Relevant bibliographies by topics / Prime number

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Prime number'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 November 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Prime number"

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Lichtman, Jared Duker, Greg Martin, and Carl Pomerance. "Primes in prime number races." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 147, no. 9 (June 14, 2019): 3743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/14569.

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Chermidov, Sergey Ivanovich. "PRIME NUMBER LAW. DEPENDENCE OF PRIME NUMBERS ON THEIR ORDINAL NUMBERS AND GOLDBACH – EULER BINARY PROBLEM USING COMPUTER." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Management, computer science and informatics 2020, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2072-9502-2020-4-80-100.

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The article considers the methods of defining and finding the distribution of composite numbers CN, prime numbers PN, twins of prime numbers Tw and twins of composite numbers TwCN that do not have divisors 2 and 3 in the set of natural numbers - ℕ based on a set of numbers like Θ = {6∙κ ± 1, κ ∈ ℕ}, which is a semigroup in relation to multiplication. There has been proposed a method of obtaining primes by using their ordinal numbers in the set of primes and vice versa, as well as a new algorithm for searching and distributing primes based on a closedness of the elements of the set Θ. It has been shown that a composite number can be presented in the form of products (6x ± 1) (6y ± 1), where x, y ℕ - are positive integer solutions of one of the 4 Diophantine equations: . It has been proved that if there is a parameter λ of prime twins, then none of Diophantine equations P (x, y, λ) = 0 has positive integer solutions. There has been found the new distribution law of prime numbers π(x) in the segment [1 ÷ N]. Any even number is comparable to one of the numbers i.e. . According to the above remainders m, even numbers are divided into 3 types, each type having its own way of representing sums of 2 elements of the set Θ. For any even number in a segment [1 ÷ ν], where ν = (ζ−m) / 6, , there is a parameter of an even number; it is proved that there is always a pair of numbers that are elements of the united sets of parameters of prime twins and parameters of transition numbers , i.e. numbers of the form with the same λ, if the form is a prime number, then the form is a composite number, and vice versa.
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Nakagoshi, Norikata. "On the class number of the lpth cyclotomic number field." Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 109, no. 2 (March 1991): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004100069735.

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The first factor of the class number of a cyclotomic number field can be obtainable by the analytic class number formula and there are some tables which show the decompositions of the first factors into primes. But, using just the analytic formula, we cannot tell what kinds of primes will appear as the factors of the class number of a given cyclotomic number field, except for those of the genus number, or the irregular primes. It is significant to find in advance the prime factors, particularly those prime to the degree of the field. For instance, in the table of the first factors we can pick out some pairs (l, p) of two odd primes l and p such that the class number of each lpth cyclotomic number field is divisible by l even if p 1 (mod l). If p ≡ (mod l) for l ≥ 5 or p ≡ 1 (mod 32) for l = 3, then it is easy from the outset to achieve our intention of finding the factor l using the genus number formula. Otherwise it seems to be difficult. We wish to make it clear algebraically why the class number has the prime factor l.
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Farkas, Gábor, Zsombor Kiss, Dániel Papatyi, and Krisztina Schäffer. "Prime Numbers." Mérnöki és Informatikai Megoldások, no. II. (October 20, 2020): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37775/eis.2020.2.1.

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"``Prime hunting" can be considered as a research area of computational number theory. Its goal is to find special combinations of integers and prove their primality. Four research groups, established by A. Járai between 1992 and 2014, published numerous world class scientific results. In this period, due to Járai's arithmetic routines fastest in the world, they reached the world record 19 times, namely found the largest known twin primes 9 times, Sophie Germain primes 7 times, a prime of the form n^4+1, a number which is simultaneously twin and Sophie Germain prime and the three largest known primes forming a Cunningham chain of length 3 of the first kind. When A. Járai retired, the investigations of this area were suspended. In the beginning of 2020 the research was reopened by G. Farkas at the newly-founded campus (Szombathely) of ELTE. The first signal success came in the end of May 2020. They proved the primality of the numbers which form the largest known Cunningham chains of length 2 of the 2nd kind. In this paper we report on a newly started prime hunting project with the aim of increasing our students' research activity.
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Tallant, Jonathan. "Optimus prime: paraphrasing prime number talk." Synthese 190, no. 12 (May 29, 2011): 2065–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-011-9959-8.

