Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principal of morality'

A construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária, capaz de promover o bem comum, indistintamente, assim como a erradicação da pobreza e da marginalidade, além da redução da desigualdade social, são objetivos de nossa República e com certeza, vontade de quase todos os brasileiros. Isto significa que as ações do Estado têm que ser realizadas visando a concretização de uma justiça social. É para isto que deve estar a serviço o Estado, e é para corroborar com o alcance desta finalidade, que contribuímos por meio dos tributos que pagamos. O tributo advém de uma obrigatoriedade social, que ocasiona a saída do dinheiro da esfera particular e passa a integrar o que conhecemos por recurso público, o qual será administrado pelo Estado, através dos seus agentes estatais. Estes devem gerenciar e empenhar este recurso, única e exclusivamente para cumprir os fins sociais, para o que a honestidade e a probidade são exigências irrenunciáveis. Para ofertar esta garantia é que se presta o princípio da moralidade, o qual está na centralidade de nosso trabalho. Na prática, devido a nossa tradição positivista e a nossa cultura patrimonialista, observamos a dificuldade em se lidar com a moralidade no interior do Direito e especialmente na administração do recurso fruto do esforço coletivo. A consignação do princípio da moralidade em nossa Constituição faz com que a sua observância seja obrigatória no manejo da coisa pública, sendo que a mínima suspeita sobre o seu desrespeito pode e deve ser judicialmente controlado. Para isto é imprescindível que se aprimore cada vez mais os mecanismos de controle. A sociedade civil tem um papel fundamental neste exercício democrático, e para isto, formas dialógicas e interativas entre os cidadãos e o Estado têm que ser constantemente aperfeiçoadas, pois, se a imoralidade na administração tributária favorece somente alguns, a moralidade, por sua vez, vem atender aos interesses da maioria da população.
The construction of a free, fair and solidary society, capable of promoting the common good, indistinctly, such as the eradication of poverty and crime, as well as the decrease in social inequality, are the objectives of our Republic, and without a doubt, the will of nearly all Brazilians. This means that the actions of the State must be executed, bearing in mind the effective implementation of a social justice. This is the role of the State, and it is in order to corroborate within the means of this end that we contribute as taxpayers. Taxes derive from a social obligation in which money leaves the personal sphere and becomes part of what is known as a public resource, which will be administered by the State via its government agents. These agents must manage and make effective use of this public resource, solely and exclusively for the purpose of accomplishing social means, in order for honesty and integrity to be fundamental requirements. This guarantee is ensured by the principal of morality, which is found at the core of our work. In practice, due to our positive law tradition and our patrimonial culture, we observe the difficulty in dealing with morality inside the Law and mainly in the administration of resources which are the product of public efforts. The consignment of the principal of morality in our Constitution makes its observance mandatory in the dealings of public affairs, since a minimal suspicion about its nonobservance may and should be judicially controlled. In order to accomplish this, it is of utmost importance that the control mechanisms are improved continuously. Civil society has a fundamental role in this democratic exercise and therefore, interactive and conversational forms among citizens and the State must be perfected constantly. For, if immorality in the tax administration favors only a few, morality, in its turn, serves the interests of the majority of the population.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2004.
Title from document title page (viewed Oct. 12, 2004). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 263-274). Also available via the Internet.

Elements from Dutch seventeenth-century still-lifes—the trompe-l’oeil motif of the painted curtain, vases of flowers, books and writing instruments—appear in a unique form of Korean painting on folding screens (Chaekgeori) during the late Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910). Connecting still-life paintings from the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic to the culture of eighteenth-century Joseon Korea, this thesis explores the natures of representation and vision and anxieties about material wealth and everyday objects in both the Protestant Netherlands and the Confucian Joseon dynasty. An important bridge between these two cultures is Qing (1644-1911) China, which had closer cultural contact with Europe than Korea during the eighteenth-century. During this period, Korean scholars were part of the same circles in the same environment in Beijing as European envoys and painters in residence at the Beijing Palace, such as the Italian Jesuit father Giuseppe Castiglione (郞世寧, 1688–1766), known for his illusionistic still-lifes. Thus, China, Korea and Europe were in direct contact, exchanging ideas on various fields of arts and sciences. Not only do I consider the still-life genre as a series of conventions in painting, but more importantly as a mode of exchange through and in representation that allows me to position late Joseon Korea within the larger artistic network of the early modern era between Europe and East Asia.
Arts, Faculty of
Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of
Graduate

In this modern period, societal and religious groups are strongly divided regarding the acceptability of abortion. Despite so many attempts by various groups to find a middle ground, the debate on abortion still remains largely polarized, at its most dramatic point with the extreme conservatives claiming abortion to be the moral equivalent of murder and the extreme liberals see it as devoid of moral import. And this polarization is due to the legal battle that continues to shadow moral discussions. An acceptance of an ethical nuance will here play as a concession on the deeply contested question of whether abortion should be a legally protected option for a woman, and to an extent blame for the continued crudeness which can be laid at the doorstep of a moral theory itself. Apparently, the ethical literature on abortion has focused almost exclusively on the tiniest moral assessment on whether and when abortion is morally permissible. This question is a crucial one indeed and its answer is desperately sought in this thesis by exposing the position of the Catholic Church.

