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Journal articles on the topic 'Primates – Habitat'
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1
Kamilar, Jason M., and Lydia Beaudrot. "Effects of Environmental Stress on Primate Populations." Annual Review of Anthropology 47, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102317-045949.
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Environmental stress on primate populations can take many forms. Abiotic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, may directly influence the behavior of primates owing to physiological demands of thermoregulation or through indirect influences on vegetation that primates rely on for food. These effects can also scale up to the macro scale, impacting primate distributions and evolution. Primates also encounter stress during interactions within and between species (i.e., biotic interactions). For example, selective pressure from male-perpetrated infanticide can drive the development of female counterstrategies and can impact life-history traits. Predation on primates can modify group size, ranging behavior, and habitat use. Finally, humans have influenced primate populations for millennia. More recently, hunting, habitat disturbance, disease, and climate change have increased in frequency and severity with detrimental impacts on primate populations worldwide. These effects and recent evidence from camera traps emphasize the importance of maintaining protected areas for conserving primate populations.
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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, Russell A. Mittermeier, Serge Wich, Sidney Gouveia, Ricardo Dobrovolski, K. A. I. Nekaris, et al. "Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation." PeerJ 6 (June 15, 2018): e4869. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4869.
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Primates occur in 90 countries, but four—Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)—harbor 65% of the world’s primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worst-case-scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.
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Chapman, Colin A., Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, Amy E. Dunham, Pengfei Fan, Peter J. Fashing, Jan F. Gogarten, Songtao Guo, et al. "Primates Can Be a Rallying Symbol to Promote Tropical Forest Restoration." Folia Primatologica 91, no. 6 (2020): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000505951.
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With 60% of all primate species now threatened with extinction and many species only persisting in small populations in forest fragments, conservation action is urgently needed. But what type of action? Here we argue that restoration of primate habitat will be an essential component of strategies aimed at conserving primates and preventing the extinctions that may occur before the end of the century and propose that primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts. To do this we gathered a team of academics from around the world with experience in restoration so that we could provide examples of why primate restoration ecology is needed, outline how primates can act as flagship species for restoration efforts of tropical forest, review what little is known about how primate populations respond to restoration efforts, and make specific recommendations of the next steps needed to make restoration of primate populations successful. We set four priorities: (1) academics must effectively communicate both the value of primates and the need for restoration; (2) more research is needed on how primates contribute to forest restoration; (3) more effort must be put into Masters and PhD level training for tropical country nationals; and finally (4) more emphasis is needed to monitor the responses of regenerating forest and primate populations where restoration efforts are initiated. We are optimistic that populations of many threatened species can recover, and extinctions can be prevented, but only if concerted large-scale efforts are made soon and if these efforts include primate habitat restoration.
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Moraes, Bárbara, Orly Razgour, João Pedro Souza-Alves, Jean P. Boubli, and Bruna Bezerra. "Habitat suitability for primate conservation in north-east Brazil." Oryx 54, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 803–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319001388.
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AbstractBrazil has a high diversity of primates, but increasing anthropogenic pressures and climate change could influence forest cover in the country and cause future changes in the distribution of primate populations. Here we aim to assess the long-term suitability of habitats for the conservation of three threatened Brazilian primates (Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus flavius and Sapajus libidinosus) through (1) estimating their current and future distributions using species distribution models, (2) evaluating how much of the areas projected to be suitable is represented within protected areas and priority areas for biodiversity conservation, and (3) assessing the extent of remaining forest cover in areas predicted to be suitable for these species. We found that 88% of the suitable areas are outside protected areas and only 24% are located in areas with forest cover. Although not within protected areas, 27% of the climatically suitable areas are considered priority areas for conservation. Future projections, considering a severe climate change scenario, indicate that A. belzebul, S. flavius and S. libidinosus may lose up to 94, 98 and 54% of their suitable range, respectively. The establishment of primate populations and their long-term survival in these areas are at risk. Mitigation actions such as the implementation of new protected areas, forest restoration and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be essential for the conservation of Brazilian primates.
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Schmidt, M. "Locomotion and postural behaviour." Advances in Science and Research 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-5-23-2010.
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Abstract. The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diversity of primate locomotor behaviour for people who are involved in research using laboratory primates. The main locomotor modes displayed by primates are introduced with reference to some general morphological adaptations. The relationships between locomotor behaviour and body size, habitat structure and behavioural context will be illustrated because these factors are important determinants of the evolutionary diversity of primate locomotor activities. They also induce the high individual plasticity of the locomotor behaviour for which primates are well known. The article also provides a short overview of the preferred locomotor activities in the various primate families. A more detailed description of locomotor preferences for some of the most common laboratory primates is included which also contains information about substrate preferences and daily locomotor activities which might useful for laboratory practice. Finally, practical implications for primate husbandry and cage design are provided emphasizing the positive impact of physical activity on health and psychological well-being of primates in captivity.
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WENZ-MÜCKE, ALEXANDRA, PAIBOON SITHITHAWORN, TREVOR N. PETNEY, and HORST TARASCHEWSKI. "Human contact influences the foraging behaviour and parasite community in long-tailed macaques." Parasitology 140, no. 6 (January 30, 2013): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201200203x.
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SUMMARYHuman–wildlife interactions have reached unprecedented levels, and humans are influencing the earth's ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than ever before. This situation is cause for serious concern, especially since disease interactions between wildlife and humans have been recognized as major conservation threats. In this study, long-tailed macaques,Macaca fascicularis, from 2 forest parks located in north-eastern Thailand were investigated to determine the influence of habitat modification by humans on helminth parasite associations in non-human primates. Macaque populations with contact to anthropogenically modified environments were compared with sylvatic groups in nearby natural environments. In order to test for human–non-human primate transmission of parasites, the local human populations were also examined. Humans were infected with a number of potentially pathogenic parasites, includingOpisthorchis viverriniandStrongyloides stercoralis. However, eggs of these helminths were not detected in macaque feces. Thus, no direct parasite transfer from humans to non-human primates could be confirmed. However, macaque groups with more frequent contact with human-modified habitats, and a higher portion of human-provided food in their diet, had significantly higher prevalences and intensities ofStrongyloides fuelleborniand of an intestinal fluke (probablyHaplorchissp.) than sylvatic groups. Positive correlations were found between the time foraging on the ground and infection withS. fuelleborni, and the amount of human-provided food and intestinal fluke infection. Human alteration of habitat and associated modifications in non-human primate behaviour are likely to play a role in determining the occurrence, prevalence and intensity of zoonotic helminth infection of wild non-human primates.
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Kramoko, Bamba, Béné Jean-Claude Koffi, Célestin Yao Kouakou, Kouamé Antoine N’Guessan, and Victorien Kouakou Claude. "Diversité, Distribution Et Statut De Conservation Des Primates Dans Les Reliques De Forêts Dans La Région Du Tonkpi, À L’ouest De La Côte d’Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 26 (September 30, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n26p20.
