Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principio De Causalidad'
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Villanueva, Gutiérrez Walker. "El principio de causalidad y el concepto de gasto necesario." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109442.
Full text¿La deducción de gastos está supeditada al cumplimiento del principio de causalidad? ¿Se puede afirmar la existencia de razonabilidad y normalidad como criterios complementarios al de causalidad en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico? En el presente artículo, el autor buscará analizar cómo se configura el principio de causalidad en nuestro ordenamiento, a partir de su división subjetiva y objetiva. Asimismo, se estudiará el concepto de gasto necesario a partir de la jurisprudencia nacional y extranjera.
Durán, Rojo Luis Alberto. "Alcances del principio de causalidad en el impuesto a la renta empresarial." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114880.
Full textEl artículo analiza los alcances de la aplicación del principio de causalidad para la determinación de la renta neta imponible a efectos de aplicar el impuesto a la renta empresarial.Se parte de establecer que dicho principio es aplicable a erogaciones que sean consideradas como gasto deducible del ejercicio, mas no de aquellas que han de formar parte del costo computable de los bienes a enajenar. Luego, se realiza un extenso análisis de la manera como la ley del impuesto a la renta peruana ha configurado los alcances de este principio y el entendimiento que ha surgido en la casuística jurisprudencial de los órganos que resuelven conflictos, especialmente del Tribunal Fiscal, al acoger en la esfera del principio precitado gastos no causales.A su vez, el artículo aborda los alcances de los principios de razonabilidad y normalidad del gasto, tan necesarios para la evaluación del cumplimiento del principio de causalidad.Finalmente, se plasman unas reflexiones respecto a la acreditación de la fehaciencia del gasto y su vinculación con el principio de causalidad.
Hernández, Berenguel Luis. "Algunas consideraciones sobre el principio de causalidad en el Impuesto a la Renta." IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122474.
Full textBenites, Mendoza Sara Mónica. "La aplicación del principio de causalidad al gasto de responsabilidad social empresarial : límites y alcances." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9564.
Full textTesis
Vásquez, Tarazona Catya Evelyn. "Los Gastos deducibles y el principio de causalidad en la determinación de las rentas netas empresariales-caso peruano." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2009. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/221.
Full textThe present investigation work have realized to prove that applying restrictive measures for charging and deduction of expenses or costs, are in a conditional stay of previous payment that affect the determination of total income business , causing financial loss in business, by affecting the ability to pay. It has also been observed that in the current consolidated text of the Law on Income Tax - in front of the LIR TUO were established limitations that affect the determination of those revenues, ignoring their economic reality. In general, business income should be charged in the tax year, it must be included and the same established rules apply to the allocation of expenses, therefore, expenses are deductible to the extent that meet with the principle of accrual. Additionally, expenses are deductible when they are intended to generate or maintain income-producing source, ie expenses are deductible to the extent that compliance with the principle of causality. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the Law of Income Tax can not, be properly charged the expenses of the third category, since it unduly restricts the allocation of certain expenses, in marketing year it is earned to pay unduly constraining the after the deduction of certain expenses that are necessary to generate and sustain income-producing source.
Tesis
De, La Cruz Silvestre Nieves, and Herrera Cindy Scarlett Begazo. "Impacto tributario de los principales gastos de promoción reparables y su relación con el principio de causalidad en los laboratorios farmacéuticos trasnacionales de Lima Metropolitana 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/625939.