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Mackinnon, Nick. "Prime Number Formulae." Mathematical Gazette 71, no. 456 (June 1987): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3616496.

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Ribenboim, Paulo. "Prime Number Records." College Mathematics Journal 25, no. 4 (September 1994): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2687612.

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Gilbert Waltzek, Chris. "Prime Number Conjecture." Mathematics and Statistics 2, no. 6 (August 2014): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ms.2014.020601.

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Granville, Andrew, and Greg Martin. "Prime Number Races." American Mathematical Monthly 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27641834.

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Granville, Andrew, and Greg Martin. "Prime Number Races." American Mathematical Monthly 113, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029890.2006.11920275.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prime number"

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Ho, Kwan-hung, and 何君雄. "On the prime twins conjecture and almost-prime k-tuples." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29768421.

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Buchanan, Dan Matthews. "Analytic Number Theory and the Prime Number Theorem." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1525451327211365.

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Hendi, Yacoub. "On The Prime Number Theorem." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analys och sannolikhetsteori, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-441288.

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Anderson, Crystal Lynn. "An Introduction to Number Theory Prime Numbers and Their Applications." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2222.

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The author has found, during her experience teaching students on the fourth grade level, that some concepts of number theory haven't even been introduced to the students. Some of these concepts include prime and composite numbers and their applications. Through personal research, the author has found that prime numbers are vital to the understanding of the grade level curriculum. Prime numbers are used to aide in determining divisibility, finding greatest common factors, least common multiples, and common denominators. Through experimentation, classroom examples, and homework, the author has introduced students to prime numbers and their applications.
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Chan, Ching-yin, and 陳靖然. "On k-tuples of almost primes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/195967.

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Alazmi, Amal Abdullah. "The Prime Number Theorem: Elementary Results." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564916947385846.

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Alexander, Anita Nicole. "A HISTORY OF THE PRIME NUMBER THEOREM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1416827548.

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Alghamdi, Maha Mosaad. "ANALYTIC PROOF OF THE PRIME NUMBER THEOREM." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1550224160190008.

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Shahabi, Majid. "The distribution of the classical error terms of prime number theory." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3252.

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Maynard, James. "Topics in analytic number theory." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3bf4346a-3efe-422a-b9b7-543acd529269.

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In this thesis we prove several different results about the number of primes represented by linear functions. The Brun-Titchmarsh theorem shows that the number of primes which are less than x and congruent to a modulo q is less than (C+o(1))x/(phi(q)log{x}) for some value C depending on log{x}/log{q}. Different authors have provided different estimates for C in different ranges for log{x}/log{q}, all of which give C>2 when log{x}/log{q} is bounded. We show in Chapter 2 that one can take C=2 provided that log{x}/log{q}> 8 and q is sufficiently large. Moreover, we also produce a lower bound of size x/(q^{1/2}phi(q)) when log{x}/log{q}>8 and is bounded. Both of these bounds are essentially best-possible without any improvement on the Siegel zero problem. Let k>1 and Pi(n) be the product of k linear functions of the form a_in+b_i for some integers a_i, b_i. Suppose that Pi(n) has no fixed prime divisors. Weighted sieves have shown that for infinitely many integers n, the number of prime factors of Pi(n) is at most r_k, for some integer r_k depending only on k. In Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 we introduce two new weighted sieves to improve the possible values of r_k when k>2. In Chapter 5 we demonstrate a limitation of the current weighted sieves which prevents us proving a bound better than r_k=(1+o(1))klog{k} for large k. Zhang has shown that there are infinitely many intervals of bounded length containing two primes, but the problem of bounded length intervals containing three primes appears out of reach. In Chapter 6 we show that there are infinitely many intervals of bounded length containing two primes and a number with at most 31 prime factors. Moreover, if numbers with up to 4 prime factors have `level of distribution' 0.99, there are infinitely many integers n such that the interval [n,n+90] contains 2 primes and an almost-prime with at most 4 prime factors.
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Books on the topic "Prime number"