This research explores how the Court of Justice of the European Union and European Patent Office should interpret the immorality exclusions to patentability, particularly of biotechnological inventions, through the lens of EU constitutional law. After analysing the application of previous and current balancing tests in hypothetical patent cases and historical decisions made by the organs of the European Patent Organization (EPO) and the Court of Justice of the European Union, the thesis proposes a concept-theoretic position for balancing competing rights under EU patent law. This framework is built around Alan Gewirth’s Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC). The thesis seeks to defend this framework by showing that it is not only applicable to current judicial decisions, but that it does no violence to the provisions of the European Patent Convention, the EU Biotechnology Directive and the European Convention on Human Rights, and is, indeed, applicable in any legal system committed to the universal principles of human rights. The framework is particularly useful in having the capacity to adjudicate conflicting rights. Apart from this adjudication, in line with a broad concept of morality, a co-operative model of the relationship between morality and patentability built upon the key idea that, although the two sets of values can come into conflict, they can also support each other. The thesis applies the concept-theoretic position to three separate contexts: the European patent system, the United States patent system, and on hypothetical cases which were never brought to the court. Using the ‘criterion of degree of needfulness for action’, the thesis successfully analyses balancing rights scenarios in a way which results in consistent and rational decisions.

There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance.

However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide"

However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.

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Esta dissertação tem por escopo a investigação do princípio da moralidade administrativa e o preenchimento do seu conteúdo por meio do vetor da boa-fé objetiva própria do Direito Civil destacando-se as repercussões de tal hipótese no reforço ao controle da Administração Pública. Assim será objeto de análise o conteúdo dogmático daquilo que a Constituição brasileira em seus arts. 5º LXXIII e 37 caput, chamou de “moralidade administrativa” demonstrando-se a existência de um conteúdo plural revelador de funções normativas distintas. No que diz respeito ao aspecto objetivo do princípio da moralidade administrativa especial destaque será dado ao estudo do instituto da boa-fé procedendo-se à sua indispensável incursão histórica tudo para que restem estabelecidas com segurança as bases de aproximação com a moralidade administrativa. Calha ressaltar que o método utilizado para o desenvolvimento do estudo consiste fundamentalmente na investigação doutrinária e na visita a importantes julgados sobre o tema tudo com vistas ao aprofundamento da reflexão sobre a qualificação das relações travadas entre a Administração Pública e os administrados.
Salvador

This dissertation tackles the ageless human debate of the body versus the soul. Based on Kohlbergian theory, the multidisciplinary literature review advances the proposition that moral development proceeds in waves of referential egoism leading to nonreferential altruism that is couched in power--the apple of the eye. Many inter organizational studies using the Defining Issues Test have compared moral maturity levels coming from various academic backgrounds. Previous studies have purported that education is the chief moderating variable for moral maturity, with little regard for paradigmatic bases of power. Yet, in this study noncoercive power is carefully controlled because of the highly technical procurement process used in construction contracting. Coercive power and position in the food chain become the main moderators, because success is not measured by charm or wisdom or even social relations, but only by the low bid in accordance with the contractual specifications. The results from 93 respondents of the Iowa Architects Institute of America (n = 93) indicated that despite the higher education and aesthetic interests, the sample of architects ranked low on moral maturity level when compared to the average of the DIT data bank as a whole. Postconventional scores were 36.4 versus 39.1, respectively. Few intra organizational studies have been conducted examining moral maturity levels among groups in the same work setting. This research also compared the moral maturity of intra industry groups in marketing dyads consisting of architects, contractors, and suppliers using the Defining Issues Test and ANOVA. Again it was expected that architects with higher education and aesthetic interests would rank highest. So in addition to the architects, the members of the Iowa Associated General Contractors and Iowa Associated Builders and Contractors were solicited. This added 32 contractors (n = 32) and 27 suppliers (n = 27), to the total sample (n = 153). Findings showed significant differences among the groups (F (2, 150) = 3.64, p = .05). Yet post hoc comparisons revealed that there was no significant difference in moral maturity levels between architects and contractors engrossed in the same power paradigm (p = 1.00). However, a significant difference existed between architects and suppliers (p =.024). This implication is consistent with the teleological pattern that is prevalent in research studies of salespeople. In summary, performance-based organizations and theorists of stakeholder theory may expect no less than orthodox and opportunistic choices in the real world of business as long as performance remains the ultimate criterion of success.

