To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Principle of accession.
Journal articles on the topic 'Principle of accession'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Principle of accession.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Świrgoń-Skok, Renata. "ACCESSIO (AKCESJA) W TERMINOLOGII RZYMSKIEGO PRAWA PRYWATNEGO." Zeszyty Prawnicze 8, no. 2 (2017): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2008.8.2.02.
Full textAbstract:
The ‘accessio’ (accession) in the Terminology of Roman Private LawSummaryThe term accessio (accession) in the terminology of Roman private law did not only denote union and confusion of things. It was a very general term used for defining various cases of property acquisition through union, growth of property, and it determined addition of a new obligation to an old one or addition of a supplementary contract, person or object to the obligation.In the Roman Law literature the term accessio is predominantly used for union of two things in accordance with the principle accessio cedit principali, i.e. the increase falls to the share of the principal.Moreover, the term accessio also denoted adding the duration of ownership of an object by the predecessor (accessio possessionis) or simply adding the duration (accessio temporis). In the sources for the Roman Law accessio temporis and possessionis are used interchangeably for determining specific actual states, which resolve issues connected with accession of ownership duration of the predecessor to the ownership duration of the last owner. Similarly in lexicons, accessio temporis is presented as a synonym of accessio possessionis. The aforementioned accession of ownership duration [of the predecessor by his successor under specific title was permissible with interdict aimed at protection against infringement of ownership of movable objects (interdictum utrubi), with prescription (usucapio) and charge of long time ownership (longi temporis praescriptio).Furthermore, accession also meant accessio personae that is addition of a person, i.e. additional creditor who, beside the principal creditor, could collect repayment of debt from debtor (adstipulator), or a person who additionally, beside the principal debtor, pledged to the creditor to repay the debt (adpromissor), or it is addition of a new obligation to an old one by means of contract of guaranty (fideiussio). With accessio personae, similarly to union of things in accordance with the principle of accessio cedit principali, there had to be two things, one of them determined as principal and the other - additional. Obviously, here occur two obligations, one treated as principal, and the other as additional or accessory.Moreover, accession also means accessio rei, that is addition of new article of service to obligation, that the debtor could render alternatively with the previous, which was possible with alternative obligation (obligatio alternativa) and alternative authorization (facultas alternativa).
2
Vliet, L. P. W. van. "Accession of Movables to Land: I." Edinburgh Law Review 6, no. 1 (2002): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2002.6.1.67.
Full textAbstract:
The rules governing accession of movables to land are based on the dual principles of preservation of value and protection of third parties. Thus extinction of title prevents the attachment from being undone; and appearance determines legal effect. Neither principle has room for subjective intention or any other criterion unknown to outsiders. The rules of accession, therefore, should be based on objective criteria. A retention of title clause, for example, should not be allowed to postpone accession. None the less in the legal systems described below there is considerable variation both in the rules of accession and in the right of severance (ius tollendi). This suggests that any attempt at harmonising security rights in European private law is likely to fail unless there is also harmonisation of the rules of accession and the right of severance. This article will be published in two parts. The second part will appear in the next issue.
3
Vliet, L. P. W. van. "Accession of Movables to Land: II." Edinburgh Law Review 6, no. 2 (2002): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2002.6.2.199.
Full textAbstract:
The first part of this article, which appeared in the last issue, argued that the rules governing accession of movables to land are based on the dual principles of preservation of value and protection of third parties. Neither principle allows subjective intention or any other criterion unrecognisable to outsiders. The first part showed that Dutch, Scots and English law apply criteria which are purely objective and recognisable to third parties. German law, on the other hand, allows criteria which are objective but not always recognisable. This second part of the article will reveal that French and South African law take a different approach in giving effect to subjective intention. Moreover, it will be seen that the whole picture of accession becomes more complex when the right of severance is taken into consideration.
4
Beqiraj Mihani, Pranvera. "Provisions on International Law in the Constitution of the Republic of Albania: Principle of Supremacy and Direct Application in View of the Accession of the Republic of Albania to the Eu." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development 10, no. 3 S1 (2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n3s112.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to analyze the provisions of international law in the Constitution of the Republic of Albania of 1998, from the point of view of the accession to the European Union. The analysis was carried out firstly in the context of the principle of supremacy and the principle of direct application and secondly given the accession of the Republic of Albania to international organizations. This analysis is intended to understand the constitutional framework in light of the accession of the Republic of Albania in the European Union. The analysis of the constitutional provisions important for the accession of the Republic of Albania in the European Union was done through the descriptive method.
 
 Received: 22 October 2023 / Accepted: 16 December 2023 / Published: 23 December 2023
5
Gomes Beirão, Joana. "The EU’s accession to the ECHR and the Dublin Regulation: is accession still desirable?" UNIO – EU Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2022): 80–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.8.1.4050.
Full textAbstract:
This paper addresses whether the European Union’s accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is still possible and desirable considering Opinion 2/13, as well as the caselaw of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on the application of the Dublin Regulation. It argues that accession is still possible, though negotiations of an accession agreement compliant with the conditions imposed by Opinion 2/13 may prove particularly difficult in practice. Additionally, it argues that accession is desirable if the principle of mutual trust is not upheld over human rights, since accession in these conditions would enhance human rights protection in the context of the application of the Dublin Regulation.
6
Devuyst, Youri. ""The European Union's Handling of Hybrid Threats: In Search of the Enlargement Dimension", L'Europe Unie / United Europe, No. 22, 2025, pp. 7-19 (Special Volume "EU Enlargement and Resilience: Legal and Economic Reforms on Georgia's Path to Integration", Mihaela Daciana Natea & Simion Costea, coordinators)." L' Europe unie 2025, no. 22 (2025): 7–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15118722.
Full textAbstract:
At present, the EU's strategic documents on countering hybrid threats contain hardly any links to the accession process. A more robust defence of an enlarging EU requires the effective operationalisation of the principle of enhanced mutual resilience against hybrid threats between the EU and the candidate countries, including in the upcoming European Democracy Shield.
7
Masiero, Anna Francesca. "The Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights Four Years after Opinion 2/13: Should We Lose Hope?" European Criminal Law Review 9, no. 2 (2019): 222–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2019-2-222.
Full textAbstract:
The accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights is an issue frequently addressed by (not only internationalist) legal scholars, who stress that it would allow for an optimisation of the level of protection of fundamental rights in the European legal area. After reviewing the historical stages of accession, this paper focuses on the second opinion of the Court of Justice regarding it (Opinion 2/13 of 2014). Therein, accession is presented as an unattainable goal, probably because of the refusal of the Court of Justice to submit to the other European court, the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights. Subsequently, the paper reviews the possible effects of accession on the current legal scenario with special attention to the Italian legal system. Finally, it aims at figuring out how accession could affect criminal matters: in particular, by means of an example concerning the principle of legality, the purpose is to demonstrate how accession could lead to an improvement of the criminal guarantees of the European legal area.
8
Bobek, Michal. "The Binding Force of Babel: The Enforcement of EC Law Unpublished in the Languages of the New Member States." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 9 (2007): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802746821.
Full textAbstract:
On 1 may 2004, 10 new Member States joined the European Union. This meant inter alia that, save for the express derogations provided for in the Act of Accession, the entire mass of Community secondary legislation became binding in the new Member States. This principle of the immediate effects of Community law in the new Member States was provided for in Article 2 AA: From the date of Accession, the provisions of the original Treaties and the acts adopted by the institutions and the European Central Bank before Accession shall be binding on the new Member States and shall apply in those States under the conditions laid down in those Treaties and in this Act.
