Academic literature on the topic 'Prince Albert Formation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Prince Albert Formation"
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Mosavel, H., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Prince Albert Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup)." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (2019): 571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0035.
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Abstract The Prince Albert Formation is a mudstone-dominated unit, which is located in the central and southwestern part of the Main Karoo Basin and the southernmost part of the Kalahari Basin in South Africa. It is Early Permian (Artinskian to early Kungurian) in age and is stratigraphically located between the underlying Dwyka Group and the overlying Whitehill Formation. In the Main Karoo Basin, its regional extent is limited to the cut-off boundary of the Whitehill Formation along a line from Hertzogville in the Free State to Coffee Bay in the Eastern Cape. Northeast of this boundary, it correlates with the lower part of the undifferentiated Ecca Group known as “Ecca Shales” and in the northern part of the basin, north of a line from Bloemfontein (Free State) to Harding (KwaZulu-Natal), with the Vryheid and Pietermaritzburg formations. The Prince Albert Formation is generally between 50 and 200 m thick, including the type area around Prince Albert, where a thickness of about 145 m was measured. It is thicker (230 to 497 m) in the region between Brandvlei and Jansenville and thins northeastwards to between about 30 and 60 m in the area between Kimberley and East London. In the Kalahari Basin, the formation is only 25 to 50 m thick, due to post-Karoo erosion of its upper part. The Prince Albert Formation contains fossils of marine invertebrates, palaeoniscoid fish, sharks, sponge spicules, foraminiferans, radiolarians, acritarchs, fragments of wood and leaves, together with ichnofossils in the form of fish trails, arthropod trackways and invertebrate burrows. High Rb/K ratios in the mudstones also indicate a marine shelf environment with suspension settling of mud being the predominant depositional process. Sedimentation was initiated during a major transgressive event following final melting of Dwyka Group associated ice sheets in southern Gondwana in the Late Palaeozoic. Water depths in the basin were probably about 400 m, but shallowed northeastward. In the proximal part of the basin northeast of Kimberley, sandstones in coarsening-upward successions represent prograding deltaic deposits derived from an adjacent source area to the north.
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Mosavel, H., D. I. Cole, and A. M. Siad. "Shale gas potential of the Prince Albert Formation: A preliminary study." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (2019): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0036.
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Abstract Recent investigations of the shale gas potential in the main Karoo Basin have concentrated on the Whitehill Formation within the Ecca Group. This study focuses on the shale gas potential of the underlying Prince Albert Formation using the parameters of volume porosity, permeability, total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval data. Shale samples were retrieved from three surface localities in the southern part of the main Karoo Basin and from core of three boreholes drilled through the Prince Albert Formation near Ceres, Mervewille and Willowvale. The sampling localities occur near the borders of the prospective shale gas areas (“sweet spots”) identified for the Whitehill Formation. Kerogen was found to be Type IV with hydrogen indices less than 65 mg/g. Shale porosities are between 0.08 and 5.6% and permeabilities between 0 and 2.79 micro-Darcy, as determined by mercury porosimetry. TOC varies between 0.2 and 4.9 weight % and vitrinite reflectance values range from 3.8 to 4.9%. Although the porosity and TOC values of the Prince Albert Formation shales are comparable with, but at the lower limits of, those of the gas-producing Marcellus shale in the United States (porosities between 1 and 6% and TOC between 1 and 10 weight %), the high vitrinite reflectance values indicate that the shales are overmature with questionable potential for generating dry gas. This overmaturity is probably a result of an excess depth of burial, tectonic effects of the Cape Orogeny and dolerite intrusions. However, viable conditions for shale gas might exist within the “sweet spot” areas, which were defined for the Whitehill Formation.
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Christiansen, E. A., E. Karl Sauer, and Bryan T. Schreiner. "Glacial Lake Saskatchewan and Lake Agassiz deltas in east-central Saskatchewan with special emphasis on the Nipawin delta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 3 (1995): 334–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-028.
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The Nipawin delta extends eastward from the town of Nipawin in east-central Saskatchewan. The Prince Albert and Fort à la Corne deltas formed in Lake Saskatchewan at the mouths of the South and North Saskatchewan rivers, whereas the Nipawin and Mossy vale deltas formed in Lake Agassiz at the mouth of the Saskatchewan River. These deltas became lower in elevation and younger eastward. Clays beneath the Nipawin and Mossyvale deltas can be traced beneath the Prince Albert and Fort à la Corne deltas with little change in thickness, suggesting that most of the clays beneath the Nipawin and Mossyvale deltas were deposited during the formation of the Prince Albert and Fort à la Corne deltas. The Nipawin delta formed between 10 200 and 9500 BP. The Campbell strandline (Emerson phase) was the shoreline of the Nipawin delta. The Mossyvale delta formed about 9500 BP. The surface of the Mossyvale delta (McCauleyville level) is about 40 m below the surface of the Nipawin delta (Campbell level).
