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Jayaramu, Rajamma Abburu, Sateesha Shivally Boregowda, Addanki Rahul Deva Varma, and Chandan Kalegowda. "Development of fast dispersing tablets of nebivolol: experimental and computational approaches to study formulation characteristics." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 50, no. 4 (2014): 956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502014000400031.
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Formulation of FDT (fast dispersing tablets) of nebivolol was optimized and evaluated using simplex lattice design (SLD). The influence of type and concentration of three disintegrants viz.,Ac-Di-Sol, Primojel and Polyplasdone XL on hardness, friability and disintegration time of tablet was studied. Response surface plot and the polynomial equations were used to evaluate influence of polymer on the tablet properties. Results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results reveal that fibrous integrity and optimal degree of substitution in Primojel and Ac-Di-Sol are mainly responsible for the hardness of the tablet. Use of Polyplasdone in higher percentage in tablet formulation may result in high friability. Increase in concentration of Ac-Di-Sol increases the disintegration time but increased concentration of Primojel in the tablet formulation decreases the disintegration time. This is also evident from model terms for disintegration time with a high 'F' value of 14.69 and 'p' value of 0.0031 (<0.05). The reason could be that Primojel has higher swelling properties and an optimum hydration capacity, which favors fast disintegration of a tablet. In conclusion, careful selection of disintegrant for FDT could improve their properties. Use of Simplex Lattice Design for formulation development could simplify the formulation process and reduce the production cost.
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Lakshmanarao, P. Chowdary K.P.R.* Prasad S.V.U.M. "FACTORIAL STUDIES ON ENHANCEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF TELMISARTAN TABLETS BY CD COMPLEXATION AND SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUES." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 08 (2017): 2393–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.845723.
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Telmisartan, a widely prescribed anti hypertensive drug belongs to class II under BCS classification and exhibit low and variable oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. Because of poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate it poses challenging problems in its tablet formulation development. It needs enhancement in the dissolution rate in its formulation development. The objective of the present study is to enhance the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets by two techniques namely i) Complexation by β CD alone and in combination with Tween 80 and ii) Solid dispersion in Primojel alone and in combination with Tween 80. The individual and combined effects of β CD, Primojel and Tween 80 in each case were evaluated in 2 2 factorial experiments. A comparative evaluation of the two techniques was also made. Telmisartan (40 mg) tablets were formulated in each case i.e.CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques as per 22 factorial design. The two factors in CD complexation are β CD and Tween 80 and the two factors in solid dispersion technique are Primojel and Tween 80. The two levels of Factor A (β CD or Primojel) are 0 and 1:3 ratio of drug: carrier and the two levels of the Factor B (Tween 80) are 0 and 4% of drug and carrier content. Four telmisrtan tablets (40 mg) were formulated in each technique using selected combinations of the levels of the two factors. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and the prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution rate and efficiency. The dissolution rate and dissolution efficiency of telmisartan tablets were markedly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. In both the techniques the individual and combined effects of the factors involved i.e. β CD and Tween 80 in CD complexation and Primojel and Tween 80 in the case of solid dispersion technique, are highly significant (P < 0.01). Solid dispersion technique gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets than CD complexation technique. In both the techniques combined carriers gave higher enhancement in the dissolution rate than the carriers individually. Formulations CDab and SDab gave respectively 7.14 and 9.10 fold increase in the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets. The dissolution efficiency of the telmisartan tablets was also significantly enhanced by CD complexation and Solid dispersion techniques. Key words: Telmisartan tablets, Dissolution rate, Cyclodextrin complexation, Solid dispersion technique, β CD, Primojel, Tween 80, Factorial study
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Aneela Manzoor. "Review article: sodium starch glycolate as a super disintegrant." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 5, no. 1 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp2021515.
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Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) is most widely used excipient in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. SSG is extensively used as a superdisintegrant in different drug formulations. This review article aims to discuss chemistry, synthesis, level used as superdisintegrant, different types of SSG’s and various physicochemical properties. SSG available as different brands i.e Primojel, Explotab and Vivastar with different properties. Excipient, generally considered as an inert component, are of great importance in drug product development. Interchange between different suppliers can lead to final products with different quality attributes
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KR, Shankar, Shaik A, Lakshmi KNV, Kakarala AC, and Moukthik MS. "Formulation and Evaluation of Olanzapine Oral Films by 32 Factorial Design." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 04 (2024): 1694–99. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.4.13.
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This experiment aimed to create a mouth dissolving film containing Olanzapine and basic adjuvants such as polymers, plasticizers, sweeteners, saliva stimulants, and flavorings were used. Solvent casting method was used created using to create films. HPMC E5 cps gave good thickness to the film. The films produced gave good tensile strength and folding endurance. The augmented formulation (F7) exhibited good mouth feel, folding endurance, immediate drug release, and strong mechanical properties. The F7 exhibited a disintegration time (DT) of 20 seconds and drug release of 99% within 10 minutes. Polynomial equations were derived for DT and percent drug dissolved 10 (PD10) using Design Expert 7 software. Disintegration time (DT) and percent drug dissolved in 10min (PD10) equations developed are as follows. Y1=36.00 +2.50 X1-5.00 X2+0.25X1X2-2.50X2-5X22(DT); Y3=90.75-3.70X1+2.50X2-0.00 X1X2–1.95X2+0.50 X2(PD10m).The positive sign for co-efficient of X1 in Y1 equations designates that as the concentration of HPMC rises, disintegrating time increases. The negative sign for co-efficient of X2 inY1equations indicates that as the enhancement in primojel concentration decreases the disintegrating time . To check the legitimacy of equation F10 was formulated with DT for 25 sec and PD10 for 90.00. The Final DT Values and PD10were found to be 25 sec and 90.64 % indicating the validity of equation. FTIR spectra indicated that API and adjuvants did not interact during the study. Thus Olanzapine mouth dissolving films could be successfully prepared using HPMC E5 and primojel using 32 Factorial Design.
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Aly, Adel M., and A. A. Mohammed. "Preparation and Evaluation of Sildenafil Rapidly Disintegrating Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 5, no. 1 (2012): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2012.5.1.4.
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Sildenafil citrate is an oral therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED). Sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), has been reported to be effective in men with ED associated with diabetes and prostate cancer, and in psychogenic ED. The main objective of this study is to prepare more effective, rapidly disintegrating and rapid onset of action sildenafil oral tablets. Sildenafil tablets were prepared using the newly introduced Pharmaburst® as a direct compression vehicle in comparison with the well-known excipients, namely mannitol, anhydrous lactose and primojel. The formula containing Pharmaburst® showed the most rapidly-disintegrating effect (15 sec) compared to the other formulations. Thus, Pharmaburst® can be utilized as an effective direct compression vehicle as well as a superdisintegrant with very rapid disintegration time in vitro and in the oral cavity. The rapidly-disintegrating sildenafil tablets showed maximum serum concentration within only two minutes (Cmax of 0.76 µg) by applying the tablets to the oral cavity of rabbits, whereas, the conventional sildenafil tablets have a comparatively lower Cmax (0.56µg) through about 45 minutes. 
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Khatry, Sadhna, Neha Sood, and Sandeep Arora. "Surface Solid Dispersion – A Review." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 6, no. 1 (2013): 1915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2013.6.1.1.