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Schleich, Wolfgang. Prime numbers 101: A primer on number theory. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2008.

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C, Vaughan Robert, ed. Multiplicative number theory I: Classical theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

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Montgomery, Hugh L. Multiplicative number theory I: Classical theory. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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M, Apostol Tom. Introduction to analytic number theory. 4th ed. New York: Springer, 1995.

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M, Apostol Tom. Introduction to analytic number theory. 5th ed. New York: Springer, 1998.

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M, Apostol Tom. Introduction to analytic number theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Harman, G. Prime-detecting sieves. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.

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L, Montgomery Hugh, ed. Multiplicative number theory. 3rd ed. New York: Springer, 2000.

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Sabbagh, Karl. Dr. Riemann's Zeros: The search for the $1 million solution to the greatest problem in mathematics. London: Atlantic, 2002.

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Sabbagh, Karl. Dr. Riemann's zeros: [the search for the $1 million solution to the greatest problem in mathematics]. London: Atlantic Books, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prime number"

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Stiglic, Anton. "Prime Number." In Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, 959–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_471.

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Weik, Martin H. "prime number." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1326. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_14591.

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Ahmad, Khaleel, Afsar Kamal, and Khairol Amali Bin Ahmad. "Prime Number." In Emerging Security Algorithms and Techniques, 27–45. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351021708-3.

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Coppel, W. A. "The Number of Prime Numbers." In Number Theory, 363–98. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89486-7_9.

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Crandall, Richard, and Carl Pomerance. "Number-Theoretical Tools." In Prime Numbers, 77–108. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9316-0_2.

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Buchmann, Johannes A. "Prime Number Generation." In Introduction to Cryptography, 127–37. New York, NY: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0496-8_6.

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Buchmann, Johannes A. "Prime Number Generation." In Introduction to Cryptography, 151–61. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9003-7_7.

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Guy, Richard K. "Prime Numbers." In Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3585-4_2.

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Guy, Richard K. "Prime Numbers." In Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 3–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-26677-0_2.

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Kundu, Satyabrota, and Sypriyo Mazumder. "Prime Numbers." In Number Theory and its Applications, 45–66. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003275947-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prime number"

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Mateos, Luis A., Tuan D. Pham, Xiaobo Zhou, Hiroshi Tanaka, Mayumi Oyama-Higa, Xiaoyi Jiang, Changming Sun, Jeanne Kowalski, and Xiuping Jia. "Chaotic Nonlinear Prime Number Function." In 2011 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR LIFE SCIENCES (CMLS-11). AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3596639.

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KITAOKA, YOSHIYUKI. "STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL MODULO PRIME POWERS." In The 7th China–Japan Seminar on Number Theory. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814644938_0003.

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Chervyakov, Nikolay I., Mikhail G. Babenko, Darya S. Konyaeva, Natalya N. Kuchukova, Ekaterina A. Kuchukova, and Natalya G. Gudieva. "Experimental analysis of large prime numbers generation in residue number system." In 2017 International Conference "Quality Management,Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies" (IT&QM&IS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itmqis.2017.8085822.

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Kim, Jaeyoung, Byungjun Ahn, and Jungsik Kim. "Multiple Path Selection Algorithm using Prime Number." In 2006 10th IEEE Singapore International Conference on Communication Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccs.2006.301387.