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Tropical forests constitute the main part of the non-human primate’s habitat but they are more and more fragmented because of anthropic activities. In Ivory Coast, the present forest cover includes only some fragments more or less important. The knowledge of the primate’s diversity and their distribution in these relics of forest constitute some hopeful elements for their conservation. This study has been carried out in two classified forests and a community forest of the Tonkpi area in the West of Ivory Coast. It aims first, to assess the species of primates, then to highlight their spatial distributions and at last, determine their conservation status and the threats there are facing. The methodology used consisted firstly, on interview among hunters and older living around the forests to have an overall view of the monkey species in the area and the forests that housing them. Next, foot surveys have been organized in the identified forests during the interview. At the end of this study, seven species of primates belonging to West African forests have been confirmed in these forest relics base on observation of nests, vocalizations and visual signs. The majority of these species are observed at the periphery of forests mainly in mountain and flooded areas apart from Galagoïdes thomasi which is more abundant even in fallow land. Among those species, one (Piliocolobus badius) is listed Endangered (EN) and Colobus polykomos is considered vulnerable (VU) by IUCN; and five others are least Concern (LC). The sustainable conservation of those primates is threatened by agriculture, traditional and industrial mining, hunting and logging. The existence in those forest relics of primate species with conservation concerned justify their value for the sustainable conservation of those primates and the need to reinforce measure of protection.
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Seaboch, Melissa S., and Sydney N. Cahoon. "Pet primates for sale in the United States." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): e0256552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256552.
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Our research goal was to investigate the primate pet trade in the United States. While dogs and cats are the most common type of pet, there are an estimated 15,000 pet primates in the United States and the demand for exotic pets in general has been rising. Most research on pet primates occurs in habitat countries and little is known about these pets in the United States. We collected data from six exotic pet-trade websites twice a month for 12 months. We recorded the type of primate for sale, sex, age, location, and price. We used Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit tests to compare whether the number of male and female pet primates for sale and the number of different age categories of pet primates for sale differed from equality and Spearman Correlation to examine associations between price and size and price and supply. We recorded 551 pet primates for sale between June 2019-June 2020, with 69.1% platyrrhines, 21.6% strepsirrhines, and 8.9% catarrhines. Marmosets were sold most often (36.7%, N = 202) followed by lemurs (21.6%, N = 119), capuchins (11.3%, N = 62), and squirrel monkeys (10.5%, N = 58). Almost two-thirds of the pet primates for sale were male (Chi-Square = 16.056, df = 1, P = 0. 00006) and 78.7% were under one year old (Chi-Square = 440.264, df = 2, P<0.00001). The median price was $3,800 though price was highly variable, even for the same taxa. There are several potential drivers for the primate pet trade, including media influence, fashion/status, and profitable breeding though these are not mutually exclusive. Primates do not make good pets and even when captive-bred, pet primates impact the conservation of their wild counterparts. Advertisement campaigns focusing on disease transmission and legal consequences and a federal ban on pet primate ownership are two avenues to pursue to end the ownership of pet primates in the United States.
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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, and Abhishek Chaudhary. "Expanding global commodities trade and consumption place the world’s primates at risk of extinction." PeerJ 7 (June 17, 2019): e7068. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7068.
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As a consequence of recent human activities. populations of approximately 75% of the world’s primates are in decline, and more than 60% of species (n = 512) are threatened with extinction. Major anthropogenic pressures on primate persistence include the widespread loss and degradation of natural habitats caused by the expansion of industrial agriculture, pastureland for cattle, logging, mining, and fossil fuel extraction. This is the result of growing global market demands for agricultural and nonagricultural commodities. Here, we profile the effects of international trade of forest-risk agricultural and nonagricultural commodities, namely soybean, oil palm, natural rubber, beef, forestry products, fossil fuels, metals, minerals, and gemstones on habitat conversion in the Neotropics, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia. Total estimated forest loss for these regions between 2001 and 2017 was ca 179 million ha. The average percent of commodity-driven permanent deforestation for the period 2001–2015 was highest in Southeast Asia (47%) followed by the Neotropics (26%), South Asia (26%), and Africa (7%). Commodities exports increased significantly between 2000 and 2016 in all primate range regions leading to the widespread conversion of forested land to agricultural fields and an increase in natural resource extraction. In 2016, US $1.1 trillion of natural-resource commodities were traded by countries in primate range regions. The Neotropics accounted for 41% of the total value of these exports, Southeast Asia for 27%, Africa 21%, and South Asia 11%. Major commodity exporters in 2016 were Brazil, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Africa, countries of high primate diversity and endemism. Among the top 10 importers were China, the US, Japan, and Switzerland. Primate range countries lag far behind importer nations in food security and gross domestic product per capita, suggesting that trade and commodity-driven land-use have done little to generate wealth and well-being in primate habitat countries. Modeling of land-use and projected extinction of primate species by 2050 and 2100 under a business as usual scenario for 61 primate range countries indicate that each country is expected to see a significant increase in the number of species threatened with extinction. To mitigate this impending crisis, we advocate the “greening” of trade, a global shift toward a low-meat diet, reduced consumption of oil seed, diminished use of tropical timber, fossil fuels, metals, minerals, and gemstones from the tropics, accompanied by a stronger and sustained global resolve to regulate and reverse the negative impacts of growing unsustainable global demands and commodity trade on income inequality, and the destruction of primates and their habitats.
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Eames, Jonathan C., and Craig R. Robson. "Threatened primates in southern Vietnam." Oryx 27, no. 3 (July 1993): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300027940.
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Vietnam's exceptionally rich fauna is threatened by habitat loss and hunting. Although a system of protected areas has recently been developed, many of the sites selected are subject to human encroachment, hunting pressure and other forms of exploitation. Other protected areas may be too small to hold viable populations of primates. Following faunal surveys of existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam between 1988 and 1991, this paper documents the status of and identifies threats to three species of threatened primate: white-cheeked gibbon Hylobates leucogenys gabriellae, red-shanked douc langur Pygathrix nemaeus and blackshanked douc langur P. nigripes.
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Condro, Aryo Adhi, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Siti Badriyah Rushayati, I. Putu Santikayasa, and Entang Iskandar. "Predicting Hotspots and Prioritizing Protected Areas for Endangered Primate Species in Indonesia under Changing Climate." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020154.