The focus of this research was to identify the moral reasoning and moral judgment of elementary school principals who serve in high-poverty schools. The study was undertaken at the request of the client public school district who was attempting to identify characteristics of current elementary principals serving in high-poverty schools. Two research questions guided this study concerning the moral operational level of the principals. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the work of Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of moral development. Participating principals were administered the Defining Issues Test-2 (DIT-2), a pencil-paper questionnaire that presented five moral dilemmas and a series of statements asking for the participant to rank solutions to the dilemmas. The results indicated that the majority of participants operated from lower levels of moral development, reasoning, and judgment. Participants' scores were matched with their schools' performance grades. There was not an indication that high moral scores and high school performance were linked. This study confirmed the results of an early study conducted by Vitton and Wasonga (2009) and encourages a deeper examination of the results of accountability and principal decision making.
Ed.D.
Doctorate
Teaching, Learning, and Leadership
Education and Human Performance
Educational Leadership; Executive

O princípio do dano, assim como elaborado por John Stuart Mill em On Liberty, é tido como elemento fundamental à afirmação do liberalismo a partir do século XIX e seu desenvolvimento rumo ao século XX. Diante das nascentes democracias européias foi afirmado como um princípio absoluto de proteção à liberdade individual contra a imposição da moralidade pela opinião pública e pelo Estado. Mill partilhava o apreço de Tocqueville pela democracia sem deixar de temer a tirania das maiorias. Inicialmente, investiga-se o lugar do princípio do dano na filosofia política milliana e as fragilidades apontadas por seus críticos. Em um segundo momento, analisa-se sua influência na defesa das liberdades civis na Inglaterra da década de 1950, especificamente com a edição do Relatório Wolfenden que defendeu a descriminalização de práticas homossexuais, bem como o debate que se lhe seguiu sobre os limites do Direito protagonizado por H.L.A. Hart. Na última parte, o objeto do estudo é o princípio do dano agora inserido em uma doutrina liberal-perfeccionista, assim como formulada por Joseph Raz em A Moralidade da Liberdade. O objetivo final é revelar a existência de incoerências internas no princípio do dano, tanto em sua versão original como nas que lhe sucederam, de modo a impedir a fixação de uma espaço imune ao Direito e à imposição da moralidade. No entanto, visto da perspectiva adequada, o fracasso na elaboração de tal princípio deve ser relativizado, eis que no seu devir o princípio do dano serviu à reflexão acerca dos limites da coerção legítima, bem como ao aprimoramento de conceitos relevantes à filosofia política como moralismo legal, paternalismo e perfeccionismo jurídicos.
The harm principle, as elaborated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, is regarded as a key element to the assertion of liberalism from the 19th century and its development into the 20th century. Facing emerging European democracies it was stated as an absolute principle of individual freedom against the enforcement of morality by governments and public opinion. Mill, as well as Tocqueville, appreciate democracy but fear the "tyranny of the majority". Initially, we investigate the place of the Millian harm principle in his political philosophy and its weakness as pointed out by its critics. Then, we analyze harm principles influence on civil rights movement in Englands 1950s, notably in theWolfenden Reports debate between HLA Hart and Lord Patrick Devlin about the limits of the law. In the last section we face the liberal-perfectionism of Joseph Raz Morality of Freedom and his view about the harm principle. We argue as a final statement the existence of harm principles internal inconsistencies, both in its original version and later ones, that disables it to be an adequate liberal response to the legal enforcement of morality. However its failures, harm principle seems to produce a deep and useful debate about the legitimacy of such fundamental concepts of philosophy of law as legal coercion, legal moralism, legal paternalism and perfectionism.

Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The main argument from the Faith Community is that condoms promote promiscuity. Nevertheless, the Government agrees with the Faith Community on abstinence and mutual faithfulness, but still insists on condom use as a preventive measure against the virus. The Government argues that the condom is the only proven technical approach to the HIV prevention and therefore it should be promoted. T

he main purpose of this study is to attempt an ethical analysis of the arguments for and againstcondom use as the preventive measure against HIV. In this case, the study tries to analyse the Government and Faith Community stands on condoms. In relation to the arguments for and againstcondom use, the study also touches such areas as: the concept of rights and condom use, ethics of condom advertisement, African cultural values versus condom use and the implications of condom use on behaviour change. From the study, it has been argued that condoms should be promoted. The argument comes from that understanding that AIDS has plundered Africa than any war or disease in human history, and therefore, it needs to be stopped. In this case, such theories as, Utility, Love, Autonomy, Rights and umunthu moral conscience have been used to support the argument.