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Chen, Quanhai. "The prime number theorem via Fourier transformation." In 2022 International Conference on Applied Statistics, Computational Mathematics and Software Engineering (ASCMSE 2022),, edited by Steven Guan and Haibin Zhu. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2649456.

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An, Dongchan, and Seog Park. "Flexible Prime Number Labeling for Resource Limited Clients." In 2010 IEEE 34th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsacw.2010.34.

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PLANAT, M. "THE IMPACT OF PRIME NUMBER THEORY ON FREQUENCY METROLOGY." In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777713_0086.

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Yu Fu and Sen Xu. "Generalized fast coding steganographic algorithm based on prime number." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Information Theory and Information Security (ICITIS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitis.2010.5688752.

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An, Dongchan, and Seog Park. "Group-Based Prime Number Labeling Scheme for XML Data." In 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cit.2010.290.

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Gupta, Ruchir, B. K. Kanaujia, R. C. S. Chauhan, and M. Shukla. "Prime Number Based Interleaver for Multiuser Iterative IDMA Systems." In 2010 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicn.2010.119.

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Reports on the topic "Prime number"

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Kinney, Gilbert F. Primes: The First Two Thousand Four Hundred Prime Numbers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233979.

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Oyekan, Khalimath, Ayodotun Ayorinde, and Oreoluwa Adenuga. The Problem of Out-of-School Children in Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/058.

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In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development which outlines a blueprint to address global challenges across a broad range of themes including poverty, health, education, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace and justice. The Goal 4 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, otherwise referred to as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 4, seeks to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Unfortunately, an approximated 263 million children remain out of school around the world. This number includes children who never started formal schooling and children who started school but later dropped out (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2016). Reducing the number of out-of-school children (OOSC) is a key priority for countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This is because more than half of children globally that have not enrolled in school live in Sub-Saharan Africa, and more than 85 percent of children in Sub-Saharan Africa are not learning the minimum (UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2018). Moreover, education is a fundamental human right, a critical driver for economic advancement and a powerful tool for poverty reduction. Hence, no child of school age should be denied access to quality and equitable education, and an opportunity to acquire skills that guarantee future employability and long-term earning. In the Nigerian context, OOSC are prevalent in both rural and urban settings, but rural areas, and isolated or deprived areas in general, consistently show higher numbers of out-of-school children (World Bank, 2019). These children are spread across the country in varying proportions. This situation is of concern to the Federal Government of Nigeria as noted in the Nigeria Education Ministerial Plan (2018-2022) which outlines several strategies targeted at bringing children back to school. In spite of these strategies, the number of OOSC remains significantly high. This insight note aims to provide an overview of the most recent data on out-of-school children in Nigeria, including breakdowns by socioeconomic and other demographic indicators. This will be followed by suggestions of possible interventions, prime of which is the Accelerated Education Programme (AEP), and other interventions which could serve to strengthen the existing laid out strategies by the government in addressing the OOSC problem in Nigeria.
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Carrol. PR-214-05502-R01 Application of Fatigue Analysis Procedures Using Pipeline SCADA Data. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011248.

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Fatigue life prediction for in-service pipelines can vary considerably, with one of the prime sources of variability being the pipeline operating pressure data typically captured and archived using a Supervisor Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. SCADA systems may operate differently from one system to another and the records can be significantly different on the basis of the operational parameter sampling technique. Operating pressure data is a key input into integrity analysis for pipelines containing defects. BMT Fleet has collected close to 200 pressure data sets and has been investigating the sensitivity of fatigue life predictions for a number of pipeline operators for weld defects, dents, wrinkles, etc. on an individual basis. A strong understanding of the variability of the results has been obtained, but not formally presented in a comprehensive guidance document.The goal of the present investigation is to determine the impact of various precedures used to collect SCADA data on the resulting fatigue life predictions for defects. Based upon the analysis conducted, recommendations will be provided to outline techniques that should be applied to collecting SCADA data and for the subsequent use in integrity analysis processes. Procedures will be discussed to ensure that fatigue assessments based upon SCADA data are acceptably accurate, reliable and reproducible.
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Chhoeung, Norinmony, Sesokunthideth Chrea, and Nghia Nguyen. Cambodia’s Cash Transfer Program during COVID-19. Asian Development Bank Institute, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rrmz8095.

