates and is widely distributed. However, it is also one of the less-studied genera and there is little information on its ecology and behavior. Therefore, we studied the feeding ecology and behavior of C. nigrifrons, focusing on its diet, activity pattern, use of space, and strategies in response to food abundance. Information was collected during systematic observations on a titi monkey group during a one-year period (547hs) in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Carnpinas, SP...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Ecologia
Mestre em Ecologia
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Emery, Nathan J. "Neuroethological studies of primate social perception." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15078.
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The neuroethological basis of social signals was investigated using a multidisciplinary approach, involving connectional and comparative analysis of anatomical data, single cell recording and behavioural techniques. Previous literature implicates the amygdala, anterior temporal and prefrontal cortex in primate social functions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and cluster analysis were used to analyse the connectional relatedness of macaque cortico-cortical and amygdalo-cortical connections. This objective analysis separated the amygdala nuclei into two groups, the basolateral (BL) and centromedial (CM) complexes. A comparative analysis was made of the possible functions of the amygdala nuclei by correlating amygdala nuclear volume with 5 socio-ecological indices, across 44 primate species. The lateral basal (LB) nucleus and BL size was found to correlate positively with social complexity. CM size correlated negatively. The LB nucleus receives information from the STS, which contains visual neurons responsive to eyes, heads and bodies. These cells were assessed for coding of socially relevant information. Single cell recording localised within the macaque superior temporal sulcus (STS) revealed neurons responsive to specific views, elevations and orientations of the head, eye position, and specific views of bodies walking in specific directions and reaching to objects. The tuning of these neurons could therefore support the function of recognition of another's purposive behaviour (e.g. direction of attention or intention). Visually responsive neurons in the STS also differentiated faces of different species (i.e. monkeys, humans and other animals). Behavioural studies suggest that monkeys do not follow the direction of attention of humans, yet monkeys appear to have the neural capacity. A behavioural study using video stimuli, revealed that monkeys spontaneously follow other monkeys' gaze onto an object or point in space. It is concluded that the amygdala and STS are part of a neural system which enable monkeys to interpret another's gaze and actions within a purposive behavioural framework.
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Street, Sally E. "Phylogenetic comparative investigations of sexual selection and cognitive evolution in primates." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11198.
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A full understanding of any biological trait requires investigation of its evolutionary origin. Primates inspire great curiosity amongst researchers due to the remarkable diversity across species in both anatomical and behavioural traits, including sociality, sexual behaviour, life histories, neuro-anatomy, cognitive abilities and behavioural repertoires. The study of primates has involved comparative approaches since its inception, however, the necessary tools for statistically investigating the macro-evolutionary processes responsible for current diversity in biological traits have been developed only in the last 30 years or so, namely phylogenetic reconstruction and phylogenetic comparative methods. Amongst a multitude of evolutionary questions that can be addressed by phylogenetic comparative analyses, this thesis attempts to address two in particular, concerning primates. First, chapters 3 and 4 use meta-analysis and phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate the evolution of large, brightly coloured ‘exaggerated sexual swellings' in female Catarrhine (‘Old World') primates. Together, chapters 3 and 4 show that such swellings are signals of temporal fertility, and present evidence to suggest that swellings co-evolved with conditions favouring male mate choice and cryptic female choice, therefore shedding light on the general conditions under which female signals of temporal fertility should evolve. Second, chapters 5 and 6 use phylogenetic comparative analyses investigate the evolution of enlarged brain size in the primate order. Together, chapters 5 and 6 suggest that multiple selection pressures have contributed to diversity in brain size and cognitive traits across primates, including sociality, intra-sexual competition and extended life history. Further, analyses presented in chapter 6 suggest that reliance on learned behaviour is a self-reinforcing evolutionary process, favouring ‘runaway' increases in cognitive abilities and reliance on culture in some primate lineages, which parallels increases in brain size, cognitive ability and reliance on culture in human evolution.
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Olson, Monica A. "Preliminary observations of the ecology and behavior of the primates of North Pagai Island; Hylobates klossii, Macaca pagensis, Presbytis potenziani, and Simias concolor." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2227.
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The following study was conducted from August to November of 1991 on North Pagai Island in the Mentawai Archipelago, Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to obtain preliminary information on the ecology and behavior of the four Mentawai endemic primates: Hylobatcs klossii, Macaca pagensis, Presbytis potenziani, and Simias concolor. All four species are considered endangered due to human activities, especially hunting and various forms of habitat destruction. Therefore, the present critical status of these primates makes their conservation and that of the Mentawai Islands' rain forest a priority.
It appears that resource partitioning occurs among the four primate species, M. pagensis occupied all vegetation levels and was less arboreal relative to the other three species which were primarily arboreal. All four species were found in forest habitat with S. concolor also occurring in forest swamp. M. pagensis and P. potenziani were found throughout the study area and only P. potenziani occupied coastal swamp. In addition, it is hypothesized here that for many P. potenziani groups, sleeping trees are located outside of the primary forest and these groups migrate on a daily basis to the forest. As a result, this may reduce interspecific competition since this species and H. klossii overlap in terms of resource use.
Group size and composition are discussed and a monogamous social organization was identified for H. klossii and P. potenziani while M. pagensis. was found to form polygamous families. S. concolor is identified as forming one-male polygamous groups, however, based on my observations it might initially be interpreted that this species formed monogamous groups in the study area.
Most behaviors, such as parental care, aggression, grooming, play, and feeding behavior, were rarely observed due to the wanness of these primates. Alarm response to detection of humans is discussed and distraction-like behaviors are described for each of the species.
Population density was determined for each species and these values corresponded to those found in other studies although all values in this study were relatively low compared to other studies.
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Chang, Tina R. "Social behavior and activity budgets of captive mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) : a comparison of a traditional exhibit and an ecologically representative habitat." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30988.
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Bassett, Lois. "Effects of predictability of feeding routines on the behaviour and welfare of captive primates." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3319.
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The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.
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Martin, Allison L. "Analysis of a quantitative behavioral assessment program to identify and treat abnormal behaviors in captive primates." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54980.
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Facilities housing non-human primates are required to make provisions for their psychological wellbeing, which may include monitoring animals for signs of decreased wellbeing such as the presence of abnormal behaviors or alopecia. By analyzing archival behavioral data collected by the Behavior Management Unit at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center (YNPRC), I aimed to identify behavioral predictors of self-wounding and alopecia and to evaluate the effectiveness of current treatments in reducing abnormal behavior and alopecia in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The behaviors of self-biting and hair plucking (conditional logistic regression, p < .05) as well as floating limb and self-oral behaviors (Mantel-Haenszel chi-square tests, p < .05) were identified as behavioral predictors of self-wounding. Fear behaviors were associated with an increased risk of developing alopecia (Mantel-Haenszel chi square, p < .05). An inverse relationship was found between alopecia and stereotypic locomotor behaviors such as pacing, with animals who displayed these behaviors being less likely to develop significant hair loss (conditional logistic regression, p < .05). Overall, the type of treatment provided (e.g., additional foraging opportunities, the provision of toys, or the provision of visual barriers) did not predict improvement in levels of abnormal behavior or alopecia (logistic regression, p > .05). The results of these analyses add to the literature on self-wounding and alopecia and will allow refinement of the quantitative behavioral monitoring system at YNPRC such that more at-risk animals can be identified and treated prior to the development of abnormal or harmful behaviors.
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Hyatt, Charles Winton. "Discrimination learning in the African elephant." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28887.
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Florkiewicz, Brittany Nicole. "Facial Behavior and Pair Bonds in Hylobatids." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1844.
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Among primates, humans have the largest and most complex facial repertoires, followed not by their closest living hominid relatives but by hylobatids. Facial behavior is an important component of primate communication that transfers and modulates intentions and motivations. However, why great variation in primate facial expressions evolved and why hylobatid facial repertoires seem to be more similar to humans than other apes is unclear. The current study compared 206 hours of video and 103 hours of focal animal data of facial expression repertoires, measures of pair bond strength, and behavioral synchrony of ten hylobatid pairs from three genera (Nomascus, Hoolock, and Hylobates) living at the Gibbon Conservation Center, Santa Clarita, CA. This study explored whether facial repertoire breath or frequency were linked to social parameters of pair-bonds, how facial expressions related to behavioral synchrony, and if facial feedback (i.e., the transfer of behaviors and intentions by mimicking observed facial expressions) were important between pair-partners. Intra-pair facial repertoires correlated strongly with repertoire composition and rate of use, suggesting that facial feedback was important, while behavioral synchrony showed no correlation with facial behavior. The results of this study suggest that larger facial repertoires contribute to strengthening pair bonds, because richer facial repertoires provide more opportunities for facial feedback which effectively creates a better ‘understanding’ between partners through smoother and better coordinated interaction patterns.
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Fujita, Shiho. "Reproductive Biology in Wild Female Primates : Variability in Hormonal Profiles, Behavior and Reproductive Parameters." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149150.
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Jarrell, Heather M. "Associations between Skeletal Fractures and Locomotor Behavior, Habitat Use, and Body Mass in Nonhuman Primates." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306432619.
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Ellmore, Timothy Michael. "The Speed of Associative Learning and Retrieval in Humans and Non-Human Primates." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195717.
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The conversion of a memory from an initially fragile state to an enduring representation requires cellular, molecular, and systems-level brain network changes. This reorganization is hypothesized to involve time-dependent neuroanatomical changes that may differentially support some types of remote versus recent memory, and may also influence the latency to decide and complete responses during retrieval. To quantify the timecourse of learning and retrieval after different retention durations, a paradigm is developed to measure in humans and monkeys the retrieval speed of visuomotor associations, which require an intact hippocampus for initial acquisition but not for retrieval after days or weeks. Two components of retrieval speed, a decision time to initiate movement and a velocity-dependent movement completion time to complete a motor response, are shown to change differently relative to a pre-retention baseline. Movement completion times decrease across repetitions within single learning session, and continue to decrease from the level reached at the end of learning following retention. Decision times also decrease within the learning session, but increase on the first post-retention retrieval attempt as a function of retention interval duration. Extensive practice is required for decision times to reach a level below that obtained at the end of learning, and the transition from a long- to short-latency decision depends on the number and spacing of practice trials. The findings are discussed in a framework in which post-retention processing time is influenced by the speed of visual identification, the time to retrieve the associative relationship from long-term memory, and the time to plan and execute a motor response. The creation of sparser, long-lasting visual form representations and strengthened cortico-striatal connections predict behavioral efficiency gains in visual identification and motor responses after learning. Decision times could be fast and automatic following extensive practice when the neural representation may become stored permanently in cortico-cortical and cortico-striatal linkages, or could increase after retention because of several cognitive and neural factors, including interference and frontal inhibition of the hippocampal system to prevent new learning before choice feedback. The experimental results are discussed in the context of the existing literature on memory consolidation.
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Hannula, Gustaf. "Monkey see, monkey do? An intercultural exploration of the dynamics between humans and non-human primates in a professional animal research setting." Scholarly Commons, 2007. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/677.
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This thesis is an exploration of the perceptions of a group of humans in interaction with a group of non-human primates in a professional animal research setting. The study is a novel investigation in the field of intercultural relations, exploring the values and beliefs of a group of research employees, and the intercultural competence and sensitivity these employees model in their interactions with the animals they work with. A focus group was conducted at the Oregon National Primate Research Center and 8 individuals working with non-human primates were interviewed. They were asked a series of 15 open-ended questions in order to explore their identification and appreciation of cultural differences, as well as their general strategies for adapting to cultural difference in the context of an animal research setting. The results of this meeting reflect a range of perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs relative to culture and the possibility of an intercultural relationship between species.
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Russak, Samantha. "PRIMATE SUPER-GROUPS? POLYSPECIFIC ASSOCIATIONS OF CAPTIVE MONKEYS." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1146073571.
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Dorey, Nicole R. "Functional analysis and elimination of SIB in an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis)." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4623/.
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Self injurious behavior (SIB), such as self-biting and head-banging, has been reported to occur in approximately 10% of captive, individually housed primates (Novak, Kinsely, Jorgensen, and Hazen, 1998). Accounts of the causes of SIB range from environmental to physiological. However, to date, no researchers have investigated the possible influence of social consequences, delivered by handlers and keepers, in the maintenance of SIB. There is only one research report showing that self-injury can be shaped in primates by the manipulation of food as a reinforcing consequence for the animal's behavior. The current study investigated the effects of social contact as potentially reinforcing consequences for the SIB displayed by an olive baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis). Results indicated that the behavior was maintained by attention from humans. As treatment, reinforcement was arranged for an appropriate alternative attention-getting behavior, resulting in increases in the appropriate alternative behavior and decreases in SIB.