9
Bobek, Michal. "The Binding Force of Babel: The Enforcement of EC Law Unpublished in the Languages of the New Member States." Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 9 (2007): 43–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1528887000002755.
Full textAbstract:
On 1 may 2004, 10 new Member States joined the European Union. This meant inter alia that, save for the express derogations provided for in the Act of Accession, the entire mass of Community secondary legislation became binding in the new Member States. This principle of the immediate effects of Community law in the new Member States was provided for in Article 2 AA: From the date of Accession, the provisions of the original Treaties and the acts adopted by the institutions and the European Central Bank before Accession shall be binding on the new Member States and shall apply in those States under the conditions laid down in those Treaties and in this Act.
10
Shrestha, Deepa Singh, Jeet Narayan Chaudhary, Krishna Hari Ghimire, and Jiban Shrestha. "Phenotypic characterization and diversity of Nepalese garlic (Allium sativum L.) landraces." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 5, no. 1 (2022): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50834.
Full textAbstract:
A total 37 garlic landraces collection from Nepal Genebank were characterized using phenotypic trait maps or agro morphological markers at National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre (Genebank), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal during 2017 using quantitative and qualitative traits. Shannon and Weaver diversity index (H’) analysis revealed significant intra landrace diversity for both quantitative and qualitative traits. Nine principal components contributed 100 % to the cumulative variance and the first three principle components with Eigen value >1 accounted for 69.9 % of the entire variability.The cluster analysis grouped the 37 accessions into five distinct group. The Accession CO4816 from cluster 5 were superior in terms of yield attributing characters such as number of cloves/bulb, weight of cloves and yield but found to be shorter is plant height. Pearson correlation analysis among eight quantitative traits showed highly significant positive correlation between leaf length and leaf width, leaf length and shaft length, leaf length and yield, weight of cloves and yield. The high yield is associated with leaf length, leaf width, weight of cloves and number of cloves. The frequency distribution for disease (Cercospora leafspot and Alternaria porii) occurrence were very low in 78 % of the accessions.
11
Fatic, Aleksandar. "NATO enlargement and relations between Serbia and Montenegro and Bulgaria and Romania." Medjunarodni problemi 55, no. 2 (2003): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0302223f.
Full textAbstract:
The discussion of bilateral relations in modern international relations is usually in the shadow of the new character of global international politics, which is mediated through the large international relations. Bilateral diplomacy is slowly giving way to multilateral diplomacy in the solving of most international issues, including those that have been traditionally perceived as belonging exclusively to the domain of state sovereignty. However, bilateral relations remain crucial in situations where integration processes into large international bodies encounter obstacles and problems. The current development of bilateral diplomacy between Serbia and Montenegro on the one, and Bulgaria and Romania, on the other hand, serves predominantly the purposes of regional harmonisation that will eventually lead to NATO and EU accession, and this process also serves to iron out not so infrequent problems and dissonances in the recent history of bilateral relations, especially between Bulgaria and the former FRY, and particularly during the NATO bombing of FRY in the Spring of 1999. Today, however, all three countries have proclaimed the EU and NATO accession projects as the top priorities of their foreign policies. In the course of pursuit of their accession policies, Bulgaria and Romania have realised that the so-called ?beauty contest? approach, namely the countries' insistence on their own qualifications for membership in the EU and NATO, as opposed to the qualifications of the other countries of the region, is largely futile, and they have opted instead for a regional cooperation approach. The latter approach is consistent with the founding principle of regionalism in the internal organisation of the European Union, and this principle includes, among others, the sub-principle of subsidiarity, whereby all decisions are made on the lowest hierarchical level possible, preferably on the level of European regions. This approach implies that countries that are candidates for membership in the EU must first demonstrate the ability to cooperate and integrate regionally, and this is why Romania and Bulgaria, as well as Serbia and Montenegro, have now refocused their efforts on mutual bilateral relations within the context of NATO (and EU) accession.
12
Wattimena, Anna Yuliana, Asri Subkhan Mahulette, Marlita Herlin Makaruku, and Muhammad Fajri Aditthia Lating. "Morphological Character of Clove “Raja” (Syzygium aromaticum L.), Endemic to Maluku, Indonesia." Journal of Tropical Crop Science 10, no. 1 (2023): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.10.1.71-78.
Full textAbstract:
Clove “Raja” is one of the local Maluku clove germplasm, which has characteristics similar to cultivated cloves and wild types. Until now, very limited information that are available on the morphological character of clove “Raja”. This study aims to provide basic information on the morphological diversity of “Raja”. The study was conducted at the location of the distribution of cloves “Raja” in Mamala village, Leihitu sub-district, Central Maluku district, Maluku province, in June-August 2022. The descriptors used referred to Tropical Fruit Descriptors, with some modifications. The clove “Raja” that were characterized belonged to the farmers and consisted of 30 accessions of cloves that were over twenty years old. The characterization variables included the characters of trees, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. The results of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) on 30 plant samples based on 54 morphological characters obtained two accession groups with a dissimilarity coefficient of 41%. The results of the Principle Component Analysis (PCA) got a total diversity of 70.5% where the first group consisted of accessions of cloves “Raja” group I having identifiable characters in the form of leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf tip shape; while the second group of clove accessions of “Raja” group I in the form of stem circumference, petiole length, flower length, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight. Characteristics of accession of “Raja” cloves group II had distinctive morphological traits in the form of crown shape, upper surface of leaves, lower surface of leaves, leaf thickness, leaf texture, old leaf color, shoot color, leaf tip color, leaf aroma, leaf spiciness, flower stalk length, and seed color.
13
Deftou, Maria-Louiza. "The Road to the EU’s Accession to the ECHR." International Community Law Review 24, no. 4 (2022): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-bja10090.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The dual European judicial protection of fundamental rights with the two Courts, namely the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), represents a multi-layered, yet dialectic, model of protection with no formal hierarchy between its components. In the aftermath of Opinion 2/13 and faced with uncontrolled ‘unwanted migration’ flows, the EU judicature defended the principle of mutual trust at any cost and appeared to prioritise the protection of the Dublin regime (the EU responsibility allocation mechanism for examining asylum applications) instead of addressing the novel human rights challenges facing the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Yet, their interplay has entered a new era since the renegotiation of the EU’s accession to the ECHR launched. By analysing the case law of the two Courts, this article thinks anew their relationship to ascertain whether the evolution of the accession project, throughout the latest decade, has affected the protection offered to ‘unwanted migrants’ in Europe.
14
Begic, Zlatan. "Legal Capacities of the Dayton Constitution in the Process of Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to European Union." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 1 (2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n1p11.
Full textAbstract:
The central part of this paper is concerned with the possibilities of the Dayton Constitution in the process of accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to European Union. At the first place, this paper contains an analysis of the legal power of the general principles of international law in the constitutional system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular, the <em>pacta sunt servanda</em> principle which has significant importance, in legal sense, for implementation obligations deriving from the international agreements related to European integration. In this regard, it should be emphasized that Article III/3b of the BH Constitution implicitly refers to the obligatory implementation of the aforementioned principles. In terms of commitments deriving from the European integration process, this paper also includes an analysis of the other constitutional possibilities for harmonization entity legislation and establishment integrated state frame and functional unified single market on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
15
Knox, R. Buick. "A Scottish Chapter in the History of Toleration." Scottish Journal of Theology 41, no. 1 (1988): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600031276.
Full textAbstract:
The year 1988 is the tercentenary of the accession of William and Mary to the throne of England at the invitation of the English Parliament. In 1689 the Estates of Scotland invited them to the Scottish throne. Their accession has been called a Revolution and it made a decisive change in the constitutional and ecclesiastical situation in both countries. Henceforth, the monarchy could not claim to rule solely by divine right. The hereditary principle still operated and the panoply of coronations retained many echoes of a divine commission, but monarchs now ruled within the law and were accountable to the parliaments of the two kingdoms and after 1707 to the parliament of the United Kingdom.