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Preparation of an effective formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs is a key challenge in pharmaceutical technology. Dissolution rate and solubility are the rate- limiting steps for increasing the bioavailability of poorly water‐soluble drugs. Solid dispersion is an efficient technique for improving dissolution rate and subsequently, the bioavailability of poorly water‐soluble drugs. Surface sSolid dDispersion is a novel technique of solid dispersion for dispersing one or more active ingredients on a water insoluble carrier of high surface area in order to achieve increased dissolution rates and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. The Vvarious polymers used in this technique are Avicel, Crosspovidone, sSodium starch glycolate, pPregelatinized starch, Cab-o-sil, Ac-di-sol, KyronT-314, Primojel and pPotato sStarch. This article reviews the various methods of preparation and characterization of surface solid dispersion and compiles some of the drugs formulated as surface solid dispersions. Some of the practical aspects to be considered for preparing surface solid dispersion are selection of a suitable carrier and method of preparation of surface solid dispersion.
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Ali, Beenish, Amjad Khan, Hamad S. Alyami, et al. "Evaluation of the effect of carrier material on modification of release characteristics of poor water soluble drug from liquisolid compacts." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0249075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249075.
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Liquisolid compact is a novel dosage form in which a liquid medication (liquid drug, drug solution/dispersion in non-volatile solvent/solvent system) is converted to a dry, free flowing powder and compressed. Objective of the study was to elucidate the effect of carrier material on release characteristics of clopidogrel from liquisolid compacts. Different formulations of liquisolid compacts were developed using microcrystalline cellulose, starch maize, polyvinyl pyrollidone and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as carrier material in three concentrations (40, 30 and 20%, w/w). Liquid vehicle was selected on the basis of solubility of clopidogrel. Colloidal silicondioxide was used as coating material and ratio of carrier to coating material was kept 10. A control formulation comprised of microcrystalline cellulose (diluents), tabletose-80 (diluents), primojel (disintegrant) and magnesium stearate (lubricant) was prepared by direct compression technique and was used for comparison. All the formulations were evaluated at pre and post compression level. Acid solubility profile showed higher solubility in HCl buffer pH2 (296.89±3.49 μg/mL). Mixture of propylene glycol and water (2:1, v/v) was selected as liquid vehicle. Drug content was in the range of 99–101% of the claimed quantity. All the formulations showed better mechanical strength and their friability was within the official limits (<1%). Microcrystalline cellulose and starch maize resulted in faster drug release while polyvinyl pyrollidone and HPMC resulted in sustaining drug release by gel formation. It is concluded from results that both fast release and sustained release of clopidogrel can be achieved by proper selection of carrier material.
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Svonja-Parezanovic, Gordana, Mladena Lalic-Popovic, Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon, Nemanja Todorovic, Nebojsa Pavlovic, and Jelena Jovicic-Bata. "The effect of magnesium stearate and sodium starch glycolate on powder flowability." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 50 (2019): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1950304s.
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The powder flow plays an important role in the manufacture of dosage form such as direct compression tablets. The objective of this research was to investigate the individual and interaction effects of magnesium stearate (MgSt) (Merck Ltd., Germany) as lubricant and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (Primojel?) as superdesintegrator on powder flowability. Powder formulations were prepared by mixing different concentration of MgSt (0.25% and 5%) and SSG (0.5% and 4%) with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (Vivapur?101) or spray-dried lactose (LAC) (Super Tab 21AN) as diluents. Eight powder formulations were prepared using as filler LAC and MCC, as superdesintegrator SSG and as lubricant MgSt in ratios as follows: P1 (LAC : 0.5% SSG : 0.25% MgSt); P2 (LAC : 4% SSG : 5% MgSt); P3 (LAC : 0.5% SSG : 5% MgSt); P4 (LAC : 4% SSG : 5% MgSt); P5 (MCC : 0.5% SSG : 0.25% MgSt); P6 (MCC : 4% SSG : 5% MgSt); P7 (MCC : 0.5% SSG : 5% MgSt); P8 (MCC : 4% SSG : 0.25% MgSt). The powder formulations were evaluated using indirect methods of flowability evaluation according to 9th European Pharmacopoeia: measurement of tapped and bulk density (Ph.Eur.9, 2.9.34) and angle of repose (Ph.Eur. 2.9.36). Also, compressibility index, Hausner?s ratio were calculated. A full factorial design with three factors at two levels and response surface methodology were applied to evaluate the influence of various concentrations of MgSt and SSG on powder flowability. The results indicate that flow properties improved with decrease of SSG content and with increase of MgSt content. Magnesium stearate in powder formulations with microcrystalline cellulose has a greater influence on the improvement of the flow properties than powder formulations with spray-dried lactose.
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Indriana, Meutia, and Salman Salman. "UTILIZATION OF NEMBA STEM AS AN ANTITUBERCULOSIS COMPARED WITH RIFAMPICIN AND ETAMBUTOL." Journal of Pharmaceutical And Sciences 3, no. 2 (2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v3i2.92.
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Indonesia ranks third in the number of tuberculosis, after India and China. Treatment of tuberculosis takes a long time, and the lack of discipline in taking medication has caused the Mycobacterium tuberculosis to be resistant to many synthetic drugs that have been used so far. In contrast, the discovery of new synthetic drugs is very slow. Traditionally, neem bark (Azadirachta indica JUSS.) has been used to treat coughing up blood and phlegm, and the results of previous studies show that ethanol extract of neem bark in vitro can inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of neem bark extract, formulation of neem bark ethanol extract into tablet preparations, and the potential of this tablet preparation as anti-tuberculosis in vivo in animals. Neem bark extract was made by percolation using an ethanol extractor. Toxicity test was carried out in the form of an acute toxicity test on mice to calculate the LD50 value and histopathological observations of the liver, lungs, and intestines. The tablets were made by wet granulation. The potential test of tablet preparations as anti-tuberculosis was performed in vivo on animals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using a nebulizer. The results showed LD 50 = 11.85 ± 0.571, including mild toxic. The ethanolic extract of neem bark can be formulated into tablets using a 6% gelatin binder, Manihot starch and primojel as a binder, and a mixture of starch and lactose as a filler. Neem bark extract tablets can cure tuberculosis of experimental animals that have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV, which is given a dose of 3 times a day two tablets (50 mg/tablet) for six weeks seen tuberculosis bacteria from +3 to negative, and a dose of 3 times a day once a day. Tablet looks from +3 to +1.
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Henry, Silke, Lien De Vadder, Milan Decorte, et al. "Development of a 3D-Printed Dosing Platform to Aid in Zolpidem Withdrawal Therapy." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (2021): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101684.
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The long-term use of benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) is associated with multiple side effects, such as increased sedation, hangover or an elevated risk of dependency and abuse. Unfortunately, the long-term use of BZRAs is reaching worrying intake rates, and therefore, the need for action is high. It was demonstrated already that the overall willingness of patients for deprescription increased when a slow dose reduction scheme with the possibility for dose increase, if needed, is employed. The current study aims to develop a flexible dosing platform of zolpidem hemitartrate (ZHT) to facilitate such withdrawal therapy. As this is the first report on the extrusion and 3D printing of ZHT, its thermal behaviour and sensitivity towards photolytic degradation was characterised. It was shown that ZHT possesses multiple polymorphs and was especially prone to oxidative photolysis. Next, a variety of immediate release polymers (Eudragit EPO, Kollidon VA64, Kollidon 12PF and Soluplus) were blended and extruded with Polyox WSR N10 to investigate their feedability and printability by mechanical and rheological analysis. The addition of PEO was shown to enable printing of these brittle pharmaceutical polymers, although the processing temperature was deemed critical to avoid surface defects on the resulting filaments. An EPO(70)PEO(30) system was selected based on its suitable mechanical properties and low hygroscopicity favoring ZHT stability. The matrix was blended with 1% or 10% API. The effect of certain printing parameters (caplet size, nozzle diameter, % overlap) on dissolution behaviour and caplet weight/dimensions/quality was assessed. A flexible dosing platform capable of delivering <1 mg and up to 10 mg of ZHT was created. Either caplet modification (incorporation of channels) or disintegrant addition (Primojel, Explotab, Ac-Di-Sol, Primellose and Polyplasdone-XL) failed to achieve an immediate release profile. This study provides the first report of a 3D-printed flexible dosing platform containing ZHT to aid in withdrawal therapy.
