To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Primates Behavior.
Journal articles on the topic 'Primates Behavior'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Primates Behavior.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Hunt, Gavin R., and Russell D. Gray. "Genetic assimilation of behaviour does not eliminate learning and innovation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 4 (August 2007): 412–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07002439.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRamsey et al. attempt to clarify methodological issues for identifying innovative behaviour. Their effort is seriously weakened by an underlying presumption that the behavior of primates is generally learned and that of non-primates is generally “innate.” This presumption is based on a poor grasp of the non-primate literature and a flawed understanding of how learned behaviour is genetically assimilated.
2
Kamilar, Jason M., and Lydia Beaudrot. "Effects of Environmental Stress on Primate Populations." Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045949.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental stress on primate populations can take many forms. Abiotic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, may directly influence the behavior of primates owing to physiological demands of thermoregulation or through indirect influences on vegetation that primates rely on for food. These effects can also scale up to the macro scale, impacting primate distributions and evolution. Primates also encounter stress during interactions within and between species (i.e., biotic interactions). For example, selective pressure from male-perpetrated infanticide can drive the development of female counterstrategies and can impact life-history traits. Predation on primates can modify group size, ranging behavior, and habitat use. Finally, humans have influenced primate populations for millennia. More recently, hunting, habitat disturbance, disease, and climate change have increased in frequency and severity with detrimental impacts on primate populations worldwide. These effects and recent evidence from camera traps emphasize the importance of maintaining protected areas for conserving primate populations.
3
Berber, Andrea. "The significance of evolutionary explanation of altruism for the understanding of morality." Theoria, Beograd 58, no. 2 (2015): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1502073b.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I discuss the question whether the evolutionary explanation of altruistic behavior can help understanding the emergence of morality in human species. Two models of evolution of the altruistic behaviour are presented - the Hamilton?s model of kin selection and the Trivers? model of reciprocal altruism.Then, I point out some limitations of these models when applied to human behaviour. I consider the social life of primates and call attention to the limited extent of primate altruistic behaviour. I emphasize that the capacity of normative guidance of behaviour, which is essential feature of morality, is not present in social life of primates. I conclude that models for evolution of altruism and studies of primate social life can be useful for understanding the origins of social behavior in general, but can not offer a complete picture of the emergence of morality.
4
Dominy, Nathaniel J., and Amanda D. Melin. "Liminal Light and Primate Evolution." Annual Review of Anthropology 49, no. 1 (October 21, 2020): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-010220-075454.
Full textAbstract:
The adaptive origins of primates and anthropoid primates are topics of enduring interest to biological anthropologists. A convention in these discussions is to treat the light environment as binary—night is dark, day is light—and to impute corresponding selective pressure on the visual systems and behaviors of primates. In consequence, debate has tended to focus on whether a given trait can be interpreted as evidence of nocturnal or diurnal behavior in the primate fossil record. Such classification elides the variability in light, or the ways that primates internalize light in their environments. Here, we explore the liminality of light by focusing on what it is, its many sources, and its flux under natural conditions. We conclude by focusing on the intensity and spectral properties of twilight, and we review the mounting evidence of its importance as a cue that determines the onset or offset of primate activities as well as the entrainment of circadian rhythms.
5
Esteve-Altava, Borja. "Cranial Anatomical Integration and Disparity Among Bones Discriminate Between Primates and Non-primate Mammals." Evolutionary Biology 49, no. 1 (November 10, 2021): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-021-09555-9.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe primate skull hosts a unique combination of anatomical features among mammals, such as a short face, wide orbits, and big braincase. Together with a trend to fuse bones in late development, these features define the anatomical organization of the skull of primates—which bones articulate to each other and the pattern this creates. Here, I quantified the anatomical organization of the skull of 17 primates and 15 non-primate mammals using anatomical network analysis to assess how the skulls of primates have diverged from those of other mammals, and whether their anatomical differences coevolved with brain size. Results show that primates have a greater anatomical integration of their skulls and a greater disparity among bones than other non-primate mammals. Brain size seems to contribute in part to this difference, but its true effect could not be conclusively proven. This supports the hypothesis that primates have a distinct anatomical organization of the skull, but whether this is related to their larger brains remains an open question.
6
Mundinano, Inaki-Carril, Dylan M. Fox, William C. Kwan, Diego Vidaurre, Leon Teo, Jihane Homman-Ludiye, Melvyn A. Goodale, David A. Leopold, and James A. Bourne. "Transient visual pathway critical for normal development of primate grasping behavior." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 6 (January 3, 2018): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717016115.
Full textAbstract:
An evolutionary hallmark of anthropoid primates, including humans, is the use of vision to guide precise manual movements. These behaviors are reliant on a specialized visual input to the posterior parietal cortex. Here, we show that normal primate reaching-and-grasping behavior depends critically on a visual pathway through the thalamic pulvinar, which is thought to relay information to the middle temporal (MT) area during early life and then swiftly withdraws. Small MRI-guided lesions to a subdivision of the inferior pulvinar subnucleus (PIm) in the infant marmoset monkey led to permanent deficits in reaching-and-grasping behavior in the adult. This functional loss coincided with the abnormal anatomical development of multiple cortical areas responsible for the guidance of actions. Our study reveals that the transient retino–pulvinar–MT pathway underpins the development of visually guided manual behaviors in primates that are crucial for interacting with complex features in the environment.