16
Sucipto, Imam. "PRINSIP-PRINSIP PENYELENGGARAAN PERADILAN MENURUT FIQH QADHA DAN UNDANG-UNDANG DI INDONESIA." ISLAMICA 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59908/ijiiai.v6i1.3.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to analyze the legal system adopted in Indonesia. Mix Law System is one of the applicable legal systems, in addition to the enactment of the national legal system applies also Islamic law. The existence of Islamic Law is manifested in the constitution of the State of Indonesia which is commonly known as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Where the 1945 Constitution is a basic law that regulates the life of the nation and state in order to realize a just government and a prosperous people. This research uses an empirical sociological approach method that is descriptive analysis with the use of qualitative data as the type of research and library research as one of the data collection techniques. This research concludes that, first: The principles of Islamic Law that are used as the ideal foundation of fiqh are the principle of tauhidullah, the principle of insaniyah, the principle of tasamuh, the principle of ta'awun, the principle of silaturahim bain annas, the principle of justice, and the principle of benefit. As for knowing the theories of Islamic law enforcement in the apostolic period of Muhammad SAW are the theory of confession, the theory of accession, the theory of proof, the theory of verdicts, the theory of oaths, the theory of forgiveness. Second: Dispute resolution based on classical Islamic law namely, Al Sulh (Peace), Tahkim (Arbitration), Wilayat al Qadha (Judicial power). Third: The principles of judicial administration according to fiqh qadha and Indonesian law there is a strong correlation between the state and Islam, including Islamic law which has become a living law in the life of the nation and state. Fourth: The principles in the constitution also have relevance to the principles in Islamic Law which are regulated in the Quran and the Al-Hadith including the principles of justice, equality, and welfare. Based on this, Indonesia, which is based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, can be reviewed from the perspective of Islamic law as an effort to realize the laws regulated in the Quran and Al-Hadith.
17
Šalamon, Neža Kogovšek. "The principle of solidarity in asylum and migration within the context of the European Union accession process." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 24, no. 5 (2017): 687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x17742814.
Full textAbstract:
This article addresses the question of the principle of solidarity in the fields of asylum and migration within the context of accession negotiations between the European Union and the candidate countries for EU membership. When a candidate country fulfils the membership conditions, it is expected that they will share the values of solidarity, mutual assistance and burden sharing in the fields of asylum and migration which will naturally impinge on their state sovereignty. This article is based on the hypothesis that solidarity in the field of asylum and migration has not been discussed within the enlargement process, meaning that the ‘new’ Member States were not aware of the concrete forms that this principle could take in the future. This hypothesis was tested on three case studies by analysing the accession documents of one candidate country from each of the three enlargement cycles (Slovenia, Bulgaria and Croatia respectively). This article concludes by showing that by agreeing to the EU Treaties, its solidarity clause and the majority vote rules, either as Member States or candidates, the states undertook the duty to transpose obligations in the fields of asylum and migration, even if they did not necessarily agree with them.
18
Bulkat, M. "Review of the monograph by G.Z. Ostapenko "The Principle of Legal Determination: Theoretical and Applied Principles"." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (September 11, 2024): 792–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.04.128.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph is devoted to the actual problem of applying the principle of legal certainty, which the author proposes to consider in the theoretical and law-enforcement plane. A number of works that previously raised the issue of the principle of legal certainty, new for Ukrainian legal science, although they noted its connection with the principle of the rule of law, still did not give a comprehensive answer either about its content or about its place in the system of legal principles. Therefore, the appearance of such a complex monograph, which raises a number of questions from philosophical and legal ideas that form the basis of the principle of legal certainty to the analysis of its content and applied aspects of application, is an important fundamental research that solves a topical issue for theoretical jurisprudence.In the complex social and political conditions in which Ukraine is developing its legislation with the aim of adapting it to the accession to the EU, it is important to maintain focus on the fundamental legal principles that serve as the main guidelines. It is important to apply the principle of legal certainty in the development of new normative legal acts, especially in the conditions of martial law, to ensure the inviolability of the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen in circumstances when there are threats to this. It is absolutely important to apply the principle of legal certainty in the work of state authorities in conditions where decision-making is carried out within discretionary powers, which can lead to unequal application of the same provisions of the law and create a threat of ambiguity and inconsistency in law enforcement activities of state authorities. Given the above, the relevance of the topic of the monograph is beyond doubt.
19
Winkler, Sigrid. "Mainland China and Taiwan Face to Face in the WTO: A 10-Year Rollercoaster Ride." Asian Journal of Social Science 41, no. 3-4 (2013): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341304.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article traces the interactions between Taiwan and China in the World Trade Organization with regard to Chinese concerns about Taiwan’s sovereignty and the application of the “one China” principle. The analysis proceeds in three stages: first, both parties’ simultaneous accession negotiations; second, continued sovereignty-related disputes after the accession; and third, Taiwan’s accession to the WTO’s Government Procurement Agreement. The article uses cost/benefit calculations to explain the Chinese and Taiwanese attitudes in their encounters within the WTO framework. The decision-making bodies in the WTO had decided that Taiwan could only accede after China, while agreeing that then Taiwan should become a separate member, independent from China. After this decision, China could have only stopped Taiwan’s accession by letting go of the opportunity to become itself a WTO member. China needed to balance its own wish to join the trade body with its desire to block a Taiwanese entry on sovereignty grounds, therefore from China’s perspective, opposition to Taiwan’s WTO participation became a cost/benefit calculation. Once both Taiwan and China had entered the organisation, China’s means to put pressure on the organisation improved, it could at a much lesser cost influence decisions on Taiwan’s status within the organisation.
20
Kazakov, Mikhail. "The Beginning of the Last Dynasty of the Roman Empire." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 4 (52) (December 16, 2020): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-52-4-220-236.
Full textAbstract:
The article focuses on the principles and mechanisms of the supreme
 power transition from one ruler of the Roman Empire to another one and on
 Theodosius’ the Great accession to power. Hereditary monarchy principle was
 not always basic in the history of imperial Rome in spite of dynasties. Actually, throughout the era of the Empire, the army proclaimed each new emperor; also, the recognition of the legal heir required the soldiers’ approval. An attempt to create an artificial mechanism, presented by the system of tetrarchy, failed,
 therefore after Constantine the supreme power transition by hereditary principle seemed to be affirmed. However, the sudden death of Julian, who had no heirs, made the Empire return to the choice of emperor by the army. It led to the establishment of the Valentinian dynasty. After the Battle of Adrianople and the death of the eastern emperor Valens, the power succession problem was resolved in an unexpected way: Spaniard Theodosius, retired military commander was proclaimed the new emperor
 and he was the third one, because two Augusti from the Valentinian dynasty had already existed. The circumstances of his rise and accession to power are differently covered in the sources and do not allow researches to make firm conclusions
 about how it actually happened. As is often the case in history, not the only one factor could play a role, but their combination and intermingle. Theodosius had founded a dynasty, which remained in power for almost a century and which could be considered the last dynasty of the Roman Empire that reigned both in western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire.
21
Szymanski, Adam. "EU-Turkey Pre-Accession Policy and Its Impact on Democracy and State Quality." European Foreign Affairs Review 17, Issue 4 (2012): 533–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2012038.