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Nall, Gregory Allen. "An alternative model of chimpanzee social structure, with implications for phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845924.
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The following research paper was concerned with five basic objectives:(1) outlining the major theoretical and methodological approaches used in the reconstruction of early hominid social behavior/social structure as a context in which to view Richard Wrangham's and Michael Ghiglieri's phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure.(2) examining Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of stem-hominid and chimpanzee social structure.(3) indicating how theoretical and methodological aspects of structure essentially represent an extension of the theoretical and methodological approaches the same researchers applied to their models of chimpanzee social structure.(4) addressing the theoretical and methodological deficiences of Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of chimpanzee social structure.(5) providing suggestions for improved phylogenetic models of early hominid social structure.The first objective was achieved by: (a) reviewing Tooby and Devore's (1986) and Wrangham's (1986) evaluations of the major theoretical approaches and methodologies used in the reconstruction of hominid social behavior/structure (b) defining, classifying and evaluating Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's phylogenetic approaches within this context.The second objective was accomplished by outlining, analyzing, and comparing/contrasting Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure (i.e.Wrangham 1986; Ghiglieri 1987, 1989) and Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models of chimpanzee social structure (i.e. Wrangham 1975, 1979; Ghiglieri 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989).The third objective was achieved by recognizing how Wrangham and Ghiglieri used/stressed principles and concepts derived from evolutionary biology and/or behavioral ecology to develop their models of stem-hominid and chimpanzee social structure. This analysis showed that Wrangham's models of social structure were more favorably inclined toward the method of behavioral ecology than Ghiglieri's models, which favored a sociobiological paradigm. Furthermore, although neither researcher relied exclusively on the above theoretical approaches, the main thrust of their argument often centered around it. For instance, Wrangham's analysis of chimpanzee social structure (Wrangham 1975, 1979) indicated that the ultimate cause of that structure was ecological i.e., patchy food distribution leads to wide female dispersal for optimal foraging efficiency, which in turn favors a male kin breeding group that can maintain a territority that includes several individual female ranges. In contrast, Wrangham's phylogenetic model of the social structure of the stem-hominid (Wrangham, 1986) suggested that phylogenetic inertia may be partially responsible for the shared social features found among African Hominoidea. However, in the same work, Wrangham also suggested that further socioecological analysis of African apes may indicate whether food distribution and its effects on female dispersion/association may partially explain conservative African ape social features.Ghiglieri's phylogenetic model of the stem-hominid (1987, 1989), on the other hand, explained the conservative social features of bonobos, common chimpanzees, and hominids to be primarily a product of phylogenetic inertia and sexual selection. Furthermore, for Ghiglieri the most important sexual selection variable was a male communal reproductive strategy. This, according to Ghiglieri, is the ultimate cause of social structure. Notably, Ghiglieri (1984, 1985) had earlier stressed the overiding importance of a male communal reproductive strategy but was less dogmatic in his insistence that chimpanzees had essentially solved their ecological problems (e.g. that they had solved the food distribution problem by fusion-fission sociality; predators were never a real problem). Nevertheless, Ghiglieri's earlier position similarily expressed the idea that a communal reproductive strategy constituted the ultimate cause of social structure.The fourth objective was accomplished by presentation of an alternative model of chimpanzee social behavior which suggested that structure; the effect of phylogenetic inertia on social structure; chimpanzee social structure is the combined product of ecological and sexual selection forces: female optimal foraging, male mating strategies, and predator pressure. The model was considered by the author to be unique in that it integrated essential aspects of both Wrangham's and Ghiglieri's models and, in addition, provided support for Alexander's (1974) contention that predation pressure is an ultimate cause of ape social structure. The model also outlined scenarios for the evolution of chimpanzee group._ extensibility (fusion-fission sociality) and the capacity for warfare among chimpanzees.The last objective was achieved by a discussion of the implications that the author's model had for phylogenetic models of stem-hominid social structure. In this discussion the author reviewed the following issues as they related to the phylogenetic reconstruction of hominid social structure: the role of phylogeny and/or ecology in the causation of social encountered when using a phylogenetic referential model for the personal biases that enter into phylogenetic econstructions; pitfalls reconstruction of early hominid social evolution; the significance of chimpanzee models of social structure.The importance of the preceding study lay in its ability to stimulate improved conceptual models of African hominoid social structure.Department of Anthropology
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Cobo, Sandra. "Mise au point de tests comportementaux (cognitifs et moteurs) chez le microcèbe pour l’évaluation des déficits dans les maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3001.
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L’évaluation du comportement animal est devenue un outil fondamental dans les champs de recherche des neurosciences translationnelles. Elle est en effet utile pour l’étude des mécanismes physiologiques entraînant les maladies neurodégénératives mais aussi pour la compréhension des modifications fonctionnelles induites par des manipulations génétiques ou traitement chimique et pour tester l’efficacité de composés ou molécules. Chez l’Homme, on utilise des batteries de tests cognitifs et moteurs pour qualifier et quantifier les atteintes des maladies neurodégénératives telles que les maladies d’Alzheimer et de Parkinson. Le travail présenté ici s’inscrit dans l’optique de promouvoir Microcebus murinus comme modèle pour l’étude des maladies neurodégénératives liées à l’âge. Le microcèbe est un petit primate lémurien, proche phylogénétiquement de l’Homme, présentant des particularités prometteuses susceptibles d’accélérer la découverte de nouveaux traitements curatifs et prophylactiques pour les pathologies liées à l’âge. La validation du modèle nécessite l’utilisation de tests comportementaux discriminant l’atteinte neurodégénérative. Nous avons mis au point un ensemble de tests comportementaux évaluant l’apprentissage, la mémoire et les fonctions motrices. Des animaux sains ont été évalués et ont permis de définir des protocoles spécifiques au microcèbe. Ces protocoles ont ensuite été appliqués à des animaux ayant subi un traitement pour induire des pathologies de type Parkinson ou Alzheimer afin de détecter l’apparition d’éventuels déficitsAnimal behavior has become a fundamental tool in translational neuroscience area and is useful for studying physiological mechanisms underlying neurological diseases and also for understanding the functional modifications induced by genetic manipulation or chemical treatment. The experiment of new treatments requires animal models miming the human pathology. In Humans batteries of cognitive and motor tests are used to qualify and quantify the impairment due to neurodegenerative disease as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this work is to promote Microcebus murinus as a model of age related neurodegenerative pathologies. The grey mouse lemur, a small prosimian primate, phylogenetically close to Human, presents specific characteristics susceptible to provide important information on the validity and efficacy of new. The validation of a model requires the use of behavioral tests to discriminate neurodegenerative impairment. A set of behavioral tests were worked out to evaluate learning memory and motor functions. Healthy animals were evaluated and allowed to define protocols species specific. These protocols were then applied on animals treated to induce pathology such as Parkinson or Alzheimer in order to detect cognitive or motor impairments
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Lootvoet, Amélie. "Le rôle du comportement dans la vulnérabilité aux pressions anthropiques et à l'extinction chez les Primates." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0080.
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Depuis quelques dizaines d’années, un intérêt croissant s’est développé pour la protection des espèces et la compréhension des mécanismes qui les conduisent à l’extinction. Actuellement, les causes d’extinction sont pour la grande majorité d’origine anthropique, mais un certain nombre de facteurs intrinsèques, propres à chaque espèce, peuvent interagir avec ces pressions anthropiques, pour aboutir au risque d’extinction. De nombreuses études ont mis en évidence l’impact des traits d’histoires de vie et des caractéristiques écologiques dans la vulnérabilité des espèces à l’extinction, mais très peu se sont penchées sur le rôle du comportement. Or, de par leur nature, tout un ensemble de comportements pourraient constituer des facteurs de vulnérabilité intrinsèques chez les espèces, que ce soit au niveau du risque d’extinction, ou au niveau des principales pressions anthropiques qui existent actuellement. Le but de cette thèse est de déterminer l’impact des caractéristiques du système social et de l’intensité de la sélection sexuelle dans la vulnérabilité des espèces de Primates i) aux principales pressions anthropiques (i.e. chasse, exploitation forestière et agriculture), à un niveau local, en portant une attention spécial au rôle d’infanticide dans la vulnérabilité à la chasse et ii) au risque d’extinction tel que décrit par l’UICN, au niveau global. Ce dernier point nous a amenés à analyser plus spécifiquement l’impact de l’hétérogénéité de l’empreinte humaine dans le risque d’extinction. Toutes nos études reposent sur une approche d’analyses comparatives. Nos différents travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence des effets du comportement à aux différentes échelles spatiales et pour les deux niveaux de vulnérabilité, mais avec des différences dans la nature des variables comportementales impliquées. Nous avons identifié des effets de la taille moyenne des groupes et du système socio-reproducteur dans la vulnérabilité à l’exploitation forestière, mais pas pour les autres menaces testées. De plus, ces effets ont été retrouvés au niveau du risque d’extinction, mais dans des sens différents. Ainsi, les mécanismes impliqués dans la vulnérabilité des espèces diffèrent selon le type de vulnérabilité étudié, faisant intervenir différents effets AlleeImproving species protection and better understanding the mechanisms leading to population decline and ultime extinction has become a major research area over the last decades. Nowadays, the causes of extinction are mostly anthropogenic, but some intrinsic factors, specific to each species, can interact with these anthropogenic pressures to determine the extinction risk. Many studies have highlighted the impact of life history traits and ecological characteristics on species vulnerability to extinction, but very few have investigated the role of behaviour. Because of the mechanisms they imply, several behaviours could constitute intrinsic factors of vulnerability among species, at the level of extinction risk, or concerning the main anthropogenic pressures threatening species. The aim of this thesis is to determine the impact of the social system and sexual selection on primate vulnerability i) to the main anthropogenic threats (i.e. hunting, logging and agriculture) and, particularly, the role of infanticide on their vulnerability to hunting, and ii) to the extinction risk as described by the IUCN conservation status. This point has lead us to examine also the impact of human footprint heterogeneity on extinction risk. All our studies are based on a comparative analysis approach. Our different works highlighted several impacts of behavioural variables at the two spatial scales and for the two levels of vulnerability, but with differences in the nature of the behavioural variables. We identified significant effects of the average group size and the socio-reproductive system in species vulnerability to logging, but not in species vulnerability to the other threats. Moreover, these effects have also been found at the level of the extinction risk, but in different ways. Thus, the mechanisms implicated in the vulnerability are different according to the type of vulnerability, and rely on several Allee effects
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Spoelstra, Kiki. "Lateralized behavior in white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176325.
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The evolutionary origins of human handedness are not yet fully understood as evidence of lateralized behavior in nonhuman primates is inconclusive. In the present study, lateralized behavior in both spontaneously occurring motor patterns and a tube task was examined in 15 white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Significant side preferences at the individual level were found within all 15 studied motor patterns. However, no population-level side bias was found for any of the spontaneously occurring or task-related motor patterns and none of the gibbons were consistent in their hand preference across all motor patterns. When only considering the individuals with a significant preference, a significant majority was left-preferent for resting foot. Strength of side preference was significantly higher for the tube task than for all spontaneously occurring motor patterns. Side preferences for manipulation and resting position were significantly stronger than those for supporting hand. Additionally, the preferences for manipulation were significantly stronger than those for leading limb. In the bimanual tube task, females displayed a tendency towards a left-side bias, while males tended to display a bias to the right. Furthermore, females had a significantly stronger hand preference for supporting hand than males. No other sex differences were found. Age, posture, and kinship had no significant effect on lateralized behavior for any of the motor patterns. As in other nonhuman primates, the white-handed gibbons were only consistent in their hand preference across tasks that required similar movements. Altogether, these findings support the notion that population-level handedness may be restricted to human subjects.
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Sibley, Taryn Ann. "Comparison of Agonistic Behaviors by analysis of activity in two groups of Confined Primates, Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catta)." Thesis, Boston College, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/454.