7
Marino, Lori. "Brain-Behavior Relations in Primates and Cetaceans: Implications for the Ubiquity of Factors Leading to the Evolution of Complex Intelligence." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 161 (January 1997): 553–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100015098.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper describes the results of a project aimed at addressing questions about the evolution of intelligence by utilizing comparisons of brain-behavior relations in cetaceans (dolphins and whales) and primates. Three specific questions were asked. First, have any cetaceans reached a hominid level of encephalization? Second, are cetacean-primate comparisons of brain organization useful for grappling with the differences that are bound to exist between any extraterrestrial organism and ourselves? Third, are there similarities in brain-behavior relations in cetaceans and primates that suggest behavioral evolution is shaped by general factors? Brain and body weights for cetacean and primate species were collected and compared with each other and with data on brain organization and social behavior. The results revealed that a hominid level of encephalization is not unique in mammalian history. Furthermore, cetacean-primate comparisons can be useful in understanding the different ways in which information processing systems can be organized. Finally, a comparison of the relation between encephalization and social group size in primates and cetaceans preliminarily suggests that similar mental capacities can be achieved through different independent evolutionary paths and that there may be factors common to behavioral evolution in all intelligent organisms.
8
Chapman, Colin A., Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Amy E. Dunham, Pengfei Fan, Peter J. Fashing, Jan F. Gogarten, Songtao Guo, et al. "Primates Can Be a Rallying Symbol to Promote Tropical Forest Restoration." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505951.
Full textAbstract:
With 60% of all primate species now threatened with extinction and many species only persisting in small populations in forest fragments, conservation action is urgently needed. But what type of action? Here we argue that restoration of primate habitat will be an essential component of strategies aimed at conserving primates and preventing the extinctions that may occur before the end of the century and propose that primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts. To do this we gathered a team of academics from around the world with experience in restoration so that we could provide examples of why primate restoration ecology is needed, outline how primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts of tropical forest, review what little is known about how primate populations respond to restoration efforts, and make specific recommendations of the next steps needed to make restoration of primate populations successful. We set four priorities: (1) academics must effectively communicate both the value of primates and the need for restoration; (2) more research is needed on how primates contribute to forest restoration; (3) more effort must be put into Masters and PhD level training for tropical country nationals; and finally (4) more emphasis is needed to monitor the responses of regenerating forest and primate populations where restoration efforts are initiated. We are optimistic that populations of many threatened species can recover, and extinctions can be prevented, but only if concerted large-scale efforts are made soon and if these efforts include primate habitat restoration.
9
Immerman, Ronald S., and Wade C. Mackey. "Perspectives on Human Attachment (Pair Bonding): Eve's Unique Legacy of a Canine Analogue." Evolutionary Psychology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 147470490300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490300100110.
Full textAbstract:
The mother-child bond is undoubtedly homologous with that of other primates (and mammals). However, the man-woman pair bond and man(to)child pair bond are not paralleled by any terrestrial primate nor many mammals. Hence, knowledge of primate behavior would not be predictive of the pan-human (i) social father and (ii) the extended pair bond between a man and woman (with the cultural overlay of marriage). It is suggested that female choice of mating partner shifted in the direction of a canid analogue in which men's motivations to share resources with the female and to exhibit paternalistic behaviors were positively selected. Accordingly, it would be predicted that, compared to other terrestrial primates, the neuro-hormonal bases for the mother-child affiliative bond would be similar, but the bases of man-woman affiliative bond and the man(to)child affiliative bond would be dissimilar.
10
Souza-Alves, João Pedro, and Isadora P. Fontes. "Anti-predator behavior of Coimbra-Filho’s titi monkeys (<i>Callicebus coimbrai</i>)." Neotropical Primates 26, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.62015/np.2020.v26.74.
Full textAbstract:
Predation pressure has an important role in shaping the behavioral, ecological and social patterns of primates. In this study, we describe two types of anti-predator behavior performed by Coimbra-Filho’s titi monkeys (Callicebus coimbrai), and compare our reports with the anti-predator strategies adopted by other Neotropical primates. The reports were performed on a small and isolated Atlantic forest fragment (14 ha) located in a highly-fragmented landscape in north-eastern Brazil. Although the titi monkey group was systematically monitored (July/2009 - August/2012: 1,513 hours) over the years, the events were recorded ab libitum method. Four events of anti-predator behavior were reported: three were in response to a medium-sized arboreal primate, the yellow-breasted capuchin monkey (Sapajus xanthosternos), and one in response to a large bird, the turkey vulture (Cathartes aura). When in the presence of S. xanthosternos, the titi monkeys emitted a quiet alert vocalization and descended to the dense undergrowth in order to avoid predation. On the other hand, when the titi monkeys were exploiting fleshy fruit on a tree, they verified the presence of an individual of C. aura and jumped to the ground. Both types of anti-predator behavior had been previously described for Neotropical primates. The anti-predator behaviors performed by the titi monkeys can contribute to the understanding of the adaptive processes of these poorly studied primates in fragmented habitats. Moreover, the passive behavior and the habitat characteristics may be an important aspect in the choice of strategy to be used, since the habitat pro- vided adequate refuges and allowed the titi monkeys to seek an alternative escape route.
11
Zuberbühler, Klaus. "The Phylogenetic Roots of Language." Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 3 (June 2005): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00357.x.
Full textAbstract:
The anatomy of the nonhuman primate vocal tract is not fundamentally different from the human one. Notwithstanding, nonhuman primates are remarkably unskillful at controlling vocal production and at combining basic call units into more complex strings. Instead, their vocal behavior is linked to specific psychological states, which are evoked by events in their social or physical environment. Humans are the only primates that have evolved the ability to produce elaborate and willfully controlled vocal signals, although this may have been a fairly recent invention. Despite their expressive limitations, nonhuman primates have demonstrated a surprising degree of cognitive complexity when responding to other individuals' vocalizations, suggesting that, as recipients, crucial linguistic abilities are part of primate cognition. Pivotal aspects of language comprehension, particularly the ability to process semantic content, may thus be part of our primate heritage. The strongest evidence currently comes from Old World monkeys, but recent work indicates that these capacities may also be present in our closest relatives, the chimpanzees.