Full textAbstract:
An important question raised by many political scientists is the impact of the EU enlargement policy on the democracy and state quality of candidate countries. It concerns not only the previous enlargement rounds (first of all the Southern and later the Eastern enlargement), but also the current process. The present determinants such as enlargement fatigue and more cautious EU enlargement strategy allow for a hypothesis that the aforementioned impact is changing. This article analyses the case of Turkey. Assuming a new institutional approach, the author intends to answer the question how the institutional framework changes of the EU enlargement policy (the principles of the enlargement strategy as well as formal and informal rules and mechanisms), particularly the EU-Turkey pre-accession policy influence the consolidation of the Turkish democracy as well as the redefinition of state model and state-citizens relations. Another question is also worth analysing: Will the negative developments (e.g., deficits of the principle of conditionality or politicization of the enlargement process) stop definitely the changes in Turkey driven by the pre-accession process - that is, the transformation of hegemonic nature of the state to build more liberal-democratic and citizen oriented regime? It is argued that there are other factors which will enable the development of these processes even if the EU enlargement policy loses its effectiveness. However, in this case the result of the consolidation of the Turkish democracy is far more uncertain.
22
Jakobsen, Morten L., and Lotte Bay Gabelgaard. "The Aircraft Engine Dispute in Denmark: First Judgment." Air and Space Law 39, Issue 3 (2014): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2014016.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyses the judgement of December 2013 of a Danish bankruptcy court according to which engine owners lost their rights over two leased engines out of nine following the bankruptcy of the Danish airline Cimber Sterling. The main dispute in the case was the interpretation of the accession principle set out in article XVI of the Geneva Convention. The judgment confirms the principle that title to temporarily installed engines remains with the engine owner, but goes astray in the interpretation of what 'temporary' is. The judgment has been appealed to the Western High Court of Denmark where engine owners hope to win the ownership over all nine engines.
23
Ladenburger, Clemens. "The Principle of Mutual Trust between Member States in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 23, no. 3 (2020): 373–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2020-3-373.
Full textAbstract:
This study discusses, from various angles, the principle of mutual trust between Member States in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). As a starting point it refers to three emblematic cases decided by the European Court of Justice: “Aguirre Zarraga”, a child abduction case, “Jawo”, a case involving a transfer of an asylum applicant under the Dublin III regulation, and “LM”, a case concerning a European Arrest Warrant from Poland, called into question by courts in Ireland in the light of problems of judicial independence in Poland. The first section deals with the foundations and legal effects of the principle of mutual trust. Based on a fundamental distinction to be made between the AFSJ and more traditional EU law settings, it argues that the principle of mutual trust is not a freestanding legal requirement but rather a functional construction principle for the AFSJ. The second section explores several possible corollaries of mutual trust - independent authorities, common EU standards on criminal procedure and on penitentiary systems, and EU membership as such - and finds that all these are not quite as straightforward corollaries as they may appear at first sight. The decisive meta-corollary seems is respect for the rule of law. The third section looks at how EU law defines the limits to mutual trust and at the respective roles of the case law and the EU legislator in this context. It finds growing convergence between the two European Court in defining limits and proposes a heuristic distinction between retrospective and prospective settings as a guide for further interpretation. High emphasis is placed on the responsibility of the EU legislator in defining appropriate, tailor-made limits to mutual trust. Looking at the legislative reality so far, marked by various inconsistencies, there is ample room for improvement, but this will remain an arduous task as long as the notorious rule of law problems persist in some Member States. The last section is devoted to the perspective of the EU’s accession to the ECHR, in the aftermath of Opinion 2/13 in which the Court had relied inter alia on the principle of mutual trust to find the draft accession agreement as incompatible with EU primary law. The article dismisses ideas of a “disconnection clause” or of codifying the “Bosphorus presumption” to overcome the mutual trust objection of Opinion 2/13, and instead recommends a combination of a substantive clause on mutual trust and of procedural means to deal appropriately with cases on mutual trust arising in the Strasbourg Court. The final proposition is that the EU’s accession to the ECHR may be seen as a catalyst for mutual trust between EU Member States, promoting the smooth operation of legislative schemes based upon that principle, rather than as an obstacle to it.
24
Nikolenko, L. M. "Principles of European Union law as criteria for assessing the effectiveness of legal integration." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (April 28, 2025): 1251–55. https://doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2025.02.189.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the study of the principles of European Union law as criteria for assessing the effectiveness of Ukraine’s legal integration. In connection with the intensification of the state’s European integration course, the issue of harmonizing national legislation with the legal standards of the European Union is becoming particularly relevant. In particular, the study focuses on such fundamental principles as the rule of law, legal certainty, proportionality, subsidiarity, legality, solidarity, direct effect and mutual recognition. It is determined that the principles allow assessing the compliance of Ukrainian legislation with EU standards, identifying inconsistencies and proposing mechanisms for their elimination. It is emphasized that these principles are not only normative guidelines, but also practical tools for assessing the compliance of Ukrainian legislation with European standards. The rule of law ensures the priority of European norms over national legislation in the event of a conflict, and the principle of legal certainty guarantees the stability and predictability of legal norms. The principle of proportionality helps to avoid excessive state interference in citizens’ rights, and the principle of subsidiarity balances the distribution of powers between the European Union and the Member States. The principle of direct action promotes the implementation of European Union norms directly in the national legal order, and mutual recognition of decisions and legal acts ensures effective cooperation between legal systems. A comprehensive methodological approach to integration is proposed, which includes a systematic assessment of legal adaptation, institutional readiness and citizen awareness, as well as the use of legal categories (legal culture, security, equality). Practical recommendations are outlined, such as the creation of expert commissions, the use of digital technologies for the analysis of legislation and the development of an adaptation roadmap. It is proven that the application of these principles will contribute to increasing the level of legal compliance of Ukraine with European Union norms, optimizing implementation mechanisms and ensuring the appropriate level of legal integration, which is a necessary condition for Ukraine’s accession to the EU.
25
Tsveiba, N. А. "Implementation of the Principle of Mutual Trust in the Migration Cases by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights." Journal of Law and Administration 19, no. 3 (2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2023-3-68-53-63.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article examines the positive and negative aspects of the application of the «principle of mutual trust» within the framework of European Union law. The positive features of the application of the «principle of mutual trust» include simplification of procedural aspects of the application of the law, strengthening of interaction between member states of the European Union, as well as harmonization of legislation. At the same time, the application of this principle by EU member states with low standards of human rights protection leads to their violation. The author's research shows that the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, criticizing the negative aspects of the «principle of mutual trust»,v led to its evolution and strengthened the level of protection of the rights and freedoms of European union’s citizens as well as it strengthened the interaction between the EU Court and the ECHR.Materials and methods. The methodological ground of the study based on the following general scientific and special methods of the recognition of legal phenomena and processes in the field of European law: the method of system-structural analysis, the method of synthesis of social phenomena, the comparative legal method, the formal logical method. For certain questions, statistical data was involved in the study. To identify further vectors for the development of interaction between judicial bodies used the content analysis.Results of the study. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the evolution in the interaction of the two judicial institutions in the field of protection of the rights and freedoms of migrants and the rethinking of the principle of mutual trust are caused by the relaunching of the dialogue on the accession of the European Union to the European Convention of fundamental rights 1950 and by the deep awareness of the high significance of such accession for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.Discussion and conclusions. The principle of mutual trust is still a key point in building a trustful relationship between the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. Currently, these judicial bodies have reached the highest level of convergence, which can be seen in the analysis of law enforcement practice.
26
Di Federico, Giacomo. "EU Competition Law and the Principle of Ne Bis in Idem." European Public Law 17, Issue 2 (2011): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2011018.