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Sopyan, Iyan, Ina Novianti, Marline Abdassah Bratadiredja, Raira Salsabila Hapsari, and Ervina Setiawati. "Comparative Dissolution Formulation and Test Simvastatin Ko-Crystal Tablets With Isonicotinamide As Coformer." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics 6, no. 2 (2025): 66–83. https://doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v5i3.55250.
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Simvastatin is a statin drug used to lower plasma cholesterol in all types of hyperlipidemia. Simvastatin is included in BCS class II with poor solubility. One of the efforts made to increase the solubility of simvastatin is the formation of co-crystals. Co-crystal is a modified type of crystal habit, which consists of two or more molecules in the same crystal lattice. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best excipient combination formula on the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet with isonicotinamide as a coformer and its comparable dissolution test results. The excipient combination optimization was carried out using a two-level factorial method. The optimized Avicel pH 102 and Primogel produced four combination designs on ready-made formulas, namely F1 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (79:2), F2 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (79:8), F3 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (85: 2) and F4 Avicel pH 102: Primogel (85: 8). The evaluation includes evaluating the mass of the print and the quality of the tablets. The excipient combination design solution in the best formula is Avicel pH 102 and Primogel with a ratio (79: 8). The method used in a comparable dissolution test is to compare the values of F1 (difference factor) and F2 (similarity factor) using BootStrap software. The F2 values observed were 50.3 at pH 1.2, 56.09 at pH 4.5, and 59.23 at pH 6.8, which indicates that the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet has similarities with the innovator tablet. The excipient combination design solution in the best formula is Avicel pH 102 and Primogel with a ratio (79: 8). The method used in a comparable dissolution test is to compare the values of F1 (difference factor) and F2 (equation factor) using BootStrap software. The F2 values observed were 50.3 at pH 1.2, 56.09 at pH 4.5, and 59.23 at pH 6.8, which indicates that the simvastatin co-crystalline tablet has similarities with the innovator tablet.Keywords: Simvastatin, co-crystal, two-stage factorial, comparable dissolution test.
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Hilya Nur Imtihani, Jade Rhea Almira Arif, and Galuh Tarita Kasih Putri. "PENGARUH VARIASI PRIMOGEL SEBAGAI DISINTEGRAN TERHADAP MUTU FISIK TABLET KITOSAN CANGKANG KEPITING BAKAU (Scylla serrata) DARI CO-PROCESSED EXCIPIENT." Jurnal Kesehatan Islam : Islamic Health Journal 13, no. 1 (2024): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/jki.v13i1.21721.
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Abstract. Mud crab shells contain chitin which can be converted into chitosan. Co-processed excipient or combining two or more excipient ingredients can increase the compressibility, compactibility of tablets. This research aims to formulate the active ingredient chitosan which is synthesized from mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) shells and then make chitosan tablets with a co-processed excipient consisting of two variations of primogel. The difference in formula, namely F1 (primogel 4%) and F2 (primogel 8%) was then seen as to its effect on the physical quality of the tablet. The tablet printing method is direct compression. The physical quality of the tablets was evaluated and the results showed that the formula met the test requirements for tablet weight uniformity, friability, hardness, disintegration time but did not meet the requirements for tablet size uniformity. Then the evaluation results of the co-processed excipient met the specifications for the flow speed test, angle of repose, compressibility index, Hausner ratio, water content test and particle size distribution. Thus, it can be concluded that chitosan from mangrove crab shells (Scylla serrata) can be formulated into tablet preparations from co-processed excipients using the direct compression method but there is no significant difference between Primogel 4% and 8% as a crushing agent on the characteristics of chitosan tablets. mud crab (Scylla serrata) shell. Kata Kunci: Chitosan; Co-processed Excipients; Primogel; Scylla serrata ;Tablets
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Chandrasekar, R., Prudhvi Raj V, and Sameer Shaik. "Formulation Development and Invitro Evaluation of Gliclazide Pellets using Superdisintegrants by Extrusion Spheronization Technique." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology(IJPSN) 16, no. 1 (2023): 6266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2023.16.1.2.
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Introduction: Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea derivative used for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes, it is an anti-diabetic drug it is marketed under the brand name Diamicron. It is taken orally and used when dietary changes, lack of exercise, and weight loss are not sufficient. 
 Aim: The principal objective of this work was to develop, formulate and evaluate the pellet formulations prepared with the incorporation of different super disintegrants in different ratios and in different combinations. In this research work, the drug gliclazide was chosen as a model drug and it was formulated into fast-dissolving pellets, which can be compressed into pelltabs and can also be filled into capsules. 
 Methods: Pellets were prepared by extrusion and Spheronization containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and using gliclazide as a model drug with different super disintegrants namely croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycolate in different ratios, and in different combinations. Thus, in the present study, gliclazide pellets were developed using Extrusion-Spheronization for immediate drug delivery. The pellets were evaluated for percentage drug content, flow properties, friability, size analysis, shape analysis, disintegration test, and dissolution studies. Preformulation studies were then performed using solubility studies, partition co-efficient studies, infrared spectroscopy, and drug-excipients compatibility studies between the drug and selected excipients (croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, and sodium starch glycolate) investigated.
 Results: Formulations containing MCC, super disintegrants, and drugs in different ratios of 60/0/40, 55/5/40, and 50/10/40 w/w of croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, and sodium starch glycolate were found to show faster release of the drug for 9 hours. Croscarmellose sodium releases the drug as it disintegrates the 
 
 pellets. Sodium starch glycolate releases the drug by inducing swelling in the pellet 
 matrix. Unlike the other two super disintegrants, there was no apparent change in the swelling capability of the pellets of polymer crospovidone (Polyplasdone XL10) in water. The percentage increase in diameter for Ac-Di-Sol (croscarmellose sodium), Primojel (sodium starch glycolate), and Polyplasdone XL10 were 104%, 251%, and 29% in water.
 Conclusions: Various types of super disintegrants can be investigated for their suitability in formulating pellets. In vivo drug release rate, and bioavailability studies on animals and humans may be carried out to assess the superiority of the pellets over the tablet dosage form.
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Soraya, M., R. P. G. Putri, H. Purwoto, et al. "Enhancing carrageenan-based capsule shell formulation from kappaphycus striatum for accelerated disintegration time with multiple disintegrant." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1377, no. 1 (2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1377/1/012003.
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Abstract Recently, seaweed-based capsule shells have become more popular because of their reliable quality and animal-free source. But these shells’ prolonged disintegration times are a common problem. This research aims to look for formulations with disintegrant substitution or a combination of several disintegrants to obtain capsule shells that disintegrate quickly. Several studies have explored the incorporation of additional disintegrants such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30, Sodium starch glycolate (primogel), Croscarmellose sodium (SSC), and Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) to address this challenge. The study investigates various combinations of disintegrants in the formulation of capsule shells to achieve rapid disintegration time. The variation in composition of disintegrants was determined using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) in Design Expert® 13.0.12. Balancing the desirable characteristics of quick disintegration with other factors posed a significant challenge. All types of disintegrants exerted a notable influence on the response variables. To achieve a substantial reduction in disintegration time, the utilization of primogel is strongly recommended. However, it should be noted that primogel contains minerals that do not disintegrate, resulting in an elevated ash content. In contrast, PVP K-30 demonstrates promising performance but falls slightly short of primogel’s efficacy in accelerating disintegration. Additionally, PVP K-30 exhibits a marked advantage in minimizing ash content within the capsule shell. Optimization results indicate that a combination of PVP K-30 and primogel yields a capsule shell with the fastest disintegration time, approximately 23.908 minutes, while maintaining a minimal ash content of 10.487%.
