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1
Econometric applications of maximum likelihood methods. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
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2
McKee, Paul W. Computed and estimated pollutant loads, West Fork Trinity River, Fort Worth, Texas, 1997. Austin, Tex: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
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3
Gentleman of the Middle Temple. The grounds and rudiments of law and equity, alphabetically digested: Containing a collection of rules or maxims, with the doctrine upon them, illustrated by various cases extracted from the books and records, to evince that these principles have been the foundation upon which the judges and sages of the law have built their solemn resolutions and determinations. The whole designed to reduce the knowledge of the laws of England to a more regular science, and to form them into a proper digest for the service of the nobility, clergy, gentlemen in the commission of the peace, and private gentlemen, as well as the professors and students of the law. With three tables. First, of the rudiments and grounds. Second, of the new cases. Third, of principal matters. Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2008.
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4
Ismailov, Nariman. Globalism and ecophilosophy of the future. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1212905.
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From the point of view of the new science of globalism, the problems of the ecological, socio-economic state of the world and countries are considered through the prism of the interaction of the human psyche and society and the inhabited world. The criteria of ecological civilization of countries and peoples are justified. Optimizing the consumption of natural bio-and energy resources is becoming a fundamental environmental factor for sustainable development. The "Law of the maximum for humanity" as the law of the biosphere can be the arbitration court, the neutral force that will explain the historical need for mutual understanding, taking into account the interests of ecology and economy for the survival of man as a biovid on Earth; a new reality will begin to form — the phenomenon of co-residence of the world society with the biosphere. The world's population, its energy and bio-consumption, as well as all living matter on the planet, must correspond to the biological capacity of the Earth and not go beyond its boundaries. The task of the society is to implement a worldview breakthrough at the current stage of development, its own cultural mutation, which in the future will create the basis for adaptive technological and socio-cultural development. The task is to classify the entire Earth as a "Green Book" and to solve systemic environmental problems of a global nature. An integral part of sustainable development should be the principle of "vital consumption" at both the personal and social level, instead of the dominant principle of"expanded production and consumption". The indicator of the" culture of consumption "of natural resources, both at the individual level and at the level of society, should be included as an integral part of the integral indicator in the "True Indicator of Progress" and the "Human Development Index".
The book is interdisciplinary in nature; it is a kind of scientific and philosophical poetic essay intended for teachers and students of universities in the field of sociology, ecology, biology and related fields, as well as for everyone who cares about the future of society.
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Balikoev, Vladimir. Economic studies: history, theory, methodology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1035827.
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It analyzes methodological problems of contemporary economic theory and concrete economic disciplines. In a simple and accessible form set out in historical perspective theory and methodology of economic research in a variety of economic doctrines from mercantilism to contemporary neoliberalism. Much attention is paid to the national identity of economic theory in the methodological aspect.
In detail and with specific examples, discusses the methodology of dialectics and dialectical materialism, the combination of historical
and logical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc., as well as their tools of research — a scientific theory, concept, paradigm, principle, Maxim. Similar to the analysis in the example are exposed to methodologies and tools for economic studies analysis of economic activities, banking, statistics, accounting, and financial management.
Addressed to students, undergraduates, graduate students, teachers and anyone interested in research methodology.
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1943-, Gossez J. P., and Bonheure Denis, eds. Nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations: Workshop in celebration of Jean-Pierre Gossez's 65th birthday, September 2-4, 2009, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.
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7
Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Maximum Principles and Uniqueness Theorems. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0003.
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This chapter proves maximum principles for two parabolic and elliptic equations from which the uniqueness results follow easily. It also considers the main consequences of the maximum principle, both for the model operators on an open orthant and for the general Kimura diffusion operators on a compact manifold with corners, as well as their elliptic analogues. Of particular note in this regard is a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle. The chapter first presents maximum principles for the model operators before discussing Kimura diffusion operators on manifolds with corners. It then describes maximum principles for the heat equation as well as the corresponding maximum principle and uniqueness result for Kimura diffusion equations.
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Raymer, Anastasia M., and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Principles of Aphasia Rehabilitation. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.18.