12
Y, Jayarathne S. D., Nahallage C. A. D, and Huffman M. A. "A Review: Human – Macaque Conflict in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation XI, no. II (2024): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2024.1102012.
Full textAbstract:
Conflicting interactions between humans and primates is a significant problem that poses a threat to the conservation of primate species diversity in habitat countries. We reviewed scientific literature on the toque macaque (Macaca sinica) published over the last 14 years in Sri Lanka regarding human – primates’ conflicts to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge and to identify gaps and priorities for conservation efforts. Our review revealed an increasing trend in the number of publications over time, with a peak between 2010 and 2021. The toque macaque was the most studied species while the tufted grey langur was the least studied. Additionally, we determined which of these species of primates are most involved in conflictive interactions, which crops are most often damaged and the people’s attitudes towards them. Toque macaques were the species that engaged in such interactions with humans most frequently. The increase in such interactions is being exacerbated by the destruction of forest cover and the establishing of human settlements within and around the forests where primates live. In addition, aggressive human behavior leads to conflicting interactions between primates and humans. Due to the economic damage that primates can cause local people tend to be more aggressive towards non-forest primates than forested primate species. According to the development research on human-primate conflicts, after 2005, scholars have become more interested in this topic than they were in or before 2010. Researchers’ concern over human-primate disputes suggests that they may become even more prevalent in Sri Lanka in the future. Most publications focused on human-monkey interactions, with the second highest number focusing on ecology. We also found that there were few studies using molecular genetic techniques or investigating the effects of climate change. Additionally, there were limited studies on practical conservation efforts such as habitat protection and corridor establishment. Despite the wealth of literature available, our review highlights the significant gaps in knowledge and the need for applied research efforts to help protect and conserve primates and their habitats in Sri Lanka.
13
Jaleta, Mulu, and Wondimagegnehu Tekalign. "Crop Loss and Damage by Primate Species in Southwest Ethiopia." International Journal of Ecology 2023 (January 6, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8332493.
Full textAbstract:
Crop damage is a major form of human-primate conflict that not only affects the livelihoods of farmers living close to forest areas but also threatens nonhuman primate conservation. This study aimed to investigate the causes of crop loss and foraging by nonhuman primates in southwest Ethiopia. For the purpose of gathering data, we used a questionnaire and direct observation. We employed simple random sampling techniques to select villages and respondents. From the nine selected villages, a total of 130 household samples were identified for the questionnaire. The primates responsible for crop damage were olive baboons and grivet monkeys. Maize, barley, teff, potatoes, sorghum, and other crops were among those foraged by the nonhuman primate species. Farmland close to the woodland boundary suffered more damage than farmland further away. The total amount of maize damaged by the olive baboons and grivet monkeys in the selected kebeles varied significantly. The majority of the respondents used guarding, and a few of them used scarecrows to protect crops from damage by primates. The highest crop damage occurred in the Atiro Tigre and Arigno Gefere villages, while the lowest occurred in the Sedecha villages. The flowering stage of the maize suffered the most, and the seedling stage suffered the least, from grivet monkeys foraging. The growth of crops that are less edible to nonhuman primates, especially on the forest edges, would lessen crop damage.
14
Chapman, Colin A., and Daphne A. Onderdonk. "Forests without primates: Primate/plant codependency." American Journal of Primatology 45, no. 1 (1998): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1998)45:1<127::aid-ajp9>3.0.co;2-y.
Full text
15
Street, Sally E., Ana F. Navarrete, Simon M. Reader, and Kevin N. Laland. "Coevolution of cultural intelligence, extended life history, sociality, and brain size in primates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620734114.
Full textAbstract:
Explanations for primate brain expansion and the evolution of human cognition and culture remain contentious despite extensive research. While multiple comparative analyses have investigated variation in brain size across primate species, very few have addressed why primates vary in how much they use social learning. Here, we evaluate the hypothesis that the enhanced reliance on socially transmitted behavior observed in some primates has coevolved with enlarged brains, complex sociality, and extended lifespans. Using recently developed phylogenetic comparative methods we show that, across primate species, a measure of social learning proclivity increases with absolute and relative brain volume, longevity (specifically reproductive lifespan), and social group size, correcting for research effort. We also confirm relationships of absolute and relative brain volume with longevity (both juvenile period and reproductive lifespan) and social group size, although longevity is generally the stronger predictor. Relationships between social learning, brain volume, and longevity remain when controlling for maternal investment and are therefore not simply explained as a by-product of the generally slower life history expected for larger brained species. Our findings suggest that both brain expansion and high reliance on culturally transmitted behavior coevolved with sociality and extended lifespan in primates. This coevolution is consistent with the hypothesis that the evolution of large brains, sociality, and long lifespans has promoted reliance on culture, with reliance on culture in turn driving further increases in brain volume, cognitive abilities, and lifespans in some primate lineages.
16
Juan-Sallés, C., J. A. Ramos-Vara, and M. M. Garner. "Pheochromocytoma in Six New World Primates." Veterinary Pathology 46, no. 4 (March 9, 2009): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.08-vp-0275-j-bc.
Full textAbstract:
Six New World primates, including 2 golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), 2 cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus), 1 black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya), and 1 black-handed spider monkey (Ateles g. geoffroyi), were diagnosed with unilateral (4/6) or bilateral (1/6) adrenal or extra-adrenal (1/6) pheochromocytoma by light microscopy and immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A. Overt invasive behavior or metastases were not observed in any primate, and thus these neoplasms were considered benign. All primates either died spontaneously (4/6) or were euthanatized (2/6) as a result of concurrent malignant neoplasia, infection, renal disease, or a combination of several disease processes. Although we did not determine whether these pheochromocytomas were functional, all 6 primates had myocardial fibrosis, and some had arteriosclerosis.