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Indonesia has a large number of primate diversity where a majority of the species are threatened. In addition, climate change is conservation issues that biodiversity may likely face in the future, particularly among primates. Thus, species-distribution modeling was useful for conservation planning. Herein, we present protected areas (PA) recommendations with high nature-conservation importance based on species-richness changes. We performed maximum entropy (Maxent) to retrieve species distribution of 51 primate species across Indonesia. We calculated species-richness change and range shifts to determine the priority of PA for primates under mitigation and worst-case scenarios by 2050. The results suggest that the models have an excellent performance based on seven different metrics. Current primate distributions occupied 65% of terrestrial landscape. However, our results indicate that 30 species of primates in Indonesia are likely to be extinct by 2050. Future primate species richness would be also expected to decline with the alpha diversity ranging from one to four species per 1 km2. Based on our results, we recommend 54 and 27 PA in Indonesia to be considered as the habitat-restoration priority and refugia, respectively. We conclude that species-distribution modeling approach along with the categorical species richness is effectively applicable for assessing primate biodiversity patterns.
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Nascimento, Alexandre T. Amaral, and Lucia A. J. Schmidlin. "Habitat selection by, and carrying capacity for, the Critically Endangered black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara (Primates: Callitrichidae)." Oryx 45, no. 2 (April 2011): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000943.
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AbstractThe Critically Endangered black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara has a restricted distribution consisting of small mainland and island populations each with distinct habitats in coastal south-eastern Brazil. The conservation action plan for the species recommends translocation to increase population size and promote genetic exchange among threatened isolated populations, measures that require an understanding of habitat and resource requirements. We investigated habitat selection by the black-faced lion tamarin, comparing habitats and examining frequency of use by two insular groups and two mainland groups. Using this understanding of habitat preferences we were able to refine current estimates of the carrying capacity (K) for this species. Habitats preferred by mainland groups were swamps and inundated areas and secondary forest. Submontane forest was avoided, as were hydromorphic lowland forest and urbanized areas. Island groups used mainly tall lowland forest and arboreal restinga (forest on sandy soil). The finding that L. caissara avoids montane forest sheds light on its restricted distribution to low elevation coastal plains. An estimate of K indicated c. 700 individuals, which could be increased to c. 1,500 with appropriate conservation management measures. Findings agree with the supposition that lion tamarins are typical of mature Atlantic forest, with little altitudinal variation but flexible in their use of successional stages. Future conservation management measures should account for differences in habitat use, selection and differences between island and mainland habitats.
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WENZ, A., E. W. HEYMANN, T. N. PETNEY, and H. F. TARASCHEWSKI. "The influence of human settlements on the parasite community in two species of Peruvian tamarin." Parasitology 137, no. 4 (December 22, 2009): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991570.
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SUMMARYAlthough there is a growing recognition that the transfer of diseases between humans and non-human primates can be of great significance for conservation biology, there have been only a few studies focusing on parasites. In this study, saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax) from the rainforest of the Peruvian lowlands were used as models to determine helminth parasite associations between canopy-dwelling primate species and a nearby human settlement. The human population showed high prevalences of infestation with a number of nematodes, including Ascaris lumbricoides (88·9%), Trichuris trichiura (37%) and hookworms (55·6%). However, the ova of these geohelminths were not detectable in tamarin faeces. Thus, no direct parasite transfer from humans to non-human primates could be documented. However, tamarin groups with more frequent contact to humans and their facilities had significantly higher prevalences and egg output of Prosthenorchis elegans, an important primate pathogen, than a forest group. In contrast, a cestode was significantly more common with more egg output in sylvatic than in human-associated groups. Human alteration of the habitat is likely to play a major role in determining the occurrence, prevalence and intensity of helminth infestation of wild non-human primates.
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Madden, D., P. A. Garber, S. L. Madden, and C. A. Snyder. "Rain-forest canopy-connectivity and habitat selection by a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 6 (October 11, 2010): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000441.
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Abstract:Wild populations of a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi), were studied through 30-s instantaneous observational sampling to identify different canopy habitats used by this tamarin. Tree and shrub canopies were sampled in randomly selected plots and in nearby plots that tamarins were observed to use in the forests of Agua Clara, Panama (28 d, 59 100-m2 plots, 32.25 h of tamarin observations, 27 tamarins in total), and in the nearby forests of Barro Colorado Island (49 d, 29 100-m2 plots, 29.6 h of tamarin observations, 14 tamarins in total). Light penetration through the canopy, ambient temperature and humidity, presence of other primates, stem diameters, plant life-forms, distribution of woody flora, abundance of fleshy fruits and arthropods typically consumed by tamarins and abundance of thorny vegetation and biting arthropods in plots used by tamarins were compared with control plots. Habitats used by tamarins had significantly shorter distances between adjacent tree canopies and between canopies and the ground. There was a random distribution of large insects and fleshy fruits that tamarins are known to eat. Habitat selection by tamarins may not be influenced by spiny vegetation, but tamarins may avoid areas with abundant hooked thorns and blood-sucking arthropods. Mobility along runways in various tiers of a rain-forest canopy may be of primary importance, with local abundance of food being a secondary consideration in habitat selection by this small primate.
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Ferrari, Stephen F., and Helder L. Queiroz. "Two new Brazilian primates discovered, endangered." Oryx 28, no. 1 (January 1994): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530002826x.
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Field studies at distant sites in Brazilian Amazonia have brought to light two new species of primate, the black-headed marmoset Callithrix nigriceps and the Ka'apor capuchin Cebus kaapori. Little is known about either species, although both appear to have small geographical ranges in regions with relatively high human densities and where habitat-degrading activities, such as logging and mining, have been intensifying over the past two decades. These discoveries highlight the uncertain nature of our understanding of primate diversity in what is probably the biologically richest nation on earth. They also underline the urgent need for more detailed information from many areas, especially southern Amazonia, where habitat destruction is increasing.
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Binczik, Anna, Paula Roig-Boixeda, Eckhard W. Heymann, and Matthias Waltert. "Conservation of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other primates depends on forest patches in a West African savannah landscape." Oryx 53, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001090.
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AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and human–wildlife conflict threaten the survival of primates across Africa. Particularly dramatic forest losses have occurred outside protected areas in the Guinean forest–savannah transition zone. Using the Boé region, Guinea-Bissau, as a case study, we investigated whether and how this rapidly humanized mosaic of wooded savannah, gallery forests and cropland could sustain viable primate populations. We conducted line transect surveys and reconnaissance (recce) walks to assess populations of one Critically Endangered (chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus), one Endangered (Temminck's red colobus Piliocolobus badius temminckii), one Vulnerable (king colobus Colobus polykomos), and one Near Threatened (sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys) arboreal primates across a 104 km2 section of Boé in the dry season of 2016. Using the standing crop nest count method we estimated a relatively high chimpanzee density (0.77 individuals per km2, 95% CI 0.45–1.34). An assessment of habitat selection showed that chimpanzees prefer semi-dense forest and fallow fields with remnant old trees for nesting, and locations close to rivers. The other primates studied occurred in extremely low densities and were largely restricted to gallery forests. Our results indicate a need for immediate action to ensure the long-term survival of the primate community in the human-dominated landscape of Boé. Our recommendations include action to maintain hunting pressure at a low level, restoring and protecting gallery forests, introducing incentives for farmers for forest protection and primate-friendly practices, and extending the conservation programme to all arboreal primates in the region.