Full textThe present investigation evaluates the tax impact of the main repairable promotion expenses and its relation with the principle of causality applied in transnational pharmaceutical laboratories of Metropolitan Lima in the period of 2017. There are different positions between the Peruvian Tax Administration and the jurisprudential organisms regarding the tax treatment of such expenses, which has caused that the contributors of the pharmaceutical sector don´t, have a very clear position on this subject. Therefore, this study seeks to clarify the promotional costs that are observe for the Peruvian Tax Administration that could be deductible, as well as the criteria and guidelines to support such expenses as "tax shield" of pharmaceutical laboratories facing an audit process. In this sense, an analysis of different jurisprudences that deal with the deductibility of such expenses and the different opinions of manager and partner of tax area in the leading audit firms world-wide, law firms and the ALAFARPE association (National Association of Pharmaceutical Laboratories). All this has allowed to conclude that the promotion expenses are one of the most important in the determination of Income Tax and are mainly the expenses of medical samples, congresses and medical events. In the case of medical samples, it could be deductible if all the proofs are available for their accreditation. Regarding congresses and medical events, the Tax Administration does not accept this expense, since the main controversy of Sunat by this expense is the principle of causality questioning the need for such expense. However, the experts on this matter believe that they should be deductible since those comply with the principle of causality.
Tesis
Delgado, Guerrero Claudia Jazmín Sofía, and Delgado Judith Vásquez. "El principio de causalidad y su incidencia en la determinación de la renta imponible por la no deducibilidad de gastos con boleta de venta, en la Empresa Copito SAC Chiclayo 2016." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2018. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/1166.
Full textTesis
Frisancho, Jibaja Alejandra. "“Lectura crítica de las resoluciones del Tribunal Fiscal de los años 2013 a 2015 en materia del principio de causalidad de los gastos”." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9964.
Full textTesis
Nuñez, Davila Lissette Yackeline. "El conocimiento del principio de causalidad en la gestión tributaria ante la fiscalización electrónica de los comerciantes de la galería Central de Chiclayo 2019." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/2881.
Full textVásquez, Tarazona Rina Eloha. "Análisis del principio de causalidad de los gastos de publicidad de las empresas del sector farmacéutico peruano en la determinación del impuesto a la renta." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/7919.
Full textTesis
Obregón, Tinoco Elizabeth Rosario Sofía. "La responsabilidad administrativa de la persona jurídica integrante de Consorcio al encontrarse impedida para contratar por su vinculación con su coconsorciada sancionada administrativamente: ¿Transgresión del Principio de Causalidad?" Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/16298.
Full textTrabajo académico
Hernández, Berenguel Luis. "Gastos de responsabilidad social y el impuesto a la renta." IUS ET VERITAS, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122843.
Full textAbarca, Lucero José Miguel. "Prueba de la causalidad y valoración de la evidencia científica en la litigación del cambio climático : aporte del Caso Urgenda vs. Holanda." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/159500.
Full textLa judicialización del cambio climático ha aumentado exponencialmente dentro de los últimos años, debido a la lenta reacción de los Estados en tomar las medidas legislativas necesarias para adaptar a la sociedad actual a las exigencias del fenómeno del cambio climático. Uno de los casos más emblemáticos dentro de este nuevo movimiento es el de Urgenda vs Holanda, en donde el Tribunal ordenó al Estado que redujera sus emisiones de GEI en al menos un 25% para el año 2020 respecto a los niveles de 1990, basado en la evidencia científica disponible y en los compromisos internacionales adoptados por el Estado. Sin embargo, y a pesar del éxito del caso anteriormente mencionado, la mayoría de estos juicios no corren la misma suerte, principalmente por dos grandes problemas: El primero de ellos es la prueba de la causalidad, la que se ve muchas veces obstaculizada debido a la naturaleza difusa del daño ambiental. El segundo problema es la reticencia de los tribunales a aceptar la evidencia científica como argumento válido para imputar responsabilidad o para establecer un deber de cuidado respecto del demandado. El objetivo de este artículo es, en base al análisis de doctrina especializada y jurisprudencia nacional y comparada, revisar estas dificultades y descubrir sus posibles soluciones, las que van desde la inversión de la carga de la prueba, hasta las presunciones de responsabilidad. Por otro lado, también se pretende analizar el caso Urgenda vs Holanda con la finalidad de exponer los principales puntos de la sentencia, para luego pasar a la revisión de la prueba de la causalidad y por qué razones fue aceptada la evidencia científica del IPCC en este caso, lo que ha traído como consecuencia un nuevo movimiento de demandas en contra de Estados por razones y con argumentos muy similares a los entregados por la Fundación Urgenda.