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This chapter reviews the broad literature on approaches to treatment of aphasia. Behavioral interventions for aphasia are influenced by perspectives from neuroscience that emphasize that neuroplasticity in rehabilitation is experience-dependent and potent. Several principles of neuroplasticity are reviewed, and examples are described from the aphasia treatment literature. Additional principles are considered regarding influences of error production and feedback in aphasia rehabilitation outcomes. Adjuvant treatments then are described that are meant to enhance behavioral treatment outcomes through pharmacologic and neuromodulatory interventions. Finally, life participation approaches are highlighted that encourage use of multi-modality communication for daily life activities along with training of communication partners. An interdisciplinary process is emphasized in which many professionals work together to provide individuals with aphasia the maximum benefits in language recovery, communication skills, and meaningful social engagement and quality of life.
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author, Mazʹi︠a︡ V. G., ed. Maximum principles and sharp constants for solutions of elliptic and parabolic systems. 2012.
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10
Tiwari, Sandip. Information mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.003.0001.
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Information is physical, so its manipulation through devices is subject to its own mechanics: the science and engineering of behavioral description, which is intermingled with classical, quantum and statistical mechanics principles. This chapter is a unification of these principles and physical laws with their implications for nanoscale. Ideas of state machines, Church-Turing thesis and its embodiment in various state machines, probabilities, Bayesian principles and entropy in its various forms (Shannon, Boltzmann, von Neumann, algorithmic) with an eye on the principle of maximum entropy as an information manipulation tool. Notions of conservation and non-conservation are applied to example circuit forms folding in adiabatic, isothermal, reversible and irreversible processes. This brings out implications of fluctuation and transitions, the interplay of errors and stability and the energy cost of determinism. It concludes discussing networks as tools to understand information flow and decision making and with an introduction to entanglement in quantum computing.
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Nair, Aruna. The Principles of Tracing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813408.003.0003.
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This chapter analyses the figurative language that the judges have traditionally employed to describe tracing with the aim of identifying the principled basis of the law of tracing, focusing especially on the various uses of the maxim ‘money has no earmark’. It argues that the possibilities and constraints of transactional tracing are underpinned by a judicial commitment to two key principles. The first, the principle of subordination of wrongdoers, entitles a claimant to disregard the defendant's intentions and to treat him as having acted for her benefit in situations where his decisions involved the exploitative exercise of powers to deal with her assets. The second, the principle of respect for defendant autonomy, insists that the defendant's intentions must be taken seriously in situations where his transactions involve the exercise of rights held for his own benefit or for the benefit of persons other than the claimant.
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Epstein, Charles L., and Rafe Mazzeo. Introduction. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157122.003.0001.
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This book proves the existence, uniqueness and regularity results for a class of degenerate elliptic operators known as generalized Kimura diffusions, which act on functions defined on manifolds with corners. It presents a generalization of the Hopf boundary point maximum principle that demonstrates, in the general case, how regularity implies uniqueness. The book is divided in three parts. Part I deals with Wright–Fisher geometry and the maximum principle; Part II is devoted to an analysis of model problems, and includes degenerate Hölder spaces; and Part III discusses generalized Kimura diffusions. This introductory chapter provides an overview of generalized Kimura diffusions and their applications in probability theory, model problems, perturbation theory, main results, and alternate approaches to the study of similar degenerate elliptic and parabolic equations.
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Peterson, Martin. The Precautionary Principle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190652265.003.0005.
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This chapter identifies two very different paradigm cases for the Precautionary Principle that define two separate versions of the principle: the deliberative and the epistemic. I argue that the deliberative version should not be identified with the maximin principle but rather be interpreted as an output filter that transforms the original description of a case into a new case in which all options that may lead to outcomes below a certain threshold are omitted. The epistemic version is a cluster of at least three different epistemic principles, which are introduced and defined by matching paradigm cases. By distinguishing between all these versions of the Precautionary Principle many of the objections that have been raised against it can be rebutted.
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Berrill, Andrew, and Pawan Gupta. General principles of regional anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0052.