17
Hartman, Alan M. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCIX. Experimental Study of Infrahuman Primate Sexual Behaviors: James Harlan Elder." Psychological Reports 74, no. 3_suppl (June 1994): 1383–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3c.1383.
Full textAbstract:
Prior to the 1930s, designs of research into sexual behavior of infrahuman primates were not comparable; conclusions about physiological and nonphysiological factors in receptivity and mating were confounded by species studied, living and testing conditions, and precaptivity history. Clearly there was need for comprehensive and controlled studies of infrahuman primate sexual behavior. In response to the controversy about biological bases of receptivity and mating, James Harlan Elder, in collaboration with Robert M. Yerkes, designed the first truly comprehensive study of factors influencing sexual behavior of chimpanzees. At that time, other persons interested in this problem were employing experimental methods, but Elder's and Yerkes' program most directly addressed the problems confounding prior study and their work served as a model of experimental research into factors affecting receptivity and mating of infrahuman primates.
18
Albiach-Serrano, Anna. "Cooperation in primates." Coordination, Collaboration and Cooperation 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2015): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.16.3.02alb.
Full textAbstract:
Observational studies have suggested that some nonhuman primates’ cooperative behavior may rely on their capacity to share goals and understand the role of their partners. Experimental studies have tried to find evidence for this under controlled conditions, investigating aspects like the degree of organization in different primate species and the individuals’ capacity to recognize and choose good partners, switch roles with them, and care about their outcomes. Often, the results have been mixed. Partly, this is because of the methodological difficulties inherent to empirical research. In this paper, I offer a critical, methodological review of the experimental studies done in the last years on nonhuman primates’ cooperation, I discuss their findings, and suggest possible solutions to some of the procedural problems. Hopefully, this will contribute to improve the design of future studies and therefore our knowledge about the evolutionary history of cooperation.
19
Davenport, Tim R. B., Katarzyna Nowak, and Andrew Perkin. "Priority Primate Areas in Tanzania." Oryx 48, no. 1 (July 17, 2013): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605312001676.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPriority Primate Areas are identified in Tanzania, mainland Africa's most important country for conservation of primates, on the basis of occupancy by globally rare, Red-Listed and range-restricted primate species and subspecies. We provide a comprehensive list and regional assessment of Tanzania's primate taxa, using IUCN Red List criteria, as well as the first national inventory of primates for 62 sites. The Priority Primate Areas, encompassing 102,513 km2, include nine national parks, one conservation area, seven game reserves, six nature reserves, 34 forest reserves and five areas with no official protection status. Primate species were evaluated and ranked on the basis of irreplaceability and vulnerability, using a combination of established and original criteria, resulting in a primate Taxon Conservation Score. Sites were ranked on the basis of summed primate scores. The majority (71%) of Priority Primate Areas are also Important Bird Areas (IBAs), or part of an IBA. Critical subsets of sites were derived through complementarity analyses. Adequate protection of just nine sites, including six national parks (Kilimanjaro, Kitulo, Mahale, Saadani, Udzungwa and Jozani-Chwaka Bay), one nature reserve (Kilombero) and two forest reserves (Minziro and Mgambo), totalling 8,679 km2, would protect all 27 of Tanzania's primate species. The addition of three forest reserves (Rondo, Kilulu Hill and Ngezi) and two game reserves (Grumeti and Biharamulo), results in a list of 14 Priority Primate Areas covering 10,561 km2 (1.1% of Tanzania's total land area), whose conservation would ensure the protection of all 43 of Tanzania's species and subspecies of primates.
20
Gogarten, Jan F., Malte Rühlemann, Elizabeth Archie, Jenny Tung, Chantal Akoua-Koffi, Corinna Bang, Tobias Deschner, et al. "Primate phageomes are structured by superhost phylogeny and environment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 15 (April 5, 2021): e2013535118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2013535118.
Full textAbstract:
Humans harbor diverse communities of microorganisms, the majority of which are bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. These gut bacterial communities in turn host diverse bacteriophage (hereafter phage) communities that have a major impact on their structure, function, and, ultimately, human health. However, the evolutionary and ecological origins of these human-associated phage communities are poorly understood. To address this question, we examined fecal phageomes of 23 wild nonhuman primate taxa, including multiple representatives of all the major primate radiations. We find relatives of the majority of human-associated phages in wild primates. Primate taxa have distinct phageome compositions that exhibit a clear phylosymbiotic signal, and phage–superhost codivergence is often detected for individual phages. Within species, neighboring social groups harbor compositionally and evolutionarily distinct phageomes, which are structured by superhost social behavior. Captive nonhuman primate phageome composition is intermediate between that of their wild counterparts and humans. Phage phylogenies reveal replacement of wild great ape–associated phages with human-associated ones in captivity and, surprisingly, show no signal for the persistence of wild-associated phages in captivity. Together, our results suggest that potentially labile primate-phage associations have persisted across millions of years of evolution. Across primates, these phylosymbiotic and sometimes codiverging phage communities are shaped by transmission between groupmates through grooming and are dramatically modified when primates are moved into captivity.
21
van Schaik, Carel. "Kinship and Behavior in Primates." International Journal of Primatology 26, no. 6 (December 2005): 1475–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-005-8862-x.
Full text
22
Choudhury, Anwaruddin. "Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates." Oryx 22, no. 2 (April 1988): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300027551.
Full textAbstract:
Many of India's primates are threatened, especially by forest destruction, and in some areas they are also hunted for food. The 15 species involved are not threatened equally—some are widespread and common, even in the hearts of cities, while others survive only in small populations over a limited area. In order to make best use of the limited resources available for primate conservation it is necessary to identify those species needing urgent attention. The author, who is at present carrying out research on the primates of Assam, has rated the species according to their conservation needs using a method based on one developed for identifying conservation priorities for African primates. He compares his results with those of the Asian Action Plan for Primates and makes recommendations for conservation action in India.