Flores, Alva Karen Giselle. "Criterios para la aplicación del principio de causalidad en los casos de fusión de persona jurídicas para la asignación de la responsabilidad ambiental aplicada por el OEFA en el subsector minero." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/13645.
Full textTrabajo académico
Nole, Juarez Kevin Bryan, and Cruz Jhon Christian Vidaurre. "Consecuencia de los efectos tributarios respecto a los desembolsos según el Art nº37 de la LIR en base al principio de causalidad relacionados con la responsabilidad social en la empresa Cafetalera Vista Verde E.I.R.L. Lambayeque 2016 – 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2018. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/handle/usat/1791.
Full textTesis
Tello, Puerta Fernando. "Deductibility of the Spending Linked to the Expenditures Incurred as a Result of an Extrajudicial Transaction: Are We in the Face of a True Act of Liberality?" Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118858.
Full textEl presente artículo pretende efectuar un análisis jurídico de los recientes pronunciamientos de la Administración Tributaria, en el sentido que los pagos efectuados como consecuencia de transacciones extrajudiciales no resultan deducibles para efectos de la determinación del Impuesto a la Renta. Se trata pues, de un análisis de corte civil respecto de la real naturaleza de los desembolsos efectuados con ocasión de la celebración de una transacción extrajudicial, para luego abordar la problemática de su vinculación con la generación de rentas gravadas con elImpuesto a la Renta.
Araújo, André da Silva de. "Risco e Causalidade nos Principais Mercados de Acções Europeus." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3485.
Full textCom os acontecimentos que desencadearam a crise financeira mundial de 2008, os mercados financeiros globais foram palco do maior contágio de risco de que há memória. Por esta razão, o permanente controlo e monitorização de movimentações extremas em mercados estrangeiros torna-se cada vez mais fundamental para uma boa gestão de risco e, em grande parte, para a sobrevivência das instituições financeiras. Utilizando o conceito da causalidade de Granger em risco, o presente trabalho investiga efeitos de contágio nos principais mercados de acções europeus, protagonizados pelo CAC 40, DAX 30 e FTSE 100. Para tal, foi necessário realizar previsões diárias, recorrendo a diversos modelos paramétricos, do Value-at-Risk (VaR), com as respectivas avaliações do seu desempenho. No âmbito europeu, resultados empíricos permitem concluir a ocorrência de contágio de movimentações extremas negativas, estatisticamente significativas, apenas no sentido do CAC 40 para o FTSE 100. Investigação posterior refere que grande parte do risco presente nos três índices europeus é contribuída pelo S&P 500, não se verificando o inverso.
Villavicencio, Ríos Alfredo. "The right to work: transition from free dismissal to guaranteed constitutional right." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116195.
Full textTras presentar la evolución del derecho de estabilidad laboral en el Perú, se precisan los alcances públicos y privados del derecho al trabajo, que permitieron al Tribunal Constitucional redefinir el régimen del despido (estabilidad laboral de salida), en general, y comenzar a precisar el régimen de contratación temporal (estabilidad laboral de entrada). Se analiza la redefinición del marco jurídico del despido a partir de la jurisprudencia constitucional y judicial, poniendo en relieve los temas resueltos y los pendientes.
Ávalos, Jara Oxal Víctor. "La inobservancia de los principios de causalidad y continuidad en la contratación laboral temporal. Causas y consecuencias jurídicas." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/7648.