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McLester, Edward, Lilian Pintea, Fiona A. Stewart, and Alex K. Piel. "Cercopithecine and Colobine Abundance Across Protected and Unprotected Land in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem, Western Tanzania." International Journal of Primatology 40, no. 6 (December 2019): 687–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00118-6.
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AbstractMost primates live in unprotected land where abundances and threats may differ from those in protected areas. We therefore need to establish population densities in both unprotected and protected areas to effectively inform conservation planning. The Greater Mahale Ecosystem in western Tanzania is a region of mixed protected status with seven cercopithecine and colobine species: blue (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti), red-tailed (C. ascanius schmidi), and vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) monkeys; ashy red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles); black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis); and olive (Papio anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons. These species may be threatened by increasing human activity; however, except for ashy red colobus, no data on local abundances are available. We walked over 350 km of line transects in legally protected (Village Forest Reserves) and unprotected general land between August 2011 and October 2012 to estimate densities of primates and human activity. Primate densities were consistently low across the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. Blue and red-tailed monkey and ashy red colobus densities were especially low compared to populations in predominantly forested landscapes. Primate and human activity densities did not differ significantly inside and outside of reserves. Low primate densities could be natural responses to the lower proportions and quality of riparian forest habitat in the region. High levels of human activity and the absence of significantly higher primate densities in reserves suggest unprotected land could provide important refuges for primates in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem. This result further reinforces a broad need to include unprotected areas in primate conservation strategies.
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Sharma, Narayan, M. D. Madhusudan, Prabal Sarkar, Mayur Bawri, and Anindya Sinha. "Trends in extinction and persistence of diurnal primates in the fragmented lowland rainforests of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley, north-eastern India." Oryx 46, no. 2 (April 2012): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001402.
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AbstractThe historical deforestation of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley in the Indian state of Assam has resulted in the transformation of its once-contiguous lowland rainforests into many isolated forest fragments that are still rich in species, including primates. We report the recent history and current status of six diurnal primates in one large (2,098 ha) and three small (<500 ha) fragments of the Upper Brahmaputra Valley. We censused primates in the small fragments during 2002, 2005, 2009, in the large fragment in 2008, and used other published census data to derive population trends. We also used key informant surveys to obtain historical occurrence data for these populations. Our analyses reveal the recent extinction of some populations and the simultaneous long-term persistence of others in these fragments over 16 years. Most populations appeared to have declined in the small fragments but primate abundance has increased significantly in the largest fragment over the last decade. Addressing the biomass needs of the local human populations, which appears to drive habitat degradation, and better protection of these forests, will be crucial in ensuring the future survival of this diverse and unique primate assemblage in the last rainforest fragments of the human-dominated Upper Brahmaputra Valley.
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Piitulainen, Roosa, and Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas. "Music for Monkeys: Building Methods to Design with White-Faced Sakis for Animal-Driven Audio Enrichment Devices." Animals 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101768.
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Computer systems for primates to listen to audio have been researched for a long time. However, there is a lack of investigations into what kind of sounds primates would prefer to listen to, how to quantify their preference, and how audio systems and methods can be designed in an animal-focused manner. One pressing question is, if given the choice to control an audio system, would or could primates use such a system. In this study, we design an audio enrichment prototype and method for white-faced sakis that allows them to listen to different sounds in their regular zoo habitat while automatically logging their interactions. Focusing on animal-centred design, this prototype was built from low fidelity testing of different forms within the sakis’ enclosure and gathering requirements from those who care for and view the animal. This process of designing in a participatory manner with the sakis resulted in an interactive system that was shown to be viable, non-invasive, highly interactive, and easy to use in a zoo habitat. Recordings of the sakis’ interactions demonstrated that the sakis triggered traffic audio more than silence, rain sounds, zen, and electronic music. The data and method also highlight the benefit of a longitudinal study within the animals’ own environment to mitigate against the novelty effect and the day-to-day varying rhythm of the animals and the zoo environment. This study builds on animal-centred methods and design paradigms to allow the monitoring of the animals’ behaviours in zoo environments, demonstrating that useful data can be yielded from primate-controlled devices. For the Animal-Computer Interaction community, this is the first audio enrichment system used in zoo contexts within the animals own environment over a long period of time that gives the primate control over their interactions and records this automatically.
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Hsu, M. J., and G. Agoramoorthy. "Conservation status of primates in Trinidad, West Indies." Oryx 30, no. 4 (October 1996): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300021785.
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This paper presents the results of surveys conducted in 1994 to establish the population size and density, and conservation status of red howler monkeys Alouatta seniculus insulanus and white-fronted capuchin monkeys Cebus albifrons trinitatis in the Trinity Hills, Bush-Bush and Central Range Wildlife Sanctuaries of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Populations of the red howler and capuchin monkey have declined by about 25 per cent in Bush-Bush Wildlife Sanctuary over the past 25 years. This decrease was attributed to intensive hunting pressure and habitat destruction. These factors have also caused monkey population declines in the Trinity Hills and Central Range Wildlife Sanctuaries. Recommendations are presented for the local government to enhance the protection of wild monkeys and their habitats in Trinidad.
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Dausmann, Kathrin H., and Lisa Warnecke. "Primate Torpor Expression: Ghost of the Climatic Past." Physiology 31, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00050.2015.
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Torpor, the controlled depression of virtually all bodily function during scarce periods, was verified in primates under free-ranging conditions less than two decades ago. The large variety of different torpor patterns found both within and among closely related species is particularly remarkable. To help unravel the cause of these variable patterns, our review investigates primate torpor use within an evolutionary framework. First, we provide an overview of heterothermic primate species, focusing on the Malagasy lemurs, and discuss their use of daily torpor or hibernation in relation to habitat type and climatic conditions. Second, we investigate environmental characteristics that may have been involved in shaping the high variability of torpor expression found in lemurs today. Third, we examine potential triggers for torpor use in lemurs. We propose the “torpor refugia hypothesis” to illustrate how disparate primate torpor patterns possibly evolved in response to environmental cues during glacial periods, when animals were restricted to different refuge habitats along riverine corridors. For example, individuals enduring harsher conditions at higher altitudes likely developed seasonal hibernation, whereas those inhabiting lower elevation river catchments might have coped with unfavorable conditions by employing daily torpor. The ultimate stimuli triggering torpor use today likely differ between the different habitats of Madagascar. The broad diversity of torpor patterns in lemurs among closely related species, both within the same and in distinctly different habitat types, provides an ideal base for research into the stimuli for torpor use in endotherms in general. Our hypothesis highlights the importance of considering the environmental conditions under which ecosystems and species evolved when trying to explain physiological adaptations seen today.