Full textAbstract:
After five years from becoming fully operative, Regulation No 1/2003 reveals its potentialin terms of effectiveness. However, the shift towards an ex post, decentralised system of controlwas not accompanied by a ban on multiple prosecutions and parallel application of Union and National antitrust lawsis admitted. This article explores the potential violations of the principle of non bis in idem in the enforcement of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU considering the newly binding EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the envisaged accession to the European Convention on Human Rights. The review carried out herein singles out five distinct scenarios and a number of deficiencies which may ultimately require amendments to the existing rules.
27
Bojinović Fenko, Ana, and Ana Urlić. "Political Criteria vs. Political Conditionality: Comparative analysis of Slovenian and Croatian European Union accession processes." Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 72 (2015): 107–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This study analyses the differences in content and procedure in the application of political criteria and political conditionality in the EU accession processes of Slovenia and Croatia. The article ascertains that with regard to substance, the Commission and EU member states did apply political criteria more extensively and meticulously to Croatia in comparison to Slovenia, but mainly due to the difference in the states’ initial assessment of preparedness for EU membership and the application of the principle of own merits. Empirical results, however, show that the differences in political conditionality did not only stem from Croatia’s post-conflict conditions, but also from the EU’s experience of the 2004 and 2007 enlargements and the concern about the EU’s absorption capacity. As for the accession process procedure, the latter has increasingly empowered the Commission rather than EU member states, which bears relevance for future (Western Balkans) enlargements
28
Татаров and Konstantin Tatarov. "Accounting Issues of New Relations of Construction Companies and Self-Regulatory Organizations in 2017." Auditor 3, no. 8 (2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_599bf65e2f0537.25766756.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, due to amendments to the legislation introduced in the second half of 2017, new relations between construction SROs and its members are considered, as well as monetary relations that take place between these organizations, algorithms for reflecting the return of the compensation fund to a member of the SRO leaving its ranks. Th e mechanism for solving problems associated with the introduction of the principle of regional accession to the SRO is given.
29
Tzifakis, Nikolaos, and Efstathios T. Fakiolas. "Transformation or Accession? Reflecting on the EU’s Strategy Towards the Western Balkans." European Foreign Affairs Review 13, Issue 3 (2008): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2008028.
Full textAbstract:
This article reflects on the EU’s strategy towards the Western Balkans. It identifies the lack of a coherent and consistent strategy intended for stabilization and integration. In principle, the Western Balkan states’ road towards Europe is driven by the belief that regional stabilization and EU membership are mutually constitutive and reinforcing objectives. Progress in one is expected to lay the ground for advancements in the other. In practice, however, we claim the Union capitalizes on the prospect of accession to attain transformation. The problem is that it has so far failed to set out what is the ultimate aim and stake of its strategy. It appears both reluctant to concert its declarations with its intentions and unprepared and unable to implement its pronounced will. As a result, it finds much difficulty in relating means to achieve the ends in view, and this strips its current strategy of an important part of its value.
30
Stahl, Bernhard. "Perverted Conditionality: The Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and Serbia." European Foreign Affairs Review 16, Issue 4 (2011): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2011032.
Full textAbstract:
The accession strategy based on the conditionality principle has turned out to be the European Union (EU)'s most successful external governance tool. It provides the civilian power EU with the means to Europeanize the continent, that is, to project her identity beyond the borders, making acceding countries similar to herself. Yet, the South-East European (SEE) enlargement currently suffers from defections, fake compliance, and blockades. The case of Serbia is particularly interesting, since Serbia holds the key to providing peace and stability to the entire region. The research question therefore reads: To what extent has the EU's conditionality strategy been effective in the Serbian case? The theoretical argument is based on identity theory. In this perspective, the EU's (problematic) behaviour vis-à-vis Serbia stems from her uneasiness to come to terms with the 'near other' of the Western Balkans. Conversely, Serbia still struggles to find her place in Europe. In order to highlight this identity mismatch, the negotiations on the Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) will be examined in detail. It will be demonstrated how the Kosovo question and the war criminals' affair overshadow Serbia's accession. The hypothesis is that the EU's conditionality strategy is overstrained since the EU pursues too many different goals and the EU's inconsistent rhetoric resonates badly in the Serbian discourse. As a consequence, the conditionality principle has degenerated to a policy of farce.
31
Touchell, Darren H., Thomas G. Ranney, Dilip R. Panthee, Ronald J. Gehl, and Alexander Krings. "Genetic Diversity, Cytogenetics, and Biomass Yields among Taxa of Giant Reeds (Arundo Species)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 141, no. 3 (2016): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.141.3.256.
Full textAbstract:
Genetic diversity and cytogenetics of 31 accessions of Arundo L., collected from North America and South Asia, were characterized using 20 intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, flow cytometry, and cytology. In addition, field trials of 23 Arundo donax L. accessions were established in 2011 and harvested in 2012 to 2013 to assess annual biomass yields. Cluster analysis, based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient method, clearly differentiated Arundo formasana Hack. from A. donax and a third unidentified Arundo taxon. Arundo donax further contained two subgroups representing North American (naturalized and cultivated) and South Asian collections. Within each A. donax subgroup, genetic distances were very low (0.03 for North America and 0.07 for South Asia). Principle coordinate analysis further supported distinct clusters. Relative genome sizes were determined using Pisum sativum L. as the reference genome and 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorochrome. Chromosome numbers (2n), ploidy levels, and 2C relative genome sizes ranged from ≈62 to 105, near 12x to near 18x, and 2.78 to 4.13 pg, respectively, and were similar within each taxa/subgroup. While there was a low level of genetic variability among A. donax accession, dry biomass yields varied significantly ranging from 6.5 to 65 Mg·ha−1 per year for the third growing season.
32
Friedrich, Marek. "Migracje Polaków do Szwecji po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej w 2004 roku." Cywilizacja i Polityka 14, no. 14 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0248.
Full textAbstract:
Human migration should be considered as one of the fundamental values of cultural and civilization life, which is creating a new social reality. In the European Union there are different attitudes towards migration: on one hand – professing the principle of free human movement and on the other hand – making restrictions on immigrants. Sweden stands out from other European countries because of friendliness for immigrants. In this country, the migration and integration policy is based on the principles of equality, solidarity, cooperation and consensus. Number of Poles in Sweden is the third largest number of foreigners and it is still increasing, especially after accession of Poland to the European Union. Gainful employment is the main objective of Polish citizens migrating to Sweden. The country is also being selected by young people as a place, where everyone could gain an education, especially higher education.
33
Ethiraj, Sumathi, and Vandana Sridar. "PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND EXTRACTION OF ACTIVE COMPOUND (ANONAINE) FROM FRUIT PEEL EXTRACT OF ANNONA RETICULATA L." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 11 (2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.27838.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: The main objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical constituents, total phenol, total flavonoid, alkaloid content, in vitro antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of anonaine compound from the fruit peel extract of Annona reticulata L.Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis for alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids was studied. Quantitative phytochemical analysis for total phenolics, total flavonoids and alkaloids was determined according to standard protocols. In vitro antioxidant potential was evaluated by assessing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity by following standard procedure. HPLC analysis was carried out to identify a major metabolite, namely, anonaine compound from fruit peel extract of A. reticulata L.Results: Phytochemical screening of various extracts such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and petroleum ether of fruit peel extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. Total phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid contents were quantitatively estimated which recorded maximum in Ooty accession (17.75±0.13 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, 13.97±0.21 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and alkaloid content of 6.92±0.14 mg/g), respectively. Among three accessions with five different solvents used, maximum antioxidant activity was found in aqueous peel extract (90.76±1.3%) from Ooty accession followed by others. The results of HPLC analysis in the fruit peel extract of A. reticulata proved the presence of the active principle, namely anonaine compound.Conclusion: Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of using fruit peel extracts of A. reticulata as a potent source of natural antioxidant and thus could prevent many free radical mediated diseases. The validated HPLC method can be used for routine quality control analysis.