23
DeCasien, Alex R., and James P. Higham. "Relative Cerebellum Size Is Not Sexually Dimorphic across Primates." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 95, no. 2 (2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509070.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Aims: Substantive sex differences in behavior and cognition are found in humans and other primates. However, potential sex differences in primate neuroanatomy remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate sex differences in the relative size of the cerebellum, a region that has played a major role in primate brain evolution and that has been associated with cognitive abilities that may be subject to sexual selection in primates. Methods: We compiled individual volumetric and sex data from published data sources and used MCMC generalized linear mixed models to test for sex effects in relative cerebellar volume while controlling for phylogenetic relationships between species. Given that the cerebellum is a functionally heterogeneous structure involved in multiple complex cognitive processes that may be under selection in males or females within certain species, and that sexual selection pressures vary so greatly across primate species, we predicted there would be no sex difference in the relative size of the cerebellum across primates. Results: Our results support our prediction, suggesting there is no consistent sex difference in relative cerebellum size. Conclusion: This work suggests that the potential for sex differences in relative cerebellum size has been subject to either developmental constraint or lack of consistent selection pressures, and highlights the need for more individual-level primate neuroanatomical data to facilitate intra- and inter-specific study of brain sexual dimorphism.
24
Vidal-Cordasco, Marco, Lucía Rodríguez-González, Olalla Prado-Nóvoa, Guillermo Zorrilla-Revilla, and Mario Modesto-Mata. "Daily Distance Traveled Is Associated with Greater Brain Size in Primates." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 654–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000510782.
Full textAbstract:
Explanations for the brain size increments through primate and, particularly, human evolution are numerous. Commonly, these hypotheses rely on the influence that behavioral and ecological variables have on brain size in extant primates, such as diet quality, social group size, or home range (HR) area. However, HR area does not reflect the time spent moving. As such, it has not been properly addressed whether the effort involved in movement could have affected brain size evolution in primates. This study aimed to test the influence of daily movement on primates’ brain sizes, controlling for these other behavioral and ecological factors. We used a large comparative dataset of extant primate species and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results show a significant correlation between daily movement and brain mass, which is not explained by the influence of diet, social group size, HR, or body mass. Hence, from an evolutionary timescale, a longer daily movement distance is not a constraining factor for the energetic investment in a larger brain. On the contrary, increased mobility could have contributed to brain mass incrementations through evolution.
25
POULSEN, JOHN R., CONNIE J. CLARK, and THOMAS B. SMITH. "Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, no. 6 (November 2001): 787–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001602.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple species of primate disperse seeds and differentially contribute to the seed rain in tropical forests. The goal of this study was to examine seed dispersal by a primate community of five monkey and two ape species in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. The density of primates in the reserve was calculated to be 77 individuals km-2. Analysis of 5789 faecal clumps demonstrated that 40% of monkey and 74% of ape faecal clumps possessed whole seeds. Six of the seven focal species acted as seed dispersers; faecal clumps passed by the black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) did not contain any whole seeds during the study. Seed passage trials on four captive monkey species showed monkeys to have an average seed passage time of 22 hours and defecation rate of five times per day. From the above results, the primate community was estimated to defecate 1129 seeds km-2 d-1. Seeds passed by the primate community came from 125 species of trees, lianas and shrubs, equivalent to at least 34% of the known tree flora. Rarefaction curves indicated that additional collection effort would identify more seed species passed by primates. Germination studies demonstrated that primate-passed seeds are viable. The number of seeds and plant species dispersed suggests that the primate community plays an important role in the maintenance of forest structure.
26
McLester, Edward, Lilian Pintea, Fiona A. Stewart, and Alex K. Piel. "Cercopithecine and Colobine Abundance Across Protected and Unprotected Land in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Western Tanzania." International Journal of Primatology 40, no. 6 (December 2019): 687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00118-6.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractMost primates live in unprotected land where abundances and threats may differ from those in protected areas. We therefore need to establish population densities in both unprotected and protected areas to effectively inform conservation planning. The Greater Mahale Ecosystem in western Tanzania is a region of mixed protected status with seven cercopithecine and colobine species: blue (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti), red-tailed (C. ascanius schmidi), and vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) monkeys; ashy red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles); black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis); and olive (Papio anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons. These species may be threatened by increasing human activity; however, except for ashy red colobus, no data on local abundances are available. We walked over 350 km of line transects in legally protected (Village Forest Reserves) and unprotected general land between August 2011 and October 2012 to estimate densities of primates and human activity. Primate densities were consistently low across the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. Blue and red-tailed monkey and ashy red colobus densities were especially low compared to populations in predominantly forested landscapes. Primate and human activity densities did not differ significantly inside and outside of reserves. Low primate densities could be natural responses to the lower proportions and quality of riparian forest habitat in the region. High levels of human activity and the absence of significantly higher primate densities in reserves suggest unprotected land could provide important refuges for primates in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. This result further reinforces a broad need to include unprotected areas in primate conservation strategies.
27
Deborah Daolapogy, Nazimur Rahman Talukdar, and Parthankar Choudhury. "Ethnozoological use of primates in northeastern India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (September 26, 2021): 19492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6873.13.11.19492-19499.
Full textAbstract:
Ethnozoological practices to cure various diseases have a long history. Communities that reside near the forest collect wild animals and their derivatives to prepare medicines and get relief from diseases. Northeastern India is home to many tribes with vast traditional ethnobiological knowledge, and there are many reports of zootherapeutic uses in the region. In an attempt to understand primate-based ethnozoologic use in the area a literature survey was carried out using different sources. The findings revealed that Hoolock hoolock was the most used species among the primates (48 %), followed by Macaca assamensis (20 %) and Macaca mulatta (10 %). Among the materials used, the flesh of primates was the most dominant (43 %), followed by the blood (20 %) and brain (14 %). This paper highlights the negative effects of ethno-medicinal uses of primates to draw the attention of conservationists and encourage conservation education to address the damage to primates in the name of health care. Government agencies are also requested to strengthen health care systems to discourage the killing of valuable primate species.
