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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principle of an Effective Judicial Protection'
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Drake, Sara C. "The principle of effective judicial protection in actions for breach of community law before the national courts." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323600.
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Orthmann, Mark. "Der Informationsanspruch zum Nachweis des Kartellschadens aus der Perspektive des Rechtsanwalts." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Juristische Fakultät, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17053.
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Die Arbeit soll zeigen, dass es zu einer breiteren Durchsetzung von Schadensersatzansprüchen wegen kartellrechtswidrigem Verhalten eines eigenständigen Informationsanspruchs des Rechtsanwalts als Organ der Rechtspflege gegenüber der EU-Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden bedarf, und zwar sowohl aus tatsächlicher Notwendigkeit, als auch auf Grund europarechtlicher und grundgesetzlicher Vorgaben. Anhand des europarechtlichen Effektivitätsgrundsatzes aus Art. 4 Abs. 3 EUV und des Rechts auf effektiven Rechtsschutz aus Art. 47 der EU-Grundrechtecharta bzw. des Justizgewährungsanspruchs als Ausfluss des Rechtsstaatsprinzips, Art. 20 Abs. 3 GG, wird erörtert, wie ein solcher Anspruch mindestens beschaffen sein muss. Die Untersuchung bestehender, sekundärrechtlicher und einfachgesetzlicher Dokumentenzugangs-, Auskunfts- und Akteneinsichtsansprüche ergibt, dass bereits nach geltender Rechtslage dem Rechtsanwalt ein Informationsanspruch gegenüber der Europäischen Kommission und den deutschen Kartellbehörden zusteht. Die Interpretation der betreffenden Tatbestände nimmt hierbei die europarechtlichen und grundgesetzlichen Vorgaben auf und bewegt sich im Rahmen zulässiger Auslegung. Daneben wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie der Informationsanspruch über die Mindestvorgaben hinaus ausgestaltet werden könnte.The work reveals that a for a better private enforcement of competition law in the form of damages claims an independent right of information vis-à-vis the EU-Commission and the German Cartel Authorities for an attorney without a client and a mandate is needed. This need not only derives from the factual necessity but also from European primary law and the German Grundgesetz. In light of the European principle of effectiveness, Article 4 para. 3 TEU, and the right to effective judicial protection, Article 47 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Article 20 para. 3 German Grundgesetz respectively, the author develops the right and its boundaries. The examination of information rights and rights to access documents in EU secondary law and German law then shows that an independent right of information and access to documents for an attorney without a client and a mandate already exists if the law is interpreted in accordance with the EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz. The author further develops a recommendation as to how such an information right could be extended beyond its core that is determined by EU primary law and the German Grundgesetz.
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Weingerl, Petra. "Effective judicial protection and damages in EU law : the case for the deterrent effect." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a1660481-6d12-45aa-ba0b-6dbbae17e2f0.
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The aim of the thesis is to examine whether the prohibition of overcompensation in the Antitrust Damages Directive is compatible with the EU legal and normative framework. To this end, the analysis is carried out on two levels. First, the rationale for damages in the selected jurisdictions (England, France and Germany) and in the EU is examined to test the main underpinning justification for the prohibition of overcompensation in the Antitrust Damages Directive, i.e. the 'European legal tradition argument'. Second, the thesis addresses broader constitutional implications that underpin the debate on the desirability of the pursuit to prohibit overcompensation in the EU. These entail questions pertaining to the adoption of such measures and, thus, exploring whether the EU has the legitimacy to legislate and the related question of competence and the choice of the appropriate legal basis. The argument to be advanced in this thesis is that the aim of achieving a sufficient level of deterrence with awarding damages for EU competition law infringements stems from the very conceptual basis in which the right to damages is grounded - the principle of effective judicial protection and the principle of effectiveness. Thus, as the analysis reveals, the prohibition of overcompensation is inconsistent with the EU legal framework, since it has potential to jeopardise the deterrent or dissuasive function of antitrust damages actions. The prohibition of overcompensation has significantly contributed to the business-biased gist of the Directive, and thus to breaking the link between the rationale for the right to damages for EU competition law infringements, the legal basis and the content of the Directive. The thesis ultimately argues that the Directive's prohibition is incompatible with the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality, and to a considerable extent inconsistent with the EU's legal and normative framework.
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Christofi, Despina. "Effective judicial protection of bank depositors during the financial crisis and arbitration in an EU context." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2018. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/24012/.