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Thesis advisor: David KraussBehavior in a confined group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) and a confined group of ring tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) were analyzed to reveal any significant differences in agonistic behaviors and to assess the varying stress levels between individuals. I predicted that the activity rate of the individuals would determine the amount of agonistic behavior demonstrated, specifically that more active individuals would be more frequently performing agonistic behaviors than those who were less active. The mandrills as a whole exhibited a higher activity rate than the lemurs, and the proportion of time spent exhibiting agonistic behaviors was also higher, as expected. These results suggest that the mandrill population is under more stress than the lemurs. Differences in the age makeup of these groups may partially explain the behavioral differences that occurred: the mandrills' group included a juvenile who was considerably more active than his parents while all three lemurs observed were adults. Differences in the size of the exhibit may also explain the differences as the exhibit for the mandrills was smaller than that of the lemurs, while the mandrills were more than triple the lemurs' size. This analysis supports earlier studies: that primate behavior is influenced strongly by their environment and its cohabitants
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2004
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Discipline: College Honors Program
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Clarke, Fay Elaine. "Can cognitive challenge enhance the psychological well-being of large-brained mammals in zoos?" Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618283.
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The link between cognitive challenge and captive animal well-being has received increased interest over the past decade, but so far this link in zoo animals has been overlooked. This is particularly surprising for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) because these two 'large-brained' species have been the subjects of intensive cognitive research in captivity over the past six decades. In this thesis, I ask whether novel maze-like devices which aim to be cognitively challenging (abbreviated to 'devices with a cognitive component', DCCs) can be enriching for a mixed-sex group of chimpanzees and two single-sex groups of dolphins housed in zoos. I design, implement and evaluate two DCCs, and employ a new definition of cognitive enrichment that incorporates cognitive challenge and indicators of positive well-being. I demonstrate that two types of DCC for chimpanzees, one constructed from a grid of transparent cells and one from an array of opaque pipes, could be mastered using a number of problem-solving strategies (Chapter 5 and 6). DCC-use by chimpanzees increased when the DCC was less predictable (Chapter 5), but the relationship between self-directed behaviour and cognitive challenge was not straightforward (Chapter 6). In dolphins, only male subjects used an underwater DCC constructed from an array of opaque pipes, and could reflect a general sex difference in response to a novel situation (Chapter 7). In general, the chimpanzees and dolphins groups I studied showed some signs of enhanced well-being, for example increased environmental exploration and play, during exposure to DCCs. However, other behavioural responses such as increased vigilance in dolphins were difficult to interpret and did not suggest that DCCs were enriching. Both species 'worked' in the absence of food rewards and their success on the tasks (i.e. the removal of food or non-food rewards) had little effect on wellbeing indicators (Chapter 5 - 7). Finally, I demonstrate that lateralised behaviour (preference to perform behaviour using one side of the body) can be incorporated into the study of cognitive enrichment (Chapter 8).
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Schubert, Rob Luken. "The Conservative Nature of Primate Positional Behavior: Testing for Locomotor and Postural Variation in Colobus vellerosus and Cercopithecus campbelli lowei at Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1297957883.
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McDougall, Petra L., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "An examination of social arousal and its implications for social congnition in the South African vervet monkey / Petra L. McDougall." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2609.
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Self-directed behaviours (SDB) were recorded as a behavioural indicator of arousal in free-ranging vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) inhabiting the Klein Karoo of South Africa. Measurement of SDB allowed for changes in arousal to be correlated with particular social situations, potentially providing insight into how monkeys perceive their social world. The research presented here is divided into three core chapters demonstrating that 1) arousal is influenced to a greater extent by degree of association than by hierarchical rank, 2) that an individual‟s level of arousal is influenced by its neighbour‟s spatial location, and 3) that habituated animals that no longer perceive humans as a direct threat nevertheless continue to respond to their presence in other ways. Overall, SDB appears to be a useful, non-invasive, simple means of investigating social arousal and its use has elucidated several key findings regarding the perception of social space and social partners in vervet monkeys.ix, 103 leaves ; 28 cm
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Toussaint, Séverine. "Towards primate origins : hands and feet in interdisciplinary perspective." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC145/document.
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Les origines des Primates font l’objet d’importantes controverses. La radiation initiale des premiers Primates ainsi que leurs liens phylogénétiques précis au sein des Euarchonta (le clade incluant les Primates, Scandentia, Dermoptères et Plesiadapiformes) sont débattus. De plus, l’interprétation fonctionnelle et évolutive de certains caractères morphologiques qui définissent les Primates est incertaine. Parmi eux, se trouvent l’acquisition de capacités de préhension manuelle et pédale, avec un pied spécialisé dans la saisie et un gros orteil opposable, ainsi que des ongles remplaçant les griffes sur les phalanges distales. De ce fait, le morphotype ancestral des Primate est très étudié, bien que l’arborealité et la petite taille de nos premiers ancêtres soient consensuelles. Le but de cette thèse était de revisiter certains aspects encore flous des origines des Primates, en se concentrant sur les mécanismes de préhension de la main et du pied, à travers une approche interdisciplinaire mêlant éthologie, biomécanique, anatomie comparée et analyse phylogénétique. Un réexamen du genre Plesiadapis (Plésiadapiforme) conduit au questionnement de l’hypothèse récente concernant les relations phylogénétiques des premiers primates. De plus, une étude quantitative des postures manuelles et pédales en relation au type de support utilisé lors de la locomotion, suivie d’une analyse morphologique des métapodes et phalanges de mains et pieds, ont été conduites sur différentes espèces de Primates et non-Primates. Les résultats furent ensuite couplés de façon intégrative afin de relier les caractères morphologiques à leur fonction, tout en évaluant leur importance phylogénétique. Les résultats de ces travaux permettent de proposer des hypothèses alternatives concernant deux caractères clés chez les Primates, comme la fonction initiale des ongles : liés plutôt à une capacité sensorielle que mécanique ; ainsi que concernant le scenario environnemental qui a pu conduire à l’évolution de leurs capacités de préhension pédale : supports fins verticaux et non la niche de fines branches. Également, un nouveau type de capteur de force spatialement résolu a été créé dans l’optique de mieux caractériser les contraintes biomécaniques en jeu lors de la locomotion arboricole. Ce dernier a des applications dans différents domaines, comme la robotiquePrimate origins are subject to important controversies. The initial radiation of first Primates and their precise relationships within Euarchontans (the clade including Primates, Scandentians, Dermopterans, and Plesiadapiformes) are still debated. Moreover, the functional and evolutionary interpretation of some of the morphological characters that define Primates is still uncertain. Among them are the acquisition of manual and pedal prehensile abilities, with a specialized grasping foot bearing an opposable hallux, and nails instead of claws on the distal phalanges. Thus, the ancestral morphotype of Primates is under active investigation, despite the consensus on the arboreality and small size of our early ancestors. This PhD dissertation aimed at revisiting some blurry aspects of primate origins focusing on hand and foot grasping mechanisms, through an interdisciplinary approach blending ethology, biomechanics, comparative morphology and phylogenetics. A reappraisal of the genus Plesiadapis (Plesiadapiformes) led to question a recent hypothesis on early Primates’ phylogeny. In addition, a quantitative analysis of manual and pedal postures relatively to substrate type used during locomotion, followed by a morphological study of hand and foot metapodials and phalanges were also conducted on series of primate and non-primate species. The results were analyzed in an integrative way to relate morphological features to functional attributes, along with assessing their phylogenetic importance. Among many results, this work allowed proposing alternative hypotheses regarding two key characters of primates, the primary function of nails: more linked to sensitivity than to a mechanical advantage; and the environmental scenario that may have driven the evolution of hallucal grasping capabilities: small vertical substrates instead of the fine branch niche. Moreover, in an effort to better understand biomechanical constraints at play during arboreal locomotion, a novel spatially-resolved force sensor was created, which has potential applications in various fields such as robotics
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Clay, Andrea Wolstenholme. "Attachment and early rearing: longitudinal effects in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43625.
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Between the years of 1991 and 1995, two different chimpanzee nursery rearing strategies were employed by caregivers and research staff at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center. One of these strategies included, in addition to the basic care provided by both nurseries, an additional 4 hours of human contact for 5 days each week. This human contact was provided by caregivers instructed in the behavior of chimpanzee mothers toward their offspring and instructed to emulate that behavior as much as possible. Various measures of cognitive and motor development were taken during the first year of the nursery-reared chimpanzees' lives; additionally, a modified version of the Strange Situation Test, used to measure attachment, was used to assess the chimpanzees' attachment style to their primary human caregiver. Based on these measures, chimpanzees reared in the standard care nursery (without the additional human contact) were significantly more likely to exhibit disorganized attachment styles towards their human caregiver; additionally, the standard care chimpanzees displayed less advanced motor and cognitive development. The responsive care chimpanzees (reared with the additional human contact) developed cognitively and in terms of motor function at a faster rate than the standard care chimpanzees; they also exhibited less coping skills. After one year of rearing in these two nurseries, all the chimpanzees were reared in conspecific social groups and the differential nurseries were terminated. In 2011-2012, 22 out of 49 of the original chimpanzee subjects were reassessed in an attempt to determine of long term effects of these differential rearing styles could still be detected. Chimpanzees that were identified as exhibiting disorganized attachment at one year of age exhibited significantly higher rates of abnormal behavior as compared to those that did not exhibit a disorganized attachment style at one year of age. Chimpanzees reared in both nurseries exhibited significantly higher rates of abnormal behavior, solicitation of, and attendance to humans as compared to chimpanzees that were mother-reared. Additionally, chimpanzees reared in either nursery were rated by survey respondents as exhibiting significantly higher human orientation and significantly lower subjective well-being as compared to mother-reared chimpanzees. Finally, trends found in the data consistently indicated that chimpanzees reared with more extensive human contact (responsive care) exhibited higher rates of abnormal behavior, solicitation of, and attendance toward humans as compared to standard care chimpanzees. Trends also indicated consistently that responsive care subjects were scored higher on human orientation and lower on subjective well-being by survey respondents. Sign tests were conducted to explore these differences and consistent support was found for these trends as significant. Further research should be conducted to explore welfare-related issues as related to differential nursery rearing strategies for chimpanzees.
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Amora, Tacyana Duarte. "Padrões ecológicos do sagui-do-nordeste Callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callitrichidae) em uma área de caatinga no alto sertão sergipano." Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, 2013. http://ri.ufs.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/4422.
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The common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, is endemic to the Brazilian Northeast, where it is found in the humid Atlantic Forest and the more arid Caatinga. While there have been numerous studies in the Atlantic Forest, the ecology of the species in the Caatinga is poorly known. The present study aimed to provide a systematic data base on the ecology of the species in this semiarid environment, and contribute to the understanding of its specializations for survival under extreme conditions. Three groups (G1, G2, and G3) were monitored in the Grota do Angico Natural Monument (Sergipe, Brazil) between October, 2001, and September, 2012. Data were collected on the behaviour and feeding ecology of G1 and the home ranges of all three groups. Quantitative behavioural data were collected in focal animal samples (adults only), with 5-minute samples being collected at 5-minute intervals throughout the daily activity period. The position of the group during each sample was recorded with a GPS, and mapped on a virtual 50 m x 50 m grid for the measurement of the home range. The members of group G1 spent most of their time at rest (36.26%), foraging (29.26%), and moving (17.17%), and much less time engaging in social activities (1.81%). Considerable variation was observed during the course of the year in the duration of the daily activity period, but an adjusted time budget revealed only slight variation in behavioural pattern over the course of the year. Up to a point, the diet of the study group was typical of C. jacchus, being based primarily on the consumption of plant exudates and insects, but the consumption of unusual alternative resources peaked in some months, with leaves contributing up to 39.74% of the diet in December, nectar 30.81% in November, and toxic fruit 23.08% in August. Terrestrial bromeliads and cacti were other also included in the diet. The groups were relatively small in size, with between two and eight members, but occupied unexpectedly large home ranges 14.94 hectares for G1, 41.16 ha for G2, and 26.15 ha for G3, many times larger than those recorded in other environments. Overall, the results of the present study re-emphasise the adaptive potential of C. jacchus for survival in extreme conditions of climate and resource availability, with clear evidence of the adoption of alternative ecological strategies in the Caatinga in comparison with the Atlantic Forest.O sagui do nordeste Callithrix jacchus é nativo do nordeste brasileiro, e pode ser encontrado desde regiões de Floresta Atlântica até áreas mais secas como a Caatinga. É uma espécie de primata amplamente estudada em outros biomas, mas as informações disponíveis para a Caatinga são extremamente limitadas. Este estudo visou fornecer dados sistemáticos sobre a ecologia da espécie neste bioma semiárido e contribuir para o entendimento das especializações adotadas frente às condições extremas do ambiente. Três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) foram monitorados no Monumento Natural Grota do Angico (Sergipe, Brasil) entre outubro de 2011 e setembro de 2012. Os dados de padrões comportamentais e de alimentação foram coletados para G1 e as áreas de vida descritas para os três grupos. Os dados comportamentais foram coletados através da amostragem Animal Focal (apenas os adultos) com sessões de cinco minutos e intervalo de cinco minutos entre elas, durante o período diário de atividades. A posição do grupo foi marcada com um GPS a cada focal e inserida em um grid virtual de 50 x 50 metros para obter a área de vida. Os membros do grupo G1 passaram a maior parte de tempo estacionários (36,26%), em forrageio (29,26%) e em deslocamento (17,17%) e menos tempo e se dedicando às atividades sociais (1,81%). Foram observadas variações consideráveis ao longo do ano na duração do período diário de atividades do grupo, mas um ajuste de tempo no orçamento de atividades revelou apenas uma ligeira variação no padrão do comportamento ao longo do período de estudo. Até certo ponto a dieta do grupo de estudo foi típica para C. jacchus, baseada primariamente no consumo de exsudatos de plantas e insetos, mas o consumo de recursos alternativos incomuns atingiram picos em alguns meses, com folhas contribuindo com 39,74% da dieta em dezembro, néctar com 30,81% em novembro e frutas tóxicas com 23,08% em agosto. Bromélias terrestres e cactos também foram inclusos na dieta. Os grupos foram relativamente pequenos em tamanho, de dois a oito indivíduos, mas inesperadamente ocuparam grandes áreas de vida 14,94 hectares para G1, 41.16 ha para G2, e 26.15 ha para G3, áreas muito maiores que aquelas registradas para outros ambientes. No geral, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo reenfatizam o potencial adaptativo de C. jacchus para sobrevivência em condições extremas de clima e disponibilidade de recursos, com claras evidências da adoção de estratégias ecológicas alternativas na Caatinga em comparação à Floresta Atlântica.
