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Journal articles on the topic 'Primitive streak'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Bellairs, Ruth. "The primitive streak." Anatomy and Embryology 174, no. 1 (1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00318331.

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2

Ramkumar, Nitya, and Kathryn V. Anderson. "SnapShot: Mouse Primitive Streak." Cell 146, no. 3 (2011): 488–488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.028.

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3

Psychoyos, D., and C. D. Stern. "Fates and migratory routes of primitive streak cells in the chick embryo." Development 122, no. 5 (1996): 1523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.5.1523.

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We have used carbocyanine dyes to fate map the primitive streak in the early chick embryo, from stages 3+ (mid-primitive streak) to 9 (8 somites). We show that presumptive notochord, foregut and medial somite do not originate solely from Hensen's node, but also from the anterior primitive streak. At early stages (4- and 4), there is no correlation between specific anteroposterior levels of the primitive streak and the final position of their descendants in the notochord. We describe in detail the contribution of specific levels of the primitive streak to the medial and lateral halves of the so

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4

Wei, Y., and T. Mikawa. "Formation of the avian primitive streak from spatially restricted blastoderm: evidence for polarized cell division in the elongating streak." Development 127, no. 1 (2000): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.1.87.

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Gastrulation in the amniote begins with the formation of a primitive streak through which precursors of definitive mesoderm and endoderm ingress and migrate to their embryonic destinations. This organizing center for amniote gastrulation is induced by signal(s) from the posterior margin of the blastodisc. The mode of action of these inductive signal(s) remains unresolved, since various origins and developmental pathways of the primitive streak have been proposed. In the present study, the fate of chicken blastodermal cells was traced for the first time in ovo from prestreak stages XI-XII throu

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5

Frumkin, A., R. Haffner, E. Shapira, N. Tarcic, Y. Gruenbaum, and A. Fainsod. "The chicken CdxA homeobox gene and axial positioning during gastrulation." Development 118, no. 2 (1993): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.553.

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The chicken homebox containing gene, CdxA (formerly CHox-cad), was previously shown to be expressed during gastrulation. Localization of CdxA transcripts by in situ hybridization to tissue sections revealed that, during gastrulation, expression of this gene exhibits a posterior localization along the primitive streak. The transcripts are localized to epiblast cells in the vicinity of the primitive streak, to cells of the primitive streak itself and in the definitive endoderm as it replaces the hypoblast. In order to study in greater detail the pattern of expression of the CdxA gene during gast

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6

Shah, S. B., I. Skromne, C. R. Hume, et al. "Misexpression of chick Vg1 in the marginal zone induces primitive streak formation." Development 124, no. 24 (1997): 5127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.24.5127.

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In the chick embryo, the primitive streak is the first axial structure to develop. The initiation of primitive streak formation in the posterior area pellucida is influenced by the adjacent posterior marginal zone (PMZ). We show here that chick Vg1 (cVg1), a member of the TGFbeta family of signalling molecules whose homolog in Xenopus is implicated in mesoderm induction, is expressed in the PMZ of prestreak embryos. Ectopic expression of cVg1 protein in the marginal zone chick blastoderms directs the formation of a secondary primitive streak, which subsequently develops into an ectopic embryo.

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7

Streit, A., K. J. Lee, I. Woo, C. Roberts, T. M. Jessell, and C. D. Stern. "Chordin regulates primitive streak development and the stability of induced neural cells, but is not sufficient for neural induction in the chick embryo." Development 125, no. 3 (1998): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.3.507.

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We have investigated the role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP-4) and a BMP antagonist, chordin, in primitive streak formation and neural induction in amniote embryos. We show that both BMP-4 and chordin are expressed before primitive streak formation, and that BMP-4 expression is downregulated as the streak starts to form. When BMP-4 is misexpressed in the posterior area pellucida, primitive streak formation is inhibited. Misexpression of BMP-4 also arrests further development of Hensen's node and axial structures. In contrast, misexpression of chordin in the anterior area pellucida gener

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8

Ooi, V. E. C., E. J. Sanders, and R. Bellairs. "The contribution of the primitive streak to the somites in the avian embryo." Development 92, no. 1 (1986): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.92.1.193.