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Gadelha, José Ramon, Éverton Renan de Andrade Melo, Maria Nazaré Domingos da Silva, Antonio Paulo da Silva Júnior, Bruno Karol Cordeiro Filgueiras, and Antonio Rossano Mendes Pontes. "Habitat heterogeneity as a local and regional-scale driver of primate assemblage structure in northernmost Brazilian Amazonia." Animal Biology 67, no. 3-4 (2017): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002536.
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We performed line transect surveys in two fishbone human settlements (defined as clearings cut through forests in a fishbone pattern, extending along secondary roads from a main road) in different vegetation types, as well as in one protected area. A total of 410 sightings of eight primate species were recorded in the three study areas. The mean total primate abundance was 3.28 groups/10 km walked, and there were significant differences between areas with different plant physiognomies. The abundance of the larger primate speciesAlouatta macconnelliandAteles paniscus(Atelidae) was higher in the dense ombrophilous forests of the Entre Rios human settlement, whereas those of all the other species were higher in the forest mosaics of the Novo Paraíso human settlement and Viruá National Park. The habitat generalistSapajus apellapresented the highest abundances in all the areas. No significant differences were detected in relative biomass between study areas. Additionally, no significant differences were detected in the overall abundances or relative biomasses of the hunted species (Sapajus apella,Alouatta macconnelli,Ateles paniscus, andChiropotes chiropotes) between study areas. Human impact has been recognized as shaping primate assemblages. However, in this study, primates were not part of the dietary repertoire of the non-Amazonian immigrants inhabiting the fishbone human settlements. Thus, although the primate assemblages varied considerably at the regional and local level, they were shaped by habitat heterogeneity, which allowed the competing species to coexist through habitat segregation.
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Marriott, Bernadette M., Robert W. Marriott, Jean Norris, and Deborah Lee. "A semi‐natural habitat for housing small, nonhuman primates." Journal of Medical Primatology 22, no. 6 (August 1993): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00683.x.
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Young, Hillary, Randi H. Griffin, Chelsea L. Wood, and Charles L. Nunn. "Does habitat disturbance increase infectious disease risk for primates?" Ecology Letters 16, no. 5 (March 1, 2013): 656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.12094.
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Warner, Mark D. "Assessing habitat utilization by neotropical primates: A new approach." Primates 43, no. 1 (March 2002): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629577.
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Barus, Johni Arisantana, Jafron Wasiq Hidayat, and Maryono Maryono. "Primates (Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus, Macaca nemestrina, Macaca fascicularis) Population in the Ape Park Tourist Area Forest for Special Purpose of Aek Nauli." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304018.
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Forest for special purpose of Aek Nauli is an highland rainforest as habitat for primates and tourism area in Marsose, Sibaganding Village, Simalungun, Lake Toba Geopark in North Sumatra. As an endangered and protected species, siamang (Sympalangus syndactylus syndactylus) in the same habitat as pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Nowadays, the siamang population is declining due to the conversion of forest to non-forests, forest fragmentation and illegal trade. Long-tailed macaque and pig-tailed macaque are agricultural pests that are economically harmful to communities around the forest. The primate population data is needed as input for the sustainable management strategy by stakeholders to further preserve forest areas and primate populations. This study was carried out for 3 months from May to July 2018. To determine the number of primate populations performed by the concentrated area method. Estimates of primate populations are: A. Siamangs; 1 group with 3 individuals, population size 0.06. Age structure of population 1 juvenile 1, 2 adults. B. Pig-tailed macaque; 3 groups with 65 individuals, population size 1.1. The age structure is 17 tillers, 17 adolescents and 31 adults. C. Long-tailed macaque; 3 groups with 23 individuals, population size 0.5. Age structure of 5 tillers, 7 adolescents and 11 adults.
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Shil, Joydeep, Jihosuo Biswas, Sudipta Nag, and Honnavalli N. Kumara. "Persistence of Trachypithecus geei (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in a rubber plantation in Assam, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 18679–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7273.13.7.18679-18686.
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Non-human primates are highly threatened as a result of habitat destruction, agricultural expansion, industrial development, large-scale build-ups and wildlife trafficking. Nearly 60% of all primates are threatened and many are found in habitats with some form of human modifications (e.g., croplands and plantations). The adaptability of primates to survive in human-modified habitats is thus a key to determine their persistence in anthropogenic landscapes. In this study, we examined the population number and age-sex composition of the ‘Endangered’ Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei in a rubber plantation in the Kokrajhar District in Assam, India in 2016, and compared with past data of the langur population and demographics from the same location to better understand the population dynamics, demographic characters and persistence of the Golden Langurs in the rubber plantation. In 2016, we recorded six groups of Golden Langurs totaling 78 individuals with a mean group size of 13.00±4.00SD. Of the total population, 10.29% were adult males, 41.18% were adult females, 32.35% were juveniles and 16.18% were infants. The overall population growth from 1997 to 2016 was estimated to be 5.54% per year. Habitat matrices of rubber plantations with natural forest patches are important in the fragmented landscape for the persistence of Golden Langur populations. They may also act as a corridor for the langurs to move between the fragments and as food resources, highlighting the importance of such matrices for the langurs outside protected areas. Population monitoring and ecological studies in such matrices would therefore be needed for the successful implementation of targeted management strategies for the conservation of these threatened langurs.
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PINTO, MÍRIAM PLAZA, and CARLOS EDUARDO VIVEIROS GRELLE. "Minimizing conservation conflict for endemic primate species in Atlantic forest and uncovering knowledge bias." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 1 (September 9, 2011): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000440.
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SUMMARYHuman population is a predictor of mammal extinction risk, an indicator of conservation conflict and habitat conversion, and is thus associated with the threats to primate species. Priority areas that represent endemic primates in Atlantic Forest were identified where all counties had the same cost or where the costs of counties varied according to human population size (HPS); networks for both approaches consisted of nine counties. In the networks without human constraint, the average HPS was not higher than expected by chance alone. In the approach with human population constraint, HPS was not lower than the average of the null distribution. Although it is possible to minimize human conservation conflict, available occurrence data of endemic primates seems to be related to highly populated areas. The sum of HPS is greater in counties with some occurrence data than expected by chance. Conservation conflicts in the Atlantic Forest will continue to exist once this is the Brazilian most populous region, and data availability is directly related to counties' HPS. Field surveys are necessary to minimize Wallacean shortfall and efforts must be made to maintain the few natural areas remaining in this biome to promote the conservation of endemic primates and other biodiversity elements.
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Johns, Andrew D., and Joseph P. Skorupa. "Responses of rain-forest primates to habitat disturbance: A review." International Journal of Primatology 8, no. 2 (April 1987): 157–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02735162.
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Arroyo-Rodríguez, Víctor, and Salvador Mandujano. "Conceptualization and Measurement of Habitat Fragmentation from the Primates’ Perspective." International Journal of Primatology 30, no. 3 (May 7, 2009): 497–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9355-0.