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Phan, Jeremy M. "A Comparative Study of Activity Budgets in Two Endangered Leaf Monkey Species (Trachypithecus hatinhensis and T. delacouri) in Semi-wild and Caged Living Conditions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338392893.
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Santos, Alinny Costa Araújo dos. "Padrão de forrageamento de Cebus flavius (Schreber, 1774) (Primates: Cebidae), em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica na Paraíba." Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4406.
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The present study aimed to describe the foraging behavior of a group of Blond Capuchin Monkey, Cebus flavius, of approximately 69 individuals, which inhabits a fragment of Atlantic Forest habitat in the State of Paraíba, and construe the variability of foraging patterns across age and sex classes and between dry and wet seasons. The systematic collection of data was conducted monthly from January to October 2012. Data were collected in the form of 1-min Focal animal sampling, with instantaneous recording every 10 seconds, and 5 minute intervals between sessions. In each session was recorded the types of foraging (Manual foraging, Visual foraging or Extractive foraging), the foraged food, the type and size of foraging supports and the canopy position (vegetation stratum). All-events sampling was used to record food-related agonism in group, which were analyzed in the form of rates per observation hour. Obtained a total of 1436 completes animal focal samples, which totaled 8,616 behavioral records. We observed significant differences in foraging patterns across sex. Females exhibited a higher frequency to Manual foraging, involved in the search for reproductive plant parts and non-reproductive plant parts, in the middle and upper stratum, while males spend more time to prey extractive foraging behavior, over trunks or near ground level. Variations in foraging patterns also occurred across ages classes. The frequency the Extractive foraging behavior, foraging for preys, and use of large substrates increased with age. Differences in foraging patterns were also observed between seasons. During the wet season there was a predominance of Manual foraging for reproductive e non-reproductive plant parts, in the middle and upper stratum of vegetation. By contrast in the dry season there was a significant increase in exploitation of the exotic resources, and preys extractive foraging behavior, near ground level. The food-related agonism in the group studied occurred at a rate of 0.53 episodes per observation hour.There was a significant increase of agonistic conflicts in the dry season. The results of the present study show the ability of individuals in adapt the foraging pattern to seasonal variation in resources availability, and different energy demands related to sex-age, re-emphasizing the behavioral and ecological flexibility characteristic of the genus Cebus.O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento de forrageio de um grupo de macaco-prego-galego (Cebus flavius) de aproximadamente 69 indivíduos, em um fragmento de Mata Atlântica na Paraíba, e analisar possíveis variações neste comportamento entre as estações seca e chuvosa, e em relação à classe sexo-etária do animal. A coleta sistemática dos dados foi realizada mensalmente de janeiro a outubro de 2012. Para amostragem dos dados comportamentais foi utilizado o método Animal Focal com duração de 1 minuto, registro instantâneo a cada 10 segundos, e intervalos de 5 minutos entre as sessões. Em cada sessão foi registrado o tipo de Forrageio adotado (Manual, visual ou extrativo), o item alimentar forrageado, o tipo e tamanho dos substratos utilizados e o posicionamento do animal no estrato vertical da vegetação. Através do método Todas as ocorrências foram registradas os eventos de interações agonísticas relacionadas ao forrageio, aos quais foram analisadas sob forma de taxas por hora de observação. Obteve-se um total de 1436 amostragens completas de Animal Focal, as quais totalizaram 8616 registros comportamentais. Observaram-se diferenças significativas no padrão de forrageamento em relação ao sexo. As fêmeas apresentaram uma maior frequência de Forrageio manual, envolvido na busca por partes vegetais reprodutivas e não reprodutivas, no estrato médio e superior da vegetação, enquanto os machos investiram principalmente no Forrageio extrativo de presas, no estrato inferior da vegetação, sobre troncos e no solo. Variações também ocorreram em relação às classes-etárias. A frequência de forrageio extrativo, forrageio por presas e utilização de substratos de grande porte aumentou com a idade. Diferenças no padrão de forrageio também foram observadas entre as estações. Na estação chuvosa houve um predomínio no forrageio manual de partes vegetais não reprodutivas, no estrato médio e superior da vegetação, enquanto na estação seca houve um aumento significativo na utilização do solo pelos animais e no forrageio extrativo de presas e recursos exóticos. Durante a atividade de forrageio foi registrada uma taxa de 0,53 eventos de interações agonísticas/hora de observação, ocorrendo um acréscimo significativo dos conflitos na estação seca. Os resultados mostram a capacidade dos indivíduos do grupo em adequar o padrão de forrageamento a variação sazonal na disponibilidade de recursos, e as diferentes demandas energéticas relacionada às diferenças sexo-etária, enfatizando a flexibilidade comportamental ecológica característica do gênero Cebus.
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Falótico, Tiago. "Estudo experimental do uso de ferramentas para quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em semi-liberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-26072006-120932/.
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Três experimentos foram realizados sobre o uso de ferramentas para quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em condição de semi-liberdade no Parque Ecológico do Tietê. O primeiro envolveu a introdução de um nova espécie de coco com o objetivo de estudar a disseminação do uso desse fruto no grupo e os mecanismos de transmissão social envolvidos. Essa disseminação, bastante rápida, em alguns casos deveu-se à aprendizagem inteiramente individual, mas também houve casos de consumo somente após observação de outros indivíduos quebrando cocos ou contato com restos dos cocos. Neste último caso, as eventuais influências sociais estariam restritas ao Realce de Estímulo, mas, onde houve observação direta do comportamento, Emulação ou Imitação não podem ser descartadas. Não foi detectado um padrão definido de preferências na escolha dos indivíduos alvos de observação por coespecíficos em função das características mensuradas dos animais observados. O segundo experimento examinou as preferências na escolha de martelos de pedra artificialmente produzidos variando de 300g a 1700g, tendo sido encontrada uma preferência pelos dois martelos mais pesados, embora tenha sido observada uma tendência dos juvenis a usar a ferramenta mais próxima, independentemente do peso. O terceiro experimento abordou o transporte das ferramentas, para determinar se este ocorria quando os martelos potenciais se encontravam a 5m ou 10m do seu local de uso (bigorna). Os resultados confirmam a ocorrência desse comportamento, o qual, no entanto, foi quase sempre acompanhado do transporte concomitante de cocos.Three experiments were conducted about tool use to nutcracking by capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) at semi-free ranging condition in Tiete Ecological Park. The first involved the introduction of a new species of nut; the aim was to study the dissemination of the use of this new fruit in the group and the involved social transmission mechanism. The quite fast dissemination occurred by individual learning in some cases, but there were instances of consumption only after observation of other monkeys cracking the new nuts or contact with their leftovers.In the latter case, the possible social influences would be restricted to Stimulus Enhacement, but, in the cases where direct behavioral observation took place, Imitation and Emulation cannot be ruled out. There was no correlation between the choice of targets for observation and the measured traits of the targets. The second experiment examined the preferences in the choice of artificial stone hammers ranging from 300g to 1700g. We found a preference for the two heviest hammers, although the juveniles had a tendency to use the nearest tools, independently of weight. The third experiment was about the transport of tools, to determine if the transport of potential tools occurred when these were found at 5m or 10m from the use site (the anvil). The results confirms the occurrence of this behavior, always involving the simultaneous transport of nuts.
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Mármol, Gómez Laura. "Estructura social y estilos de dominancia en Macaca tonkeana y Macaca fascicularis." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671654.
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Esta tesis hace un estudio comparativo de la estructura espacial de dos grupos de diferentes especies del género Macaca, pertenecientes a diferentes grados de estilo social, usando diferentes variables espaciales y variables sociales, y usando datos obtenidos en dos estudios empíricos con un grupo de la especie Macaca tonkeana y un grupo de la especie M. fascicularis, ambos del Centro de Primatología de la Universidad de Estrasburgo. Según Hamilton (1971) la distribución espacial de un grupo de animales está determinada e influenciada por factores ecológicos externos como el riesgo de depredación y al acceso a la comida, pero según Hemelrijk (1998, 2000) la distribución espacial de un grupo de primates se basa en la auto-organización de los individuos de dicho grupo. De acuerdo al enfoque de auto- organización, muchos estudios basados en especies del género Macaca han demostrado que las especies pertenecientes a este género presentan diferentes patrones de distribución espacial en función de su grado de estilo social (Thierry, 2000). Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos con nuestros estudios no concuerdan con lo esperado según la clasificación en grados de estilo social del género Macaca. Nuestros grupos de estudio presentan diferentes patrones de distribución espacial, pero no debido a que sus especies pertenezcan a diferentes grados de estilo social, si no debido a las características sociales locales que presentan los grupos. Nuestros resultados nos indican que con los datos espaciales de grupos de macacos en semi- libertad podemos obtener las características sociales de dichos grupos, pero no el estilo social asignado a su especie.This thesis is a comparative study on the spatial structure of two groups of different species of the genus Macaca (M. tonkeana and M. fascicularis), belonging to different degrees of social style, using different spatial and social variables, and using data obtained in two empirical studies. Both groups were raised in the Center for Primatology from Strasbourg University. According to Hamilton (1971), the spatial distribution of an animal group is determined and influenced by external ecological factors such as predation risk and food access. However, according to Hemelrijk (1998, 2000), the spatial distribution of a primate group is based on the self-organization of the individuals in that group. According to this latter, many studies based on macaques species shown that they have different spatial distribution patterns depending on their degree of social style (Thierry, 2000). However, the results obtained with our studies do not agree with the classification of Macaca genus in different social style degrees. Our study groups present different spatial distribution patterns that are not explained by their different degrees of social style, otherwise by the local social characteristics that the groups present. Our results indicate the spatial data of semifree macaque groups allow to obtain the social characteristics of these groups, but not the social style assigned to their species.
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Pagnotta, Murillo. "A atribuição de cultura a primatas não humanos: a controvérsia e a busca por uma abordagem sintética." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-25072012-092135/.