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Chick embryos were removed from the egg at stages 6–11 and explanted in culture. The greater part of the postnodal primitive streak of each embryo was replaced with a similar region taken from a corresponding quail embryo. The reciprocal experiment was also carried out, chick primitive streak being grafted in place of quail. After further incubation, the grafted primitive streak cells were found to contribute to lateral plate mesoderm, somites and intermediate cell mass. In an additional series of experiments, the postnodal primitive streak was extirpated and the embryo allowed to heal without

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9

Lockwood, Michael. "Human Identity and the Primitive Streak." Hastings Center Report 25, no. 1 (1995): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562496.

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10

Alev, C., Y. Wu, T. Kasukawa, L. M. Jakt, H. R. Ueda, and G. Sheng. "Transcriptomic landscape of the primitive streak." Development 137, no. 17 (2010): 2863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.053462.

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11

Ivanovitch, Kenzo, Pablo Soro-Barrio, Probir Chakravarty, et al. "Ventricular, atrial, and outflow tract heart progenitors arise from spatially and molecularly distinct regions of the primitive streak." PLOS Biology 19, no. 5 (2021): e3001200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001200.

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The heart develops from 2 sources of mesoderm progenitors, the first and second heart field (FHF and SHF). Using a single-cell transcriptomic assay combined with genetic lineage tracing and live imaging, we find the FHF and SHF are subdivided into distinct pools of progenitors in gastrulating mouse embryos at earlier stages than previously thought. Each subpopulation has a distinct origin in the primitive streak. The first progenitors to leave the primitive streak contribute to the left ventricle, shortly after right ventricle progenitor emigrate, followed by the outflow tract and atrial proge

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12

Davis, Richard P., Elizabeth S. Ng, Magdaline Costa, et al. "Targeting a GFP reporter gene to the MIXL1 locus of human embryonic stem cells identifies human primitive streak–like cells and enables isolation of primitive hematopoietic precursors." Blood 111, no. 4 (2008): 1876–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-06-093609.

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Differentiating human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) represent an experimental platform for establishing the relationships between the earliest lineages that emerge during human development. Here we report the targeted insertion in HESCs of sequences encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the locus of MIXL1, a gene transiently expressed in the primitive streak during embryogenesis.1,2 GFP fluorescence in MIXL1GFP/w HESCs differentiated in the presence of BMP4 reported the expression of MIXL1, permitting the identification of viable human primitive streak-like cells. The use of GFP as a re

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13

Canning, D. R., and C. D. Stern. "Changes in the expression of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1 associated with mesoderm induction in the chick embryo." Development 104, no. 4 (1988): 643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.104.4.643.

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We report that a monoclonal antibody, HNK-1, identifies specific regions and cell types during primitive streak formation in the chick blastoderm. Immunohistochemical studies show that the cells of the forming hypoblast are HNK-1 positive from the earliest time at which they can be identified. Some cells of the margin of the blastoderm are also positive. The mesoderm cells of the primitive streak stain strongly with the antibody from the time of their initial appearance. In the epiblast, some cells are positive and some negative at pre-primitive-streak stages, but as the primitive streak devel

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14

Darnell, D. K., M. R. Stark, and G. C. Schoenwolf. "Timing and cell interactions underlying neural induction in the chick embryo." Development 126, no. 11 (1999): 2505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.11.2505.

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Previous studies on neural induction have identified regionally localized inducing activities, signaling molecules, potential competence factors and various other features of this important, early differentiation event. In this paper, we have developed an improved model system for analyzing neural induction and patterning using transverse blastoderm isolates obtained from gastrulating chick embryos. We use this model to establish the timing of neural specification and the spatial distribution of perinodal cells having organizer activity. We show that a tissue that acts either as an organizer o

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15

Faust, C., A. Schumacher, B. Holdener, and T. Magnuson. "The eed mutation disrupts anterior mesoderm production in mice." Development 121, no. 2 (1995): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.2.273.