34
Utami, Dwinita W. "BAYESIAN CLUSTERING OF INDONESIAN RICE GERMPLASM." Informatika Pertanian 24, no. 2 (2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ip.v24n2.2015.p133-140.
Full textAbstract:
Model-based clustering where the inference on the parameters follow the Bayesian principle has been used to cluster 467 accessions of Indonesian rice germplasm which consist of released varieties, landraces, introduction lines, improved lines and wild species. A model-based Bayesian cluster analysis of genotype data can be used to evaluate the genetic backgrounds of rice populations of interest. Such analyses can be used to infer population structure, assign individuals to sub populations, and to study hybrid populations. Thus, the goal of this research was to examine the genotype data of numerous accession of rice germplasm using the model bayesian cluster analysis. The 1536 SNP-chip design was performed for genome scanning of the accession using the high throughput genotyping platform, the data of which were used for clustering. The result indicated that the germplasm can be clustered into five cluster based on similarities on genetic profile, i.e. similarities in gene frequencies across genome among individuals. Each cluster can be identified by reference lines, i.e. the lines or varieties that their genetic profile uniquely belong to one cluster and do not have or very rare introgression from lines or varieties of other clusters. Many introgressions have been identified among lines in all clusters which indicated that most of Indonesia rice germplasm, including local and introduced varieties were the results of crosses that occurred either in naturally fixation or breeding program activities that crossed one line/varieties to the others. There is also cluster in which no reference line and almost all lines/varieties in that cluster are known to have same common specific phenotype, e.g. aromatic.
35
Eroglu, Onur. "Evaluation of Turkish Corporate Tax Law under the Principle of Freedom of Establishment." Intertax 42, Issue 11 (2014): 752–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2014068.
Full textAbstract:
Corporate tax law has been closely related to the principle of freedom of establishment. Because European Union (EU) Member States have declined to resign sovereignty in the field of direct taxation, harmonization progress in corporate taxation in the EU has been slow. Although EU treaties, regulations, and directives are all measures of positive integration, case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) declaring national tax measures incompatible with primary EU law is that of negative integration. This paper discusses the corporation tax field and its' many important decisions within the principle of freedom of establishment and what affects these decisions have on Member States' corporate tax law. This article demonstrates Turkey's significant efforts to fulfil requested accession criteria concerning economic and tax legislation with the EU in light of CJEU's case law.
36
Azizah, Elia, Ardiyansah Ardiyansah, Ardiyansah Ardiyansah, et al. "Keragaan karakter morfo-agronomi beberapa aksesi bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) lokal jawa berdasarkan analisis multivariat." Jurnal AGRO 11, no. 2 (2025): 154–64. https://doi.org/10.15575/38577.
Full textAbstract:
Shallot production still fluctuative in several production centers such as Brebes due to the lack of new superior varieties with a high level of adaptation in areas of Indonesia that are prone to damage from land conversion, weather, and low technology application. The study aimed to obtain the best morphological and agronomic appearance of lowland shallots accessions through clustering analysis, and to obtain the limiting characters that provide the highest variation in the population. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Singaperbangsa University of Karawang in Pasirjengkol Village, West Java. Field trials were conducted during one growing season using 8 accessions of shallots from different regions, including the accession of Cikijing, Pati, Nganjuk, Trisula, Bima, Berlin, Maja, and Bandung with 15 observed morpho-agro characters. The research was conducted using a single-factor randomized block design with 4 replications, further tested using cluster and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the level of similarity of Trisula accession was very different from other accessions (0.2) for the widest diameter and tuber shape characters. In contrast, the accessions Berlin and Maja have the same morpho-agro appearance (0.8) in tuber diameter, root tip shape, tuber shape, tuber skin thickness, leaf color, crown curvature, and tuber color. The limiting characteristics causing the highest variation in the population are the dry weight of tubers per plant and the shape of the tip tuber stem. ABSTRAK Produksi bawang merah masih fluktuatif di beberapa sentra bawang merah seperti brebes, hal ini akibat belum adanya varietas unggul baru yang memiliki tingkat adaptasi luas pada wilayah di Indonesia yang cenderung mengalami kerusakan akibat alih fungsi lahan, cuaca, dan rendahnya penerapan teknologi. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan aksesi bawang merah yang memiliki penampilan morfologi dan agronomi terbaik di dataran rendah melalui analisis klaster serta mendapatkan karakter pembatas yang memberikan variasi tertinggi pada populasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan dikebun percobaan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang di Desa Pasirjengkol, Jawa Barat. Percobaan lapangan dilaksanakan selama satu musim tanam dengan 8 aksesi Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) yang diambil dari berbagai wilayah diantaranya yaitu aksesi Cikijing, Pati, Nganjuk, Trisula, Bima, Berlin, Maja, dan Bandung berdasarkan 15 karakter morfo-agro yang diamati. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan acak kelompok faktor tunggal dengan 4 ulangan, kemudian diuji lanjut dengan analisis kluster dan komponen utama (principle component analysis). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemiripan (similarity) aksesi Trisula jauh berbeda dengan aksesi lainnya (0,2) untuk karakter diameter terluas dan bentuk umbi. Berbeda dengan aksesi Berlin dan Maja yang memiliki penampilan morfo-agro yang sama (0,8) pada diameter umbi, bentuk ujung akar, bentuk umbi, ketebalan kulit umbi, warna daun, kelengkungan tajuk, dan warna umbi. Adapun karakter pembatas yang menyebabkan variasi tertinggi pada populasi adalah bobot kering umbi per tanaman dan bentuk ujung batang umbi.
37
Széles, Zsuzsanna, Erzsébet Tóth-Szabó, and Gábor Tóth. "The macro- and microeconomic approach of subsidies." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 2019, no. 105 (161) (2019): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6059.
Full textAbstract:
Subsidies can come from domestic and EU sources, and they aim to cover costs and serve development goals. We have examined subsidies from two aspects: from the micro- and the macroeconomic approach. On the one hand, regarding the macroeconomic impact, we look at how their extent and components changed between 2004 and 2017, and also whether the impact of developments within the framework of cohesion subsidies on the budget was significant. Hungary has been among the net beneficiary Member States since its accession to the EU. The positive balance between 2004 and 2017 was more than 40 billion EUR In 2017, Poland (10.68%) and France (12.1%) were given the most significant subsidies, while Hungary received 3.68% of the total budget expenditure. On the other hand, from the microeconomic approach, the paper examines accounting and accountancy options and managing emerging issues. The analysis includes a conceptual approach to dealing with the problem in terms of the single accounting principles, the principle of comparability, and the principle of accruals. Two procedures can be applied to state support in the principle capital and income approach. It is an important difference that, in the net method, a subsidy becomes part of the equity immediately in the year of disbursement, while in the case of the gross method, only the life of the asset will be included in the equity in the current year by deducting the deferred income.
38
Čolović, Vladimir. "Territorial Disputes in the EU Members / Teritorijalni sporovi u zemljama Evropske unije." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 4, no. 4 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1404038c.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of territorial disputes is a problem of a large number of states. These problems exists in the EU and in countries candidate for accession to this organization. As to the former Yugoslav republics following the collapse of the common state, the problems are created in terms of determining the territory. The issue of borders after the dissolution of a federal state such as Yugoslavia, creating major problems that can be solved only by applying two basic principles - the principle of demarcation and the principle of self-determination of nation. In international law there is no general rule, according to which the retreating boundary between the states. The author deals with issues of particular territorial disputes in the EU and between the EU countries and countries of the Western Balkan. Practically, these disputes between EU countries have existed before, and have not been resolved to their joining the organization. Whether the EU can guarantee resolution of these disputes is one of the issues raised in the paper, given that many disputes are not settled in countries that are longer or shorter time-EU countries. The conclusion is that it can not, because there are no adequate tools for this so that all the leaves to the states in disputes.