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A separação histórica entre as ciências naturais e as ciências sociais fundamenta-se na distinção ontológica entre os domínios da natureza e da cultura, e na ideia moderna de que a condição (cultural) humana corresponde a um afastamento radical dos outros animais. Porém, somando-se a outros críticos insatisfeitos com essa visão dualista, muitos estudiosos do comportamento animal tem utilizado o termo cultura em referência a não humanos, provocando uma controvérsia que ainda parece longe de um consenso. Neste trabalho, investiguei o sentido da noção de cultura para os antropólogos e o uso etológico (limitando-nos aos primatas) do termo, com os objetivos de compreender melhor a controvérsia e identificar caminhos possíveis na busca por um consenso. Na Antropologia, a noção moderna de cultura se desenvolveu do século XIX até os anos 1950. Cultura passou a ser vista como um fenômeno emergente exclusivamente humano, dependente de nossa capacidade de utilizar símbolos e correspondendo aos padrões e normas comportamentais, artefatos, ideias e, principalmente, valores que os indivíduos adquirem no processo de socialização. Mais recentemente, essa concepção de cultura, e a epistemologia dualista que a sustenta, tem sido alvo de críticas e intenso debate. Ainda que não compartilhem um arcabouço teórico comum, virtualmente todos os antropólogos contemporâneos concordam que o comportamento cultural humano é fundamentalmente simbólico. A discussão recente em torno da atribuição de cultura a primatas não humanos remonta aos estudiosos japoneses que, na década de 1950, acompanharam a dispersão de uma nova técnica de manipulação de alimento em Macaca fuscata, e descreveram o fenômeno com os termos pré-cultura, subcultura e cultura infra-humana. A partir da década de 1960, as pesquisas de campo com populações selvagens e as evidências experimentais de aprendizagem em contexto social levaram ao estabelecimento da Primatologia Cultural e os prefixos foram abandonados. Entre primatólogos, o termo cultura se refere a padrões comportamentais que dependem de um contexto social para se desenvolver, e que podem atravessar gerações. Eu sugiro uma estratégia analítica que distingue os motivos de discordância entre descrições, explicações, teorias e visões de mundo, e argumento que a controvérsia é complexa e inclui discordâncias entre visões de mundo sem, no entanto, dividir os envolvidos em grupos homogêneos (digamos, primatólogos contra antropólogos). Por conta disso, a redefinição e o uso que os primatólogos fazem do termo acabam por manter ilesos os fundamentos da dicotomia natureza/cultura, o que pode explicar, parcialmente, a manutenção da controvérsia. Concluo que o diálogo entre os dois lados da fronteira será imprescindível para os pesquisadores que estiverem interessados em buscar uma abordagem consensual. É possível alcançar um consenso, mas a busca por uma abordagem sintética do comportamento animal que inclua os humanos deverá levar ao abandono ou reconstrução das dualidades natureza/cultura, inato/adquirido e gene/ambiente, e também da atribuição de primazia causal aos genes. Além disso, é necessário discutir a fundo sobre como incluir a questão do simbolismo e do significado em uma perspectiva comparativaThe Western ontological distinction between nature and culture, and the idea that the human (cultural) condition makes us radically different from other animals, are evident in the historical separation between the natural and social sciences. In parallel to other critics of this dualist view, some animal behaviorists have been using the term culture in relation to nonhumans, starting a controversy that is still far from cooling down. In this study, I investigated the meaning of the term culture as used by anthropologists, and also its recent use by ethologists (limiting myself to primatology), in order to better understand the controversy and identify possible paths that might lead to a consensus. In Anthropology, the modern concept of culture developed between the 19th century and the 1950s. It came to be seen as an emergent phenomenon exclusive to human social life. It was dependent on our capacity to use symbols and corresponded to behavioral patterns and norms, artifacts, ideas, and values that individuals acquire in the process of socialization. But this conception of culture, and the dualist epistemology supporting it, have since been largely criticized and intensely debated. Although contemporary anthropologists do not share a common ground or framework, virtually all of them agree that human cultural behavior is fundamentally symbolic. Recent attribution of culture to nonhuman primates started with Japanese scholars who, from the 1950s onward, have followed closely the spread of novel behaviors in Macaca fuscata, which they described with expressions such as preculture, subculture and infrahuman culture. Since the 1960s, field studies on wild populations and experimental research on learning in a social context, have led to the establishment of Cultural Primatology, and the prefixes were abandoned. Among primatologists, the term culture refers to behavioral patterns that depend on the social context to develop and that might be recurrent through generations. I suggest that it might be analytically useful to distinguish the matters of a disagreement between descriptions, explanations, theories and worldviews, and argue that this controversy goes all the way up to the highest reason of disagreement (worldviews). Still, one cannot divide those involved in it into a few homogeneous groups (say, primatologists contra anthropologists). Primatologists redefinition and use of the term do not alter the foundations of the criticized nature/culture dichotomy, and that might at least partially explain the maintenance of the controversy. It is possible to reach a consensus, but the search for a synthetic framework for animal behavior that includes humans might lead to the abandonment or reconstruction of the related dichotomies of nature/culture, innate/acquired and gene/environment, as well as of the causal primacy attributed to genes. It is also necessary to discuss how to include symbols and meanings in a comparative perspective
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Adams, Dara B. "Risk Perception, Alarm Call Usage, and Anti-predator Strategies in an Amazonian Primate, Pithecia rylandsi." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1593533930462016.
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Zaluar, Marina Trancoso. "Comportamento e utilização do habitat em grupos de Callithrix sp. (Primates, Callithrichidae) no Instituto de Pesquisas do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7053.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorAs populações introduzidas de saguis preocupam biólogos e conservacionistas, por causa do seu potencial de ocupação de hábitat, hibridação com congêneres nativos, predação de representantes da fauna local, transmissão de doenças e competição com outras espécies. É necessário entendermos o que favorece essa flexibilidade na utilização do suporte e no padrão comportamental que possibilita que os saguis sobrevivam em ambientes florestais tão diversos e até mesmo em regiões muito alteradas e antropizadas, como as grandes metrópoles. Foram acompanhados indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no arboreto do JBRJ. O trabalho de campo foi feito entre agosto de 2012 e agosto de 2013 e acumulou 205 horas de observações e 400 horas de esforço amostral. O método de amostragem utilizado foi o Animal Focal, no qual apenas um indivíduo do grupo foi analisado por sessão amostral, de 3 minutos com 7 minutos de intervalo. A cada dez minutos, em uma nova sessão amostral, o foco era mudado para outro indivíduo do grupo. Adultos, subadultos e jovens foram observados. Os indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ utilizam de forma diferenciada as categorias de utilização de habitat, com maior frequência a estratificação vertical inferior (entre 0 e 4,9m), suportes de diâmetro fino (até aproximadamente 14 cm de diâmetro), superfície média e inclinação horizontal (0 a 30), corroborando a outros estudos realizados que também verificaram estes padrões. Houve diferenças comportamentais dos indivíduos de Callithrix sp. no JBRJ entre as classes de machos e fêmeas adultos, subadultos e jovens. Os indivíduos machos realizaram com maior frequência todos os comportamentos. Resultados que contribuem para o conhecimento aprofundado sobre o comportamento desses primatas, no qual até então não tinham sido feitas comparações diretas entre as classes consideradas. Principalmente o resultado encontrado de que os machos são mais ativos que as demais classes, o que não é mencionado na literatura até o presente e favorece para compreendermos mais sobre essas espécies
Introduced populations of marmosets concern biologists and conservationists because of its potential occupancy of habitat, hybridization with native congeners, predation on representatives of the local fauna, disease transmission and competition with other species. It is necessary to understand which favors this flexible use of habitat and behavioral pattern which enables marmosets to survive in such diverse forest environments and even much altered and disturbed areas, such as large cities. Individuals of Callithrix sp.were followed at the Arboretum JBRJ. The fieldwork was done between August 2012 and August 2013 and accumulated a total of 205 hours of observations and 400 hours of sampling effort. The sampling method used was the " Focal Animal ", in which only one individual in the group was analyzed at a three minutes sampling session with 7 minutes apart. Every ten minutes, in a new sampling session, the animal focus was shifted to another individual in the group. Adults, sub-adults and young were observed. Individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ use the categories of habitat differently, most often the lower vertical stratification (between 0 and 4.9 m), thinner supports (to about 14 cm diameter), with an average surface and a horizontal tilt (0 to 30 ), corroborating other studies that also found these patterns. There were also behavioral differences of individuals of Callithrix sp. in JBRJ between classes of male and female adults, sub-adults and youth. Male individuals used more frequently all behaviors. Results that contribute to the knowledge about the behavior of these primates, which had not been direct comparisons made between the classes considered. Mainly the result found that males are more active than the other classes, which is not mentioned in the literature to date and helps to understand more about these species.
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Resende, Briseida Dogo de. "Ontogenia de comportamentos manipulativos em um grupo de macacos-prego (Cebus Apella) em situação de semiliberdade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-03062008-140907/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento do comportamento manipulativo em macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em semiliberdade, com ênfase na ontogênese do comportamento de quebra de cocos. A coleta de dados foi realizada ao longo de dois anos e meio, o que permitiu um acompanhamento longitudinal dos filhotes com idade inferior a dois anos. As dinâmicas sociais relacionadas à aprendizagem de quebra também foram estudadas. Os resultados mostram que os macacos começaram a manipular objetos com cerca de um mês de idade e conseguiram quebrar cocos com sucesso a partir dos dois anos. Eles observaram seus co-específicos quebrando cocos, sendo que os maiores observadores foram os imaturos, especialmente os juvenis. Os alvos de observação foram preferencialmente aqueles macacos que apresentaram uma maior taxa de quebra. Durante a observação de co-específicos, houve raros registros de agonismo, ou seja, há grande tolerância social. Houve intercalação entre brincadeira e quebra de cocos por macacos imaturos. Grande parte da aquisição do comportamento de quebra de cocos pode ser atribuída às experiências individuais, mas também há oportunidades para que ocorra a aprendizagem social por meio de observação direta do co-específico proficiente, já que os observadores são bem tolerados.The objective of this work was to study the manipulative behavior of semifree-ranging tufted-capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), focusing on the ontogenesis of nutcracking behavior. Data collection was done during a period of two years and a half, and so, a longitudinal study with monkeys under two-years old could be performed. Social dynamics related to nutcracking learning were also studied. The results show that the monkeys started manipulating objects when they were around a month of age, but only subjects over two years of age were able to sucessfully crack nuts. They observed conspecific nutcracking: immature monkeys were the main observers, especially juveniles. The main targets of observation were the monkeys who had the highest nutcracking rate. Agonism was rare during conspecific observation, what means that social tolerance was high. There were events in which immature monkeys alternated play and nutcracking behavior. An important part of nutcracking acquisition can be attributed to individual experiences, but there are also opportunities for social learning through direct observation of proficient conspecific, once observers are well tolerated.
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Mallavarapu, Suma. "Object permanence in orangutans, gorillas, and black-and-white ruffed lemurs." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29651.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Maple, Terry; Committee Member: Blanchard-Fields, Fredda; Committee Member: Hampton, Robert; Committee Member: Marr, Marcus; Committee Member: Stoinski, Tara. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Beltzung, Benjamin. "Utilisation de réseaux de neurones convolutifs pour mieux comprendre l’évolution et le développement du comportement de dessin chez les Hominidés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023STRAJ114.
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L’étude du comportement de dessin peut être très informative cognitivement et psychologiquement, tant chez les humains que chez les autres primates. Cette richesse d’information peut également être un frein à son analyse et à son interprétation, en particulier en l’absence d’explication ou verbalisation de son auteur. En effet, il est possible que l’interprétation donnée par un adulte d’un dessin ne soit pas en accord avec l’intention première du dessinateur. Durant ma thèse, j’ai montré que, bien que généralement considérés comme des boîtes noires, les réseaux de neurones convolutifs (CNNs) peuvent permettre de mieux comprendre le comportement de dessin. Dans un premier lieu, l’utilisation d’un CNN a permis de classifier des dessins d’une femelle orang-outan selon leur saison de production ainsi que de mettre en avant une variation de style et de contenu. De plus, une approche ontogénique a permis de quantifier la similarité entre des productions de différents groupes d’âges. Par la suite, des modèles plus interprétables ainsi que l’application de nouvelles méthodes d’interprétabilité pourraient permettre de mieux déchiffrer le comportement de dessinThe study of drawing behavior can be highly informative, both cognitively and psychologically, in humans and other primates. However, this wealth of information can also be a challenge to analysis and interpretation, particularly in the absence of explanation or verbalization by the author of the drawing. Indeed, an adult's interpretation of a drawing may not be in line with the artist's original intention. During my thesis, I showed that, although generally regarded as black boxes, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) can provide a better understanding of the drawing behavior. Firstly, by using a CNN to classify drawings of a female orangutan according to their season of production, and highlighting variation in style and content. In addition, an ontogenetic approach was considered to quantify the similarity between productions from different age groups. In the future, more interpretable models and the application of new interpretability methods could be applied to better decipher drawing behavior
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Silva, Eduardo Darvin Ramos da. "Escolha de alvos coespecíficos na observação do uso de ferramentas por macacos-prego (Cebus libidinosus) selvagens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-12022009-152828/.