Full textPublicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Analiza y estudia los alcances de los principios de continuidad y causalidad en todos los contratos de trabajo sujetos a modalidad regulados por la Ley de Productividad y Competitividad Laboral y normas especiales, ello bajo la premisa de que, en virtud al principio de continuidad laboral, toda relación laboral en nuestro país es, por regla general, de naturaleza indefinida, siendo que excepcionalmente, ante la existencia de una real causa objetiva, se quebrará esta regla de indefinición, permitiéndose el acceso a la contratación temporal. Corrige las deficiencias que, a la fecha, revisten la normativa al no guardar, en algunos casos, simetría con los principios de continuidad y causalidad laboral.
Tesis
Hirata, Celí. "Leibniz e Hobbes: causalidade e princípio de razão suficiente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-12122012-095208/.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the Hobbesian doctrine of causality and the principle of sufficient reason in Leibniz, indicating the closeness and distance between them. If, on the one hand, the German philosopher is clearly influenced by Hobbes in the formulation of his principle, on the other hand is through this very principle that he criticizes some of the most decisive aspects of the philosophy of Hobbes, as his materialism, necessitarianism, as well his conception of divine justice and his thesis that God can not be known by natural light. In some texts of his youth, Leibniz proves that nothing is without reason by means of the identification of the sufficient reason with the totality of all requisites, demonstration that almost reproduces that one by which Hobbes argues that every effect has a necessary cause. However, in opposition to Hobbes, that reduces the reality to bodies in motion, Leibniz uses the concept of sufficient reason to demonstrate that only an incorporeal principle can provide body with movement. It is also through the principle of sufficient reason and its distinction from the principle of contradiction that Leibniz argues that events in the world are not absolutely necessary, but contingent. Finally, it is using this principle that the author of the Theodicy argues that God can be known by natural reason and that divine justice consists in his goodness guided by wisdom, in contrast to the Hobbesian definition of justice based on power. So, if Leibniz appropriates certain elements of the Hobbesian doctrine of causation is in order to submit the mechanical efficient causality defended by Hobbes to an essentially teleological determination of the reality.
Serrano, Barron Lisseth Patricia. "Importancia del cumplimiento de los principios de causalidad y fehaciencia para la deducibilidad de gastos de responsabilidad social relacionados con gastos de infraestructura y su mantenimiento ejecutados por empresas mineras en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621452.
Full textThe mining sector has had a boost in the country in the last decades not only because of its increased investment, development and exploitation of new projects but also due to the increase in price of metals that Peru exports. Thus the State Tax Administration has as part of their responsibilities oversight main contributors, to constantly verify that the mining companies fulfill the correct determination of their tax compliance, especially in what is regulated by the Income Tax Law and the Value Added Tax Law, which involves the thorough revision of expenses that companies deduce to obtain the net income. It is important to mention that expenses of social responsibility in infrastructure and its maintenance, are necessary to guarantee the continuity of operations of the mining activity within its area of influence. Due to this, mining companies deploy a number of key Sustainable Development Programs to establish good relationships with the surrounding communities. Nevertheless, very frequently this is not widely understood by the State Tax Administration when they review these expenditures. Moreover, mining companies have difficulties at the moment of supporting the deductibility of social responsibility expenses in infrastructure and its maintenance; due to the fact that most of the time the benefit to the company is measured indirectly. Likewise, since they perform activities in rural areas they not always have the legal documents required by the law or the type of documents they must present to support the existence of this expense is not defined by law. As a consequence, in many cases such expenses have been disallowed not only by the State Tax Administration, but also by higher judicial instances impacting on the economic results of mining companies due to the loss of fiscal shield. Lastly, to analyze the existing reality we will review the criteria and positions of Tax Court and the Supreme Court on the principles of causality and reliability in order to make deductible social responsibility expenses in the management of community relations. In addition, a survey will be conducted among Finance and Community Relations Managers of mining companies to find out their position to this respect.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
Canales, Méndez Javier Antonio, and Villegas María Claudia Kiyomi Mori. "Criterios para sustentar los principios de causalidad y fehaciencia de los gastos de responsabilidad social como escudo fiscal de las empresas del sector minero en el Perú." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/621480.