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Étienvre, Jean-Pierre. "Primores de lo jocoserio." Bulletin Hispanique 106, no. 1 (2004): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/hispa.2004.5190.
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Soraya, M., H. Laksono, H. Purwoto, et al. "Optimizing Seaweed Capsule Shell Formula with Multiple Disintegrants to Accelerate Disintegration Time." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1358, no. 1 (2024): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1358/1/012001.
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Abstract Seaweed-based capsule shells are gaining popularity due to their animal-free sourcing and guaranteed quality. However, these shells often suffer from prolonged disintegration. Various studies have explored formulations with additional disintegrants like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30, yet results have fallen short of pharmacopeia standards. In this research, multiple disintegrants and formulations were tested to develop seaweed capsule shells with rapid disintegration times. The variation in composition of disintegrants was determined using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) in Design Expert® 13.0.12. By altering the variables in the form of concentrations of PVP K-30, Avicel PH 101, Primogel, Amylum Manihot, Carrageenan, Tween 80, and Aquadest. Primary targets were to identify disintegrants that can significantly reduce disintegration time while maintaining adherence to pharmacopeia standards. Using primogel can fully produce a capsule shell with a promising disintegration time of around 17 minutes, thereby achieving the objective of expediting the disintegration process. Primogel also reduces the critical gel point to 48.23°C when completely replacing PVP K-30. However, balancing desirability proved challenging, as reducing PVP K-30 led to increased disintegration time. Other disintegrants, like Avicel PH 101 or amylum manihot, had no significant impact on disintegration time or gel point. These findings contribute to understanding the complex relationship between disintegrants and their effects on seaweed capsule shell properties, advancing the objectives in optimizing formulation for improved pharmaceutical applications.
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Bakarčić, Danko, Nataša Ivančić Jokić, Dubravka Negovetić Vranić, et al. "Guidelines for teeth fluoridation with respect to fl uoride concentration in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County." Paediatria Croatica 58, no. 1 (2014): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13112/pc.641.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate fluoride concentration in drinking water in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and to provide guidelines for teeth fl uoridation in the area. Data on fl uoride concentration in drinking water in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County were analyzed at Department of Environmental Health, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County Teaching Public Health Institute. Fluoride concentration in drinking water was measured by the ion chromatography technique. Public water supply in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County is organized through 9 particular water supply systems. A high percentage of 96% of the population are connected to the public water supply, which is considerably higher than the mean estimate of 74% for the country as a whole. The mean concentration of fl uoride in the main Primorje-Gorski Kotar County water sources assessed for a 5-year period (2007-2011) was as follows: Rijeka 0.010 mg F-/L, Opatija 0.020 mg F-/L, Crikvenica-Novi Vinodolski 0.007 mg F-/L, Delnice 0.029 mg F-/L, Vrbovsko 0.038 mg F-/L, Čabar 0.031 mg F-/L, Krk 0.044 mg F-/L, Cres-Lošinj 0.054 mg F-/L, and Rab 0.090 mg F-/L. The Primorje-Gorski Kotar County public water supply systems do not include artifi cial fl uoridation of drinking water. Fluoride concentration in drinking water was found to be low, ranging from the detected limit of <0.002 mg F-/L in Opatija to 0.220 mg F-/L in Rab, yielding the overall mean of 0.034 mg F-/L. In conclusion, considering the amount of fl uorides in drinking water, teeth fl uoridation can be safely accomplished by individually adjusted doses of other fl uoride agents.
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Baldigara, Tea. "THE INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR EUROPEAN TOURISM IN THE COUNTY OF PRIMORJE-GORSKI KOTAR." Tourism and hospitality management 8, no. 1-2 (2017): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.8.1-2.10.
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The paper studies the demand for European tourism in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar. First an attempt to model geometrically the demand for European tourism in the County of Primorje-Gorski kotar is given, follow by the choice and the descriptions of the dependent variable and a number of explanatory variables. The analysis is based on the Almost Ideal System of Demand, which provides a useful framework for modelling tourism demand across destinations.
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Doričić, Robert, Tanja Ćorić, Morana Tomljenović, Danijela Lakošeljac, Amir Muzur, and Branko Kolarić. "Mortality Characteristics of Two Populations in the Northern Mediterranean (Croatia) in the Period 1960–2012: An Ecological Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (2018): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112591.
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In the second half of the 20th century, the town of Bakar (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia), where a coking plant was operational 1978–1994, experienced intensive industrialisation. The town of Mali Lošinj (Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia) in this period based its economy on non-industrial sectors. The study goal was comparing mortality characteristics of these populations in the northern Mediterranean for 1960–2012. An ecological study design was used. Data were analysed for 1960–2012 for the deceased with recorded place of residence in the study area. Data on the deceased for 1960–1993 were taken from death reports, for 1994–2012 from digital archives of the Teaching Institute of Public Health, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Data on causes of death for 1960–1994 were recoded to the three-digit code of underlying cause of death according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–10). Among studied populations significant difference was found among the causes of deaths coded within ICD–10 chapters: neoplasms (particularly stomach carcinoma), mental and behavioural disorders and diseases of the respiratory system (particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, (COPD)). Increase in mortality from neoplasms, increase in respiratory diseases for the area exposed to industrial pollution, also stomach carcinoma and COPD particularly in the town Bakar require further research.
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Diller, Erich, Kees Zwakhals, and Alexandr M. "Phaeogenes haszprunari, a new Phaeogenini species from the Russian Primorje region (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae)." Linzer biologische Beiträge 49, no. 1 (2017): 5–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5357331.
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Diller, Erich, Zwakhals, Kees, M, Alexandr (2017): Phaeogenes haszprunari, a new Phaeogenini species from the Russian Primorje region (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae). Linzer biologische Beiträge 49 (1): 5-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5357331
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Imtihani, Hilya Nur, Sinda Alfreeda, and Jade Rhea Almira Arif. "Pengaruh Variasi Disintegran Avicel PH-102 dan Primogel terhadap Karakteristik Co-Processed Excipient." Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento 9, no. 1 (2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v9i1.4635.