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Regional anaesthesia is now extremely safe in experienced hands. The vast majority of upper and lower limb procedures can now be performed with either a peripheral regional block alone or in combination with a general anaesthetic. Neuraxial blocks can provide reliable postoperative pain relief for operations on the trunk and lower limbs. There is no consensus on the maximum safe dose of local anaesthetics. It is important therefore to use a minimum optimal dose of a local anaesthetic for any nerve block to reduce the risk of toxicity and to improve the success rate. Adjuncts, such as clonidine and dexamethasone, can prolong the duration of the block. Advances in nerve localization methods and block needles have further improved the safety of nerve blocks. There is increasing evidence to show that ultrasound is superior to peripheral nerve stimulation for identifying nerves. Ultrasound also helps in real-time visualization of the spread of the local anaesthetic. Consent, sedation, and support from non-anaesthetic staff play a key role in the success of regional anaesthesia, especially in awake patients. Although serious complications from nerve blocks are uncommon, direct nerve injury is perhaps the most serious complication. Fortunately, these symptoms in the overwhelming majority resolve within a year. This chapter covers the history, factors affecting local anaesthetics, role of adjuncts, nerve localization techniques, and complications of regional anaesthesia. Finally, some suggestions to improve the success and safety of peripheral nerve blocks are discussed.
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Codrescu, Andrei. Total Maximum Daily Load (Tmdl) Environmental Regulations: Proceedings of the March 11-13, 2002 Conference, Radisson Plaza Hotel, Fort Worth, Texas. ASAE, 2002.
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16
McRae, James. From Kyōsei to Kyōei. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456320.003.0004.
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Kyōsei (symbiosis) is a Japanese philosophical paradigm that is the cornerstone for the Caux Round Table Principles of business ethics. Though this notion comes from the idea of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in the biological sciences, it has only recently been applied to the discipline of environmental ethics. Kyōsei is a normative ethical principle, and the adoption of kyōsei (symbiosis) by individuals, corporations, and governments can promote kyōei (mutual flourishing). The concept of noninterference (jū) promotes ethical conduct by encouraging respect for others and minimizes waste through the promotion of maximal efficiency. By using kyōsei as the guiding principle for international business and politics, we can create policies and laws that allow us to live sustainably and to flourish, both economically and ecologically.
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Edmunds, D. E., and W. D. Evans. Generalized Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary-Value Problems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812050.003.0006.
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In this chapter, the generalized or weak interpretation of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for general elliptic expressions is motivated and then the Lax–Milgram Theorem is used to set the problems in the framework of eigenvalue problems for operators acting in Hilbert space. Results on variational inequalities in Chapter IV are applied to establish Stampacchia’s weak maximum principle, and this leads to the notion of capacity.
18
Robert, Wintgen. Ch.10 Limitation periods, Art.10.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0202.
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This commentary analyses Article 10.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning ‘limitation periods’. Art 10.2 stipulates that the general limitation period is three years beginning on the day after the day the obligee knows or ought to know the facts as a result of which the obligee's right can be exercised. The maximum limitation period is ten years beginning on the day after the day the right can be exercised. This commentary discusses the general limitation period under Art 10.2(1) based on the obligee's actual or constructive knowledge; ignorance as a ground for postponement of commencement, rather than for suspension, of the general limitation period; burden of proof in relation to the date of knowledge relevant for commencement of the general period; maximum limitation period under Art 10.2(2); and computation of time, taking into account the meaning of ‘year’, official holidays, non-business days, and time zones.
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Horn, Laurence. Pragmatics and the Lexicon. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.8.
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Since Paul and Zipf, it has become evident that lexical choice and meaning change are largely guided by pragmatic principles. Two central interacting principles are, first, the least-effort tendency to reduce expression and, second, the communicative requirements on sufficiency of information. Descendants of this opposition include Grice’s bipartite Maxim of Quantity (‘Make your contribution as informative as/no more informative than is required’) grounded within a general theory of rationality and cooperation, the Q and R Principles (essentially ‘Say enough’/‘Don’t say too much’), and the interplay of effort and effect within Relevance Theory. This chapter motivates a (Q-based) constraint on lexicalization, surveys the role of the R principle in motivating the Division of Pragmatic Labour, syntagmatic reduction, narrowing of meaning, euphemism, and negative strengthening, and provides pragmatic motivation for the lexical clone, un-noun, and un-verb constructions, and for the complementary Avoid Synonymy and Avoid Homonymy principles.
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Dari-Mattiacci, Giuseppe, and Gerrit DeGeest. Carrots vs. Sticks. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.41.