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In 2019, Cambodia had been enjoying its steady economic growth until the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic hit the country from February 2020 in the form of severe infectious diseases, causing both economic and social problems for people from all walks of life, especially poor and vulnerable families. The IDPoor Equity Card, a poverty identification and registration system, was introduced in Cambodia to provide cash to poor pregnant women and children since 2016. Given its continued success, Cambodian Prime Minister Samdech Hun Sen announced the implementation of the Cash Transfer Program (CTP) using the IDPoor Card system. The CTP provided cash to poor and vulnerable households across the country affected by the pandemic. Executing the first large-scale cash transfer program in history presented significant challenges for the Government of Cambodia. In addition to implementing the program, which had to adhere to the three principles of equity–equality–efficiency, the government had other challenges to overcome, such as the limited number of tablets and facilities to accommodate the many people waiting in line to withdraw cash. Under the guidance of the central government, particularly the Economic and Finance Policy Committee, a technical working group was established to lead the implementation process; coordination among local governments, local councils, agencies, and the poor and needy; review of the IDPoor database; establishment of the digital payment system; and training of local government staff. This enabled the CTP to effectively distribute cash to poor and vulnerable households during the pandemic.
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Rosero-Bixby, Luis, and Tim Miller. The mathematics of the reproduction number R for Covid-19: A primer for demographers. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res1.3.

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The reproduction number R is a key indicator used to monitor the dynamics of Covid-19 and to assess the effects of infection control strategies that frequently have high social and economic costs. Despite having an analog in demography’s “net reproduction rate” that has been routinely computed for a century, demographers may not be familiar with the concept and measurement of R in the context of Covid-19. This article is intended to be a primer for understanding and estimating R in demography. We show that R can be estimated as a ratio between the numbers of new cases today divided by the weighted average of cases in previous days. We present two alternative derivations for these weights based on how risks have changed over time: constant vs. exponential decay. We then provide estimates of these weights, and demonstrate their use in calculating R to trace the course of the first pandemic year in 53 countries.
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Pérez, Alex, and Juan Sebastián Vélez-Velásquez. Price Dispersion and Wholesale Costs Shocks in the Colombian Retail Gasoline Markets. Banco de la República Colombia, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1220.

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Price dispersion is a prevalent feature even of markets where, arguably, homogeneous good are traded. At the heart of the causes of price dispersion lie the firms' strategic interactions with their customers and rivals. Consumers' eagerness and ability to search for lower prices tends to reduce dispersion because it enhances competition. Firms inability to sustain tacit collusion, on the other hand, increases price dispersion. Wholesale costs shock can impact both. We use data on retail gasoline markets from Colombia to assess whether changes in price dispersion following wholesale cost shocks are explained by consumer searching or by firms breaking away from collusive equilibria. We also explore the role played by market structure on the extent of price dispersion. Our findings suggest that changes in price dispersion following wholesale cost shocks are driven by consumers searching more intensely for lower prices. We also find a positive relationship between the number of service stations in a market and how disperse prices are. Our results are robust to alternative ways of measuring price dispersion and alternative ways of defining relevant markets.
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Frijters, Paul. WELLBYs, cost-benefit analyses and the Easterlin Discount. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.deb04.