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A quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego com o auxílio de ferramentas é tipicamente objeto de observação e scrounging por coespecíficos, bastante tolerados e em geral mais jovens e menos proficientes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar o processo de escolha, pelos observadores, dos alvos de observação, e se esta escolha pode otimizar as oportunidades de scrounging. A pesquisa foi realizada com um grupo de macacos-prego selvagens (Cebus libidinosus) na Fazenda Boa Vista (Piauí - Brasil), numa área de ecótono cerrado/caatinga. A partilha de alimento fora dos episódios de quebra de cocos e o uso de ferramentas para a quebra de outros itens alimentares encapsulados também foram abordados. Indivíduos de todas as classes de idade e sexo se envolveram na observação da quebra de cocos, havendo uma grande variação individual. Nossas análises mostram que os macacos preferencialmente escolhidos como alvos de observação foram aqueles que apresentaram maior Freqüência, Proficiência e Produtividade na quebra de cocos. Apesar de haver interações agonísticas durante os eventos de observação, os alvos se mostram muito tolerantes à observação e ao scrounging - 25% dos episódios de quebra são observados e mais da metade destes eventos de observação resultam em scrounging. Os observadores tiveram a oportunidade de comer os restos dos cocos e de manipular os itens do sítio de quebra. Estas observações reforçam a noção de que as condições e possibilidades vivenciadas pelo observador-scrounger otimizam as oportunidades para que ocorram processos de aprendizagem socialmente mediada, ao menos por realce de estímulo. Tal exposição próxima ao comportamento do alvo poderia influenciar aspectos mais finos do comportamento dos observadores, ao longo de sua história de aprendizagem. O presente estudo aborda estas interações entre manipuladores de ferramentas e observadores/scroungers pela primeira vez em uma população selvagem e discute as semelhanças e discrepâncias em relação aos resultados anteriormente obtidos com uma população em semil-liberdade.The tool-aided cracking of encapsulated fruit by capuchin monkeys is a frequent target of observation and scrounging by conspecifics, well-tolerated and usually younger and less proficient. The present study aimed to examine the process of observational targets choice by the observers, and whether this choice can optimize scrounging opportunities. The research was conducted with a group of wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) in Fazenda Boa Vista (Piauí, Brazil), in an ecotone area between cerrado and caatinga savanna-like environments. Food sharing in contexts other than nut cracking, as well as the use of tools to crack open other food items were also analyzed. Individuals from all age and sex classes were involved in nut cracking observation. Our analyses show that the monkeys preferentially chosen as observational targets were the ones exhibiting the greater Frequency, Proficiency, and Productivity in nut cracking. In spite of a few agonistic interactions during observation events, the targets tend to be very tolerant to observation and to scrounging (25% of the nut cracking events are observed, and more than half of these resulted in scrounging). The observers had the opportunity of eating nuts leftovers and of manipulating items from the cracking sites, both in the presence and in the absence of the targets. These findings strengthen the idea that the conditions and possibilities experienced by the observers-scroungers optimize the opportunities for socially biased learning processes, at least by stimulus enhancement. Such close exposure to the targets behavior could also influence finer details of the observers behavior in the long run. The present study is the first one to deal with these interactions between tool manipulators and observers/scroungers in a wild population and discusses the similarities and differences from previous observations from a semi-free population.
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García, Navarro Ana Maria. "Patrons d'activitat i proxèmia en l'avaluació del benestar en goril·les captius (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666985.
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Aquesta tesi sorgeix com a resposta als principals problemes de benestar que poden afectar a la majoria d’animals que viuen en zoològics i aquaris. En concret, ha estat motivada per la complexitat que suposa mantenir grans simis en unes condicions òptimes. En aquest context, l’objectiu general d’aquest treball recau en la cerca de models d’avaluació que puguin ajudar a millorar o complementar els plans d’actuació i conservació, ja existents, en goril·les de costa captius. L’estudi observacional sobre les mostres de goril·les de costa es va dur a terme en dues institucions: el Zoo de Barcelona i el d’Apenheul Primate Park (Holanda). Finalment, es van analitzar un total de 303 hores repartides en 5 grups mixtes (4 a Barcelona i 1 a Apenheul) i un mascle dominant solitari. Es va realitzar una comparació transversal entre grups, tractant cada grup com un cas, i una avaluació intra grup, en un grup familiar en els seus diferents estadis (comparació pre-post). Posteriorment es van comparar els nostres resultats amb la literatura prèvia. Així doncs, no es van trobar diferències significatives entre els resultats obtinguts en llibertat en l’estació “High Frugivory” (HF) i els nostres grups estudiats. Això confirmaria que la complexitat dels espais naturalitzats, els grups socials i el maneig que ofereixen les dues institucions zoològiques, asseguren les oportunitats perquè es puguin donar els patrons d’activitat, més ajustats, als observats en els medis naturals. A més, tampoc es van trobar diferències significatives entre l’IEI (índex d’espai per individu) i els patrons de conducta i proxèmia, el què suggeriria que l’espai disponible dels nostres grups, no sembla comprometre el benestar dels goril·les estudiats. En resum, els resultats obtinguts d’aquest treball reafirmen la importància que té la composició i densitat social en grups de goril·les de costa en captivitat, factors que també serveixen com a bons indicadors de benestar. Efectivament, formar grups familiars estables en el temps, amb variabilitat de classes socials i d’una densitat adequada a la qualitat i l’espai de les instal·lacions disponibles, és imprescindible per assolir èxit en la conservació ex situ d’aquesta espècie. Així mateix, la història prèvia dels individus i el rol que exerceixen els mascles dominants, desenvolupen un paper fonamental en la formació i cohesió d’aquests grups.This thesis arises as a response to the main welfare problems that can affect most animals living in zoos and aquariums. In particular, it has been driven by concern about the complexity involved in keeping great apes in optimal conditions. In this context, the overall objective of this work is to search evaluation models that may help to improve or complement the existing action and conservation plans intended for western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in captivity. With this aim, an observational study on samples of western lowland gorillas has been carried out in two institutions: the Barcelona Zoo and the Apenheul Primate Park (the Netherlands). A total of 303 hours of recordings have been analyzed spread over 5 mixed groups (4 in Barcelona and 1 in Apenheul) and a single dominant male. A cross-sectional comparison between groups, treating each one as a case, has been carried out, as well as an intragroup assessment within a family group along its various stages (pre-post comparison). Later, our findings have been compared with those of the previous literature. No significant differences have been found between the results obtained in the High Frugivory (HF) season and the groups studied. This would confirm that the complexity of naturalized areas, social groups and the management offered by the two zoological institutions, can ensure the opportunities involved in the performance of patterns of activity quite similar to those observed in the natural environment. Neither do we found significant differences between the spatial proximity index between individuals and patterns of behavior and proxemics. This would suggest that the available space for our groups, does not compromise the welfare of the gorillas studied. In summary, the results of this study confirm the importance of social composition and density in groups of western lowland gorillas in captivity. Likewise, these factors may serve as good indicators of their welfare. Indeed, the composition of family groups stables in time, with variability of social classes and a social density appropriate to the quality and the facilities available, is essential to achieve success in the ex situ conservation of this species. At the same time, the previous history of the individuals and the role exerted by dominant males play a fundamental role in the formation and cohesion of these groups.
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Rodrigues, Keoma Coutinho. "Padrão de atividades, comportamento alimentar, exploração de habitat e área de vida de um grupo de Sapajus flavius (Schreber, 1774) (Primates, Cebidae) em um fragmento de floresta atlântica, Paraíba, Brasil." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7631.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The blonde capuchin monkey, Sapajus flavius , occurs in remnants of Atlantic Forest in Brazil north of the São Francisco River, and is included in the IUCN red list as "Critically Endangered". Studies of the behavior and eating habits, exploitation and habitat the pattern of use of space are important, since there is a gap of information to species. Such information will assess how populations of S. flavius are living in forest fragments, enabling the deployment of more effective conservation actions. The study objectives were to describe the activity budgets, feeding behavior, the size of the home range and habitat exploitation pattern of a group of blonde capuchin monkey in RPPN Engenho Gargaú located in the municipality of Santa Rita (Paraíba). Data were collected by scan sampling method with instant records every 5 minutes. Phenological data were collected monthly from 90 vegetables fruiting specimens whose intensity were calculated using the Activity Index. The Scan Sampling was dominated by the travel (38.96%), followed by feed (28.58%), forage (21.66%), rest (4.77%), agonistic behavior, social, vocalization and drinking water (6%). This pattern varied significantly during the dry and rainy season. The food was more frequent in the dry season and the displacement in rainy season. The diet group was composed of fruit (43%), stalks of sugar cane (30%), prey animals (15%), leaves (7%), plant parts, including sheath, petiole, bark (3%) and flowers (2%). In the rainy season, fruit consumption was significantly higher and was positively correlated with the intensity of fruiting. The consumption of sugar cane was higher in the dry season, when fruit production was low. 48 plant species were identified in the diet, being Saccharam sp. (37.83%), Elaeis spp. (16.99%) and Tapirira guianenses (6.22%) the most important. The home-range calculated by the Minimum Convex Polygon (MPC) for the group was of 240.22 hectares. The habitats more explored were in Regeneration Forest (35.5%), Edge of Forest in Regeneration (28.2%), Edge of Flooded Mature Forest (17.5%), Edge of mature forest (9.6%) and mature forest (9.2%). The pattern of activities, diet and living area were consistent to those found for the genus Sapajus and all aspects were influenced by the seasonality of food resources and the intervening matrix composed predominantly of sugar cane.
O macaco-prego-galego, Sapajus flavius, ocorre em remanescentes de Mata Atlântica ao norte do rio São Francisco, sendo incluída na lista de espécies ameaçadas pela IUCN como “Criticamente em perigo”. Estudos referentes aos comportamentos e hábitos alimentares, à exploração de hábitats e ao padrão de uso do espaço são importantes, uma vez que há uma lacuna de informações para espécie. Tais informações permitirão avaliar como as populações de S. flavius estão vivendo nos fragmentos florestais, possibilitando a implantação de ações conservacionistas mais eficazes. Os objetivos do estudo foram descrever o padrão de atividades, o comportamento alimentar, o tamanho da área de vida e o padrão de exploração de hábitats de um grupo de macaco-pregogalego na RPPN Engenho Gargaú localizada no município de Santa Rita/PB. Os dados foram coletados pelo método de varredura instantânea com registros a cada 5 minutos. Foram coletados dados fenológicos mensais de 90 espécimes vegetais, cuja intensidade de frutificação foi calculada pelo método de Índice de Atividade. O padrão de atividades foi dominado pelo deslocamento (38,96%), seguido de alimentação (28,58%), forrageio (21,66%), descanso (4,77%), comportamentos agonísticos, sociais, de vocalização e de beber água (6%). Tal padrão variou significativamente nos períodos seco e chuvoso. A alimentação foi mais frequente no período seco e o deslocamento no período chuvoso. A dieta do grupo foi composta por frutos (43%), colmos de cana-de-açúcar (30%), presas animais (15%), folhas (7%), partes vegetais, incluindo bainha, pecíolo, cascas de árvores (3%) e flores (2%). No período chuvoso, o consumo de frutos foi significativamente maior e esteve positivamente correlacionado com a intensidade de frutificação. O consumo de colmos foi maior no período seco, quando a produção de frutos foi baixa. Foram identificadas 48 espécies vegetais incluídas na dieta, sendo Saccharam spp. (37,83%), Elaeis spp. (16.99%) e Tapirira guianenses (6,22%) as mais importantes. Área de vida calculada pelo método do Mínimo Polígono Convexo (MPC) para o grupo foi de 240.22 hectares. Os habitats mais explorados foram Floresta em Regeneração (35.5%), Borda de Floresta em Regeneração (28.2%), Borda de Floresta Madura Alagada (17.5%), Borda de Floresta Madura (9.6%) e Floresta Madura (9.2%). O padrão de atividades, dieta e área de vida foram compatíveis aos encontrados para o gênero Sapajus e todos os aspectos foram influenciados pela sazonalidade dos recursos alimentares e pela matriz interveniente formada predominantemente por cana-de-açúcar.
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McGrew, William Clement. "Chimpanzee material culture : implications for human evolution." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2016.