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This article draws a general picture of the differences between the metaphors of carrots and sticks. It discusses incentive effects (in principle, a $100 carrot creates the same incentives as a $100 stick, but there are exceptions); transaction costs (carrots are paid upon compliance, sticks upon violation, therefore sticks have lower transaction costs if the majority complies); risks (probabilistic carrots create risks for compliers, probabilistic sticks for violators); wealth and budget constraints (the maximum carrot depends on the principal's wealth, the maximum stick on the agent's wealth, but sticks can have a multiplication effect); distributive effects (carrots may overcompensate, sticks may undercompensate; individualizing sanctions changes the distributive effect of carrots but not of sticks); activity level effects caused by these distributive effects; the principal's incentives to behave opportunistically; and the agent's incentives to self-report. The article also discusses special types (precompensated, annullable, combined, intra-group financed, reversible, strict liability carrots and sticks) and two extensions (political risks, behavioural effects).
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Christopher, Gosnell. Part III The Right to Justice, C Restrictions on Rules of Law Justified By Action to Combat Impunity, Principle 28 Restrictions on the Effects of Legislation on Disclosure or Repentance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0032.
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Principle 28 deals with restrictions on the effects of legislation on disclosure or repentance. According to this Principle, a person’s formal confession of a crime may, pursuant to ‘provisions of legislation on disclosure and repentance’, justify a ‘reduction of sentence’ but not ‘exempt[ion]’ from ‘criminal or other responsibility’. Such a person may be granted asylum, presumably by another State, where such a confession ‘may subject the perpetrator to persecution’. Principle 28 thus highlights the maximum benefit that may be accorded to a confession under an amnesty program: a reduction of sentence but not ‘exemption’ from responsibility altogether. However, this distinction does not reflect any established practice or norms of international law. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 28 before discussing its theoretical framework and how exemption from criminal responsibility in return for confession has been applied in practice.
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de Ligt, Luuk. Roman Law, Markets and Market Prices. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.48.
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This chapter deals with legal rules and administrative procedures relating to concrete markets. The author’s principle aim is to make sense of a limited number of juridical sources, inscriptions and literary texts referring to applications for the right to hold markets (ius nundinarum) or for the privilege of immunity (immunitas) from market-taxes. Legal rules governing markets in the abstract meaning of the term are a vast topic. Instead of attempting a general study of this type, this chapter focuses on a handful of legal arrangements that made it possible for buyers or sellers to rescind contracts of sale that had been concluded in marketplaces. Finally, some attention is given to governmental attempts to impose fixed or maximum prices.
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Golan, Amos. The Metrics of Info-Metrics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0003.
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In this chapter I present the key ideas and develop the essential quantitative metrics needed for modeling and inference with limited information. I provide the necessary tools to study the traditional maximum-entropy principle, which is the cornerstone for info-metrics. The chapter starts by defining the primary notions of information and entropy as they are related to probabilities and uncertainty. The unique properties of the entropy are explained. The derivations and discussion are extended to multivariable entropies and informational quantities. For completeness, I also discuss the complete list of the Shannon-Khinchin axioms behind the entropy measure. An additional derivation of information and entropy, due to the independently developed work of Wiener, is provided as well.
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Giulia, Pinzauti. Part III The Right to Justice, C Restrictions on Rules of Law Justified By Action to Combat Impunity, Principle 23 Restrictions on Prescription. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198743606.003.0027.
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Principle 23 deals with statutory limitations (prescription, in French) aimed at protecting defendants from stale claims that might be difficult to counter. Statutory limitations refer to legal norms that regulate the effects of the passage of time in domestic systems. In criminal law, they provide for a maximum timeframe, or prescription period, within which criminal proceedings can be instituted or sentences enforced. The passage of time makes the gathering of evidence more difficult and may also reduce the effectiveness of criminal prosecution. Significant delays in criminal action may thus impair the accused’s right to a fair trial. Furthermore, criminal proceedings tend to lose legitimacy as time passes. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 23, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework and how the statutory limitations have been applied in practice under multilateral treaties, domestic legislation and case-law. It also examines the practice of United Nations organs.
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Levin, Frank S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0001.
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By surveying aspects of the book, the Introduction invites readers to prepare their mental surfboards for surfing the challenging waves of the quantum world. Max Planck’s weird use of the quantum concept is identified as the origin of the quantum revolution of the first part of the twentieth century. It is pointed out that mental muscles will be stretched by a variety of mind-bending quantum concepts and phenomena, both microscopic and macroscopic. These include the analogy between the behavior of a particle in a so-called quantum box and the vibrations of a musical string, and the role of quantum mechanics in determining the maximum heights of mountains. It is noted that the fundamental principles of quantum theory are the underpinning for explaining the mystery with two-slit experiments, while the book’s final chapters explore two features that have been referred to in non-scientific contexts: entanglement and Schrödinger’s cat.