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Mouse embryos homozygous for the mutation embryonic ectoderm development (eed) exhibit a growth defect and fail to gastrulate normally. While extraembryonic mesoderm is produced extensively, very little embryonic mesoderm is detected in eed mutant embryos, and there is no subsequent organization of mesoderm into node, notochord, or somites. The phenotype is consistent with a defect in the distal primitive streak. Here we report additional phenotypic analyses that include mRNA in situ hybridization of genes whose expression reflects the function of different regions of the primitive streak and

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16

Kinder, S. J., T. E. Tsang, G. A. Quinlan, A. K. Hadjantonakis, A. Nagy, and P. P. Tam. "The orderly allocation of mesodermal cells to the extraembryonic structures and the anteroposterior axis during gastrulation of the mouse embryo." Development 126, no. 21 (1999): 4691–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4691.

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The prospective fate of cells in the primitive streak was examined at early, mid and late stages of mouse gastrula development to determine the order of allocation of primitive streak cells to the mesoderm of the extraembryonic membranes and to the fetal tissues. At the early-streak stage, primitive streak cells contribute predominantly to tissues of the extraembryonic mesoderm as previously found. However, a surprising observation is that the erythropoietic precursors of the yolk sac emerge earlier than the bulk of the vitelline endothelium, which is formed continuously throughout gastrula de

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17

Lemaire, L., T. Roeser, J. C. Izpisua-Belmonte, and M. Kessel. "Segregating expression domains of two goosecoid genes during the transition from gastrulation to neurulation in chick embryos." Development 124, no. 8 (1997): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.8.1443.

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We report the isolation and characterization of a chicken gene, GSX, containing a homeobox similar to that of the goosecoid gene. The structure of the GSX gene and the deduced GSX protein are highly related to the previously described goosecoid gene. The two homeodomains are 74% identical. In the first few hours of chick embryogenesis, the expression pattern of GSX is similar to GSC, in the posterior margin of the embryo and the young primitive streak. Later during gastrulation, expression of the two genes segregate. GSC is expressed in the anterior part of the primitive streak, then in the no

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18

Tam, P. P., and R. S. Beddington. "The formation of mesodermal tissues in the mouse embryo during gastrulation and early organogenesis." Development 99, no. 1 (1987): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.99.1.109.

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Orthotopic grafts of [3H]thymidine-labelled cells have been used to demonstrate differences in the normal fate of tissue located adjacent to and in different regions of the primitive streak of 8th day mouse embryos developing in vitro. The posterior streak produces predominantly extraembryonic mesoderm, while the middle portion gives rise to lateral mesoderm and the anterior region generates mostly paraxial mesoderm, gut and notochord. Embryonic ectoderm adjacent to the anterior part of the streak contributes mainly to paraxial mesoderm and neurectoderm. This pattern of colonization is similar

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19

Chuai, Manli, Wei Zeng, Xuesong Yang, Veronika Boychenko, James A. Glazier, and Cornelis J. Weijer. "Cell movement during chick primitive streak formation." Developmental Biology 296, no. 1 (2006): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.451.

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20

Nagy, Andras, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. "Isolating Postimplantation Embryos: Early Primitive-Streak-Stage." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (2006): pdb.prot4363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4363.

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21

Nagy, Andras, Marina Gertsenstein, Kristina Vintersten, and Richard Behringer. "Isolating Postimplantation Embryos: Late Primitive-Streak-Stage." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2006, no. 1 (2006): pdb.prot4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4364.

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22

Hyun, Insoo, Annelien L. Bredenoord, James Briscoe, Sigal Klipstein, and Tao Tan. "Human embryo research beyond the primitive streak." Science 371, no. 6533 (2021): 998–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abf3751.

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23

Stern, C. D., G. W. Ireland, S. E. Herrick, et al. "Epithelial scatter factor and development of the chick embryonic axis." Development 110, no. 4 (1990): 1271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.4.1271.

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Scatter factor, a recently characterised protein secreted by certain embryonic fibroblasts, affects cultured epithelial by increasing cell motility, the breakdown of cell junctions and cell scattering. The process of gastrulation in higher vertebrate embryos, during which the primitive streak forms, involves an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation resembling the effects of the factor on cultured cells. The factor was applied locally to chick embryos, using both scatter-factor-secreting cell lines and inert carriers. We found that scatter factor can generate local supernumerary axial struct

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24

Lawson, K. A., J. J. Meneses, and R. A. Pedersen. "Clonal analysis of epiblast fate during germ layer formation in the mouse embryo." Development 113, no. 3 (1991): 891–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.3.891.