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Thompson, Cynthia L., Susan H. Williams, Kenneth E. Glander, Mark F. Teaford, and Christopher J. Vinyard. "Getting Humans Off Monkeys’ Backs: Using Primate Acclimation as a Guide for Habitat Management Efforts." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa048.
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Synopsis Wild primates face grave conservation challenges, with habitat loss and climate change projected to cause mass extinctions in the coming decades. As large-bodied Neotropical primates, mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) are predicted to fare poorly under climate change, yet are also known for their resilience in a variety of environments, including highly disturbed habitats. We utilized ecophysiology research on this species to determine the morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms howlers employ to overcome ecological challenges. Our data show that howlers at La Pacifica, Costa Rica are capable of modifying body size. Howlers displayed reduced mass in warmer, drier habitats, seasonal weight changes, frequent within-lifetime weight fluctuations, and gradual increases in body mass over the past four decades. These within-lifetime changes indicate a capacity to modify morphology in a way that can impact animals’ energetics and thermodynamics. Howlers are also able to consume foods with a wide variety of food material properties by altering oral processing during feeding. While this capability suggests some capacity to cope with the phenological shifts expected from climate change and increased habitat fragmentation, data on rates of dental microwear warn that these acclimations may also cost dental longevity. Lastly, we found that howlers are able to acclimate to changing thermal pressures. On shorter-term daily scales, howlers use behavioral mechanisms to thermoregulate, including timing activities to avoid heat stress and utilizing cool microhabitats. At the seasonal scale, animals employ hormonal pathways to influence heat production. These lines of evidence cumulatively indicate that howlers possess morphological, physiological, and behavioral mechanisms to acclimate to environmental challenges. As such, howlers’ plasticity may facilitate their resilience to climate change and habitat loss. While habitat loss in the tropics is unlikely to abate, our results point to a potential benefit of active management and selective cultivation to yield large, interconnected forest fragments with targeted phenology that provides both a complex physical structure and a diversity of food sources. These steps could assist howlers in using their natural acclimation potential to survive future conservation threats.
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Sodik, Mahfut, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono, and Muhammad Ali Imron. "Resource selection by Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy, 1812 (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in a lowland fragmented forest in Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4781.11.6.13667-13679.
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Habitat loss and forest fragmentation have negative impacts on Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus, a Critically Endangered nocturnal primate endemic to Java. Reports confirmed that less than 9% of forest area remains on Java Island. One of the remaining natural habitats of the Javan Slow Loris is the fragment of Kemuning Forest in Temanggung Regency, Central Java. The purpose of this study was to determine resource selection and habitat variables that determine the presence of Javan Slow Loris. Habitat variables measured were basal area, tree connectivity, crown coverage on tree stage, slope, elevation, and distance to river. Data analysis performed was logistic regression, likelihood ratio test, and Akaike’s Information Criterion with a backward elimination procedure. We also used direct observation and interviews with locals to collect data on environment and anthropogenic features of this forest. The results showed that the Javan Slow Loris uses resources selectively on a microhabitat scale. The habitat factors that influence the probability of resource selection by the species are canopy cover and slope. Habitat characteristics preferred by the Javan Slow Loris in Kemuning Forest are secondary lowland tropical rainforest with dense canopy cover located on a steep slope with low level of habitat disturbances. Although this study uses a small sample size, the expectation is that the results can be used as preliminary information for the habitat and population management of Javan Slow Loris in Kemuning Forest to guide conservation efforts and design management strategies.
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Kool, Karen M. "The status of endangered primates in Gunung Halimun Reserve, Indonesia." Oryx 26, no. 1 (January 1992): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530002319x.
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The Gunung Halimun Reserve has the largest area of primary rain forest left on Java. The reserve is important for the habitat it provides for two endangered primates, the molochHylobates molochand the grizzled langurPresbytis comata,which are endemic to western Java. The author presents the results of a survey conducted in the reserve in July 1989 and makes suggestions for further survey work and scientific research on the primates there.
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Octavianus, Robby. "Populasi dan Karakteristik Habitat Tarsius (Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus) di Punggualas, Taman Nasional Sebangau." Jurnal Jejaring Matematika dan Sains 2, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36873/jjms.2020.v2.i1.312.
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Tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus) is one of the endemic primates in Kalimantan. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) has established the conservation status of Cephalopachus bancanus borneanus as a vulnerable primate. This research was conducted in the Punggualas area, Sebangau National Park, from June to August 2019. The data collected was the number and distribution of tarsier population along with the composition and structure of vegetation. This study revealed that tarsiers in Punggualas have a tendency to live solitary. A total of 6 tarsier individuals were found in an area of ??4 km2, with a total length of 22 km of transects. The population in the scope of the study area is 23 individuals who occupy an area of ??4 km2 with a population density of 5,682 individuals / km2. The density of vegetation in Punggualas reaches 1179 individuals per hectare at the sapling level, where this area is a suitable habitat for shelter, locomoting, and as sleeping site for Tarsiers.
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Coetzer, Willem G., Trudy R. Turner, Christopher A. Schmitt, and J. Paul Grobler. "Adaptive genetic variation at three loci in South African vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and the role of selection within primates." PeerJ 6 (June 4, 2018): e4953. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4953.
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Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) are one of the most widely distributed non-human primate species found in South Africa. They occur across all the South African provinces, inhabiting a large variety of habitats. These habitats vary sufficiently that it can be assumed that various factors such as pathogen diversity could influence populations in different ways. In turn, these factors could lead to varied levels of selection at specific fitness linked loci. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene family, which play an integral role in vertebrate innate immunity, is a group of fitness linked loci which has been the focus of much research. In this study, we assessed the level of genetic variation at partial sequences of twoTLRloci (TLR4and7) and a reproductively linked gene,acrosin(ACR), across the different habitat types within the vervet monkey distribution range. Gene variation and selection estimates were also made among 11–21 primate species. Low levels of genetic variation for all three gene regions were observed within vervet monkeys, with only two polymorphic sites identified forTLR4, three sites forTLR7and one site forACR. TLR7variation was positively correlated with high mean annual rainfall, which was linked to increased pathogen abundance. The observed genetic variation atTLR4might have been influenced by numerous factors including pathogens and climatic conditions. TheACRexonic regions showed no variation in vervet monkeys, which could point to the occurrence of a selective sweep. TheTLR4andTLR7results for the among primate analyses was mostly in line with previous studies, indicating a higher rate of evolution forTLR4. Within primates,ACRcoding regions also showed signs of positive selection, which was congruent with previous reports on mammals. Important additional information to the already existing vervet monkey knowledge base was gained from this study, which can guide future research projects on this highly researched taxon as well as help conservation agencies with future management planning involving possible translocations of this species.
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Lima, Ana R., Emerson T. Fioretto, Aline A. Imbeloni, and Érika Branco. "Saimiri sciureus' hard palate morphology." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32, no. 5 (May 2012): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2012000500015.