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William A, Schabas. Part 6 The Trial: Le Procès, Art.70 Offences against the administration of justice/Atteintes à l’administration de la justice. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0074.
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This chapter comments on Article 70 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 70 deals with acts punishable by the Court as offences against the administration of justice. These acts may be divided into three categories: those involving perjury or false testimony; obstruction of the activities of the Court; and solicitation of bribes. The principles and procedures governing the Court's exercise of jurisdiction over offences under this article shall be those provided for in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The maximum penalty for article 70 offences is five years imprisonment; a fine is an alternative as well as the possibility of both being imposed. Fines may be set for each individual offence or count, but cannot exceed in total 50 per cent of the convicted person's assets, ‘after deduction of an appropriate amount that would satisfy the financial needs of the convicted person and his or her dependants’.
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Rees, David. Insects of Stored Grain. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094673.
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A pocket reference that allows the non-specialist to identify major insect and arachnid pests found in stored cereal grains, grain products and grain legumes. It describes most storage pests found worldwide and provides concise information on the biology, distribution, damage and economic importance of each species.
Each entry contains at least one colour photograph. The notes for each species tell the nature of the pest or beneficial and the commodity affected; temperature and humidity conditions at which the species can survive; optimum conditions at which eggs take the shortest time to develop into adults; and maximum population growth rate per month.
This new edition has twice as many species in it and more detail on distribution, host range and pest status than the previous edition. Short introductory sections on insect biology, principles of control and concepts of pest status evaluation have also been added.
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Levin, Frank S. Surfing the Quantum World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.001.0001.
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Surfing the Quantum World bridges the gap between in-depth textbooks and typical popular science books on quantum ideas and phenomena. Among its significant features is the description of a host of mind-bending phenomena, such as a quantum object being in two places at once or a certain minus sign being the most consequential in the universe. Much of its first part is historical, starting with the ancient Greeks and their concepts of light, and ending with the creation of quantum mechanics. The second part begins by applying quantum mechanics and its probability nature to a pedagogical system, the one-dimensional box, an analog of which is a musical-instrument string. This is followed by a gentle introduction to the fundamental principles of quantum theory, whose core concepts and symbolic representations are the foundation for most of the subsequent chapters. For instance, it is shown how quantum theory explains the properties of the hydrogen atom and, via quantum spin and Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, how it accounts for the structure of the periodic table. White dwarf and neutron stars are seen to be gigantic quantum objects, while the maximum height of mountains is shown to have a quantum basis. Among the many other topics considered are a variety of interference phenomena, those that display the wave properties of particles like electrons and photons, and even of large molecules. The book concludes with a wide-ranging discussion of interpretational and philosophic issues, introduced in Chapters 14 by entanglement and 15 by Schrödinger’s cat.
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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Statistical Mechanics and Information Theory for Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0006.
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Most complex systems are statistical systems. Statsitical mechanics and information theory usually do not apply to complex systems because the latter break the assumptions of ergodicity, independence, and multinomial statistics. We show that it is possible to generalize the frameworks of statistical mechanics and information theory in a meaningful way, such that they become useful for understanding the statistics of complex systems.We clarify that the notion of entropy for complex systems is strongly dependent on the context where it is used, and differs if it is used as an extensive quantity, a measure of information, or as a tool for statistical inference. We show this explicitly for simple path-dependent complex processes such as Polya urn processes, and sample space reducing processes.We also show it is possible to generalize the maximum entropy principle to path-dependent processes and how this can be used to compute timedependent distribution functions of history dependent processes.
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Hernandez, Rebecca Skreslet. Authority by Aggregation and Abstraction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805939.003.0005.
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In addition to his views on ijtihād and tajdīd, al-Suyūṭī’s lasting influence in Islamic legal thought lies in the area of legal precepts (pithy maxims or questions that sum up areas of the law). Al-Suyūṭī’s al-Ashbāh wa-l-naẓāʾir stands as a core work in this genre of legal literature and is still a popular textbook for students at Egypt’s premier institution of religious learning, al-Azhar. Using the pragmatic theory of Grice and others, I argue that legal precepts fulfill a number of key discursive functions for the jurist. It is with al-Suyūṭī’s Ashbāh that he is most successful in asserting his authority as an aggregator, abstractor, and framer of the law. The power of framing lies in the ability to distill key universal principles from the vast corpus of Islamic substantive law and to assert that these principles represent the essence and spirit of the Sharīʿa.