28
Tutin, Caroline E. G., Richard J. Parnell, and Frank White. "Protecting seeds from primates: examples from Diospyros spp. in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 12, no. 3 (May 1996): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009573.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe fruit of six species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae) provide food for eight species of diurnal primates in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon. Both succulent flesh and immature seeds are eaten but patterns of consumption vary among the primate species. Interactions between D. mannii, which has very large fruit (9 cm × 7 cm) and seeds (5 cm × 2 cm), and primates were observed in detail. D. mannii fruit are unusual, being covered by a dense mat of irritant hairs that are largely retained, but become looser on ripening, when fruit are abscissed. Primates do not eat immature seeds of this species but do predate on seeds of some other Diospyros species. Ripe flesh (and ripe seeds) of D. mannii are eaten by gorillas and chimpanzees but not by monkeys. Comparison of fruit characters and of feeding patterns of primates for the six Diospyros species suggests that large seeds are potentially vulnerable to high levels of predation but the presence of irritant hairs provides protection during fruit development. Abscission of ripe fruit (shown only by D. mannii) appears to afford additional protection from predation on ripe seeds by arboreal monkeys. These observations underline the complexity of plant-animal interactions in tropical forests and suggest that some fruit characters have evolved to reduce seed loss during maturation.
29
Pollock, Jon I. "Primates and conservation priorities in Madagascar." Oryx 20, no. 4 (October 1986): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300020226.
Full textAbstract:
Madagascar's conservation problems are many, but the Malagasy Government is working towards solutions, having recently passed into law a strategy that links development with the conservation of natural resources. The protection of the country's remaining forests is a key concern, both for the human population and for the non-human primates. The author is a primatologist and has a research background in behavioural ecology, reproduction and conservation, especially with prosimians. This article was first presented at the joint Primate Society of Great Britain/FFPS meeting on primate conservation in December 1985.
30
Sharma, Swati, Joana M. D. Portela, Daniel Langenstroth-Röwer, Joachim Wistuba, Nina Neuhaus, and Stefan Schlatt. "Male germline stem cells in non-human primates." Primate Biology 4, no. 2 (September 22, 2017): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-4-173-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Over the past few decades, several studies have attempted to decipher the biology of mammalian germline stem cells (GSCs). These studies provide evidence that regulatory mechanisms for germ cell specification and migration are evolutionarily conserved across species. The characteristics and functions of primate GSCs are highly distinct from rodent species; therefore the findings from rodent models cannot be extrapolated to primates. Due to limited availability of human embryonic and testicular samples for research purposes, two non-human primate models (marmoset and macaque monkeys) are extensively employed to understand human germline development and differentiation. This review provides a broader introduction to the in vivo and in vitro germline stem cell terminology from primordial to differentiating germ cells. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the most immature germ cells colonizing the gonad prior to sex differentiation into testes or ovaries. PGC specification and migratory patterns among different primate species are compared in the review. It also reports the distinctions and similarities in expression patterns of pluripotency markers (OCT4A, NANOG, SALL4 and LIN28) during embryonic developmental stages, among marmosets, macaques and humans. This review presents a comparative summary with immunohistochemical and molecular evidence of germ cell marker expression patterns during postnatal developmental stages, among humans and non-human primates. Furthermore, it reports findings from the recent literature investigating the plasticity behavior of germ cells and stem cells in other organs of humans and monkeys. The use of non-human primate models would enable bridging the knowledge gap in primate GSC research and understanding the mechanisms involved in germline development. Reported similarities in regulatory mechanisms and germ cell expression profile in primates demonstrate the preclinical significance of monkey models for development of human fertility preservation strategies.
31
Gallup, Gordon G. "Mirrors and radical behaviorism: Reflections on C. M. Heyes." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98270701.
Full textAbstract:
Heyes's attempt to reinterpret research on primate cognition from the standpoint of radical behaviorism is strong on dialogue and debate but weak on evidence. Recent evidence concerning self-recognition, for example, shows that her arguments about differential recovery from anesthetization and species differences in face touching as alternative accounts of the behavior of primates in the presence of mirrors) are invalid.
32
Howlett, Caroline, and Brandon C. Wheeler. "Prenatal Androgen Effects as a Proximate Mechanism Underpinning Variation in Social Behavior Among Female Nonhuman Primates." International Journal of Primatology 42, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00204-8.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWhile the role of ecological factors in shaping primate social systems has been a central focus for decades, less attention has been given to phylogenetic relationships and the potential role of underlying proximate mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between one such proximate mechanism, prenatal androgen effects (PAEs), and aspects of social behavior in female nonhuman primates using the 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for PAEs and phylogenetically controlled methods. In general, female 2D:4D ratios were highest in monogamous species (low inferred PAEs) and lowest in polygynandrous and polygynous species (high inferred PAEs). 2D:4D ratios also varied with the form of polygyny/polygynandry, potentially with regard to the need for competitive over cooperative behaviors and the intensity of female reproductive competition. Species characterized by female dominance had lower 2D:4D ratios than species characterized by male dominance or codominance. There were no significant relationships between 2D:4D ratio and either degree of frugivory or group size. Relationships between 2D:4D ratios and the directional consistency index and 2D:4D ratios and rates of female–female agonism were also nonsignificant although sample sizes for both of these variables were small. Female social relationships are a manifestation of complex competitive and cooperative behaviors and the results suggest that PAEs may act as a proximate mechanism underlying the expression of certain aspects of behavior in female primates in ways that are adaptive to their social system.