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Primate order includes around 180 species. Morphological aspects of New World non-human primates (NHP) have been extensively investigated since last century. General commonsense describes oral cavity adaptations according to diet and feeding, dentition, tongue projection and head shape. Morphological appearance and dimension of the hard palate have been outstanding as interest in many species including man. Six young Saimiri sciureus hard palate were investigated. We measured the hard palate distance (HL), intercanine distance (ICD), intermolar distance (IMD), and interpremolar distance (IPD). Complete and incomplete palatine crests were quantified. We believe that better understanding of the mouth roof morphology will contribute to improve the management of captive animal's diet in order to re-introduce the animals in its habitat.
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Kuswanda, Wanda. "Diversity and determination of wildlife ‘umbrella species’ in the Gunung Leuser National Park." Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.18330/jwallacea.2017.vol6iss2pp113-123.
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The determination of ‘umbrella species’ in the wildlife conservation implementation is very important to be effective and directed. This study was aimed to obtain information wildlife diversity (primates and terrestrial mammals) and ‘umbrella species’ on various type of habitats to support conservation programs in the Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), of Besitang Watershed, North Sumatera. The research was carried for six months, from May to October 2015. The observation was made using combination of variable circular plot and strip transect methods. Determination of 'umbrella species' is done through valuating by referring to the Department of Forestry criterias (2008). Primate were identified about 6 species and terrestrial mammal of 16 species. Primate and mammal diversity index are with the category of low to moderate with abudance index between 5.60-15.32. Based onassessment criteria and consideration to high conflict potential show that ‘umbrella species’ are elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847). The wildlife conservation implications are recommended, such as to the elephants around GLNP, i.e to increase research wildlife distribution and population, habitat protection and population pockets, to develop a database and monitoring with geographic information systems (GIS), the minimization a hunting and law enforcement as well as mitigation wildlife conflicts, such as elephants and orangutans.
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Naher, Habibon, Shawkat Imam Khan, and Tanvir Ahmed. "Threats and Conservation Problems of Non-Human Primates in Moist Deciduous Forest of Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 43, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v43i1.46240.
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A study was conducted at the Madhupur deciduous forest, Tangail from April 2015 to October 2015. It was carried out. Formal and informal questionnaire survey was used to interview the forest staffs and local people of the peripheral villages of Madhupur forest. Habitat destruction due to expansion of agricultural land and illegal logging and firewood collection was the prime threats of primates’ conservation especially Langur endurance. Hunting by ethnic people for using food was another threat for primates’ survival. Diseases and road accident were additional cause of threats. Crop raid was the main factor for human primates’ conflict. Paddy, pineapple and jackfruits were severely damaged by primates as they spoiled more crops than they actually eat. Time and economic loss was due to engagement of people guarding the crop field till harvesting.
Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(1): 11-22, June 2017
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Blom, A., M. P. T. Alers, A. T. C. Feistner, R. F. W. Barnes, and K. L. Barnes. "Primates in Gabon – current status and distribution." Oryx 26, no. 4 (October 1992): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300023759.
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This paper examines the current status and distribution of primates in Gabon on the basis of data collected in the field between 1985 and 1988. There are at least 19 and possibly 21 species of primates definitely present in Gabon, making it one of the richest countries in the world for primates. Most of the species are still widespread and one, the sun-tailed guenon, is endemic. Hunting and habitat destruction are the main threats to the country's primates. The major problem at the moment is the opening up of previously inaccessible areas by logging companies and the Trans Gabon railway, which leads to an increase in hunting pressure. Several species are threatened; the mandrill/drill, the black colobus, and the sun-tailed guenon need special conservation measures. Suggestions for action are made and several new reserves have recently been proposed.
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Li, Dayong, Baoping Ren, Jie Hu, Yongsheng Shen, Xinming He, Ali Krzton, and Ming Li. "Impact of Snow Storms on Habitat and Death of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China." ISRN Zoology 2012 (October 24, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/813584.
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Natural disasters such as snow storms have far-reaching effects on variations in the habitat structure and ecological aspects of non-human primates. Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) inhabit high-altitude forest and endure harsh winters. The effect of heavy snow-storms (January 19 to February 6, 2008) on two large groups of R. bieti (Gehuaqing group and Xiangguqing group) inhabiting Samage Forest in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve were assessed. Data on habitat damage were collected between March and May 2008 via field line sampling. The snow storms destroyed 237 big trees in the Samage Forest. The destroyed trees were mostly located along the mountain ridge and valley including Abies georgei, Tsuga dumosa, Pinus yunnanensis and Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon. These trees were important for R. bieti as they provide a dietary source of lichen that is a critical winter fallback food for this primate species, and consequently food availability for R. bieti was reduced. Our results also showed that two juveniles in the Gehuaqing group and three juveniles in the Xiangguqing group were found deceased following the storms. The fact indicates that R. bieti is well adapted to high altitude and strongly seasonal habitat might explain its resilience to heavy snow storms.
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Oliver, Katie, Dusit Ngoprasert, and Tommaso Savini. "Assessment of survey protocol for estimates of abundance for elusive nocturnal primates." Wildlife Research 47, no. 5 (2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19012.
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Abstract ContextEstimates of a species abundance and habitat preferences provide vital information on their status and the appropriate conservation management. For nocturnal arboreal primates, obtaining reliable estimates of these parameters is particularly challenging because of their cryptic behaviour, often resulting in a small number of detections. Although techniques are available for assessing the abundance of species with a low probability of detection, most require strict assumptions that are difficult to meet. AimsHere, we aimed to explore the possibility of improving nocturnal-primate abundance estimates when detection probability is low and to determine the minimal effort required to calculate reasonable estimates of their overall abundance and the effect of habitat type on abundance estimates. MethodsWe used count data obtained from spotlighting along line transects for estimating density of Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) in north-eastern Thailand with N-mixture hierarchical modelling, to run simulations of varying survey parameters and asses the effort needed to produce robust estimates based on the relative bias from each simulation. Key resultsN-mixture analysis showed that the data obtained from our study were still biased (9%), with a lambda of 1.79 lorises, detection probability of 0.11, 50 survey sites and a maximum of 12 sample occasions. The simulation results found that increasing the number of sample occasions to 14 per transect would produce an acceptable bias (<5%). ConclusionsWe recommend that future studies on nocturnal arboreal species should use preliminary surveys to gauge the specific lambda and probability of detection so as to establish the effort needed to produce reasonable estimates of abundance. ImplicationsOur study showed that count data obtained from spotlighting can be used to produce robust abundance estimates of nocturnal arboreal species. Unlike simple encounter rate, this method incorporates detection probability and habitat preferences, yet does not require additional trained field technicians.
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Irwin, Mitchell T., Steig E. Johnson, and Patricia C. Wright. "The state of lemur conservation in south-eastern Madagascar: population and habitat assessments for diurnal and cathemeral lemurs using surveys, satellite imagery and GIS." Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000451.