Full textThis research examines the principles of causality and reliability applied to social responsibility expenses of mining companies in Peru. About this topic, there are different positions between the Tax Authority and of the jurisprudential entities regarding the tax treatment of such expenses to determine the Income Tax, which has caused that the taxpayers of the mining sector do not have clarity on this subject. For this reason, this study seeks to elucidate the criteria for sustaining social responsibility expenditures as a “fiscal shield” for mining companies. In that sense, we have used the analysis of different cases that deal with the deductibility of such expenses and in which the pronouncements of the Tax Authority and the jurisprudential entities are observed, as well as the opinions of Financial Managers of mining companies, Community Relations Managers and Tax Auditors of the world's leading auditing firms. All these information has allowed us to say that social responsibility expenses are deductible in the determination of Income Tax, considering the principles of causality, which is why we propose a flow chart of cause and effect, and reliability, which is why we suggests a List of Documentary Control called "Checklist".
Silva, Jonathan Esteban Arroyo. "Uma técnica explícita de marcha no tempo para ondas elásticas baseada em funções de Green calculadas localmente pelo MEF." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3500.
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Este trabalho apresenta um novo esquema de marcha no tempo capaz de reduzir oscilações espúrias através de amortecimento numérico para problemas de propagação de ondas elásticas no âmbito da Aproximação Explícita de Green (\Explicit Green's Approach" (ExGA)) [1]. A expressão integral referente ao ExGA é escrita em termos das funções de Green e Degrau. Seus cálculos são realizados de forma independente por meio da formulação semi-discreta do MEF e o método Diferença Central. Devido ao princípio da causalidade, as funções de Green e Degrau possuem um suporte compacto ao redor dos pontos fonte para um intervalo de tempo suficientemente pequeno que é usualmente Empregado nos métodos explícitos clássicos de integração temporal aplicados à modelagem de propagação de ondas. Neste sentido, as funções de Green e Degrau em t = Δt podem ser eficientemente calculadas localmente através de subdomínios pequenos. Cada subdomínio local com sua respectiva submalha cobre somente pontos nodais onde os valores das funções de Green e Degrau são não nulos. A precisão e eficiência da metodologia proposta é demostrada ao analisar três exemplos numéricos.
This work presents a new time-marching scheme able to reduce spurious oscillations by means of numerical damping for elastic wave propagation problems in the framework of the Explicit Green's Approach (ExGA) [1]. The integral expression concerned with the ExGA is written in terms of the Green's and the Step response functions. Their computations are carried out independently by means of the semidiscrete FEM and the Central difference method. Due to the principle of causality, the Green's and Step response functions admit a compact support surround the source points for a small enough time step that is usually employed in common explicit time integration methods applied to wave propagation modeling. In this sense, the Green's and Step response functions at t = Δt can be e ciently computed locally through small subdomains. Each local subdomain with its respective submesh covers only nodes whose Green's and Step response function values do not vanish. The accuracy and e ciency of the proposed methodology are demonstrated by analyzing three numerical examples.
Montálvan, Luis Felipe Limarino. "Los principios de causalidad y justicia en David Hume como condicíon para la sobrevivencia de la humanidad." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26289.
Full textThe research exposes the interpretation of Franz Hinkelammert and the positions related to this interpretation among the community of scholars specializing in the thought of David Hume. The investigation consists of two parts. In the first one is exposed the interpretation that Franz Hinkelammert makes about A Treatise of Human Nature by David Hume. In the second one, it seeks to show the correspondence between this interpretation and the positions or interpretations proper to the community of specialists in the thought of David Hume around two axes: the principle of causality and the principle of justice. In this way the correspondence between the two interpretations is compared to evaluate to what extent it is feasible to support Franz Hinkelammert's interpretation of David Hume's method of thought as valid.