33
NAKAMICHI, MASAYUKI. "Maternal Behavior in Non-human Primates." Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology 45, no. 2 (1995): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip.45.67.
Full text
34
Hugo, Charmaine, Jurgen Seier, Chris Mdhluli, Willie Daniels, Brian H. Harvey, Don Du Toit, Sonia Wolfe-Coote, Daan Nel, and Dan J. Stein. "Fluoxetine decreases stereotypic behavior in primates." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (June 2003): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00073-3.
Full text
35
Bernstein, Irwin S. "Kinship and behavior in nonhuman primates." Behavior Genetics 18, no. 4 (July 1988): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01065518.
Full text
36
Anestis, Stephanie F. "Hormones and social behavior in primates." Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 19, no. 2 (March 2010): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20253.
Full text
37
Hosey, Geoff R., and Lindsay J. Skyner. "Self-injurious Behavior in Zoo Primates." International Journal of Primatology 28, no. 6 (October 27, 2007): 1431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9203-z.
Full text
38
Anderson, James R. "Animal Behavior: Tolerant Primates Cooperate Best." Current Biology 17, no. 7 (April 2007): R242—R244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.005.
Full text
39
Fischer, Julia. "Primate Vocal Communication and the Evolution of Speech." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420979580.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of nonhuman primate communication are often motivated by the desire to shed light on the evolution of speech. In contrast to human speech, the vocal repertoires of nonhuman primates are evolutionarily highly conserved. Within species-specific constraints, calls may vary in relation to the internal state of the caller or social experience. Receivers can use signalers’ calls to predict upcoming events or behavioral dispositions. Yet nonhuman primates do not appear to express or comprehend communicative or informative intent. Signalers are sensitive to the relation between their own actions and receivers’ responses, and thus, signaling behavior can be conceived as goal directed. Receivers’ ability to integrate information from multiple sources renders the system flexible and powerful. Researchers who take a linguistic or biological perspective on nonhuman primate communication should be aware of the strengths and limitations of their approaches. Both benefit from a focus on the mechanisms that underpin signaling and responses to signals.
40
Cachel, Susan. "Human tool behavior is species-specific and remains unique." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11001981.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHuman tool behavior is species-specific. It remains a diagnostic feature of humans, even when comparisons are made with closely related non-human primates. The archaeological record demonstrates both the deep antiquity of human tool behavior and its fundamental role in distinguishing human behavior from that of non-human primates.
41
KAPLAN, JAY R. "Kinship and Behavior in Primates:Kinship and Behavior in Primates." American Anthropologist 108, no. 3 (September 2006): 572–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.3.572.
Full text
42
Gogarten, Jan F. "Roles for non-human primate-associated phage diversity in improving medicine and public health." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoac006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Mammals harbor trillions of microorganisms and understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes structuring these ecosystems may provide insights relevant to public health and medicine. Comparative studies with our closest living relatives, non-human primates, have provided first insights into their rich bacteriophage communities. Here, I discuss how this phage diversity can be useful for combatting antibiotic-resistant infections and understanding disease emergence risk. For example, some primate-associated phages show a pattern suggesting a long-term co-divergence with their primate superhosts—co-diverging phages may be more likely to exhibit a narrow host range and thus less useful for phage therapy. Captive primates lose their natural phageome, which is replaced by human-associated phages making phages an exciting tool for studying rates of microorganism transmission at human–wildlife interfaces. This commentary tackles avenues for selecting phages for therapeutic interventions based on their ecological and evolutionary history, while discussing frameworks to allow primate-associated phages to be incorporated into the arsenal of clinicians.
43
Moorjani, Priya, Carlos Eduardo G. Amorim, Peter F. Arndt, and Molly Przeworski. "Variation in the molecular clock of primates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 38 (September 6, 2016): 10607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600374113.
Full textAbstract:
Events in primate evolution are often dated by assuming a constant rate of substitution per unit time, but the validity of this assumption remains unclear. Among mammals, it is well known that there exists substantial variation in yearly substitution rates. Such variation is to be expected from differences in life history traits, suggesting it should also be found among primates. Motivated by these considerations, we analyze whole genomes from 10 primate species, including Old World Monkeys (OWMs), New World Monkeys (NWMs), and apes, focusing on putatively neutral autosomal sites and controlling for possible effects of biased gene conversion and methylation at CpG sites. We find that substitution rates are up to 64% higher in lineages leading from the hominoid–NWM ancestor to NWMs than to apes. Within apes, rates are ∼2% higher in chimpanzees and ∼7% higher in the gorilla than in humans. Substitution types subject to biased gene conversion show no more variation among species than those not subject to it. Not all mutation types behave similarly, however; in particular, transitions at CpG sites exhibit a more clocklike behavior than do other types, presumably because of their nonreplicative origin. Thus, not only the total rate, but also the mutational spectrum, varies among primates. This finding suggests that events in primate evolution are most reliably dated using CpG transitions. Taking this approach, we estimate the human and chimpanzee divergence time is 12.1 million years, and the human and gorilla divergence time is 15.1 million years.
44
Ferrari, Stephen F., and Karen B. Strier. "Exploitation of Mabea fistulifera nectar by marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) and muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) in south-east Brazil." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400006428.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe present study reports on the exploitation of the nectar of Mabea fistulifera (Euphorbiaceae) by two platyrrhine primate species (Brachyteles arachnoides and Callithrix flaviceps) in the Atlantic Forest of south-east Brazil. Nectar-feeding by both primates was observed between late April and May, during which a peak in the floristic activity of M. fistulifera was recorded, in terms of both the number of trees flowering and the number of flowers available on each tree. Phenological records indicate, by contrast, that edible fruit was relatively scarce during this period, the early dry season at the study site. On the days when nectar was consumed, it accounted for 25% of records of plant feeding for B. arachnoides and 29% for C. flaviceps, although the former species was observed nectar feeding over a much longer period. The evidence indicates that M. fistulifera is a valuable, but not essential resource for both primates at a time of year when edible fruit is relatively difficult to obtain. M. fistulifera, in turn, can be seen as an opportunistic plant whose floral characteristics permit pollination by a wide range of volant and non-volant vertebrates, including primates.