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Salah satu metode pembuatan tablet yang banyak digemari karena keefesiensiannya adalah metode kempa langsung. Namun metode kempa langsung membutuhkan eksipien yang memiliki sifat alir dan kompresibilitas yang baik. Kebutuhan bahan dengan sifat tersebut dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan co-processed excipient. Co-processed excipient adalah kombinasi dari dua atau lebih jenis eksipien yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki sifat alir dan kompresibilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan variasi Avicel PH-102 (F1=10%; F2=15%) dan Primogel (F3=4%; F4=8%) sebagai disintegran terhadap karakteristik co-processed excipient. Adapun excipient yang digunakan diantaranya laktosa sebagai pengisi, Avicel PH-102 dan primogel sebagai disintegran dan PVP K-30 sebagai pengikat. Metode pembuatan co-processed excipient yang digunakan yaitu granulasi basah. Hasil penelitian didapatkan kecepatan alir granul F1=14,62 g/detik, F2=11,30 g/detik, F3=19,31 g/detik, dan F4= 11,57 g/detik. Sudut istirahat granul F1=11,30˚, F2=19,24˚, F3=13,97˚, dan F4=20,78˚. Kompresibilitas dan rasio Hausner granul F1=12% dan 1,13; F2=17,81% dan 1,21; F3= 7,12% dan 1,07; dan F4= 16,51% dan 1,19. Persentase kadar air granul F1=4%, F2=3,67%, F3=3%, dan F4=3,67%. Persentase fines granul F1=18,42%, F2=9,14%, F3=4,06%, dan F4=2,65%. Hasil evaluasi diuji secara statistik menggunakan SPSS uji one-way ANOVA atau Kruskall Wallis. Seluruh formula pada penelitian ini mampu menghasilkan co-processed excipient yang memenuhi persyaratan, dan terdapat perbedaan signifikan kecuali parameter kadar air.
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Legac, Lora, and Đani Mohović. "Specific traits of communal berths in ports open to public transport in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County." Pomorstvo 34, no. 2 (2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.34.2.1.
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Primorje-Gorski Kotar County has eight county port authorities operating since 1999, which manage a total of 101 ports open for public transport, 27 of which are of county importance and 74 ports are of local importance. The focus of this article is directed on county ports communal areas open for public transport, i.e. on communal berths in such ports. The article processes a number of communal berths managed by each county port authority in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, including the amount of compensation for such moorings. The number of requests for communal berths for each of the eight county port authorities was collected by field research to compare the current capacity with the required capacity of communal moorings. The problems which occur during the use of communal berths and possible solutions to those problems will also be presented in the article.
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Bošković, Sandra, Andrica Lekić, and Hrvoje Vlahović. "Procjena socioemocionalnog razvoja dojenčadi u Primorsko-goranskoj županiji." Paediatria Croatica 68, no. 1 (2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13112/pc.2024.1.
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Objective: The importance of researching the socio-emotional development of a child is reflected in the prevention of the risk of deviations in socio-emotional development with the aim of early intervention in work with children who deviate from normal development or belong to the group of children at neurological risk. The aim of the work was to determine the validity and reliability of the socio-emotional assessment scale for standardization of the measurement instrument in the Republic of Croatia and to determine the level of socio-emotional development of young children in order to determine possible deviations from orderly development and factors influencing socio-emotional development. Methods: The socio-emotional rating scale was used in the study as a measurement tool to assess the socio-emotional development of infants (from 2 to 18 months) as an instrument for early detection of developmental deviations. Sixty-three parents from Primorsko-Goranska County participated in the survey. Results: The psychometric properties of the socio-emotional scale showed that the instrument is valid for assessing socio-emotional development with Cronbach α=0.92. At the same time, the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the children’s socio-emotional development in relation to birth weight, type of pregnancy, time and type of delivery, and the child’s condition, indicating that the children’s parents created all the conditions for promoting orderly socio-emotional development, regardless of possible risk factors. Conclusion: The obtained results show that the questionnaire for assessing socio-emotional development in this research is valid and reliable. The research has clearly demonstrated the importance of early assessment of a child’s socio-emotional development to prevent developmental abnormalities through early intervention. The importance of assessing the validity of the questionnaire ensures its application in the work of outpatient nurses who assess infant health and development as part of comprehensive outpatient infant care
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Krofel, Miha. "First record of a melanistic Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis sicula) in Slovenia." Natura Sloveniae 7, no. 1 (2005): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/ns.7.1.41-43.
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The article presents the discovery of a melanistic male Italian Wall Lizard (Podarcis sicula) from the vicinity of Padna in Koprsko primorje region (UTM UL93, 220 m a.s.l.). This is the first record of a melanistic Italian Wall Lizard in Slovenia.
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Nkemakolam Nwachukwu and Toluwalope Victor Oyebola. "Evaluation of modified Cenchrus americanus starch as disintegrant in formulation of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 3 (2022): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.3.0457.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the disintegrant properties of modified Cenchrus americanus starch (MCS) in chlorpheniramine maleate tablets formulation. The matured seeds of C. americanus were steeped in 4 L of 0.25 % w/v sodium hydroxide at 5 °C for 24h, washed, soaked in distilled water (30 ± 2 °C) for 24 h, and wet milled. The slurry was washed with distilled water through a 200 mesh screen, and the filtrate left undisturbed for 18 h. The top layer sediment was scrapped off, and the starch re-suspended with water. Further washing and sedimentation was done until the top layer of the starch became white. The starch was dried at 40 °C, defatted using Petroleum-Ether, air dried, sized (125µm) and characterized using standard methods. The MCS was used at 5, 10 and 15 % w/w as disintegrant in the formulation of chlorpheniramine maleate granules using the wet granulation method. Primogel at similar concentrations was used as comparing standard. Characterization of the granules for densities and flowability were done. Chlorpheniramine maleate tablets compressed from these granules were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration time, assay and dissolution. Results showed poor flow properties for the MCS powder while the chlorpheniramine granules exhibited good flow. The tablets showed minimal variation in weight, good hardness (6.06±0.10 - 8.07±1.31 kgF), disintegration time (< 7 min), friability (< 1 %), and dissolution of more than 80 % within 30 min. The MCS compared favourably with primogel as disintegrant in chlorpheniramine tablets formulation and met with British Pharmacopoeia set limits.
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Karlić Mujo, Helena. "Suvremeni demografski i razvojni izazovi općine Dubrovačko primorje, Hrvatska." Geoadria 15, no. 1 (2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.547.
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The purpose of this paper is to define the basic issues and opportunities challenging the modern development of the Municipality of Dubrovačko Primorje, their causes and effects. The processes of depopulation affected this poorly developed rural region since 1960s, which had been influenced by various factors: development polarisation caused by intensive development of tourism, the poor traffic infrastructure in the highland-area of the Municipality and the unsolved water supply issue. In 1990s a series of events intensified negative demographic trends as follows: aggression on Croatia, occupation during which residential, economic and infrastructural buildings were destroyed and burnt, as well as an earthquake which happened after the return of the refugees. The long-lasting rural emigration from this region towards Dubrovnik caused not only an instantaneous decrease of population but also a contraction of the renewing basis and an accelerated decrease of natural growth in the Municipality of Dubrovačko Primorje. In that way the emigrational depopulation as a consequence of a specific socioeconomic development, became the cause of the current biological depopulation. The intensity of the depopulation processes has been established by an analysis of a total population dynamics and the changes in biological and economic population structure. The conclusion of the study indicates activities which have promising development in the Municipality of Dubrovačko Primorje and which might partly stop the negative demographic trends. Those are mainly traditional activities in this region which are not commercially used enough. They should prevent any further emigration and perhaps even attract those who immigrated, back to their place of birth
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Tomičić, Željko. "Velebitsko primorje između antike i ranoga srednjovjekovlja – primjer Starigrada." Arheološki radovi i rasprave 19 (2020): 211–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/9e31lhv2dm.
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Sašo, Murtič, Franko Uhernik Ingrid, and I. Beganović Admir. "Educational development in the northern primorje region of Slovenia." Perfectus AC 2018, no. 1 (2018): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7231473.