Fernandes, Telmo da Conceição. "A relação de causalidade entre a rendibilidade do preço do crude e a rendibilidade dos principais índices acionistas europeus." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/6107.
Full textNo presente trabalho analisa-se o impacto da variação da rendibilidade de dois contratos em que o ativo subjacente é o crude - o Brent e o West Texas Intermediate - na rendibilidade dos principais índices acionistas europeus, no período entre 2000 e 2012. O estudo recorre a três técnicas econométricas: o Teste de Causalidade de Granger, os Modelos dos Vetores Autoregressivos e as Funções de Impulso-Resposta. Os resultados indicam que foram os mercados acionistas norueguês e russo os mais influenciados pela variação da rendibilidade do preço do crude, contrariamente ao que seria esperado: a existência de uma clara relação entre a rendibilidade do preço do crude e a rendibilidade dos principais mercados europeus, nomeadamente o alemão e o francês.
In this paper we analyze the impact of the change on profitability of two contracts where the underlying asset is crude - Brent and West Texas Intermediate – on the profitability of the major European equity indices in the period between 2000 and 2012. The study uses three econometric techniques: Granger Causality Test, Model of Autoregressive Vectors and the Impulse Response Function. The results indicate that were Norwegian and Russian equity markets, the most influenced by the variation in profitability in the price of crude, contrary to what would be expected: the existence of a clear relationship between the profitability of crude oil prices and the profitability of the major European markets, namely German and French.
Matela, Pedro Conde. "Análise às principais forças macroeconómicas que actuam sobre o PIB: abordagem através de modelos VAR." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/4376.
Full textThis dissertation, through the estimation of VAR models, examines which are the “main macroeconomic forces” which constraint the evolution of the economic activity in Portugal and in the Euro Zone. To address this issue we’ve assembled a group of variables ranging aspects that are frequently used in this kind of studies, like trade and finance, to dimensions with a more innovative nature such as Foreign Direct Investment, interbank financing, economic sentiment or stock markets. Our analysis relayed mainly on the information obtained from the Granger causality test and from the study of the impulse response functions and the variance decomposition. We’ve acknowledged, as expected, that in both economies the GDP shows a significant inertia, which is more evident and longer lasting in Portugal. In the same way, Government Consumption and Harmonized Consumer Price Index also have some ascendancy over the performance of both economies. As far as the Euro Zone is concerned we’ve recognized that ECB Refinancing Rate, as well as the Commodities Index, also constitute two relevant dimensions, even though the last one has a bigger role in the short run. On the other hand, by addressing the Portuguese reality, we realize that the 3 Month Euribor Interest Rate, the National Contribution to the M3 Money Aggregate and, in shorter proportion, the Foreign Direct Investment all have a significant weight over the GDP. Taking into account what was said before, we conclude that only in the case of the Portuguese economy those innovative factors assume some importance.
Tejo, Maria Inês Bravo Dinis. "De protagonistas e gestores a responsáveis cíveis : a propósito da greve ilícita e da responsabilidade civil de piquetes e sindicatos." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/28677.
Full textThe concept of the right to strike is not stabilished in the Portuguese Law. As such, delimiting the illegality of its exercise is a complex job. In the exercise of this right intervene, not only the workers – holders of the righ - , but also trade unions and pickets. These latter individuals acquire a role of managers and protagonists of this exercise. Therefor, this dissertation intends to assess the possible application of civil liability in illegal strikes, both in subjective liability, namely by abuse of law, and in the objective liability of the union-principal, for the actions of the picket-commissary, in practice. To perform such task, it is necessary to address the problems of the causal link in applying to the illegal strike.
Moura, Bruno de Oliveira. "A conduta prévia e a culpa na comparticipação. A distinção entre autoria mediata e instigação, a partir de um conceito restritivo de facto." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95206.