45
Seidemann, Eyal, and Wilson S. Geisler. "Linking V1 Activity to Behavior." Annual Review of Vision Science 4, no. 1 (September 15, 2018): 287–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-102016-061324.
Full textAbstract:
A long-term goal of visual neuroscience is to develop and test quantitative models that account for the moment-by-moment relationship between neural responses in early visual cortex and human performance in natural visual tasks. This review focuses on efforts to address this goal by measuring and perturbing the activity of primary visual cortex (V1) neurons while nonhuman primates perform demanding, well-controlled visual tasks. We start by describing a conceptual approach—the decoder linking model (DLM) framework—in which candidate decoding models take neural responses as input and generate predicted behavior as output. The ultimate goal in this framework is to find the actual decoder—the model that best predicts behavior from neural responses. We discuss key relevant properties of primate V1 and review current literature from the DLM perspective. We conclude by discussing major technological and theoretical advances that are likely to accelerate our understanding of the link between V1 activity and behavior.
46
Piel, A. K., A. Crunchant, I. E. Knot, C. Chalmers, P. Fergus, M. Mulero-Pázmány, and S. A. Wich. "Noninvasive Technologies for Primate Conservation in the 21st Century." International Journal of Primatology 43, no. 1 (October 22, 2021): 133–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00245-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObserving and quantifying primate behavior in the wild is challenging. Human presence affects primate behavior and habituation of new, especially terrestrial, individuals is a time-intensive process that carries with it ethical and health concerns, especially during the recent pandemic when primates are at even greater risk than usual. As a result, wildlife researchers, including primatologists, have increasingly turned to new technologies to answer questions and provide important data related to primate conservation. Tools and methods should be chosen carefully to maximize and improve the data that will be used to answer the research questions. We review here the role of four indirect methods—camera traps, acoustic monitoring, drones, and portable field labs—and improvements in machine learning that offer rapid, reliable means of combing through large datasets that these methods generate. We describe key applications and limitations of each tool in primate conservation, and where we anticipate primate conservation technology moving forward in the coming years.
47
Moraes, Bárbara, Orly Razgour, João Pedro Souza-Alves, Jean P. Boubli, and Bruna Bezerra. "Habitat suitability for primate conservation in north-east Brazil." Oryx 54, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319001388.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractBrazil has a high diversity of primates, but increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change could influence forest cover in the country and cause future changes in the distribution of primate populations. Here we aim to assess the long-term suitability of habitats for the conservation of three threatened Brazilian primates (Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus flavius and Sapajus libidinosus) through (1) estimating their current and future distributions using species distribution models, (2) evaluating how much of the areas projected to be suitable is represented within protected areas and priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and (3) assessing the extent of remaining forest cover in areas predicted to be suitable for these species. We found that 88% of the suitable areas are outside protected areas and only 24% are located in areas with forest cover. Although not within protected areas, 27% of the climatically suitable areas are considered priority areas for conservation. Future projections, considering a severe climate change scenario, indicate that A. belzebul, S. flavius and S. libidinosus may lose up to 94, 98 and 54% of their suitable range, respectively. The establishment of primate populations and their long-term survival in these areas are at risk. Mitigation actions such as the implementation of new protected areas, forest restoration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be essential for the conservation of Brazilian primates.
48
Zhang, Jian, Dapeng Zhao, and Baoguo Li. "Postconflict behavior among female Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in the Qinling Mountains, China." Current Zoology 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.2.222.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract For group-living primates, the information on postconflict management is crucial for understanding primate competition and cooperation. However, such information is poorly known for snub-nosed monkeys, especially for wild populations. In this study, from September 2007 to June 2008, we investigated postconflict behavior among adult females Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus roxellana within one-male units in a wild, provisioned group in the Qinling Mountains of China by means of the time-rule method and the PC-MC method. We obtained a total of 81 PC-MC pairs and each individual was involved in only 0.004 aggressive behavior per observation hour. The first affiliative behavior was more likely to occur within the first minute after a conflict. The postconflict affiliative behaviors most often seen were contact-sit, embrace and grooming. The affiliative contacts between adult females occur due to selective attraction, i.e. reconciliation. The pattern of postconflict affiliation demonstrates that the R. roxellana belongs to a tolerant species.
49
Gippoliti, Spartaco, and Giacomo Dell'Omo. "Primates of the Cantanhez Forest and the Cacine Basin, Guinea-Bissau." Oryx 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021414.
Full textAbstract:
In a 4-week field study of the primates of Guinea-Bissau, a 10-day survey was carried out along the Cacine River and in the Cantanhez Forest to collect information about the presence of primates and other mammals. No biological information was available for these areas. The survey revealed the presence of at least seven primate species, four of which are included in the current IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. Of particular interest was the West African chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. This was considered to be possibly extinct in Guinea-Bissau, but was found to be locally common. All primate species are particularly vulnerable because of uncontrolled exploitation of the forest, while hunting is responsible for the decline of game species in the area. Other rare species occur in the area and make the Cacine Basin and Cantanhez Forest a priority area for wildlife conservation at national and regional levels.
50
Andrews, Peter, and R. I. M. Dunbar. "Advancing Primates." Journal of Biogeography 15, no. 5/6 (September 1988): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2845355.
Full text