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Looking for the educational structure of the population in a certain place, in a certain province, in a certain local community or at the national level is always a risky act, especially if we searched through the research for an appropriate educational structure to perform a certain. It is questionable mainly because such data are linked to statistics of official institutions, which calls into question their accuracy, and often raises the question of what data to use, who is their controller or the law allows the use of such data and for what purposes we can use it. The Statistical Office of Slovenia, through the Slovenian Education Institutions, the Employment Service, primary, secondary schools and faculties, continuously receives data on how many pupils, pupils or students we have enrolled in the current school or academic year, how many have completed a certain level and what interests they have institutions and the state. While these are fairly accurate statistics that are useful in obtaining a general overview of general intelligence or educational structure, the question is often asked who can benefit from such data, other than statistics and the authorities who process, process and draw diagrams from them. whether they compile records for a local community, a country, or for a client. In this research case, we were looking for a region or place in Slovenia where we would locate our economic activity, to monitor climate change in the wider area of Europe and to check the impact of time and weather on the environment and space (identification and review of climate change). We needed a review of data that would allow a general choice of personnel structure in the destination activity, so we wanted to obtain data on the level of education and intellectual capital in the area. The problem with the order was also in the unknowns of what exactly the investor wanted with the notion of education by level or form of education, which was otherwise particularly interesting. Thus, for the needs of the client, we studied the level of education and the concept of intelligence, which was probably the basis for obtaining data on intelligence capital tied to a particular environment. The data was quite accurate, but it could not be fully used, because the place of domicile or movement is not the same as the place of employment, creating a certain vacuum that did not give us accurate data that was useful to the investor.
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Nkemakolam, Nwachukwu, and Victor Oyebola Toluwalope. "Evaluation of modified Cenchrus americanus starch as disintegrant in formulation of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 3 (2022): 115–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7653119.
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The aim of this research was to investigate the disintegrant properties of modified <em>Cenchrus americanus</em> starch (MCS) in chlorpheniramine maleate tablets formulation. The matured seeds of <em>C. americanus</em> were steeped in 4 L of 0.25 % w/v sodium hydroxide at 5 °C for 24h, washed, soaked in distilled water (30 ± 2 °C) for 24 h, and wet milled. The slurry was washed with distilled water through a 200 mesh screen, and the filtrate left undisturbed for 18 h. The top layer sediment was scrapped off, and the starch re-suspended with water. Further washing and sedimentation was done until the top layer of the starch became white. The starch was dried at 40 °C, defatted using Petroleum-Ether, air dried, sized (125µm) and characterized using standard methods. The MCS was used at 5, 10 and 15 % w/w as disintegrant in the formulation of chlorpheniramine maleate granules using the wet granulation method. Primogel at similar concentrations was used as comparing standard. Characterization of the granules for densities and flowability were done. Chlorpheniramine maleate tablets compressed from these granules were evaluated for uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration time, assay and dissolution. Results showed poor flow properties for the MCS powder while the chlorpheniramine granules exhibited good flow. The tablets showed minimal variation in weight, good hardness (6.06±0.10 - 8.07±1.31 kgF), disintegration time (< 7 min), friability (< 1 %), and dissolution of more than 80 % within 30 min. The MCS compared favourably with primogel as disintegrant in chlorpheniramine tablets formulation and met with British Pharmacopoeia set limits.
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Ch., Taraka Ramarao* K. Reshma. "FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TELMISARTAN TABLETS EMPLOYING FACTORIAL DESIGNS AND STABILITY." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 07 (2017): 2029–35. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834606.
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The individual main effect and combined effect of commonly used β Cyclodextrin, Binders, disintegrants on the dissolution rate of telmisartan tablets were studied in 23 factorial designs employing selected combinations of 3 factors (β Cyclodextrin, Binders, disintegrants) of eight formulations of telmisartan tablets were prepared and evaluated All the telmisartan tablets were prepared good quality with regard to drug content, hardness, friability and disintegration time to fulfill official (IP) specifications of uncoated tablets. Many variations were observed in all the dissolution parameters of tablets prepared due to formulation variables. The ANOVA of dissolution rate (K1) indicates the individual main effect and combined effect of β Cyclodextrin, Binders, disintegrants on the dissolution rate constant (K1) are significant (P < 0.05). The ANOVA of dissolution efficiency (DE30) indicates that individual main effect and combined effect of β Cyclodextrin, Binders, disintegrants on the dissolution efficiency (DE30) are significant (P < 0.05). Telmisartan tablets formulations Fabc formulated employing 1:2 ratio of β Cyclodextrin (Factor A) and Gelatin (2%) as a Binder (Factor B) and Primogel(5%) as Disintegrant (Factor C) gave highest dissolution rate of Telmisartan 97.5% in 60 min. The increasing order of dissolution rate observed with various formulations was Fabc > Fbc > Fc > Fac > Fab > Fb > Fa > F1. The optimize telmisartan tablets (Fabc) formulated employing1:2 ratio of β Cyclodextrin, Gelatin (2%) and Primogel(5%) are compare to the marketed product (mytel 80). The Differential factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) indicate identical/similar dissolution profile comparable to marketed product (mytel80).The stability studies were conducted as per ICH guidelines. Keywords: Factorial Design, ANOVA, Binder, Disintegrant, Stability, βCD.
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Ellis, John, K. Enqvist, D. V. Nanopoulos, and Subir Sarkar. "Primodal nucleosynthesis, additional neutrinos and neutral currents from the superstring." Physics Letters B 167, no. 4 (1986): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)91301-8.
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González Marín, Luis Antonio, and José Luis González Uriol. "Práctica de tañedores, entre los siglos XVI y XXI." Anuario Musical, no. 69 (December 30, 2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/anuariomusical.2014.69.174.
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Este artículo ofrece una síntesis y una reflexión acerca de las circunstancias de la práctica de interpretación de la música de tecla de Antonio de Cabezón en su tiempo (los instrumentos a su disposición, los sistemas de temple, la técnica de la tecla y los refinamientos y primores del toque), como modelo para nuestra moderna recuperación de las obras de Cabezón y sus contemporáneos con criterios históricamente informados.
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Zec Vojinović, Melita, Irena Ugljar, David Gluhić, Slavica Dudaš, Marin Tomičić, and Martina Peršić. "The condition of agricultural soils in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 12, no. 1 (2024): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.12.1.19.
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In the context of sustainability and the use of natural resources, it has been often shown that agricultural soils do not reach their productive function to their full potential. The ability of the soil to provide plants with appropriate growing conditions is reduced due to soil degradation. Documenting soil conditions aimed at determining soil quality indicators in relation to soil management enables to identify the type and location of degradation in order to suggest corrective measures to farmers for the soil fertility improvement. Since the basis for the successful agricultural production is appropriate soil quality from one side, and the soil quality improvement, monitoring and protection are priority according to the current legal acts, the new European Soil Strategy for 2030 and the Soil Act planned for 2023 from another side, the soil testing laboratory of the Center for Agriculture and Rural Development of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (PGKC) conducted the initial studies in 2019. Soil samples from the agricultural field in PGKC were tested using fast methods for following parameters: soil pH, total CaCO3, nitrate content, content of plant available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, total calcium, aggregate stability and electrical conductivity. The test results idnicated the relative condition of the soil at different locations and in different crops. In addition, the results served as a basis for the sustainable soil management measures suggestion to the farmers in PGKC.
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Baraba Dekanić, Kristina, Ivona Butorac Ahel, Lucija Ružman, Jasmina Dolinšek, Jernej Dolinšek, and Goran Palčevski. "Is There a Role of Using a Rapid Finger Prick Antibody Test in Screening for Celiac Disease in Children?" Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2019 (October 7, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4504679.