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The fate of cells in the epiblast at prestreak and early primitive streak stages has been studied by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into single cells in situ of 6.7-day mouse embryos and identifying the labelled descendants at midstreak to neural plate stages after one day of culture. Ectoderm was composed of descendants of epiblast progenitors that had been located in the embryonic axis anterior to the primitive streak. Embryonic mesoderm was derived from all areas of the epiblast except the distal tip and the adjacent region anterior to it: the most anterior mesoderm cells originated

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25

Stern, C. D. "The marginal zone and its contribution to the hypoblast and primitive streak of the chick embryo." Development 109, no. 3 (1990): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.109.3.667.

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The marginal zone of the chick embryo has been shown to play an important role in the formation of the hypoblast and of the primitive streak. In this study, time-lapse filming, fate mapping, ablation and transplantation experiments were combined to study its contribution to these structures. It was found that the deep (endodermal) portion of the posterior marginal zone contributes to the hypoblast and to the junctional endoblast, while the epiblast portion of the same region contributes to the epiblast of the primitive streak and to the definitive (gut) endoderm derived from it. Within the dee

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26

Copp, Andrew J., Heather M. Roberts, and Paul E. Polani. "Chimaerism of primordial germ cells in the early postimplantation mouse embryo following microsurgical grafting of posterior primitive streak cells in vitro." Development 95, no. 1 (1986): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.95.1.95.

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A microsurgical grafting technique has been used to introduce primordial germ cell (PGC) precursors into intact primitive-streak-stage mouse embryos in vitro. Operated embryos were cultured for 36–40 h and then analysed by a combined histochemical and autoradiographic method. PGC chimaerism occurred in embryos that received grafts of caudal primitive streak cells but not adjacent embryonic endoderm or anterolateral ectoderm/mesoderm cells. Graftderived PGCs were found to be migrating through the gut endoderm alongside host-derived PGCs in approximately half of the chimaeric embryos whereas in

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27

Tam, P. P., M. Parameswaran, S. J. Kinder, and R. P. Weinberger. "The allocation of epiblast cells to the embryonic heart and other mesodermal lineages: the role of ingression and tissue movement during gastrulation." Development 124, no. 9 (1997): 1631–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.9.1631.

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The cardiogenic potency of cells in the epiblast of the early primitive-streak stage (early PS) embryo was tested by heterotopic transplantation. The results of this study show that cells in the anterior and posterior epiblast of the early PS-stage embryos have similar cardiogenic potency, and that they differentiated to heart cells after they were transplanted directly to the heart field of the late PS embryo. That the epiblast cells can acquire a cardiac fate without any prior act of ingression through the primitive streak or movement within the mesoderm suggests that neither morphogenetic e

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28

Burdsal, C. A., C. H. Damsky, and R. A. Pedersen. "The role of E-cadherin and integrins in mesoderm differentiation and migration at the mammalian primitive streak." Development 118, no. 3 (1993): 829–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.3.829.

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We have examined the role of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions during mesoderm differentiation and migration at the primitive streak of the mouse embryo with the use of function-perturbing antibodies. Explants of epiblast or mesoderm tissue dissected from the primitive streak of 7.5- to 7.8-day mouse embryos were cultured on a fibronectin substratum in serum-free, chemically defined medium. After 16–24 hours in culture, cells in explants of epiblast exhibited the typical close-packed morphology of epithelia, and the tissue remained as a coherent patch of cells that wer

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29

Bachvarova, R. F., I. Skromne, and C. D. Stern. "Induction of primitive streak and Hensen's node by the posterior marginal zone in the early chick embryo." Development 125, no. 17 (1998): 3521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.17.3521.

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In the preprimitive streak chick embryo, the search for a region capable of inducing the organizer, equivalent to the Nieuwkoop Center of the amphibian embryo, has focused on Koller's sickle, the hypoblast and the posterior marginal zone. However, no clear evidence for induction of an organizer without contribution from the inducing tissue has been provided for any of these structures. We have used DiI/DiO labeling to establish the fate of midline cells in and around Koller's sickle in the normal embryo. In the epiblast, the boundary between cells that contribute to the streak and those that d

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30

Tam, P. P. "Regionalisation of the mouse embryonic ectoderm: allocation of prospective ectodermal tissues during gastrulation." Development 107, no. 1 (1989): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.1.55.