39
Kosař, David, Jiří Baroš, and Pavel Dufek. "The Twin Challenges to Separation of Powers in Central Europe: Technocratic Governance and Populism." European Constitutional Law Review 15, no. 3 (2019): 427–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019619000336.
Full textAbstract:
Separation of institutions, functions and personnel – Checks and balances – Hungary, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia – Short tradition of separation of powers in Central Europe – Fragile interwar systems of separation of powers – Communist principle of centralisation of power – Technocratic challenge to separation of powers during the EU accession – One-sided checks on the elected branches and empowering technocratic elitist institutions – Populist challenge to separation of powers in the 2010s – Re-politicising of the public sphere, removing most checks on the elected branches, and curtailing and packing the unelected institutions – Technocratic and populist challenges to separation of powers interrelated more than we thought
40
Safjan, Marek. "Domestic Infringements of the Rule of Law as a European Union Problem." osteuropa recht 64, no. 4 (2018): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2018-4-552.
Full textAbstract:
In some countries of central Europe the rule of law is directly threatened by a new type of legislation based on the zeal of the political majority to establish a completely different political system than the one that was built after the collapse of the communist system. From that perspective, there is little place for the principle of separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary is threatened. This contribution discusses the multilevel dimension of the rule of law principle in the EU, issues in the context of the disrespect for the rule of law as a case of systemic deficiencies, followed by a brief discussion of the Copenhagen accession criteria. The article concludes that the rule of law principle as recognised under EU law is by no means of a merely symbolic nature, and that domestic legislation abolishing key safeguards of the rule of law can be scrutinized not only under the EU Charter of fundamental rights, where applicable, but also under the TEU. Without the solidarity of all Europeans, however, the preservation of our basic values and the future of the EU are in serious danger.
41
Youssef, M. Dr Yassar Ahmed. "Iraqi political movement in the League of Nations From the years (1921-1932)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 222, no. 2 (2018): 471–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v222i2.411.
Full textAbstract:
The study is concerned with the study of an important period of time in the history of modern Iraq, the period of the establishment of modern Iraq and independence through the end of the British Mandate and acceptance of joining the League of Nations, an international organization, which includes the membership of independent free countries, which took on the establishment of security and world peace through the adoption of the principle Prohibition of the use of force and the adoption of the principle of resolving international disputes by peaceful means, the research aims to achieve a set of important goals, namely:
 1 - Highlight the efforts of the Iraqi government to join the League of Nations and clarify the reasons for this accession and the difficulties that accompanied the desire of the Hummah in this area.
 2- Clarification of the role of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the accession of Iraq to the League of Nations during the period of occupation and mandate on Iraq.
 3- Clarifying the position of the League of Nations and its member states on the issue of Iraq's membership and how to deal with its desire to enter it from the beginning of the negotiations until the decision to accept membership.
 4 - Highlight the efforts of the most important Iraqi and foreign political figures, who had a role in the establishment of modern Iraq and joining the League of Nations.
 Department of research into two basic topics, the first topic: the emergence of the modern Iraqi state. The second topic: Iraq, Britain and the League of Nations from the negotiations to join.
42
Martinek, Madeleine. "Special Economic Zones in China and WTO: Bleak or Bright Future?" Zeitschrift für Chinesisches Recht 21, no. 1 (2014): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.71163/zchinr.2014.41-51.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOnly recently, in September 29, 2013, an experimental free trade zone was launched in Shanghai described as one of the most potentially significant developments in over three decades. Some even called it “the next Shenzhen”. The author elaborates on the evolution of foreign trade and the accomplishments of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) defying the overall liberalization process initiated by China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). By also taking a look at the Shanghai pilot Free Trade Zone (FTZ), the author concludes that despite China’s implementation of the national treatment principle, the SEZs continue to be of high significance for foreign investors as well as for the rest of China
43
Ardiansyah, Andi, Asri Subkhan Mahulette, and Dessy Ariyani Marasabessy. "Morphological Characterization of Coffee Plants (Coffea Sp.) in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency." Jurnal Agrohut 15, no. 1 (2024): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51135/agh.v15i1.309.
Full textAbstract:
Coffee plants are one of the plantation commodities that have been cultivated for generations by farmers in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. So far, there has not been much information about various studies related to the morphological diversity of these commodities. The research aims to analyze the morphological and descriptor characteristics of coffee plants cultivated in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. The research was carried out in three coffee plant distribution locations in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, namely Seith, Hitulama, and Hitumessing Villages in December 2023 - February 2024. The results of the morphological analysis of coffee plants which were characterized using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) based on 69 morphological characters showed two groups with a dissimilarity coefficient of 20%, where the first group consisted of 29 accessions that were clustered with 84% similarity, while the second group only consisted of one accession with dissimilarity coefficient of 20% to the first group. The results of Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on coffee plants showed characteristic characters in the form of leaf length, leaf area, leaf width, stipule diameter, plant height, green bean weight and mature bean length. The characterization results provide information that the type of coffee cultivated by farmers in Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency is Robusta coffee.
44
ZÜRCHER, ERIK-JAN. "Introduction." European Review 13, no. 3 (2005): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798705000517.
Full textAbstract:
Turkey is about to start accession negotiations with the European Union. The question of whether Turkey qualified as a European country in terms of history and culture, was put on the European agenda by conservative European politicians in the mid-1990s and seemed to have been solved in Turkey's favour at the Helsinki summit of 1999, but it was hotly debated again throughout 2004. At the same time, a parallel debate developed among those who accepted Turkey's European credentials in principle (or felt they had to accept them). This was the debate about Turkey's state of preparedness and the degree to which the country fulfilled the so-called ‘Copenhagen Criteria’, which stipulated that candidates for membership of the EU should have a stable democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and a functioning market economy. In the end, as we know, the attempts of the ‘fundamentalist’ opposition to Turkey's candidature on the part of people like former Eurocommissioner Bolkestein, German CDU/CSU leaders Merkel and Stoiber or ex-president Giscard d'Estaing failed. Turkey's progress towards fulfilment of the Copenhagen Criteria was deemed sufficient by the European Commission, and on 17 December 2004 the momentous decision to start the accession process was taken unanimously at the summit in The Hague.Interest in the question of Turkey's candidature has meant that an extraordinary number of studies, reports, papers have appeared, analysing the current situation and drawing scenarios for the future. The authors of this Focus have not intended to add to this, or to investigate the chequered history of Turkish-European relations since the signing of the accession treaty in 1963.
45
Lee, Yong-Shik. "First WTO Case on Transitional Product-Safeguard Measure under Section 16 of the Protocol of Chinas Accession to the WTO: Affirming Discriminatory Safeguard Measure by the WTO?" Journal of World Trade 46, Issue 4 (2012): 913–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2012028.