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Introduction. Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease triggered by gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite the increasing prevalence of CD, many patients remain undiagnosed. Standard serology tests are expensive and invasive, so several point-of-care tests (POC) for CD have been developed. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in first-grade pupils in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia, using a POC test. Methods. A Biocard celiac test that detects IgA antibodies to tissue transglutaminase in whole blood was used to screen for celiac disease in healthy first-grade children born in 2011 and 2012 who consumed gluten without restrictions. Results. 1478 children were tested, and none of them were tested positive with a rapid test. In 10 children (0,6%), IgA deficiency has been suspected; only 4 of them agreed to be tested further for total IgA, anti-tTG, and anti-DGP antibodies. IgA deficiency was confirmed in 3 patients, and in all 4 children, CD has been excluded. Conclusion. Our results have not confirmed the usefulness of the POC test in screening the general population of first-grade schoolchildren. Further research is needed to establish the true epidemiology of CD in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and to confirm the value of the rapid test in comparison with standard antibody CD testing.
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Cigale, Dejan. "Vpliv turizma na značilnosti cestnega prometa v Koprskem primorju." Dela, no. 39 (December 1, 2013): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.39.27-47.
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Koprsko primorje je najbolj obiskano turistično območje v Sloveniji. Velik turistični obisk vpliva tudi na značilnosti prometa na tem območju. Analiza podatkov o dnevnem številu vozil za števna mesta prometa na tem območju je pokazala, da so spremembe v obsegu prometa v veliki meri povezane z razpoložljivostjo prostega časa in vremenom. Kljub temu so glede intenzivnosti in opaznosti tovrstnih vplivov znotraj območja precejšnje razlike, saj se na njem prepletajo vplivi turizma, drugih gospodarskih dejavnosti in lokalnega prebivalstva.
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Rovčanin Premović, Gordana, and Miroslav Doderović. "Obnova i revitalizacija spomenika kulture na Crnogorskom primorju oštećenih u potresu 1979. godine." Prostor 28, no. 2 (60) (2020): 412–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31522/p.28.2(60).15.
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Članak prezentira načine obnove i revitalizacije spomenika kulture, oštećenih u potresu koji je pogodio Crnogorsko primorje 15. travnja 1979. godine. U radu je dan prikaz oštećenja i posljedica potresa, načini obnove i sanacije, te postupci revitalizacije koji su primijenjeni na oštećenim spomenicima kulture i povijesnim urbanim cjelinama. Cilj istraživanja je pokazati iskustva, načine i rezultate u procesu obnove i revitalizacije, kao i metodološke osnove rizika i zaštite spomenika kulture, koji se mogu primijeniti kao univerzalni princip nakon prirodnih katastrofa.
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Krpan, Ljudevit. "Analysis of Implementing Spatial and Traffic Studies in the Development of Physical Planning Documents of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 1 (2012): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i1.150.
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The new generation of physical planning documents requires adaptation to new economic and other development plans as well as to new parameters of the modern society development. Therefore, it is necessary to insure high-quality planning foundations which will serve as the basis to determine the basic guidelines of physical plans. This refers especially to the need for integral consideration of the development of traffic and the traffic infrastructure in compliance with the space requirements and possibilities. In order to evaluate the objective parameters of physical and traffic planning, the traffic studies carried out as required for the production of the physical planning documentation of the new generation have been analyzed. The goal of research was to determine the credibility of infrastructure development plans predefined by the documents of physical planning from the region of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. The paper presents the results of initial research carried out for the requirements of producing the Physical and Traffic Integral Study of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and the city of Rijeka. According to overall distribution of responses it may be concluded that there is great gap in knowing the procedures of traffic and spatial planning among specialized traffic agencies and the rest of the respondents. KEY WORDS: physical and traffic planning, urbanism, physical planning documentation, space-traffic interrelation
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Cigale, Dejan. "Influence of tourism on the characteristics of road traffic in Koprsko primorje." Dela, no. 39 (December 31, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.39.2.27-47.
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Knežević, Saša. "Boka Kotorska i Primorje između Crne Gore i velikih sila 1797. – 1814." Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru 63 (2021): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21857/yvjrdclk4y.
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Bakarčić, Danko, Nevenka Vlah, Odri Cicvarić, et al. "An Oral Health Promotion Model Implemented in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County." Medicina 61, no. 2 (2025): 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020217.
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Background and Objectives: Global research has shown that 60–90% of school children have caries, and that oral health care is of great public health significance. We present the data of an oral health promotion Program conducted in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County (PGC), Croatia, from 2008 to 2019. The Program includes comprehensive preventive oral status assessments of first- and fifth-grade elementary school students, as well as oral health promotional and preventative activities for preschool children, pregnant women, and new mothers. Here, we aimed to analyze the Program data and determine its applicability and sustainability. Materials and Methods: We assessed the changes in caries prevalence in first- and fifth-grade PGC students by comparing the 2008–2019 dental registry data on decayed, missing, and filled teeth for primary teeth (dmft)/decayed, missing, and filled teeth for permanent teeth (DMFT) index means. We also analyzed the data from the administrative Program reports. Results: We analyzed the dental registry data of 44,422 children in the PGC (21,714 first and 22,708 fifth grade). The average Program response rate was 83%. We noted a dmft/DMFT index decrease from 4.66 to 3.73 (first graders) and from 2.50 to 1.00 (fifth graders). The 2017–2019 dmft was significantly smaller than that of 2008–2009. There were 2336 workshops conducted in kindergartens, 1240 in first grades, and 1015 in fifth grades; health visitors educated 26,559 women. There was an increasing trend in the number of insured people under the age of six using pediatric oral health care. Conclusions: The Program improved the behavior and oral health of children and included various stakeholders, avoided additional financial expenses, increased the number of children in care, and proved its necessity and sustainability. It has been recognized on a national level and has led to the creation of two oral health care programs.
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Tijanić Štrok, Ksenija, Diana Car-Pušić, and Saša Marenjak. "ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS CONDITION ASSESSMENT: CASE OF PRIMORJE-GORSKI KOTAR COUNTY (CROATIA)." Advances in Civil and Architectural Engineering 14, no. 26 (2023): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.13167/2023.26.7.
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This study deals with the condition examination of elementary school buildings in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia. For schools to be functional and of high quality, adequate maintenance is mandatory. Therefore, school maintenance programs need information on the building's condition based on systematic and comprehensive assessments as a primary input. This study aims to establish a framework for assessing the condition of school buildings, based on which information can be obtained quickly and practically regarding the condition of all critical facility elements. To this end, a database on schools and their conditions was created. The conditions of school buildings in terms of damage and defects and their causes were determined. Descriptive and inferential statistical operations were performed on the collected data. A condition assessment of the buildings was performed using a questionnaire survey among the principals, based on the school buildings division model developed in this study; the model presents building elements and a systematic visual condition rating scale. According to the available data, this is Croatia's first condition assessment on elementary school buildings. The main results show that on average, the examined schools are in good condition. Moreover, according to the results, the school building condition is most affected by dilapidation and lack of financial resources.
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Stamatović, Aleksandar, and Budimir Aleksić. "Court proceedings of the communist regime in Montenegro against the Orthodox clergy in 1954." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-1 (2022): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi22.
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The aim of the article is to show the ideological function of anti-communism in Montenegro and Yugoslavia, and the repression of the communist regime against the church opposition. It also explains how communism with atheism was appeared in Montenegro and Yugoslavia after the Second World War. A representative example of this process is the trial of four priests of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and Primorje and Metropolitan Arsenije Bradvarevic himself. The article explains why Montenegro was one of the last oases of communism in Europe.
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Kalanjoš, Ines Cvitković. "Music of the Roms in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County and the Possibilities of Using Music of the Romani in the Pedagogical Process in Croatia." Musicological Annual 54, no. 1 (2018): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.54.1.183-186.