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The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes, Pongidae) among all other living species, is our closest relation, with whom we last shared a common ancestor less than five million years ago. These African apes make and use a rich and varied kit of tools. Of the primates, and even of the other Great Apes, they are the only consistent and habitual tool-users. Chimpanzees meet the criteria of working definitions of culture as originally devised for human beings in socio-cultural anthropology. They show sex differences in using tools to obtain and to process a variety of plant and animal foods. The technological gap between chimpanzees and human societies living by foraging (hunter-gatherers) is surprisingly narrow, at least for food-getting. Different communities of chimpanzees have different tool-kits, and not all of this regional and local variation can be explained by the varied physical and biotic environments in which they live. Some differences are likely customs based on non-functionally derived and symbolically encoded traditions. Chimpanzees serve as heuristic, referential models for the reconstruction of cultural evolution in apes and humans from an ancestral hominoid. However, chimpanzees are not humans, and key differences exist between them, though many of these apparent contrasts remain to be explored empirically and theoretically.
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Badihi, Inbal. "The effects of complexity, choice and control on the behaviour and the welfare of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/120.
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There are numerous guidelines recommending that captive primates live in complex environments in which they have the opportunity to make choices and the ability to control aspects of the environment, despite the lack of quantitative evidence to suggest these qualities improve welfare. Complexity, choice and control (the ‘Three Cs’) are inter-related and therefore it is complicated to separate their effects. The main aim of this thesis was to examine how the ‘Three Cs’ affect welfare, using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model. Behavioural measures and preference tests were used to determine the impact and significance of the ‘Three Cs’ on welfare. Experimental manipulations were natural (i.e. access to outside runs), or unnatural (e.g. pressing a button to control additional illumination). In a series of different studies, marmosets were moved to larger and more complex enclosures, were allowed to choose between indoor cages and outdoor complex enclosures and were able to control additional white light or coloured lights in their home enclosures. The results of these studies show that appropriate levels of each of the ‘Three Cs’ had a positive influence on the welfare of the marmosets, especially on youngsters. Although having control over light, and increased illumination itself improved welfare, providing a choice of access to outside runs (which were more complex and allowed the marmosets greater control over their activities) resulted in the greatest welfare improvement for marmosets of all ages. Loss of access, or control, did not appear to have a negative impact. The marmosets were housed in pairs or in family groups, in the different studies. A cross-study comparison shows that the composition of the groups affected the behavioural response of adult marmosets to environmental enrichment. Unexpectedly, it was also found that, when housed in standard laboratory conditions, adult marmosets were more relaxed when housed in pairs than when housed with their offspring. A secondary aim of the thesis was to quantify welfare indicators and activity budgets of common marmosets in a range of different social and physical contexts, and to compare this with the behaviour of wild marmosets, to increase our understanding of what is “normal” in captive situations. It is concluded that it is critical to sub-divide locomotion and inactivity into different levels to interpret these measures accurately. Levels of calm locomotion increased in enriched environments, while levels of relaxed inactivity and scent marking decreased. A number of recommendations for the care and housing of marmosets are made.
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Poirotte, Clémence. "Stratégies d’évitement parasitaire chez une population de primates sociaux en milieu naturel." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT166.
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Les pressions de sélection exercées par les parasites ont permis l’évolution de mécanismes complexes de défense chez les espèces hôtes qui limitent la transmission parasitaire. En complément de leur système immunitaire physiologique, les animaux ont développé un « système immunitaire comportemental » comprenant un ensemble sophistiqué de stratégies d’évitement parasitaire représentant une première ligne de défense pour diminuer la probabilité de rencontre avec différents parasites. Cependant, ces stratégies comportementales n’ont été que peu étudiées chez les espèces de mammifères vivant en milieu naturel. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai donc étudié les stratégies d’évitement parasitaire dans une population sauvage de mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), un primate de l’Ancien Monde vivant dans les forêts denses équatoriales d’Afrique et soumis à de forces pressions parasitaires. Je me suis en particulier intéressée aux différentes stratégies comportementales qui ont évolué en réponse au risque de contamination par deux types distincts de parasites gastro-intestinaux présentant des traits d’histoire de vie et des modes de transmission contrastés : les nématodes, transmis par l’environnement, et les protozoaires, transmis par contacts sociaux. A partir d’observations récoltées sur le long-terme, de test expérimentaux et d’analyses chimiques, mes études ont mis en évidence deux stratégies comportementales différentes, soulignant le lien étroit entre l’écologie des parasites et la réponse comportementale des hôtes. D’une part, les mandrills évitent les matières fécales lorsqu’ils fourragent et évitent également les habitats précédemment contaminés par des nématodes fécaux émis lors de la dernière visite de ces habitats. D’autre part, les mandrills évitent de toiletter leurs partenaires sociaux parasités par des protozoaires fécaux, particulièrement autour de la zone anale. Cette stratégie comportementale s’avère être efficace puisque les individus parasités présentent des kystes infectieux de protozoaires sur leurs corps, concentrés au niveau de la zone anale, et la richesse en protozoaire des individus augmente lorsqu’ils toilettent des congénères très parasités. De plus, nous avons montré que cet évitement des individus parasités était guidé par un mécanisme olfactif : les protozoaires influencent l’odeur des matières fécales et les individus discriminent et évitent l’odeur des matières fécales provenant d’individus parasités. Cette plasticité comportementale face au risque parasitaire pourrait constituer un des mécanismes majeurs permettant aux espèces sociales de diminuer le risque accru de contamination associé à la vie en groupe. L’ensemble de nos résultats permettent de mieux appréhender les conséquences évolutives des pressions de sélection exercées par les parasites sur différentes caractéristiques socio-écologiques des animaux, tels que l’utilisation de l’espace et les comportements sociauxParasite-mediated selection has driven the emergence of complex hosts’ defense mechanisms to limit the spread of parasites. In addition to their physiological immune system, animals have developed a “behavioral immune system” comprising a sophisticated set of parasite avoidance strategies that represents a first line of defense to decrease parasite encounter rates. However, behavioral adaptations to the threat of parasites have been poorly investigated in wild populations of mammals. In an attempt to fill this gap, during my PhD, I studied parasite avoidance strategies in a wild group of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), an Old World primate inhabiting dense equatorial rainforests of Africa and facing intensive parasite pressures in its natural habitat. In particular, I investigated the different behavioral strategies of defense that evolved to decrease contamination risk by two different classes of gastro-intestinal parasites exhibiting contrasted life-history traits and modes of transmission: environmentally transmitted nematodes and socially transmitted protozoa. Based on long-term observations, controlled experiments and chemical analyses, my studies document two distinct behavioral strategies emphasizing the close relationship between parasites’ ecology and hosts’ behavioral responses. On the one hand, mandrills exhibit fecal avoidance behavior when foraging and also avoid ranging in habitats previously contaminated with fecal nematodes released during the previous visit. On the other hand, mandrills avoid grooming social partners highly parasitized with fecal protozoa, particularly around the peri-anal area. This behavioral strategy appears to be operational because parasitized individuals harbor infectious protozoan cysts on their body, concentrated on the peri-anal region, and individual’s protozoan richness increases when grooming highly parasitized conspecifics. We further found that avoidance of parasitized individuals is guided by an olfactory mechanism, as protozoa influence the host’s fecal odor and mandrills discriminate and selectively avoid olfactory cues from individuals parasitized with protozoa. Such parasite-induced behavioral plasticity could be one of the major mechanisms allowing social species to cope with the increased risk of parasitism associated with group-living. Altogether, these findings shed light on the evolutionary consequences of parasite-mediated selection on several socioecological characteristics of animals, including space use and social behavior
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Dolado, i. Guivernau Ruth. "Agressió, grooming i kinship: un model integral de jerarquia en Cercopithecinae basat en la conducta adaptativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/53490.
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Prenent com a referència el marc teòric plantejat per la hipòtesi de covariació (Thierry, 2004), al llarg d’aquesta tesi es pretenia elaborar un model d’estructura social en primats integrant les conductes de competició (agressió), de cooperació (grooming) i les relacions de parentiu (kinship). Facilitant així, la comprensió dels processos que intervenen en la formació i manteniment de l’estructura social en primats, integrant-los un únic model més parsimoniós, on l’emergència de les conductes complexes s’explica a partir de la interacció entre regles de conducta simples. Per aconseguir aquests objectius vàrem combinar dues vies d’investigació: a) l’observació naturalista centrada en un grup de Cercocebus torquatus residents al Parc Zoològic de Barcelona; i b) l’elaboració d’un model basat en agents (MBA) anomenat A-KinGDom que està basat en altres MBA ja existents que permeten l’estudi d’estructura social en el gènere Macaca (Hemelrijk, 1998 i Puga-González et al., 2009). La combinació d’ambdues vies de recerca aportaren dades quantitatives sobre els patrons de conducta que determinen l’estructura social en la subfamília Cercopithecinae. Els resultats van mostrar existència de concordança entre les dades procedents de les simulacions i les dades procedents de l’observació naturalista, permeten emprar el model basat en agents com a eina predictiva d’estructura social en Cercopithecinae.Using as reference the theoretical framework proposed by the covariation hypothesis (Thierry, 2004), this thesis aims to develop a model of social structure in primates integrating competitive behavior (aggression), cooperation (grooming) and kinship. Facilitating the understanding of the processes involved in the formation and maintenance of social structure in primates, integrating them in a single model, where the emergence of complex behavior is explained through the interaction of simple rules of conduct. In order to achieve these objectives, we combine two lines of research: a) naturalistic observation centered on a group of Cercocebus torquatus living at Barcelona Zoo, and b) the development of an agent based model called A-Kingdom. The combination of both pathways contributed to obtain quantitative values that determine the social structure in the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The results showed the existence of concordance between data from the simulations and data from naturalistic observation, so we can use the model based on agents as a predictive tool of social structure in Cercopithecinae.
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Bardo, Ameline. "Manipulation abilities among hominids : a multidisciplinary study with behavior, morphology and modelling." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB079/document.
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Au sein du règne animal, les humains sont considérés comme possédant des capacités manuelles uniques. Cependant, nous ne savons toujours pas quelles sont les réelles capacités manuelles des primates, ni comment elles ont évolué. Les humains sont-ils réellement uniques ? Cette thèse vise à étudier les capacités de manipulation chez des Hominidés en lien avec l’anatomie et la fonction de leur main, en utilisant une approche interdisciplinaire combinant différentes approches : comportementale, morphologique, fonctionnelle et biomécanique. Pour quantifier les stratégies comportementales et les capacités de manipulation chez des Hominidés, j’ai mené une étude éthologique sur différents grands singes captifs et sur les humains au cours d’une même tâche complexe d'utilisation d'outils. J’ai utilisé des approches comparatives de morphométrie géométrique 3D sur le complexe trapézio-métacarpien combiné avec un modèle musculo-squelettique pour mieux interpréter les résultats comportementaux et pour tester le lien entre la morphométrie de la main et les contraintes biomécaniques durant l’utilisation d’outils chez les Hominidés. Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que les grands singes manifestent des capacités dynamiques de manipulation, mais que chaque espèce a ses propres spécificités. Plus de capacités dynamiques complexes, comme les mouvements intra-manuels, sont observés pour les bonobos et les gorilles que pour les orangs-outans. Les différents modes de vie des espèces peuvent expliquer cette variabilité. En outre, au cours de la tâche complexe d’utilisation d’outils, les humains montrent une meilleure performance que les grands singes et montrent des spécificités. Cette nouvelle approche intégrative montre clairement aussi que les différentes capacités de manipulation des Hominidés ne peuvent pas seulement être une conséquence des différentes morphologies de l’articulation trapézio-métacarpienne, mais aussi des différentes contraintes mécaniques liées à la morphométrie globale de la main. Ces résultats mettent en évidence la difficulté de déduire les capacités manuelles d’espèces fossiles à partir de certaines informations provenant de la forme de l'os, sans tenir compte de la morphométrie globale de la main et de son lien possible avec les contraintes biomécaniques. Cette thèse fournit de nouvelles informations sur les capacités manuelles des Hominidés, sur les différentes contraintes entourant ces capacités, et de nouvelles informations afin de mieux comprendre l'évolution des capacités manuelles chez les primatesHumans are considered to have unique manual abilities in the animal kingdom. However, we still do not know what the real manual abilities of primates are, nor how they evolved. Are humans really unique? This dissertation aims to investigate the manipulative abilities in Hominids related to their hand anatomy and function, using an interdisciplinary framework combining behavioral, morphological, functional, and biomechanical approaches. To quantify the behavioral strategies and manipulative abilities in Hominids, I have conducted an ethological study on different captive great apes and on humans during the same complex tool use task. I used 3D geometric morphometrics and comparative approaches on the trapeziometacarpal complex combined with a musculo-skeletal model to better interpret the behavioral results and to test the link between hand morphometric and biomechanical constraints during tool use in Hominids. The results of this PhD show that great apes demonstrate dynamic manipulative abilities but that each species has its own specificities. More complex dynamic abilities, such as in-hand movements, are observed for bonobos and gorillas than for orangutans. The different lifestyles of the species may explain this variability. Moreover, during the complex tool use task, humans perform better than great apes and show specificities. The new integrative approach also clearly shows that the different manipulative abilities of Hominids cannot only be a consequence of the different morphologies of the trapeziometacarpal joint but also of the different mechanical constraints related to the overall hand morphometric. These results highlight the difficulty to infer manual abilities in fossils from some bone shape information, without taking into account the overall morphometric of the hand and its possible link with biomechanical constraints. This PhD thesis provides new information on the manual abilities of Hominids, on the different constraints surrounding these abilities, and new information to better understand the evolution of manual abilities in primates
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Olivé, i. Obradors Mireia. "Grooming i jerarquia en macacos de Barbaria (Macaca Sylvanus). Una aplicació del model de Seyfarth." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/290067.