Full textAbstract:
On 5 September 2011, the WTO issued the Appellate Body report for the first WTO case on a transitional product-specific safeguard measure, United States - Measures Affecting Imports of Certain Passenger Vehicle and Light Truck Tyres from China (U.S. - Tyres). Transitional product-specific safeguard measures (TSMs) are controversial primarily on two grounds. First, unlike a general safeguard measure (GSM) which must be applied non-discriminatorily to all imports regardless of their source, a TSM is applicable only to the imports from a single country, China. Second, a TSM is applicable under more relaxed conditions than those stipulated for a GSM, subjecting imports from China to a more vulnerable condition against the protectionist pressure from competing domestic producers of the importing countries. The core principle of the WTO disciplines, including those for safeguard measures, is the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle which stipulates the requirement of non-discrimination among nations, and the inherently discriminatory nature of TSM undermines this core principle. This article examines the TSM provisions in comparison to the general safeguard provisions and discusses the implications of the first WTO case, U.S. -Tyres, for the TSM regime.
46
Yanitska-Panek, T. "THE IMPORTANCE OF THE BASIC CURRICULUM FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ WORK: NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVES." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 25 (May 12, 2022): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2022.25.256647.
Full textAbstract:
The article emphasizes that since 1999 Poland has been using the core curriculum, which is a significant change in the organization of the education system and training planning in view of the reform changes associated with Poland’s accession to the European Community. This reform and other changes became the preconditions for Poland’s accession to the European Union in May 2004.
 By 2017, the core curriculum had been re-approved six times by the Ministry of Education. The EU regularly updates key competencies, which require rethinking, modernizing the national core curriculum and then the curricula of educational and didactic institutions. It is proved that taking into account the principle of individualization and the needs of students with specific educational needs. It is necessary to regularly update key competencies in the curriculum.
 An urgent issue is the substantiation of the teacher training concept. It is crucial to diagnose the tendencies needed to work with younger students, respond to changing demands of socio-cultural and economic development, take into account national characteristics, and update the content of education based on innovation. Since 2018, the issue of primary school teachers’ competencies formation that demonstrates the ability to systematic pedagogical activities, cooperation, production of innovations, and their use in the educational process has become relevant.
47
Petr, Pavel. "Residential Co-Ownership within the Superficiary Right of Building – Theoretical Hotch-Potch or Practical Reality?" International and Comparative Law Review 16, no. 2 (2016): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0022.
Full textAbstract:
Summary The new approach to a thing enables the concept of residential co-ownership within the superficiary right of building. Residential co-ownership may be created where a building with at least two apartments forms the component part of the immovable thing. The superficiary right of building is established as a derivative of the superficies solo cedit principle. Therefore, it requires the accession of building and land. The building is no longer a separate thing in the legal sense, but part of the superficiary right of building. If the building which is part of the superficiary right of building contains two apartments, then residential co-ownership may also be established as part of the superficiary right of building
48
Łazowski, Adam, and Ramses A. Wessel. "When Caveats Turn into Locks:Opinion 2/13on Accession of the European Union to the ECHR." German Law Journal 16, no. 1 (2015): 179–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200019477.
Full textAbstract:
The Court of Justice of the European Union (the Court of Justice) decided to strike again. On 18 December 2014, for the second time in history, the Court rejected the European Union's (EU) accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Although the judges do not seem to negate the idea as a matter of principle, they made the renegotiation of the Draft Accession Treaty very difficult, to say the least. The message sent by the Court of Justice to the Member States may have surprised some, but for many it was a rather expected development. The Court of Justice has always been a fierce defender and promoter of the autonomy of EU law. For that purpose, the procedure based on Article 218 (11) TFEU has been, among the others, the Court's greatest weapon. Over the years a clear pattern has emerged: Whenever there is a threat to the autonomy and to the Court's exclusive jurisdiction, the judges will not shy away from taking bold decisions going against the will of the Member States. For obvious reasons, theraison d'êtrebehind the Court's decision is kept secret behind the doors of the deliberation rooms at Kirchberg in Luxembourg. Still, it cannot be denied thatOpinion 2/13shows that the Court of Justice will not give up its resistance to the ECHR accession so easily. In 1996, in Opinion 2/94, the Court held that the European Community, as the law stood then, had no competence to accede to ECHR. Now that Article 6(2) TEU provides for an obligation to accede, subject to conditions laid down in Protocol No 8 to the Founding Treaties, the Court has opted for strict interpretation of the latter, which, ultimately turns the caveats laid down therein into locks. It is clear that these caveats turned into locks are something that the judges will hold on to in the future and, by the same token, they will happily pursue interpretation that is very different from what the Member States intended when negotiating the Treaty of Lisbon and the Draft Accession Agreement.
49
Likhovitskyy, Ya, and A. Spiridonova. "The legal system of Ukraine: changes in the conditions of necessary accession to the European Union." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 77 (2023): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.51.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes the main factors that influenced the formation of the legal system of Ukraine. The concept of «legal system» is studied, the scientist’s opinion on the definition of the concept of legal system is also indicated. In 2014, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the EU. The agreement significantly expanded the spheres of Ukraine’s cooperation with the EU and provided for various ways of harmonizing its legislation with EU legislation.
 The work emphasizes that the legal system of Ukraine gravitates towards Romano-Germanic law. The legal basis of Ukraine’s direction towards European integration is analyzed, i.e. the acts are defined, on the basis of which Ukraine recognizes its direction towards the European Union, to the main principles and sources of law. The relevance of my researched material is also determined by the fact that today, especially in the conditions of martial law, the issue of Ukraine’s accession to the European Union is extremely important. This direction has been implemented for several years, the acts that are the basis of the neighboring legislation have been ratified. At present, Ukraine has already completed one of the most important stages for the further realization of the set goal, namely, it has acquired the status of a candidate for membership in the European Union.
 The article also examines the legal basis of the relations that exist between Ukraine and the European Union, namely, the acts that regulate these issues and the historical path that Ukraine has followed throughout the years, from the determination of the path to joining the Union. The stages of accession to the European Union and their passage through Ukraine are analyzed.
 The main task before our country is the recognition of the principle of the rule of law and the priority of human rights, ensuring the leading role of the normative legal act in the system of sources of law, codification of legislation. This article also analyzes which specific institutions our state needs to regulate and finalize in order to further resolve the issue of the country’s entry into the EU. The need to regulate institutions lies in the fact that the EU directly stated that these aspects should be finalized by the state. The main shortcomings of each of the institutes and the historical path of their settlement are characterized.
50
Vilchyk, Tetyana, Oksana Shcherbanyuk, and Kornelia Wolk. "The concept and content of the constitutional principle of justice." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2022.1.07.
Full textAbstract:
This article aims to reveal the main models of implementation of the bar in the European Union and Central Asia. As some of European Union’s neighboring countries are about to embark on EU accession negotiations, they are looking to reform their justice systems to align them with EU standards.
 The article provides a comparative legal characteristic of the organization models of the advocate self-government bodies in the European Union and Central Asia countries from the point of view of compliance with international standards of Bar's independence. The authors have identified typical violations of the independence of lawyers' self-government bodies by the executive bodies of state power in Central Asian countries, shown the degree of their influence on protecting human rights and freedoms, and formulated recommendations aimed at overcoming existing violations’.
 Advocate self-government should be considered as a manifestation of the principle of independence of the Bar. Since the definition of "independence" is used in a narrow legal sense, it should be understood exclusively as a known measure of legal freedom, free discretion in actions within the boundaries outlined by law. With regard to the Bar, the term "independence" should be interpreted in the context of Recommendations Rec (2000) 21 to the Committee of Ministers to member states on the freedom of exercise of the profession of a lawyer as "freedom of the profession from any undue restrictions, influences, pressure, threats or interference, direct or indirect, from any side or for any reason.
 By "independence of the Bar" we mean such a legal status of the bodies of the advocates' community, established by law, which allows them to autonomously and independently from improper interference solve issues of their internal organization, as well as other tasks defined in the law, that is, to exercise self-government.