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The Roms are the most numerous minority group in Europe, a people without a parent state, and potentially an important factor in determining cultural policies and in the implementation of the educational process in the context of national states. On the territory of today‘s Republic of Croatia, they have been present for more than seven centuries. For the time being, the Roms in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County are not encompassed by systematic research and there is indeed a need for a well-established scholarly knowledge about this segment of the population.
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Zhang, Peng, Cuilan Li, Xiuhong Xie, Qiang Gao, Jinjing Zhang, and Lichun Wang. "Integrated Soil-Crop System Management Increases Phosphorus Concentrations and Bioavailability in a Primosol." Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 19, no. 2 (2019): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00036-9.
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Krpan, Ljudevit, Ivan Cvitković, Tanja Poletan Jugović, and Ines Kolanović. "Application of Multicriteria Analysis in the Selection of the LNG Terminal Location." Naše more 70, no. 4 (2023): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/nm/2023/4.3.
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Positioning of large energy facilities is, as a rule, accompanied by a strong rejection of local and regional communities, without which it is not possible to determine the location and construction conditions for the facility in spatial plans. However, a synergy of three components may enable a successful project realization. Firstly, the application of verified and objective scientific methods for the selection of the most appropriate LNG terminal location. Secondly, the consideration of the best world practices in project documentation preparation for such terminal construction. And lastly, the continuous involvement of the local community into the entire process. The paper presents an approach aimed at solving the problem of choice by applying the methodology of choosing the “best compromise location” based on system characteristics, available data, set criteria, and limitations. The key “dimension” of such a problem is “space”, i.e. the spatial aspects of location selection. The paper provides an overview of the activities, procedures, and methods used to define the optimal location of the receiving LNG terminal in the Republic of Croatia as part of the analysis and research carried out by EKONERG and in the function of creating the Spatial Plan of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. Accordingly, the main objective of this paper was to highlight the specifics of LNG terminal site selection as well as the possibility of objectively defining the optimal location using the multi-criteria decision-making method that simultaneously takes into account all influential factors and criteria in defining it. The paper uses the methodology of multi-attribute decision process and multicriteria analysis of the selection of the optimal location of the LNG terminal on the territory of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County. It systematically and scientifically analyses, consistently formulates, and proposes elimination and comparative criteria necessary to determine the optimal location of the LNG terminal for the purpose of drafting regional level spatial planning documents. The presented methodology was carried out using the process of multicriteria ranking of variants. The method of weighted sum values was used. Weighting factors are determined partly in an exact way (where possible) and partly based on the application of Delphi group decision-making methods. The methodology was tested on a concrete example of variant analysis for the location of LNG terminals in the Republic of Croatia. By implementing the presented methodology, the location of the northern part of the island of Krk was determined as optimal for the location of the LNG terminal. The aforementioned was implemented in the Spatial Plan of Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, and the first phase of the receiving LNG terminal was built and put into full operation.
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MIŠIĆ, SINIŠA. "THE ROADS IN THE LIM RIVER VALLEY IN THE LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE MIDDLE AGES: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE." ISTRAŽIVANJA, Јournal of Historical Researches, no. 34 (January 19, 2024): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/i.2023.34.7-13.
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The paper deals with the study of roads in the region of Lim river valley ranging from late antiquity to the beginning of the Ottoman period. In late antiquity, the Lim valley did not have a primary hub for the transportation of people and goods. This changed in the Middle Ages when the Lim valley became a transit point through which roads and merchants from Primorje (Dubrovnik and Kotor) passed through to the centers of the Serbian medieval state (Ras and Novo Brdo). In this paper the continuity and discontinuity of this movement through the Lim river valley will be discussed.
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Randlane, T., and A. Saag. "Chemical Variation and Geographical Distribution of Asahinea Chrysantha (Tuck.) Culb. & C.Culb." Lichenologist 21, no. 4 (1989): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282989000551.
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AbstractSixty-two samples of Asahinea chrysantha from different localities in the Soviet Union were analysed by TLC. Three different chemotypes are recognised, each with a different geographical distribution. The most restricted of the three is an usnic acid deficient chemotype (I), with atranorin, alectoronic and α-collatolic acids, which is chemically the same as A. scholanderi and A. kurodakensis. Chemotype II contains usnic acid in addition to the basic chemistry, and chemotype III is α-collatolic acid deficient and has the widest geographical range. A centre of speciation of Asahinea in Soviet Primorje or Japan is proposed.
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Pivovarenko, Alexander, and Gleb Pilipenko. "The Language Situation among the Italian Community of Koper (Slovenia): Field Study Data." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 94–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2022.17.1-2.06.
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This paper discusses the current language situation among the Italian minority in Slovenian Primorje in Koper. During the fi eld research conducted by the authors’ team, narratives in Italian were recorded from informants. Using discursive and structural-typological methods of analysis, the authors reveal that the linguistic reality of modern Koper is perceived as constantly changing, and the Italian spontaneous speech of respondents is intertwined with borrowings from the surrounding South Slavic languages. The modern language situation is the result of historical changes in the Istria region during the twentieth century. In addition to insertions and quotations in Slovenian, items from the Croatian language are found, refl ecting the linguistic situation of the Yugoslav period and the border position of the Slovenian Primorje. Special attention is paid to analysis of the language competence of Italians in the Slovenian language, among representatives of both the older and younger generations of students. In the Slovene language of Italians, a number of features peculiar to Slavic dialects in Italy are found, which allows us to discuss the same linguistic factors. It is possible to reconstruct the language competence of older people only partially on the basis of indirect evidence. There is a discrepancy between the rights guaranteed under the law (the use of the Italian language) and the linguistic reality faced by informants, which may be the result of both a decline in the prestige of Italian and of the small number of the Italian diaspora, part of which is subject to language assimilation, including as a result of mixed marriages. The paper also discusses the role of the media and the linguistic landscape in the region.
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Frančišković, Vedran, Sanja Zaputović, Robert Krajina, and Oleg Petrović. "Fetal ultrasound biometry for pregnant population in the County of Primorje-Gorski Kotar (Croatia)." Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 24, no. 10 (2011): 1277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2010.548884.
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Rupčić, Nataša, and Marijana Jakopič Ganić. "Career development and learning as demotivators in large companies of Primorje-Gorski kotar county, Croatia." Ekonomski pregled 72, no. 1 (2021): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.72.1.2.
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In this paper, aspects of the human resource management: motivation, career management and management of learning have been analyzed on the sample of the largest companies in Primorje-Gorski kotar (PGK) county. In this research, career management has been explored through the prism of employee motivation, while a special emphasis was given to learning, which could enable long term employability and career development of employees in their current or organizations of their future employment. The questionnaire was designed on the basis of the presented literature review and sent to a total of 20 largest companies in PGK county based on the report by the Croatian economic chamber, County chamber Rijeka. Even though the sample was small, which is its main limitation, this research pointed to several deficiencies in human resource management. Despite different expectations, the results have shown that large companies in this county dedicate only average attention to all three examined human resource management aspects. The most striking finding is the fact that managers of the surveyed companies do not frequently resort to non-material rewards that are easily available and show appreciation to employees. This fact contributes to below average satisfaction of employees with motivation programs, as expressed by managers. It is promising that the surveyed companies invest above average efforts in the introduction of new learning programs due to significant changes in business conditions. Weak and negative correlation among the surveyed constructs and business results points to possible deepening of current problems and gloomy forecasts regarding further development of this county. These results could further exacerbate the already devastating emigration and brain drain problem in Croatia.