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Baiyegunhi, Christopher, and Kuiwu Liu. "Sedimentary facies, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Open Geosciences 13, no. 1 (2021): 748–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0256.
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Abstract The stratigraphy of the Ecca Group has been subdivided into the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, Ripon, and Fort Brown Formations in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In this article, we present detailed stratigraphic and facies analyses of borehole data and road-cut exposures of the Ecca Group along regional roads R67 (Ecca Pass), R344 (Grahamstown-Adelaide), R350 (Kirkwood-Somerset East), and national roads N2 (Grahamstown-Peddie) and N10 (Paterson-Cookhouse). Facies analysis of the Ecca Group in the study area was performed to deduce their depositional environments. Based on the lithological and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham, and Fort Brown Formations is now subdivided into two informal members each, while the Ripon Formation is subdivided into three members. A total of twelve lithofacies were identified in the Ecca Group and were further grouped into seven distinct facies associations (FAs), namely: Laminated to thin-bedded black-greyish shale and mudstones (FA 1); Laminated black-greyish shale and interbedded chert (FA 2); Mudstone rhythmite and thin beds of tuff alternation (FA 3); Thin to thick-bedded sandstone and mudstone intercalation (FA 4); Medium to thick-bedded dark-grey shale (FA 5); Alternated thin to medium-bedded sandstone and mudstone (FA 6); and Varved mudstone rhythmite and sandstone intercalation (FA 7). The FAs revealed gradually change of sea-level from deep marine (FA 1, FA 2, FA 3 and FA 4, FA 5, and FA 6) to prodelta environment (FA 7). This implies that the main Karoo Basin was gradually filling up with Ecca sediments, resulting in the gradual shallowing up of the water depth of the depositional basin.
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Rubidge, B. S., and M. O. Day. "Biostratigraphy of the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0010.
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Abstract The middle Permian Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is the lowermost biozone of the Beaufort Group (Adelaide Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup) and occurs in the southwestern part of the main Karoo Basin. It is host to a diverse assemblage of basal therapsid genera of which Eodicynodon is the most abundant. The biozone reaches a maximum thickness of 1 100 m in the Prince Albert Road area and thins to the east and west. The biozone corresponds to the Combrinkskraal and Grootfontein members of the Abrahamskraal Formation, directly overlies the Waterford Formation of the Ecca Group, and records the earliest middle Permian terrestrial environments of Gondwana. Rocks of the biozone were deposited along the southern shoreline of the Karoo Basin in a subaerial delta plain environment as part of large-scale fan systems draining to the north and northeast within a second-order highstand systems tract.
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Bordy, E. M., S. Spelman, D. I. Cole, and P. Mthembi. "Lithostratigraphy of the Pietermaritzburg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (2017): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.293.
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Abstract The Lower Permian Pietermaritzburg Formation is a mudrock-dominated, upward-coarsening stratigraphic unit in the lower Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the northeastern part of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. The formation extends over most of the KwaZulu-Natal Province, and due to its lithology and the local climate, it is usually poorly exposed; hence the description is mainly based on borehole records. From a measured thickness of about 430 m south of the type area around Pietermaritzburg, the formation thins progressively northwards and pinches out against the Dwyka Group and pre-Karoo basement north of latitude 26° 30' S. This Lower Permian formation is considered a stratigraphic equivalent of the Prince Albert Formation in the southern part of the main Karoo Basin. The Pietermaritzburg Formation only preserves scattered, fragmentary plant fossil and invertebrate trace fossils, which are diagnostic of marine conditions (e.g. Helminthopsis). Based on its sedimentary facies characteristics and ichnofossil assemblages, the unit was probably deposited under low energy conditions on a northerly shallowing marine shelf that initially experienced deepening (during a major Artinskian transgression) and then shallowing in the early Kungurian.
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SWANEPOEL, WESSEL, MARK W. CHASE, MAARTEN J. M. CHRISTENHUSZ, OLIVIER MAURIN, FÉLIX FOREST, and ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family." Phytotaxa 439, no. 3 (2020): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1.