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The current practise of cost-benefit analysis inWestern countries consists of a collection of various incompatible ideas and methodologies to obtain replicable numbers for the costs and benefits of major public spending plans. This paper describes the main elements of the dominant methodology, which combines consumer and producer surplus, price-taking, government-inputs-as-outputs, hedonic pricing of externalities, and the issue-specific use of partial or general equilibrium thinking. The paper then discusses how that methodology can be augmented and partially replaced by looking at how prospective policies would change the total number of WELLBYs (life satisfaction-adjusted years of life) of the population. The ability of the WELLBY methodology to address complex externalities is illustrated by the Easterlin Discount, which is a proposed reduction factor of 75% on all estimates of private consumption benefits to offset the envy caused in others.
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Eshed, Y., and Z. B. Lippman. Fine tuning the shoot and inflorescence architectures for improved tomato yield. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134148.bard.

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In this project, we are determining the contribution of different types of variations, in gene function and in gene regulation, to altered shoot architecture first, and to field performance in the next stage. We are using tomato as a target, but also as a model for many other crops. Our focus is on two different components of yield associated traits - shoot architecture and organization of the inflorescence. Our focus was on two types of regulators; 1) genes involved in florigen - antiflogen balance and the way they impact the shoot, and 2) genes involved in inflorescence branching and it this way, the way they impact the number of flowers produced by the plant. For the first class, we described our thoughts on that matter in a joint review (Eshed and Lippman, 2019) where we argued that annualization of short-lived vine plants such as tomato and soybean was their major adaptation for intensive modern farming. This annualization was achieved by introduction of mutations in the anti florigen gene SELFPRUNING, mutations that were also used to domesticate/adapt cotton, roses, strawberries and more (Eshed and Lippman, 2019). Indeed, introduction of this mutation and additional one in another antifloraigen gene SP5G into a vine type tomatoes resulted in compact, early yielding plants suitable for urban agriculture (Kwon et al., 2020 - please note that Yossi Capua, a former graduate student from the Eshed group is a coauthor of this study). The other side of this project, customized generation of large branched inflorescences, relied on ongoing collaboration between the two labs on genes like S and genes of the SEP clade, J2 and EJ2. We first showed that highly branched j2 ej2 inflorescences can be quantitatively modified by introduction of either null or naturally weak alleles of the TM3/STM3 gene cluster (Alonge et al., 2020). We next showed that variation in inflorescence branching can be obtained by customized interreference in selected promoter motifs of S, a gene that is otherwise essential at the seed stage (Hendelamn et al., 2021). Overall, our joint project provided some prime examples for targeted use of genome editing for the formation of valuable alleles that can either improve modern crops or, significantly, open the door for rapid "domestication" of orphan crops
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Ciapponi, Agustín. What are the impacts of policies regarding direct patient payments for medicines? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1701153.

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Policies in which consumers pay directly for their medicines when they fill a prescription include caps (a maximum number of prescriptions or medicines that are reimbursed, fixed co-payments (patients pay a fixed amount per prescription or medicine), tier co-payments (the amount payed depends on whether the prescription is for a brand (patented) medicine or a generic medicine), co-insurance (patients pay part of the price of the medicine), and ceilings (patients pay the full price or part of the cost up to a ceiling, after which medicines are free or are available at reduced cost).
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Martinez-Carrasco, José, Otavio Conceição, and Ana Lúcia Dezolt. More Information, Lower Price? Access Market-based Reference Prices and Gains in Public Procurement Efficiency. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004794.

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The paper examines the impact of providing market-based reference prices on public procurement efficiency in Brazil. Specifically, the study focuses on the State Secretariat of Health (SES) in Rio Grande do Sul and the algorithm developed by the local tax administration to calculate representative reference prices for pharmaceutical products. Unlike previous studies, reference prices are calculated based on the universe of local business-to-business transactions. The study finds that SES procurement officers access to this information caused a significant reduction in purchase unit prices, particularly for products characterized by a higher ex-ante unit price, a smaller number of suppliers, and purchased by a smaller number of public institutions. The gains in efficiency are attributed to the use of up-to-date market information, which is particularly useful for products where information asymmetry is more likely to exist between procurement officers and private providers.
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