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The present work considers to study the phenomena of the nepotism and the patrimonialism in the scope of the Brazilian Public Administration and the way it runs its prohibition and repression in the context of our effective jurisprudence, especially, in face of the constitutional principle of the sensible new morality and the reach acquired for the constitutional jurisdiction in the plan of the legal-constitutional system introduced by the Federal Constitution of 1988. The concepts of nepotism and patrimonial State or simply patrimonialism will be analyzed in such a way under the description-sociological prism how much under a purely legalnormative approach. One in this manner searches to articulate in an only plan of analysis the perspective call of the participant (legal-normative approach) and the perspective of the observer (description-sociological approach). In what it refers to the legal-normative appreciation of the nepotism, our analysis aimed at since the meaning contemporary of the proper constitutional jurisdiction in our legal system, passing for the eventual collision of the rule that prohibition the available nepotism with other principles constitutional and procedural ways for its repression and has controlled, until the study and the minute reflection on its normative concept and its modalities, the available parameters legal-argumentative for the application of the prohibition rule and its limits and, finally, resistences, contradictions and ambiguities you observed in the last effort undertaken for the institutions for controlling the nepotism and other modalities of patrimonialism in the state scope - by means of the edition of the Resolution nº 07/05 of the CNJ and Binding the Abridgement nº 13 of the STF. The reflection on the constitutional normativeness of principles such as of the morality (main axle of our legal-normative analysis) and of the impersonality will be given in the scope of a theoretical field however in constitution, but usually identify in the academic debate for pos-positivism - and is recognized in the workmanship of authors as RONALD DWORKIN, ROBERT ALEXY, EDUARDO GARCI'A DE ENTERRÍA and J. J. GOMES CANOTILHO. To this referencial theoretician-metodological we add as structurant line of our reflection, with intention to provide to an analysis of first the legal system of and second order (observing/participant) the concept of legal system in the form that printed it NIKLAS LUHMANN - with some exceptions in what it says respect to its conception on the legitimation of the Right. It was still opted to a methodological framing that in allowed them to base on a historical perspective and politics the dynamics of the patrimonial State, and to collate it with a theory of the social evolution and the moral development in the individual and institutional scope. An interpretation based in a renewed conception of the historical materialism, in landmarks presented for JÜRGEN HABERMAS was adopted here then. How much to the waited results, we intend to excite, in first place, a reflection on the historical beddings and politicians of the patrimonialism and its manifestation in the nepotism form. In second, a change of attitude of the legal operators in relation to this subject. Finally, in we strengthen to supply them elements of legal-normative nature with potential to clarify and to contribute the dogmatic perfectioning of this substance, assisting in some way in the search for a society that is, in fact, free, joust and of solidarity
O presente trabalho se propõe a estudar os fenômenos do nepotismo e do patrimonialismo no âmbito da Administração Pública brasileira e o modo como se dá a sua vedação e repressão no contexto de nossa ordem jurídica vigente, especialmente, em face do princípio constitucional da moralidade e do novo sentido e alcance adquirido pela jurisdição constitucional no plano do sistema jurídico-constitucional introduzido pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Os conceitos de nepotismo e de Estado patrimonial ou simplesmente patrimonialismo serão analisados tanto sob o prisma histórico-sociológico quanto sob um enfoque puramente jurídico-normativo. Busca-se desse modo articular em um único plano de análise a chamada perspectiva do participante (enfoque jurídico-normativo) e a perspectiva do observador (enfoque histórico-sociológico). No que tange à apreciação jurídico-normativa do nepotismo, nossa análise visou desde o significado contemporâneo da própria jurisdição constitucional em nosso sistema jurídico, passando pela eventual colisão da regra que veda o nepotismo com outros princípios constitucionais e os meios processuais disponíveis para a sua repressão e controle, até o estudo e a reflexão minuciosa sobre seu conceito normativo e suas modalidades, os parâmetros jurídico-argumentativos disponíveis para a aplicação da regra de vedação e seus limites e, por fim, resistências, contradições e ambiguidades observáveis no último esforço empreendido pelas instituições para se controlar o nepotismo e outras modalidades de patrimonialismo no âmbito estatal - por meio da edição da Resolução nº 07/05 do CNJ e da Súmula Vinculante nº 13 do STF. A reflexão sobre a normatividade de princípios constitucionais tais como os da moralidade (eixo principal de nossa análise jurídico-normativa) e da impessoalidade se darão no âmbito de um campo teórico ora em constituição, mas que costuma se identificar no debate acadêmico por pós-positivismo e é reconhecido na obra de autores como RONALD DWORKIN, ROBERT ALEXY, EDUARDO GARCIA DE ENTERRÍA e J. J. GOMES CANOTILHO. A esse referencial teórico-metodológico acrescentamos como linha estruturante de nossa reflexão, com o intuito de proporcionar uma análise do sistema jurídico de primeira e segunda ordem (observador/participante) o conceito de sistema jurídico na forma que lhe imprimiu NIKLAS LUHMANN com algumas ressalvas no que diz respeito à sua concepção sobre a legitimação do Direito. Optou-se ainda por um enquadramento metodológico que nos permitisse fundamentar em uma perspectiva histórica e política a dinâmica do Estado patrimonial, e confrontá-la com uma teoria da evolução social e do desenvolvimento moral no âmbito individual e institucional. Adotou-se então aqui uma interpretação pautada em uma concepção renovada do materialismo histórico, nos marcos apresentados por JÜRGEN HABERMAS. Quanto aos resultados esperados, intentamos suscitar, em primeiro lugar, uma reflexão sobre os fundamentos históricos e políticos do patrimonialismo e sua manifestação na forma de nepotismo. Em segundo, uma mudança de atitude dos operadores jurídicos em relação a esse tema. E por fim, nos esforçamos para fornecer elementos de natureza jurídico-normativa com potencial para esclarecer e contribuir para o aperfeiçoamento dogmático dessa matéria, auxiliando de algum modo na busca por uma sociedade que seja, de fato, livre, justa e solidária