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Tiganophyton karasense, an evergreen dwarf shrub, is described as a new species. A new genus and family are also proposed for it in the order Brassicales. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data indicate that Tiganophyton is sister to Bataceae/Salvadoraceae, and all three sister to Koeberliniaceae. First realized to be undescribed in 2010, T. karasense is a rare species known only from three localities in the arid Karas Region, southern Namibia. These small shrubs grow near the edges of seasonal pans on calcareous substrate underlaid by shales and mudstones of the Prince Albert Formation of the Karoo Supergroup. Morphological characters diagnostic of the new family include: a marked differentiation into long and short shoots; dimorphic, spirally arranged leaves; glucosinolate production; bisexual laterally flattened flowers borne singly in bract axils on short shoots only; tetramerous calyx, corolla and androecium with fused sepals and free, non-clawed petals; a staminal disc, but no nectary glands; deeply bilobed ovary with a gynobasic style; S-shaped gynophore supporting a bilocular, horizontally orientated or inverted ovary; two ovules per locule; and a dry, persistent fruit, provisionally interpreted as a one-seeded nutlet. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU D1) is recommended for Tiganophyton karasense.
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Geel, C., S. Nolte, and E. M. Bordy. "Geomechanical properties of the Permian black shales in the southern main Karoo Basin: lessons from compositional and petrophysical studies." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (2021): 735–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0026.
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Abstract Permian black shales from the lower Ecca Group of the southern main Karoo Basin (MKB) have a total organic carbon (TOC) of up to ~5 wt% and have been considered primary targets for a potential shale gas exploration in South Africa. This study investigates the influence of shale composition, porosity, pressure (P) and temperatures (T) on their geomechanical properties such as compressive strength and elastic moduli. On average, these lower Ecca Group shales contain a high proportion, ~50 to 70 vol%, of mechanically strong minerals (e.g., quartz, feldspar, pyrite), ~30 to 50 vol% of weak minerals (e.g., clay minerals, organic matter) and ~0 to 50 vol% of intermediate minerals (e.g., carbonates), which have highly variable mechanical strength. Constant strain rate, triaxial deformation tests (at T ≤100°C; P ≤50 MPa) were performed using a Paterson-type high pressure instrument. Results showed that the Prince Albert Formation is the strongest and most brittle unit in the lower Ecca Group in the southern MKB followed by the Collingham and then the Whitehill Formation. Compressive strength and Young’s moduli (E) increase with increasing hard mineral content and decrease with increasing mechanically weak minerals and porosity. On comparison with some international shales, for which compositional and geomechanical data were measured using similar techniques, the lower Ecca Group shales are found to be geomechanically stronger and more brittle. This research provides the foundation for future geomechanical and petrophysical investigations of these Permian Ecca black shales and their assessment as potential unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in the MKB.
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Kamasa, K. "Do Crude Oil Price Changes Affect Economic Welfare? Empirical Evidence from Ghana." Ghana Mining Journal 20, no. 1 (2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v20i1.6.
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 This paper sought to explore the impact of crude oil price changes on economic welfare in Ghana. The paper employed the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique on an annual time series data spanning 1983 – 2017. The findings revealed that crude oil price changes have a negative and significant impact on economic welfare in the short and long run, albeit marginal. In terms of covariates, the findings revealed that trade openness and gross fixed capital formation have positive and significant impact whilst interest rate have negative impact on economic welfare in both the short and long run. Foreign direct investment had a positive effect, albeit insignificant. The paper recommends among others, the hedging of prices with respect to imported crude oil so as to manage the risks associated with crude oil price changes on economic welfare.
 
 Keywords: Economic Welfare; Crude Oil Prices Changes; Autoregressive Distributed Lag; Ghana
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Svanidze, Miranda, and Ivan Đurić. "Global Wheat Market Dynamics: What Is the Role of the EU and the Black Sea Wheat Exporters?" Agriculture 11, no. 8 (2021): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080799.