Full textAo contrário da legislação anterior, o art. 26.º do Código Penal distingue entre autoria mediata e instigação, não obstante aplicando a ambas uma mesma moldura abstrata de pena. Para lá disso, o legislador nada diz: não indica nenhum critério material capaz de separar as duas figuras, nem os grupos de casos que seriam catalogados numa e noutra, tampouco quais os atributos jurídicos que devem constar do facto principal do instigado. A única diferença estabelecida na lei decorre da passagem que condiciona a punição do instigador ao início da execução do autor. A definição daqueles outros aspetos foi deixada nas mãos da doutrina e da jurisprudência, prevalecendo ainda hoje na literatura a tese de que o instigador também é um verdadeiro autor. Este entendimento e a convicção de que referida igualdade sancionatória não suscita maiores problemas de legitimação têm alimentado uma evolução dogmática onde são escassos os esforços no sentido de uma interpretação restritiva da regra da instigação, de modo a excluir da sua alçada as situações de mera influência psíquica sobre a decisão delitiva do homem-da-frente. Todavia, parece adequado contestar este cenário se regressamos à elementar ideia que faz da autonomia do ser humano o alfa e o ómega do Direito, e, em particular, do Direito Penal. Tanto mais quanto esta mesma (auto)compreensão do cidadão como sujeito livre e responsável constituiu a pedra-de-toque do projeto que esteve na base do Código Penal vigente. Se quiser ser algo mais que uma cláusula de estilo ou slogan da moda e coisa diversa de um mero limite externo ao jogo de ponderação, a tão falada dignidade da pessoa humana terá de repercutir já na própria compreensão das estruturas adscritivas que sustentam o pesado edifício da responsabilidade criminal. Especialmente ali onde o dilema da referência, um eixo crucial para qualquer Direito Penal do facto, se torna mais agudo: o terreno comparticipação no delito. Levar a autonomia do cidadão a sério implica reconhecer que a clivagem entre autoria mediata e instigação pertence a um tópico qualitativo (não quantitativo) relacionado com a diversidade das categorias lógicas e pragmáticas que suportam a separação conceptual entre autoria e participação. Assim, o presente estudo procura traduzir a gramática profunda da autonomia cidadã numa forma de idioma que pretende ir além do status quo do Direito legislado: a linguagem da teoria das normas. Com isso abre-se um horizonte analítico que devolve ao livre agir do homem-da-frente um efeito de absoluta proibição de regresso ao homem-de-trás. O resultado direto deste redimensionamento é a conclusão de que o enunciado «o instigador é autor» é analiticamente incorreto: por definição, valendo a premissa da autonomia do cidadão, o instigador não pode ser (conceptualmente) autor. O que implica a rejeição da teoria do «autor-detrás-do-autor (plenamente responsável)». Assumindo uma noção de liberdade onto-antropologicamente fundada, a dissertação chega a uma segunda conclusão não menos importante: no quadro da tradicional distribuição de hipóteses entre autoria mediata e instigação, a igualdade sancionatória não pode ser explicada pelo princípio da autonomia do ser humano, mas apenas por uma abordagem consequencialista (utilitarista) que instrumentaliza o instigado para fins que são alheios ao teor de envolvimento pessoal cristalizado no seu próprio comportamento e no facto principal. Assim, de lege ferenda, o esquema corrente seria menos desajustado se fosse introduzida, em favor do instigador, uma cláusula de atenuação especial (facultativa) da pena. De qualquer modo, esta modificação ainda não eliminaria totalmente as fricções com o princípio da autodeterminação individual. Para tanto, há ainda uma alternativa hermeneuticamente possível de lege lata, embora talvez não desejada pelo legislador histórico: atualizar a função de bloqueio do art. 29.º, enquanto genuíno e inequívoco atestado da irrelevância do juízo de culpa do homem-da-dianteira para o apuramento da responsabilidade do homem-da-retaguarda, a partir daí atualizando-se também o frágil equilíbrio na distribuição dos grupos de casos, com uma substancial redução do alcance da norma da autoria mediata e a correspondente migração de algumas situações para o âmbito da norma da instigação, esta última agora desonerada da obrigação de tematizar hipóteses que podem encontrar satisfatória resposta na figura da cumplicidade psíquica.