O texto da Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 teve o mérito de contemplar uma série de valores que, conquanto mencionados pela doutrina anteriormente, ganharam a força de princípios constitucionais orientadores das funções do Estado e do exercício das atividades de Governo. Dentre esses princípios, destaca-se a moralidade administrativa, que erigiu a nível constitucional a lisura da conduta dos agentes públicos, impondo-lhes a obediência, no exercício de suas funções, a valores morais juridicizados, norteados pela boa-fé, pela honestidade, pelo decoro, pela ética e pela lealdade. Em que pesem tais previsões constitucionais, vê-se, na realidade fática, um cenário de corrupção endêmica e de descrédito na honestidade das instituições pátrias. Diante desse contexto, urge que emerja da consciência cidadã o pilar ético da vida pública. Para tanto, propõe-se a ampla participação popular no controle da Administração Pública e da moralidade administrativa. Dentre os legítimos instrumentos de exercício da cidadania, destaca-se a ação popular, que permite a qualquer cidadão a defesa do patrimônio público em sentido amplo, abarcando a sua dimensão material e pecuniária (erário) e a sua dimensão imaterial (valores e princípios do Estado). Espera-se, destarte, que com o necessário investimento na educação, seguido da consequente e natural evolução da democracia, atinja-se um cenário de forte atuação do povo no contexto político, mobilizando-se em prol dos interesses sociais e da realização plena dos objetivos do Estado, insculpidos no texto constitucional.
The text of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988 had the merit of contemplating a series of values that, although mentioned by the doctrine previously, won the strength of guiding constitutional principles of state functions and the exercise of government activities. Among these principles, there is the administrative morality, which raised to constitutional level the righteousness of conduct of public officials, requiring them obedience, in the exercise of its functions, to the legal moral values, guided by good faith, honesty, decorum, ethics and loyalty. In spite of such constitutional provisions, it is seen, in objective reality, an endemic corruption scenario and discredit in the honesty of the institutions of the State. In this context, it is urgent that from citizen awareness emerges the ethical pillar of public life. To this end, we propose the broad popular participation in the control of public administration and administrative morality. Among the legitimate tools of citizenship, there is the class action, which allows any citizen to defend public assets in a broad sense, encompassing its material and pecuniary dimension (public funds) and its immaterial dimension (values and principles of State). We hope that with the necessary investment in education, followed by consistent and natural evolution of democracy, a scenario of strong popular participation strikes up in the political context, mobilizing in support of social interests and the full achievement of state goals, sculptured in the Constitution.