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Over the last two decades, three countries in the Black Sea Region—Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan—became global leaders in grain production and trade, and replaced the USA and France as the most previous largest wheat exporting countries. In this study we investigate world wheat price linkages and identify the current “price leaders” of the global wheat market. This empirical analysis is focused on the price relationships between eight of the largest wheat exporting countries and uses a cointegration framework and a vector error-correction model. The results show that, regarding price formation on the world wheat market, the French price is more important for transmitting price signals to other wheat export markets compared to the USA. Furthermore, our results indicate that, despite being leaders in wheat export volumes, the Black Sea wheat prices in Russia and Ukraine adjust to price changes in France, the USA, and Canada. Albeit unrealistic in the short run, the creation of the futures market in the Black Sea region might significantly improve the participation of Black Sea markets in price formation of the global wheat market.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prince Albert Formation"
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Mosavel, Haajierah. "Hydrocarbon potential of the Prince Albert Formation, Ecca Group in the main Karoo Basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8342.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD<br>This thesis focusses on the hydrocarbon potential of the Prince Albert Formation in terms of its shale gas potential. Unconventional gas production from hydrocarbon-rich shale formations, known as “shale gas”, is one of the most rapidly expanding trends in onshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation today. In South Africa, the southern portion of the main Karoo Basin is potentially favourable for shale gas accumulation and may become a game changer in the energy production regime of the country. The Prince Albert Formation was selected for research, since previous studies in South Africa have focused on shale from the Whitehill Formation, which together with the underlying Prince Albert Formation, occur within the lower Ecca Group in the main Karoo Basin.<br>2023-08-16
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Evans, Emily E. "Mid Jurassic pyroclastics of the Mawson Formation in the Prince Albert Mountains : products of phreatomagmatism /." Connect to resource, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/28571.
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Ferreira, Janine Connie. "Characterization of potential source rocks of the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham formations in the Laingsburg sub-basin, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4337.
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>Magister Scientiae - MSc<br>The present research deals with the characterization of the Lower Ecca Group in terms of sedimentology, mineralogy and organic geochemistry. A field study was conducted in order to characterize the sedimentology and thereby determine the environments of deposition of the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations. In addition, shale samples were subjected to geochemical and mineralogical analyses so as to ascertain its source rock properties. The study utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis to determine the mineralogy and organic geochemistry of shale from the formations under investigation. The sedimentological investigation revealed that the upper Prince Albert Formation is dominated by shale with thin beds of carbonate. These shales are interpreted to have been deposited by suspension settling in a marine environment which was occasionally interrupted by deposition of carbonates that form in a shallow marine environment. The overlying Whitehill Formation consists predominantly of carbonaceous shale with relatively more resistant shale beds also present. The fine sediments are interpreted to have been deposited from suspension settling under anoxic bottom conditions which would favor the preservation of organic rich material. Deposition of the Whitehill Formation was followed by the Collingham Formation which is dominated by rhythmic deposits of shale and sandstone that are occasionally interrupted by tuff layers. The clay size sediments are interpreted to have been deposited from suspension settling which are interbedded with low density turbidite current deposits in a marine environment. Based on the findings of the field study, it is apparent that the Prince Albert and Collingham Formations were deposited in marine environments, with the Whitehill Formation being deposited in an anoxic environment. These environments are known to be dominated by phytoplanktonic organisms and algal debris, and as such shales deposited in these environments contain predominantly Type I (derived from algae) and II kerogen (derived from plankton). It can therefore be postulated that Type I and II kerogens are the dominant constituents of organic matter in the Lower Ecca Group shales. Mineralogically, the shales consist chiefly of kaolinite, smectite and illite clay minerals, which are derived from a combination of weathering of feldspars, and the alteration of other clay minerals. The latter being inferred from the existence of albite in all the studied shale samples, pyroclastic material observed in the field, as well as the occurrence of alteration along clay mineral edges.
Books on the topic "Prince Albert Formation"
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Newman, Mark. Models of network formation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0013.
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This chapter describes models of the growth or formation of networks, with a particular focus on preferential attachment models. It starts with a discussion of the classic preferential attachment model for citation networks introduced by Price, including a complete derivation of the degree distribution in the limit of large network size. Subsequent sections introduce the Barabasi-Albert model and various generalized preferential attachment models, including models with addition or removal of extra nodes or edges and models with nonlinear preferential attachment. Also discussed are node copying models and models in which networks are formed by optimization processes, such as delivery networks or airline networks.
Book chapters on the topic "Prince Albert Formation"
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Tsakatika, Myrto. "Greece: From Coalitions as a ‘State of Exception’ to the New Normal?" In Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868484.003.0009.
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Coalition government has been exceptional in Greece since the consolidation of democracy in 1974 but in the aftermath of the global financial crisis its occurrence has become more frequent. Most Greek government coalitions are surplus connected coalitions assembled to address an economic or national crisis and do not involve formal coalition agreements. Their formation takes place after a brief bargaining phase strictly circumscribed by precise constitutional rules under the aegis of the president of the republic. Greek coalitions are governed primarily by ad hoc fora of party leaders that make key decisions and resolve inter-coalitional conflict. The prime minister and key ministers dominate policy arguments, albeit taking into account the wishes of party leaders. The termination of coalitions is by and large due to party leaders’ strategic considerations, though the importance of policy disagreement among the partners is becoming a more significant consideration. While the post-crisis overhaul of the Greek party system has not greatly affected the main characteristics of the coalition life cycle, there is evidence that greater experience with coalition government may be leading to some tentative institutionalization of power-sharing practices and greater acceptance of such practices among political elites.