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The unique primates of south-eastern Madagascar face threats from growing human populations. The country's extant primates already represent only a subset of the taxonomic and ecological diversity existing a few thousand years ago. To prevent further losses remaining taxa must be subjected to effective monitoring programmes that directly inform conservation efforts. We offer a necessary first step: revision of geographic ranges and quantification of habitat area and population size for diurnal and cathemeral (active during both day and night) lemurs. Recent satellite images are used to develop a forest cover geographical information system, and censuses are used to establish range boundaries and develop estimates of population density and size. These assessments are used to identify regions and taxa at risk, and will be a useful baseline for future monitoring of habitat and populations. Precise estimates are impossible for patchily-distributed taxa (especially Hapalemur aureus, H. simus and Varecia variegata variegata); these taxa require more sophisticated modelling.
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Mazumder, Muhammed Khairujjaman. "Diversity, habitat preferences, and conservation of the primates of Southern Assam, India: The story of a primate paradise." Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 7, no. 4 (December 2014): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.001.
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Aziz, Md Abdul. "NOTES ON THE STATUS OF MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF THE LAWACHARA NATIONAL PARK, BANGLADESH." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 18 (December 20, 2013): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v18i0.9398.
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This paper presents a checklist of mammalian species of the Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh with notes on their status and conservation threats. A total of 39 species belonging to seven orders and 21 families were recorded. Of these, Carnivora (38%), Rodentia (24%), Primates (15%), Chiroptera (13%) and Artiodactyla (5%) were major. Thirty six per cent of the recorded mammals were common followed by uncommon (26%), rare (23%) and very common (15%). Nationally, 51% of the recorded species face different categories of threats followed by not threatened (28%) and data deficient (21%). In terms of global status, 23% of the species are threatened and 73% species are under lower risk category. Primates, herbivores and carnivores face severe threats primarily stemming from habitat loss and fragmentation, wildlife poaching and human disturbance. Arresting illegal tree felling and over-exploitation of forest resources, restoration of degraded habitats and regulative tourism activities should urgently be addressed for long-term conservation of mammalian species in the park.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v18i0.9398Ecoprint: An International Journal of EcologyVol. 18, 2011 Page: 45-53 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013
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Estrada, Alejandro, Paul A. Garber, and Abhishek Chaudhary. "Current and future trends in socio-economic, demographic and governance factors affecting global primate conservation." PeerJ 8 (August 21, 2020): e9816. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9816.
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Currently, ~65% of extant primate species (ca 512 species) distributed in 91 countries in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, South Asia and Southeast Asia are threatened with extinction and 75% have declining populations as a result of deforestation and habitat loss resulting from increasing global market demands, and land conversion for industrial agriculture, cattle production and natural resource extraction. Other pressures that negatively impact primates are unsustainable bushmeat hunting, the illegal trade of primates as pets and as body parts, expanding road networks in previously isolated areas, zoonotic disease transmission and climate change. Here we examine current and future trends in several socio-economic factors directly or indirectly affecting primates to further our understanding of the interdependent relationship between human well-being, sustainable development, and primate population persistence. We found that between 2001 and 2018 ca 191 Mha of tropical forest (30% canopy cover) were lost as a result of human activities in the five primate range regions. Forty-six percent of this loss was in the Neotropics (Mexico, Central and South America), 30% in Southeast Asia, 21% in mainland Africa, 2% in Madagascar and 1% in South Asia. Countries with the greatest losses (ca 57% of total tree cover loss) were Brazil, Indonesia, DRC, China, and Malaysia. Together these countries harbor almost 50% of all extant primate species. In 2018, the world human population was estimated at ca 8bn people, ca 60% of which were found in primate range countries. Projections to 2050 and to 2100 indicate continued rapid growth of the human populations in these five primate range regions, with Africa surpassing all the other regions and totaling ca 4bn people by the year 2100. Socioeconomic indicators show that, compared to developed nations, most primate range countries are characterized by high levels of poverty and income inequality, low human development, low food security, high levels of corruption and weak governance. Models of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) projected to 2050 and 2100 showed that whereas practices of increasing inequality (SSP4) or unconstrained growth in economic output and energy use (SSP5) are projected to have dire consequences for human well-being and primate survivorship, practices of sustainability-focused growth and equality (SSP1) are expected to have a positive effect on maintaining biodiversity, protecting environments, and improving the human condition. These results stress that improving the well-being, health, and security of the current and future human populations in primate range countries are of paramount importance if we are to move forward with effective policies to protect the world’s primate species and promote biodiversity conservation.
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Pinto, Luiz Paulo S., Claudia M. R. Costa, Karen B. Strier, and Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca. "Habitat, Density and Group Size of Primates in a Brazilian Tropical Forest." Folia Primatologica 61, no. 3 (1993): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000156740.
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GATES, JOHN F. "Habitat alteration, hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in African forests." Austral Ecology 21, no. 1 (March 1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1996.tb00580.x.
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Borgerson, Cortni. "The Effects of Illegal Hunting and Habitat on Two Sympatric Endangered Primates." International Journal of Primatology 36, no. 1 (January 25, 2015): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9812-x.
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Ferrari, Stephen F., and Sérgio L. Mendes. "Buffy-headed marmosets 10 years on." Oryx 25, no. 2 (April 1991): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300035158.
Full textAbstract:
The buffy-headed marmoset Callithrix flaviceps is among the rarest of Brazil's Atlantic Forest primates and is potentially one of the most endangered by habitat destruction. Rarely seen in captivity, little was known about the species until very recently. Studies carried out during the last 10 years have revealed that these marmosets are not only highly adaptable but are also more widespread than was first thought. There thus seems to be room for cautious optimism for the survival of the species as long as further habitat loss can be minimized.
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Ferrari, Stephen F., Claudio Emidio-Silva, M. Aparecida Lopes, and Urbano L. Bobadilla. "Bearded sakis in south-eastern Amazonia—back from the brink?" Oryx 33, no. 4 (October 1999): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00078.x.
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AbstractThe endemic bearded sakis Chiropotes satanas Satanas and Chiropotes satanas utahicki of south-eastern Amazonia are among the most threatened of this region's primates because of a combination of deforestation and hunting, and their apparent intolerance of habitat disturbance. Recent surveys at eight sites confirm that sakis are locally extinct in some areas where intense habitat fragmentation is exacerbated by hunting pressure, but also show that, in the absence of hunting, they can be relatively abundant in isolated forest fragments. Density was unexpectedly low in one protected area, however, which implies that caution is necessary for the planning of long-term conservation strategies. Well-protected forest fragments of reasonable size ( > 5000 ha) appear to have good potential for the protection of bearded saki populations. While many of the region's major landowners may thus make a significant contribution to the management of saki populations, land conflicts are a potentially serious problem for the long-term conservation of not just these primates, but the region's fauna and flora as a whole.