La déontologie des avocats émane-t-elle d’eux à raison des nécessités de l’exercice ou des autorités politiques parce qu’elle touche une tâche régalienne ? La France a peu hésité. S’inspirant notamment de THEODOSE puis JUSTINIEN, empruntant aux carolingiens et à la chevalerie une morale religieuse, les rois à compter de Saint LOUIS ont légiféré d’autant que la naissance des juridictions royales à la fin du XIIIème siècle stabilise le rôle et le titre de l’avocat. Les coutumes et les « stiles » complètent ce dispositif. Ces principes (loyauté, indépendance, respect) se transformeront au cours des époques en « usages ». Tant que l’avocat est un membre de l’institution judiciaire ayant vocation d’en devenir un cadre la déontologie reposait sur un consensus. La vénalité des charges lui ôtant cette promotion, le transforme en simple « auxiliaire », rétif aux injonctions au point de fomenter d’improbables grèves. Imprégné de la grandeur fantasmée de ses ancêtres antiques il préfère consolider son rang social (noblesse, préséance). A partir de LOUIS XIV la déontologie se fige. La Révolution balaie cet héritage multiséculaire. Pressés par les concepts de liberté et de gratuité les constituants, majoritairement avocats, suppriment la profession et les Parlements honnis. Des « défenseurs officieux », souvent sans foi ni loi, se substituent aux avocats. La déontologie disparut pendant vingt ans. Rétablis avec réticence par NAPOLEON, ces « factieux » lutteront tout le XIXème contre l’Etat pour la maîtrise des « usages » fragilisant un peu plus ceux-ci déjà traversés par les courants sociétaux (émancipation, nationalité). Le décret de 1920 régla cette situation qui faillit engloutir les Ordres. Jamais plus jusqu’en 1971 les avocats ne participeront à la définition de leurs règles. Tout au plus une association (ANA) fera avec succès des propositions. Les guerres illustrèrent le pouvoir d’intervention du Prince dans la déontologie en la suspendant, l’aménageant en profondeur (interdiction des juifs) ou en créant des institutions pérennes (CAPA). La France Libre conserva de Vichy tout ce qui ne heurtait pas des principes fondamentaux. Les années 54/57 introduisirent des modifications libérales (droit de manier des fonds, de s’associer, de réclamer des honoraires impayés). Il est un endroit où l’Etat n’a pas renoncé à l’avocat fonctionnaire : l’outre-mer. L’Algérie mise à part, « prolongement naturel de la France », dans les autres pays sous domination française, dans un désordre total, sans cette unité rêvée, la France a, dans l’indifférence des Ordres, créé une paradéontologie évoquant vaguement l’avoué. En dépit d’une prolifération législative la France n’a pas plus réussi à imposer une déontologie universelle. Usant de procédés imaginatifs renouvelés, les gouverneurs ont, principe de réalisme oblige, tout inventé pour sauver un système notoirement défaillant jusqu’à l’inadmissible (interdiction de plaider pour les indigènes). Dans les années 1930/1936 la République se résolut à instaurer des « barreaux libres », grosso modo calqués sur ceux de métropole, tentative libérale sans lendemain à raison de la guerre puis des conflits de décolonisation. Il faudrait réserver un sort à part à l’Algérie, « prolongement naturel de la France ». La Loi du 31 décembre 1971 en créant un « avoué plaidant » redouté par les caciques a initié une réforme profonde du rôle de l’avocat et posé ainsi les jalons d’une évolution ultérieure de la déontologie (institution d’une représentation nationale -CNB, octroi à celle-ci du pouvoir législatif en la matière). C’est néanmoins sans les avocats que fut publié le décret de déontologie en 2005. Une déontologie aussi linéaire s’explique par le souci pour le Prince d’assurer jusqu’à l’infini détail la perfection de sa mission de juger, une métaphysique du parfait. La marchandisation du droit, l’extension du domaine de l’avocat, l’industrialisation des acteurs contrarient cet objectif. La France tranchera-t-elle enfin ?
Is ethics of lawyers emanating from them because of the necessities of its exercise or from the political authorities because it touches a sovereign task? France has not hesitated. Inspired in particular by THEODOSIUS and JUSTINIAN, borrowing Carolingians and chivalry religious morals, kings from St. Louis have legislated especially as the birth of royal courts at the end of the thirteenth century stabilized the role and title of the lawyer. The customs and the "stiles" completed this device. These principles (loyalty, independence, respect) will change over time into "uses". As long as the lawyer is a member of the judicial institution with a vocation to become executive, the deontology was based on a consensus. The venality of the offices depriving him of this promotion, transforms him into a simple "auxiliary", wayward to the point of stirring unlikely strikes. Impregnated with the fantasized grandeur of his ancestors in the antiquity he prefers to consolidate his social rank (nobility, precedence). From LOUIS XIV the deontology (ethics) freezes. The Revolution sweeps away this multisecular heritage. Pressed by the concepts of freedom and gratuitousness, the constituents, mostly lawyers, suppress the profession and the parliaments that are being hated. "Unofficial defenders", often without faith or law, take the place of lawyers. Ethics disappeared for twenty years. Reluctantly reinstated by NAPOLEON, these "factious" struggle all the nineteenth against the state for the control of "uses" weakening them (already in butte to societal currents: emancipation, nationality) a little more. The decree of 1920 settled this situation, which almost engulfed the Orders. Never again until 1971 will lawyers participate in the definition of their rules. At most one association (ANA) will make successful proposals. The wars illustrated the Prince's power of intervention in deontology by suspending it, overhauling it (prohibiting Jews) or creating permanent institutions (CAPA). “France Libre” preserved from Vichy everything that did not conflict with fundamental principles. The years 54/57 introduced liberal modifications (the right to wield funds, to associate, to claim unpaid fees). It is a place where the state did not give up to make the lawyer a civil servant: overseas. Except for Algeria, a "natural extension of France", in other countries under french domination, in a total disorder, far from its dreamed unity, France has, in the indifference of the bar associations, created a paradeontology vaguely evoking the “avoué”. Despite a legislative abundance, France has no more succeeded in imposing a universal code of ethics. Using renewed imaginative processes, the governors have, as required by a principle of realism, all invented to save a notoriously failing system until the inadmissible (prohibition to plead for the natives). In the years 1930/1936 the Republic resolved to establish "free bars", roughly modeled on those of metropolis, a liberal attempt without a future because of the war and the conflicts of decolonization. The Law of December 31, 1971 creating a "pleading-solicitor" dreaded by the caciques initiated a profound reform of the role of the lawyer and laid the groundwork for a subsequent evolution of ethics (institution of a national representation -CNB granting it legislative power in this area). It was nevertheless without the lawyers that the decree of ethics was published in 2005. Such a linear deontology is explained by the concern for the Prince to ensure to the infinity detail the perfection of his mission to judge, a metaphysics of the perfect. The commodification of the law, the extension of the field of the lawyer, the industrialization of the actors contradict this objective. Will France finally decide ?