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Mathew, John, and Pushkar Sohoni. "Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay." In History of Universities: Volume XXXIV/1. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844774.003.0013.
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Bombay did not play the kind of administrative nodal role that first Madras and later Calcutta did in terms of overarching governance in the Indian subcontinent, occupying instead a pivotal position for the region’s commerce and industry. Nonetheless, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Bombay were a formative age for education and research in science, as in the other Presidencies. A colonial government, a large native population enrolled in the new European-style educational system, and the rise of several institutions of instruction and learning, fostered an environment of scientific curiosity. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (1804), which was initially the hub of research in all disciplines, became increasingly antiquarian and ethnographic through the course of the nineteenth century. The Victoria and Albert Museum (conceived in 1862 and built by 1871 and opened to the public in 1872), was established to carry out research on the industrial arts of the region, taking for its original collections fine and decorative arts that highlight practices and crafts of various communities in the Bombay Presidency. The University of Bombay (1857) was primarily tasked with teaching, and it was left to other establishments to conduct research. Key institutions in this regard included the Bombay Natural History Society (1883) given to local studies of plants and animals, and the Haffkine Institute (1899), which examined the role of plague that had been a dominant feature of the social cityscape from 1896. The Royal Institute of Science (1920) marked a point of departure, as it was conceived as a teaching institution but its lavish funding demanded a research agenda, especially at the post-graduate level. The Prince of Wales Museum (1922) would prove to be seminal in matters of collection and display of objects for the purpose of research. All of these institutions would shape the intellectual debates in the city concerning higher education. Typically founded by European colonial officials, they would increasingly be administered and staffed by Indians.
Conference papers on the topic "Prince Albert Formation"
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Mowzer, Z., and R. Domoney. "Assessing Source Rock Maturity within the Prince Albert and the Whitehill Formations." In 11th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.241.mowzer_abstract.
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Alabi, Femi Adeoye. "Offshore LNG and Gas Monetization." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31136-ms.
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Objectives/Scope In recent years, there has exceptional expansion of the liquefied natural gas industry (LNG), which is largely attributed to rising demands in various parts of the world and triggered the emergence of Floating LNG (FLNG) as a faster and more cost-effective strategy for exploitation of gas resources with a huge competitive advantage in the business activities. However, the introduction of new technologies comes with new requirements for tax related issues. Methods, Procedures, Process It is a testament to the resilience and adaptableness of the LNG business to check the hypothesis that FLNG provides a method by that stranded gas discoveries will be monetized and essentially within a shorter time, lower fabrication execution risk and the entrepreneurial vibrancy that comes from competitive suppliers and approaches on FLNG. On FLNG plant cost, Brian Songhurst gives a review review of the state of the performance of FLNG after commissioning. The need for the FLNG industry to address both cost base and contractual price formation mechanisms as a viable channel for the delivery of gas is key. Results, Observations, Conclusions The impact of Independent Power Projects (IPP) in the third World nations act as game-changer in the monetization, new gas markets discoveries and increasing impact on the global gas economy. FLNG has potentials to transform the phase transition business from technical and business stand points within the economic development of remote offshore oil fields. The opportunity provided by the contractors to lease the FLNG vessel enables the smaller independent energy companies to avoid arranging project finance and carrying the asset on their balance sheet. However, it could also assist the major energy companies where current low oil prices are restricting capital investment to lease their FLNGs. Given the high level of interest in the researcher's two previous papers, this update will prove equally interesting and useful to analysts and participants in the gas sector, as floating technology continues to open new opportunities. Cost Comparison of the FLNG offerings are following a more industry standard design approach based on functional specifications and vendor standard equipment rather than client standards and design methods as used by the energy companies. The reason for the quality style approach is to position the FLNG facilities to be hired and reused by energy company. Novel/Additive Information The price of producing LNG from offshore gas reserves through the FLNG ought to be less than from onshore plants thanks to the lower CAPEX, albeit this will be somewhat offset by higher OPEX. This paper provides an update on the floating LNG sector (both floating liquefaction and regas terminals) over the past few years looking into some of the publication of the floating liquefaction (FLNG) contribution from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.