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The regionalisation of cell fate in the embryonic ectoderm was studied by analyzing the distribution of graft-derived cells in the chimaeric embryo following grafting of wheat germ agglutinin—gold-labelled cells and culturing primitive-streak-stage mouse embryos. Embryonic ectoderm in the anterior region of the egg cylinder contributes to the neuroectoderm of the prosencephalon and mesencephalon. Cells in the distal lateral region give rise to the neuroectoderm of the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord. Embryonic ectoderm at the archenteron and adjacent to the middle region of the primitive s

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31

Varlet, I., J. Collignon, and E. J. Robertson. "nodal expression in the primitive endoderm is required for specification of the anterior axis during mouse gastrulation." Development 124, no. 5 (1997): 1033–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.5.1033.

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Mouse nodal, a member of the TGFbeta family of secreted growth factors is essential for gastrulation. We recently generated a nodal(lacZ) reporter allele by homologous recombination in ES cells. In the present study, beta-galactosidase staining in the perigastrulation-stage embryo has demonstrated the site of highest nodal expression is localised to the prospective posterior region of the epiblast marking the site of primitive streak formation. We also documented transient nodal.lacZ expression in the visceral endoderm prior to and during early streak formation. A mosaic analysis using wild-ty

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32

Perea-Gomez, A., K. A. Lawson, M. Rhinn, et al. "Otx2 is required for visceral endoderm movement and for the restriction of posterior signals in the epiblast of the mouse embryo." Development 128, no. 5 (2001): 753–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.128.5.753.

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Genetic and embryological experiments have demonstrated an essential role for the visceral endoderm in the formation of the forebrain; however, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms of this requirement are poorly understood. We have performed lineage tracing in combination with molecular marker studies to follow morphogenetic movements and cell fates before and during gastrulation in embryos mutant for the homeobox gene Otx2. Our results show, first, that Otx2 is not required for proliferation of the visceral endoderm, but is essential for anteriorly directed morphogenetic movement. Se

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33

Howsepian, A. A. "Lockwood on human identity and the primitive streak." Journal of Medical Ethics 23, no. 1 (1997): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.23.1.38.

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34

Le Bot, Nathalie. "Reprogramming goes through a primitive-streak-like state." Nature Cell Biology 16, no. 5 (2014): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2966.

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35

Khaner, Oded, and Hefzibah Eyal-Giladi. "The chick's marginal zone and primitive streak formation." Developmental Biology 134, no. 1 (1989): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(89)90090-0.

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36

Eyal-Giladi, Hefzibah, and Oded Khaner. "The chick's marginal zone and primitive streak formation." Developmental Biology 134, no. 1 (1989): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(89)90091-2.

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37

Eyal-Giladi, H., T. Lotan, T. Levin, O. Avner, and J. Hochman. "Avian marginal zone cells function as primitive streak inducers only after their migration into the hypoblast." Development 120, no. 9 (1994): 2501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.9.2501.

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Hypoblast cells of posterior marginal zone origin have been shown previously to be the inducers of primitive streak in the avian embryo. Here we checked: (1) whether the above cells acquire their inductivity while still whithin the marginal zone; (2) can inductivity be found in supernatants of defined blastodermic regions; (3) can differences in the electrophoretic pattern be shown between inducing and non-inducing tissue fragments and their conditioned media, which might give a clue as to what the inductive substance is. The following observations were made: 1. (a) Stage X chick posterior mar

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38

Perea-Gomez, A., W. Shawlot, H. Sasaki, R. R. Behringer, and S. Ang. "HNF3beta and Lim1 interact in the visceral endoderm to regulate primitive streak formation and anterior-posterior polarity in the mouse embryo." Development 126, no. 20 (1999): 4499–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.20.4499.