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Newlands, Samuel. The Desiderata of Perfection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817260.003.0002.
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The first chapter opens with a challenge that any serious monist must face, one that Spinoza himself raised: how can a monist account for the world’s apparent diversity? It argues that Spinoza faces an especially sharp version of this long-standing question of the One and The Many, given his commitments to both maximal ontological parsimony and plenitude. After discussing the details of these ontological commitments, it is suggested that they ultimately stem not from the Principle of Sufficient Reason but from Spinoza’s account of metaphysical perfection, one that is similar to views held by the young Leibniz and, surprisingly enough, contemporary metaphysician Jonathan Schaffer.
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Schwabish, Jonathan. Better Presentations. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231175210.001.0001.
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Whether you are a university professor, researcher at a think tank, graduate student, or analyst at a private firm, chances are that at some point you have presented your work in front of an audience. Most of us approach this task by converting a written document into slides, but the result is often a text-heavy presentation saddled with bullet points, stock images, and graphs too complex for an audience to decipher—much less understand. Presenting is fundamentally different from writing, and with only a little more time, a little more effort, and a little more planning, you can communicate your work with force and clarity. Designed for presenters of scholarly or data-intensive content, Better Presentations details essential strategies for developing clear, sophisticated, and visually captivating presentations. Following three core principles—visualize, unify, and focus—Better Presentations describes how to visualize data effectively, find and use images appropriately, choose sensible fonts and colors, edit text for powerful delivery, and restructure a written argument for maximum engagement and persuasion. With a range of clear examples for what to do (and what not to do), the practical package offered in Better Presentations shares the best techniques to display work and the best tactics for winning over audiences. It pushes presenters past the frustration and intimidation of the process to more effective, memorable, and persuasive presentations.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.4 Interpretation, Art.4.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0080.
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This commentary focuses on Article 4.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the interpretation of contractual terms. According to Art 4.5, contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect. The rule or maxim that, in the case of doubt, all contract terms should be given full effect is part of the modern lex mercatoria. This ‘rule of common sense’ can be traced back to Roman law. This commentary discusses the requirements for the ‘rule of common sense’, with particular emphasis on irremediable ambiguity and standard terms.
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Equality and fairness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0004.
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This chapter investigates the equity reasons behind regulations and public finance of healthcare. An inquiry into altruism and redistribution is followed by a discussion of equality and fairness as applied to the distribution of health and healthcare. Voluntary redistribution through cross-subsidized healthcare is explained by paternalistic altruism, that is, most people simply care for their fellow citizens’ access to needed healthcare. The concepts of equity, equality, and fairness in health are explained and defined. Three theories of distributive justice have particular relevance in the context of determining a fair allocation of healthcare: utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and Rawls’ maximin principle. These theories are formally analysed within the framework of a health possibility frontier. The figure illustrates a trade-off between efficiency as health maximization versus equality of health.
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Baunaz, Lena, Liliane Haegeman, Karen De Clercq, and Eric Lander, eds. Exploring Nanosyntax. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.001.0001.
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By offering the first in-depth introduction to the framework of nanosyntax, Exploring Nanosyntax fills a major gap in the current theoretical literature. Originating within the generative Principles and Parameters tradition in the study of language, nanosyntax was developed starting in the early 2000s by Michal Starke. Deploying a radical implementation of the cartographic “one feature–one head” maxim, the framework aims at a fine-grained decomposition of morphosyntactic structure, thus laying bare the building blocks of the universal functional sequence. This volume aims at making three contributions. First, it presents the framework’s constitutive tools and principles and explains how nanosyntax relates to cartography and to Distributed Morphology. Second, the volume illustrates how nanosyntactic tools and principles can be applied within a range of empirical domains of natural language. In doing so, the volume provides a range of detailed and crosslinguistic investigations that uncover novel empirical data and that contribute to a better understanding of the functional sequence. Finally, new theoretical strands internal to the nanosyntactic framework are explored, with specific problems raised and discussed. The volume contains original contributions by senior and junior researchers in the field and constitutes an ideal handbook for advanced students and researchers in linguistics. Above all, Exploring Nanosyntax offers the first encompassing view of this promising framework, making its methodology and exciting results accessible to a wide audience.