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La present tesi estudia la relació entre el “grooming” i la jerarquia, a partir de la contrastació del model de Seyfarth (1977), amb dades obtingudes mitjançant un estudi empíric en macacos de Barbaria (Macaca sylvanus) realitzat a La Vallée des Singes (França).
Seyfarth va proposar un model per explicar com principis relativament simples que governen el comportament dels individus (les conductes afiliatives de grooming) poden ser utilitzats per explicar aspectes més complexos de l'estructura social (la jerarquia d'un grup). l'autor va plantejar uns components i unes funcions per determinar com els paràmetres atracció cap a individus de rang alt, atracció cap a familiars i la competència per fer grooming als companys condicionen el grooming.
D'acord amb el model, les femelles són atractives segons el benefici que poden oferir. Aquesta premissa comporta que les femelles de rang més alt siguin més atractives que la resta, per la qual cosa les femelles intentaran maximitzar el temps que passen interactuant amb aquelles situades a la part alta de la jerarquia. L'autor també considera la preferència de les femelles per establir relacions de grooming amb les seves parentes, i entre les femelles de rangs propers. Els resultats obtinguts al nostre estudi, però, no són del tot coincidents amb les hipòtesis de Seyfarth. Les femelles de rang més alt no dedicaven més temps a les conductes de grooming que la resta de femelles, i tampoc realitzaven grooming més freqüentment, com proposava Seyfarth. Les dades relatives a les altres assumpcions del model indicaven una major implicació de les femelles de la part baixa de l'estructura jeràrquica, especialment, quan aquestes interactuaven amb femelles de rangs alts. Altres aspectes del comportament de grooming tampoc són consistents amb el model de Seyfarth de l'atracció per als individus de rang alt.
L'estudi també va analitzar la localització de tes interaccions de grooming per comprovar si aquesta depenia de la diferència de rang de les femelles participants en la interacció. Les femelles de rangs adjacents dirigien les conductes de grooming a aquelles parts del cos no vulnerables. Tanmateix, les interaccions entre femelles de rangs allunyats no podien ser vinculades a la necessitat de protecció de les parts del cos més sensibles, ja que no es realitzaven específicament en aquestes parts del cos.
La investigació realitzada ha permès contrastar el model de Seyfarth, però també s'han volgut assolir els següents objectius: 1} ampliar el coneixement de les funcions de la conducta afiliativa, 2) avançar en el coneixement dels factors que determinen la jerarquia i la funcionalitat de cada un d'ells, i 3) determinar si l'estructura jeràrquica pot estar vinculada amb alguns factors de la distribució de grooming,
Els resultats obtinguts ens han dut a suggerir la necessitat d'incorporar altres paràmetres (com la mida del grup, l'edat del seus membres, i el context) al model de Seyfarth. La inclusió d'aquests paràmetres no només permetria una millor caracterització dels grups d'estudi, sinó també una millor descripció del patró de distribució de grooming dels individus del grup en qüestió. Paral·lelament, també podrien ser utilitzats com una eina per a l'avaluació de l'estat del grup, fet que milloraria el coneixement d'aquest i facilitaria la possible aplicació de mesures correctores, tant en individus mantinguts en captivitat com en grups en llibertat.
Les dades recollides en la investigació realitzada i les informacions aportades han generat noves hipòtesis i incògnites a resoldre en futurs treballs.This thesis examines the relationship between grooming and hierarchy, based on the verification of Seyfarth's model (1977), using data obtained from an empirical study on Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) held in La Vallee des Singes (France). Seyfarth proposed a model to explain how relatively simple principles that govern the behavior of individuals (grooming affiliative behavior) can be used to explain more complex aspects of the social structure (the hierarchy of a group). The author suggested components and functions to determine if parameters such as attraction to high-ranking individuals, attraction to close genetic relatives and competition for grooming partners are to condition grooming behavior. According to the model, females are attractive as they can offer benefits to others. This assumption implies that high-ranking females are more attractive than others, so females will attempt to maximize the time they spend interacting with those located at the top of the hierarchy. The author also considers the females' preference for grooming their relatives and those females occupying adjacent ranks. The results obtained in our study, however, are not quite matching Seyfarth's assumptions. Highranking females didn't spend more time grooming than other females, nor grooming more frequently, as proposed by Seyfarth. Data concerning other assumptions of the model indicated a greater involvement of low-ranking females, especially when they interacted with high-ranking females. Other aspects of grooming behavior are not consistent with Seyfarth's model of rank-related attractiveness. The study also analyzed the location of grooming Interactions. We wanted to test whether this difference depended on the females' ranks involved in the interaction. Females of adjacent ranks directed grooming to those parts of the body that are not vulnerable. However, interactions between low-ranking and high-ranking females could not be linked to the need to protect the most sensitive parts of the body, since it is not performed specifically in these body parts. This research has allowed us to compare the model Seyfarth, but we also wanted to achieve the following objectives: 1) to increase the awareness of the affiliative behavior functions, 2) to gain more knowledge of the factors that determine the hierarchy and the functionality for each of them, and 3) to determine whether the hierarchical structure can be linked to some factors of grooming distribution. The results have led us to suggest the need to incorporate other parameters (such as group size, the age of its members, and the context) into Seyfarth's model. The inclusion of these parameters not only would allow a better characterization of the studied groups, but a better description of the pattern of the individuals' grooming distribution. At the same time, it could also be used as a tool to assess the state of the group, which would improve the knowledge of the group and would facilitate the application of possible corrective measures, in groups of captive or free-ranging individuals alike. The data collected in the research and the information provided have generated new hypotheses and questions to be resolved in future work.
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Wilson, Benjamin. "Artificial grammar learning in primates : behaviour and neuroimaging." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2373.
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Neuroimaging studies have shown that natural language processes engage left hemisphere perisylvian brain regions. Artificial Grammars (AG), which are designed to emulate aspects of language syntactic structure, recruit comparable brain areas. Nonhuman animals have been shown to learn a range of different AGs. However, no data is currently available regarding the brain areas that support these processes. In this thesis, I combined behavioural artificial grammar learning (AGL) and fMRI experiments to generate insights regarding language evolution, and as a first step to developing animal model systems for aspects of language processing. These experiments provide novel evidence that nonhuman primates are able to learn a non-deterministic AG, designed to emulate some of the variability of the structure of sentences in natural language, and demonstrated notable correspondences between the brain regions involved in macaque and human AGL. I developed a quantitative method to compare AGL abilities across species and studies, and a novel eye-tracking technique with which to collect objective behavioural data. Using this technique, and a refined version of a traditional video-coding paradigm, I demonstrated that Rhesus macaques notice violations of the AG structure and that these results could not be explained by reliance on simple cues. Common marmosets also showed evidence of AGL however, these results may have been driven by simple learning strategies. Comparative fMRI experiments showed that, in humans, violations of the AG activated a number of perisylvian brain regions associated with language processing, including the ventral frontal cortex (vFC), temporal and temporo-parietal regions, although not Broca’s area (BA44/45). In Rhesus macaques, comparable patterns of activation were seen in the ventral frontal cortex and temporo-parietal regions. Additional activation in BA44/45 in macaques provides interesting insights into the evolution of this region. These experiments provide novel evidence regarding the AGL capabilities of nonhuman primates, and the brain areas that support them, suggesting that some language related functions may represent generic, rather than language specific processes. Therefore, some of the brain regions involved in AGL in both species might share a common evolutionary heritage, and therefore Rhesus macaques might represent a valuable animal model system for aspects of language processing.
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Wargelius, Hanna-Linn. "The Relation between Serotonergic Biomarkers and Behaviour : – studies on human primates, non-human primates and transgenic mice." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Farmakologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151870.
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Rationale: The serotonergic system is involved in the modulation of emotion and plays an important role for personality and vulnerability for psychiatric disorders. In the papers included in this thesis, we investigate three biological factors that have been studied in relation to psychiatric symptoms: Platelet monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) activity, and variations in the MAO-A and the serotonin transporter (5HTT) genes. We also study intensity dependent auditory evoked potentials (IAEP) as an intermediate phenotype for serotonergic capacity. Platelet MAO-B has been shown to be a biological marker for the properties of monoamine systems, with low activity being associated with vulnerability for high scores of sensation seeking, monotony avoidance, and impulsiveness, as well as for susceptibility for alcoholism. Functional polymorphisms in the promoter of the genes encoding MAO-A and the serotonin transporter result in high- or low- activity alleles that have been associated with numerous psychiatric symptoms. One hypothesis for the shaping of personality is that these genotype variants have prenatal effects on the wiring of the brain. Thus, exploring how the development of the brain is affected by different prenatal serotonin levels is relevant in this context. Observations: (i) Platelet MAOB activity was associated with monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid from cisterna magna in monkeys, as well as with voluntary alcohol intake, alcohol-induced aggression, and alcohol sensitivity. (ii) The long 5HTTLPR allele was associated with increased IAEP. (iii) The functional MAOA and 5HTT polymorphisms were associated with symptoms of ADHD-related traits in a population based sample of Swedish adolescents. Associations of these candidate genes with ADHD scores were strenghtened when the platelet MAOB activity was combined with genotype. (iv) Our pilot data showed that treatment of pregnant mice with 5HTT blocking antidepressives resulted in more serotonergic cellbodies in lateral wings of dorsal raphe in the offspring, when compared to saline treatment. Conclusions: Our studies support the notion that platelet MAOB activity and IAEP are endophenotypes for monoaminergic capacity and related behaviours. The functional candidate polymorphisms in MAOA and 5HTT were linked to behaviour, however, the cause-relationship is unclear and the explanation for the associations need to be further investigated, possibly with focus on prenatal effects of the polymorphisms.
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Troisi, Camille A. "An investigation of teaching behaviour in primates and birds." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12008.
Full textAbstract:
Many animals socially learn, but very few do so through teaching, where an individual modifies its behaviour in order to facilitate learning for another individual. Teaching behaviour is costly, but can confer numerous advantages, such as high fidelity transmission of information or an increase in the rate of social learning. In many putative cases of teaching, it is not known whether the pupil learns from the modified behaviour. This thesis addresses this issue in three cases of potential teaching behaviour. In particular, it investigates whether the role of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins is to teach which foods are good to eat (Chapter 5). There was little evidence that novel foods were transferred more than familiar foods, and this was not due to the juveniles attempting to obtain novel foods more than familiar ones, or by adults discarding novel foods more than familiar ones. Transfers were however more successful when donors had previously ingested the food type transferred. Successful food transfers also had a positive correlation with foraging choices once juveniles were older, suggesting they learned from food transfers. In golden lion tamarins, this thesis also examined whether juveniles learned from food-offering calls which substrates were good to forage on (Chapter 6). Juveniles that experienced playback of food-offering calls ate more on a novel substrate, than juveniles that did not experience those playbacks, both immediately as the calls were being played, and in the long term, six months after the playbacks. This suggests that juveniles learned from the playbacks. Finally, this thesis attempted to replicate previous findings showing that hens modify their behaviour when chicks feed from seemingly unpalatable food, and explored whether chicks learned what food to eat based on the maternal display (Chapter 7). The experiment failed to find evidence for teaching behaviour, but results were not inconsistent with previous findings. Moreover, there was little evidence that chicks learned from their mother, quite to the contrary, hens seemed to acquire their foraging decisions based on their chicks' choices.
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Roberts, Samuel George Bradley. "Hiding behaviour and social sensitivity in non-human primates." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406616.
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