The thesis argues that, as a tradition, the concept of just war is socially and contextually sensitive and revisable. It explores the relevance of theory according to the dynamic changes in the nature of threats in the international arena and concludes that the just war tradition is still relevant to the contemporary modern threats that require an act of pre-emptive warfare. However, it needs some revision to be comprehensively applicable to the dynamic of modern threats and the nature of pre-emptive war. Due to the nature of pre-emptive war a nation launches the attack before the aggression from the other nation-in-conflict erupts. The author, therefore, proposed several theoretical and procedural revisions in both the principle of “Jus Ad Bellum” and “Jus In Bello” using the method of reflective equilibrium to create a comprehensive “just” pre-emptive war doctrine as part of the development and dynamic in just war tradition.

Il y a 150 ans, John Stuart Mill dénonçait l'emprise tyrannique de la morale publique sur la vie des individus et affirmait que le principe du préjudice à autrui constitue l'unique critère en vertu duquel l'État peut légitimement interférer avec la liberté individuelle. Près d'un siècle plus tard, en réaction au rapport Wolfenden, Lord Devlin articulait une version de la thèse du moralisme juridique en faveur du maintien de l'interdiction criminelle des pratiques homosexuelles en privé entre adultes consentants. Cette thèse du moralisme juridique a fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques. Selon deux des plus influents philosophes et théoriciens du droit du XXe siècle, Herbert L.A. Hart et Ronald Dworkin, le rôle légitime des valeurs de la communauté, dans la justification de l'intervention coerctive de l'État dans la vie des individus, doit être déterminé du point de vue de la morale critique. Ces débats philosophiques ont profondément influencé le discours judiciaire au Canada. La jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada depuis l'avènement de la Charte témoigne de deux tendances dans l'interprétation et l'application du principe du préjudice lors de l'examen de la légitimité des objectifs législatifs à la première étape du test Oakes. Selon une première approche, qui légitimise souvent un activisme judiciaire, la justification des mesures attentatoires doit reposer sur la démonstration d'un préjudice aux valeurs officiellement reconnues. Selon une deuxième approche, qui préconise plutôt une attitude de déférence envers les choix moraux du législateur, la démonstration d'un préjudice n'est pas un prérequis : l'existence de considérations morales objectives suffit.
150 years ago, John Stuart Mill denounced the tyrannical hold of public morality on the life of individuals and asserted that the principle of harm to others constituted the sole criterion under which the State may legitimately interfere with individual liberties. A century later, in response to the Wolfenden report, Lord Devlin developed a version of the legal moralism thesis which supported the criminal prohibition of homosexual practices made in private between consenting adults. This thesis of legal moralism has been widely criticized. According to two of the most influent legal philosophers and theorists of the twentieth century, Herbert L.A. Hart and Ronald Dworkin, the legitimate role of community values in the justification of coercive intervention of the State in the lives of individuals must be determined according to the principles of critical morality. These philosophical debates have profoundly influenced the judicial discourse in Canada. The Supreme Court of Canada decisions rendered since the entrenchment of the Charter show two trends in the interpretation and application of the harm principle in the examination of the legitimacy of the legislative objectives at the first stage of the Oakes test. According to the first trend, that often legitimizes judicial activism, the justification of an infringement must rely on the demonstration of a prejudice to values officially recognized. According to the second trend, which favours deference towards the legislator's moral choices, the harm principle is not a requisite: The existence of objective moral considerations suffices.

The present thesis paper deals - on theoretical level - with the importance and the gradual evolution of dialogicality of man within the context of criminal justice. In Western European cultural environment the image of man as dialogical being has been inspired by the Judeo-Christian tradition, approaching "the man in relationship" as an unlimited and transcendental form of being. In practical terms, a relationship has been perceived as the fundamental precondition in the process of restoration of a man and as an opportunity to re-approach the original absolute form of humanity, which is in harmony with God´s intention. The culturally accepted dialogical image of man has been reflected in shaping the specific form of systems and institutions created by man, including also the system of criminal law and justice, the main objective of which is enforcing justice. In the spirit of that cultural tradition, emphasis is currently laid on protection of and respect for dignity and individual rights and freedoms of man, and, thus, personal participation of the criminal conflict parties in the process of justice is required. Hence, in the persons of the offender and the victim, justice is rather becoming "the justice of dialogue and negotiation" within restorative justice, and it is so within the limits of law so as the participants´ individual needs and interests can be taken care of and obligations resulting from the conflict can be secured, to the maximum possible extent.