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Recent embryological and genetic experiments have suggested that the anterior visceral endoderm and the anterior primitive streak of the early mouse gastrula function as head- and trunk-organising centers, respectively. Here, we report that HNF3beta and Lim1 are coexpressed in both organising centers suggesting synergistic roles of these genes in regulating organiser functions and hence axis development in the mouse embryo. To investigate this possibility, we generated compound HNF3beta and Lim1 mutant embryos. An enlarged primitive streak and a lack of axis formation were observed in HNF3beta

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39

Tang, S. J., P. A. Hoodless, Z. Lu, et al. "The Tlx-2 homeobox gene is a downstream target of BMP signalling and is required for mouse mesoderm development." Development 125, no. 10 (1998): 1877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.10.1877.

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TGFbeta-related factors are critical regulators of vertebrate mesoderm development. However, the signalling cascades required for their function during this developmental process are poorly defined. Tlx-2 is a homeobox gene expressed in the primitive streak of mouse embryos. Exogenous BMP-2 rapidly activates Tlx-2 expression in the epiblast of E6.5 embryos. A Tlx-2 promoter element responds to BMP-2 signals in P19 cells, and this response is mediated by BMP type I receptors and Smad1. These results suggest that Tlx-2 is a downstream target gene for BMP signalling in the primitive streak where

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40

Dufort, D., L. Schwartz, K. Harpal, and J. Rossant. "The transcription factor HNF3beta is required in visceral endoderm for normal primitive streak morphogenesis." Development 125, no. 16 (1998): 3015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.16.3015.

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During early embryogenesis, the transcription factor HNF3beta is expressed in visceral and definitive endoderm, node, notochord and floorplate. A targeted mutation in the HNF3β gene results in the lack of a definitive node and notochord. Furthermore, lack of HNF3beta results in failure of proper primitive streak elongation. To address whether HNF3beta is required in visceral endoderm, we have used tetraploid embryo-ES cell aggregations to generate chimeric mouse embryos with wild-type visceral endoderm and homozygous mutant HNF3beta embryonic ectoderm or vice versa. Replacing the visceral endo

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41

Wilson, V., L. Manson, W. C. Skarnes, and R. S. Beddington. "The T gene is necessary for normal mesodermal morphogenetic cell movements during gastrulation." Development 121, no. 3 (1995): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.121.3.877.

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The T (Brachyury) deletion in mouse is responsible for defective primitive streak and notochord morphogenesis, leading to a failure of the axis to elongate properly posterior to the forelimb bud. T/T embryonic stem (ES) cells colonise wild-type embryos, but in chimeras at 10.5 days post coitum (dpc) onwards they are found predominantly in the distal tail, while trunk paraxial and lateral mesoderm are deficient in T/T cells (Wilson, V., Rashbass, P. and Beddington, R. S. P. (1992) Development 117, 1321–1331). To determine the origin of this abnormal tissue distribution, we have isolated T/T and

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42

Conlon, F. L., K. M. Lyons, N. Takaesu, et al. "A primary requirement for nodal in the formation and maintenance of the primitive streak in the mouse." Development 120, no. 7 (1994): 1919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.7.1919.

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The 413.d insertional mutation arrests mouse development shortly after gastrulation. nodal, a novel TGF beta-related gene, is closely associated with the locus. The present study provides direct evidence that the proviral insertion causes a loss of function mutation. nodal RNA is initially detected at day 5.5 in the primitive ectoderm. Concomitant with gastrulation, expression becomes restricted to the proximal posterior regions of the embryonic ectoderm. nodal RNA is also expressed in the primitive endoderm overlying the primitive streak. A few hours later, expression is strictly confined to

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Popperl, H., C. Schmidt, V. Wilson, et al. "Misexpression of Cwnt8C in the mouse induces an ectopic embryonic axis and causes a truncation of the anterior neuroectoderm." Development 124, no. 15 (1997): 2997–3005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.15.2997.

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Transgenic embryos expressing Cwnt8C under the control of the human beta-actin promoter exhibit duplicated axes or a severely dorsalised phenotype. Although the transgene was introduced into fertilised eggs all duplications occurred within a single amnion and, therefore, arose from the production of more than one primitive streak at the time of gastrulation. Morphological examination and the expression of diagnostic markers in transgenic embryos suggested that ectopic Cwnt8C expression produced only incomplete axis duplication: axes were always fused anteriorly, there was a reduction in tissue

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Williams, Margot L. K., Carol Burdsal, Ammasi Periasamy, and Ann Sutherland. "Mechanisms of primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo." Developmental Biology 356, no. 1 (2011): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.132.