Unlike the previous legislation, the section 26 of the Penal Code distinguishes between perpetration-by-means and instigation, despite applying the same abstract frame of penalty to both of them. Beyond that, the legislator says nothing more: he does not indicate any material criteria to separate the two concepts, nor the groups of cases that would be classified in each of them, nor what juridical attributes should be verified in the main action performed by the instigated person. The only difference legally established is the stipulation which connects the punishment of the instigated person to the beginning of the perpetration. The setting of those aspects was left in the hands of doctrine and jurisprudence, still prevailing in the literature the thesis by which the instigator is also a principal. This understanding and the opinion that the referred sanctioning equality does not give rise to major legitimacy problems have fueled a dogmatic approach where are scarce the efforts towards a restrictive interpretation of the instigation rule, in order to exclude from its scope the situations of mere psychic influence on the criminal decision of the man-in-the-front-line. However, it seems appropriate to challenge this scenario if we return to the elementary idea that makes human autonomy the alpha and omega of Law, and, in particular, of the Criminal Law. Even more when this same (self) understanding of the citizen as a free and responsible subject was the cornerstone of the project which offered the basis for the current Penal Code. To be anything more than a style clause or slogan of fashion and something other than a mere external border for proportionality games, the principle of human dignity must have repercussions on the very understanding of the ascriptive structures which support the heavy building of the criminal liability. Especially where the dilemma of reference, a crucial issue for any Criminal Law of the fact, becomes more acute: the charge for accomplice responsibility (complicity). Taking citizens autonomy seriously implies recognizing that the contrast between perpetration-through-another and instigation is a qualitative (non-quantitative) topic related to the diversity of logical and pragmatic categories that support the conceptual distinction between primary and accessorial liability. Accordingly, this investigation tries to translate the deep grammar of citizen autonomy into a kind of language which intends to go beyond the (empirically contingent) status quo of the positive Law: the language of the theory of norms. So reappears an analytical horizon which resets in the free action of the man-in-the-front-line the ascriptive effect of an absolute prohibition of returning to the man-in-the-back-line. Therefore, arises immediately the conclusion that the statement «the instigator is a principal» is analytically incorrect: by definition, due to the citizen’s autonomy, the instigator cannot (conceptually) be a principal. Which implies the rejection of the theory of the so-called «perpetrator-behind-the-(fully-responsible)-perpetrator». Based on an onto-anthropologically based notion of freedom, this dissertation reaches a second, no less important conclusion: in the context of the currently distribution of occurrences between perpetration-by-means and instigation, the equal abstract penalty framework cannot be explained by the principle of human autonomy, but only by a consequentialist (utilitarian) approach that instrumentalizes the instigated person for purposes which are unrelated to the content of personal performance materialized in its own behavior and in the main fact of the perpetrator. Thus, de lege ferenda, the majority understanding would be less unsuitable if a special (optional) penalty mitigation clause was introduced in favor of the instigator. Anyway, this solution would not yet completely eliminate frictions with the principle of individual self-responsibility. To this goal, there is still de lege lata a hermeneutically possible alternative, although perhaps not desired by the historical legislator: to update the blocking function of section 29, while clear and authentic certificate of the irrelevance of the culpability of the man-in-the-front-line to determining the responsibility of the man-in-the-back-line, thereafter also updating the fragile set up in the distribution of groups of cases, with a substantial reduction in the field of the rule of perpetration-through-another and the corresponding transfer of some situations to the circle of the rule of instigation, now relieved of the obligation to deal with hypotheses which can find a satisfactory answer with the classification of simple abetting.