The casuistical manner of dealing with ethical issues goes as far as to the antiquity, and afterwards it was considerably developed in Christianity. Nevertheless from the half of the 17th century it was criticized because of abusing and due to the supposedly "unscientific" character and subsequently it has been abandoned. The ridiculous criticism of Blaise Pascal in his "Provincial Letters" has presented the casuistry as a way in which it is possible to justify almost any behaviour and this evaluation has remained up to the present day. In the same era the mathematization of natural sciences has led to impressive successes and the similar mathematical exactness was expected also in other fields of the human knowledge. Also ethics was concerned with seeking such abstract general principles, which were supposed to describe, cover and explain the whole field of morality. The value of casuistry was seen only as an illustration of such principles in an individual case. In my diploma thesis I attempted to rehabilitate the casuistry as an ethical method. I discussed the book of American authors Albert R. Johnes and Stephen Toulin "The Abuse of Casuistry" from the year 1988. The presentation of this publication is one of purposes of my thesis. Then I examined the casuistry as an ethical method in cases of...

The author is reviewing the research that E. Kuruczová demonstrated in her diploma thesis called The effect of social organization of games on the orientation in their moral dimension. The main goal of the diploma thesis Kuruczová developed another contribution to Piaget's theory of the development of moral reasoning of school-age children. Piaget's empirical data suggested that social organizations could influence orientation in their moral dimensions. Kuruczová found that in her 180 children from one school (aged 1st - 9th grade) the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game King of Deer Hunters (organized as a competition) performs ahead of the development of orientation in the moral dimension of the game Hot Potato (organized as a collaboration). Furthermore, in the research, children of Kuruczová think about the stories of unjust play situations organized by "Mrs. Teacher". Even the youngest and unoriented did not argue the evaluation of the situation as a fair authority of the teacher - which, according to Piaget's theory, could assume the key role of the criterion of obedience of authority in the heteronomous understanding of the criteria of moral evaluation. This thesis therefore answers the question of whether it can replicate these findings. Unlike Kuruczová,...

This project, overall, involves a theory of law as dimensions. Throughout the history of the study of law, many different theoretical paradigms have emerged proffering different and competing ways to answer the question ‘what is law’? Traditionally, many of these paradigms have been at irreconcilable odds with one another. Notwithstanding this seeming reality, the goal of this project was to attempt to take three of the leading paradigms in legal theory and provide a way to explain how each might fit into a single coherent theory of law. I set out to accomplish this by drawing on the field of theoretical physics and that field’s use of spatial dimensions in explaining various physical phenomena. By engaging in a dimensional analysis of law, I found that I was able to place each paradigm within its own dimension with that dimension being defined by a specific element of time, and in doing so much of the conflict between the paradigms came to be ameliorated. The project has been divided into two main parts. PART I discusses the fundamentals of legal theory (Chapter 1) and the fundamentals of dimensions (Chapter 2). These fundamentals provide a foundation for a dimensional analysis of law which takes place throughout PART II. In Chapter 3, I argue that the three fundamental theses of Positivism coalesce with the 1st-dimension of law, which is defined as law as it exists at any one point in time. From there, I argue in Chapter 4 that the 2nd-dimension of law, being law as it exists between two points in time (i.e. when cases are adjudicated), is characterized by Pragmatism. I then turn, in Chapter 5, to argue that the 3rd-dimension of law, being law as it exists from the very first point in legal time to the ever changing present day, coalesces with the fundamental theses of Naturalism. Ultimately then, I argue that a theory of law as dimensions, through the vantage points of the specific elements of time, provides a more complete account of the nature of law.

This thesis deals with the bases of Ethics in comparison with the practice of Ethics in the Slovak and the Czech Republic. The first part describes and discusses the philosophical, pedagogical and psychological bases of teaching subject called Ethics. It presents a chronological overview of ethical theories and their comparison of the base of morality. It deals with the philosophy of education and dialogue as the principles of teaching. It represents Piaget's theory of moral development of the child, states stages of moral reasoning by Kohlberg and characterizes Frankl's logotherapy. The second part analyzes and compares the approaches to Ethics in primary and secondary education in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic due to the bases of ethics set out in the first part. It represents the Slovak koncept of Olivar's prosocial education, the activities of Ethical Forum Czech Republic and the programme Philosophy for children.