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Lee, Hyung Chul, Hui-Chun Lu, Mark Turmaine, et al. "Molecular anatomy of the pre-primitive-streak chick embryo." Open Biology 10, no. 2 (2020): 190299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.190299.

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The early stages of development of the chick embryo, leading to primitive streak formation (the start of gastrulation), have received renewed attention recently, especially for studies of the mechanisms of large-scale cell movements and those that position the primitive streak in the radial blastodisc. Over the long history of chick embryology, the terminology used to define different regions has been changing, making it difficult to relate studies to each other. To resolve this objectively requires precise definitions of the regions based on anatomical and functional criteria, along with a sy

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Pruitt, S. C. "Discrete endogenous signals mediate neural competence and induction in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells." Development 120, no. 11 (1994): 3301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.11.3301.

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Endogenous signals capable of inducing neuroectodermal differentiation are expressed by differentiating P19 EC cells in vitro. The present study demonstrates that at least two discrete signals are required. One is expressed by isolated primitive streak mesoderm-like cell lines and has the capacity to induce the expression of Pax-3 but, alone, induces neural differentiation inefficiently. The second signal is not expressed by the primitive streak mesoderm-like cell line but is present in conditioned media from differentiating P19 EC cells following DMSO treatment. This signal does not induce ei

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Sanders, E. J., M. Varedi, and A. S. French. "Cell proliferation in the gastrulating chick embryo: a study using BrdU incorporation and PCNA localization." Development 118, no. 2 (1993): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.389.

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Cell proliferation in the gastrulating chick embryo was assessed using two independent techniques which mark cells in S phase of the mitotic cycle: nuclear incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) detected immunocytochemically and immunolocalization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Computer-reconstructed maps were produced showing the distribution of labelled nuclei in the primitive streak and the cell layers. These distributions were also normalized to take into account regional differences in cell density across the embryo. Results from a 2 hour pulse of BrdU indicated that alt

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Beddington, R. S. P., P. Rashbass, and V. Wilson. "Brachyury - a gene affecting mouse gastrulation and early organogenesis." Development 116, Supplement (1992): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.157.

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Mouse embryos that are homozygous for the Brachyury (T) deletion die at mid-gestation. They have prominent defects in the notochord, the allantois and the primitive streak. Expression of the T gene commences at the onset of gastrulation and is restricted to the primitive streak, mesoderm emerging from the streak, the head process and the notochord. Genetic evidence has suggested that there may be an increasing demand for T gene function along the rostrocaudal axis. Experiments reported here indicate that this may not be the case. Instead, the gradient in severity of the T defect may be caused

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Jouve, Caroline, Tadahiro Iimura, and Olivier Pourquie. "Onset of the segmentation clock in the chick embryo: evidence for oscillations in the somite precursors in the primitive streak." Development 129, no. 5 (2002): 1107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1107.

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Vertebrate somitogenesis is associated with a molecular oscillator, the segmentation clock, which is defined by the periodic expression of genes related to the Notch pathway such as hairy1 and hairy2 or lunatic fringe (referred to as the cyclic genes) in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Whereas earlier studies describing the periodic expression of these genes have essentially focussed on later stages of somitogenesis, we have analysed the onset of the dynamic expression of these genes during chick gastrulation until formation of the first somite. We observed that the onset of the dynamic express

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Mac Auley, A., Z. Werb, and P. E. Mirkes. "Characterization of the unusually rapid cell cycles during rat gastrulation." Development 117, no. 3 (1993): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.873.

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The onset of gastrulation in rodents is associated with the start of differentiation within the embryo proper and a dramatic increase in the rate of growth and proliferation. We have determined the duration of the cell cycle for mesodermal and ectodermal cells of rat embryos during gastrulation (days 8.5 to 9.5 of gestation) using a stathmokinetic analysis. These embryonic cells are the most rapidly dividing mammalian cells yet described. Most cells of the ectoderm and mesoderm had a cell cycle time of 7 to 7.5 hours, but the cells of the primitive streak divided every 3 to 3.5 hours. Total ce

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