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It is generally assumed that the EU law regime excludes arbitration from its scope, since issues of EU law must be resolved within the EU legal order, according to the wording of the Treaties and the case law of the CJEU. It is also assumed that courts offer adequate and effective protection to litigants, thus arbitration does not make any further contribution to parties. This thesis challenges these ontological assumptions, using the case of bank depositors, and aims to investigate whether courts within the EU protect bank depositors effectively or whether arbitration would offer further protection. For this purpose, the nature of bank deposits is considered, and the approach of courts and arbitrators towards depositors are comparatively analysed, based on effectiveness of protection, as the appropriate tool of assessment. The findings of this examination lead to the final research question regarding the role, if any, of arbitration within the EU legal order and the relationship between arbitration and litigation, in particular within the context of the global financial crisis. Thus, the central argument of this thesis is that, if it is accepted that arbitration does have a place in the EU legal order, and based on the argument that bank deposits qualify as investment, bank depositors can enjoy the protection offered by international investment arbitration, which can protect them more effectively than litigation The originality of this work centers around three points. Firstly, this thesis aims to use the principle of effectiveness in a substantial sense rather than its procedural meaning, considering whether individuals do not only access the justice, but also being remedied effectively. Secondly, this thesis argues that bank deposits can be treated as investment, thus depositors could enjoy further protection offered by investment law. Finally, the thesis supports that the EU law regime does have some place available for arbitration, albeit its traditional exclusion, especially during the particular period of the financial crisis.
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Torres, Zuñiga Natalia. "Justiciability of regressive measures of social rights. Some reflections about their judicial protection in Latin America." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115938.
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This article has as aim to reflect about the protection of economic, social and cultural rights before the regressive measures adopted by governments in Latin America, as well as of the different levels of jurisdictional tutelage that those receive. The document develops the concept of a regressive measure and the scope of the non-regression principle, furthermore, it shows the experience of the Constitutional Courts from Peru and Colombia and the organs of the Interamerican System of Human Rights regarding the protection of social rights.El presente artículo tiene por propósito plantear una reflexión sobre la protección jurisdiccional que reciben los derechos sociales frente a la adopción de medidas regresivas en Latinoamérica por parte de los Estados, así como de los diversos grados de tutela jurisdiccional que aquellos reciben. El artículo desarrolla la noción de regresividad y los alcances del principio de prohibición de regresividad, así como la experiencia de las Cortes Constitucionales de Perú y Colombia y de los órganos el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos en torno a la protección de los derechos sociales.
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Rydén, Erik. "Exploring the Scope of Article 19(1) TEU: A New Horizon for the Enforcement of the Rule of Law in EU Member States?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-431684.
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Minot, Lilian. "Le juge administratif du référé-libéré et la protection effective des droits et libertés fondamentaux des administrés." Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOD009.
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Longtemps, en matière de protection effective des droits et libertés fondamentaux des administrés, le juge administratif a été relégué au second plan, derrière son homologue judiciaire, en raison d’une inefficacité chronique de ses procédures d’urgence. Le législateur a cependant remédié à cette défaillance en créant, notamment, le référé-liberté dont l’objectif avoué était de faire du juge administratif un véritable juge des libertés, au même titre que le juge judiciaire de la voie de fait administrative. En dix années d’application, le juge administratif a su pleinement se saisir de l’opportunité qui lui a ainsi été donnée de concurrencer le juge judiciaire par une politique jurisprudentielle évolutive et constructive. Cette politique s’est traduite par une conception très extensive de la notion de « libertés fondamentales », et par l’avènement de véritables mesures injonctives au service de celles-ci. L’étendue des libertés jugées comme fondamentales et celle du degré de leur protection vont indéniablement dans le sens de l’accession du juge administratif des référés au rang de protecteur effectif des droits et libertés fondamentaux des administrésRegarding citizens’ effective protection in terms of fundamental rights and liberties, the administrative judge has, for a long time, been overshadowed by his judicial counterpart, because of a chronic ineffectiveness concerning urgency procedures. However, lawmakers have redressed that situation in particular by creating the “freedom summary procedure” which explicitly aimed at transforming the administrative judge into an actual custodial judge in the same way the judicial judge is for illegal administrative acts. In the ten years following that creation, the administrative judge has fully seized the opportunity to compete with the judicial judge thanks to a progressive and constructive judicial policy. This policy resulted in a significantly extended conception of the notion of “fundamental liberties” and in the appearance and development of injunctive actions to protect them. The range of liberties considered as fundamental as well as the consequent degree of their protection will undeniably serve the aim of a rise of the administrative judge to the rank of effective protector of the citizens’ fundamental rights and liberties
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Gorigoitía, Abbott Felipe. "La Subsanación de los defectos procesales." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/94488.
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El presente trabajo trata acerca de la subsanación de los defectos procesales en el procedimiento civil español. Se funda en la tesis de la subsanación como el mecanismo prioritario de eliminación de imperfecciones, por sobre la nulidad o la inadmisión, lo que se explica por la clara inspiración antiformalista del sistema procesal vigente y, al menos en lo que respecta a las actuaciones de parte, por el influjo de la tutela judicial efectiva, como garantía procesal de rango constitucional.
La investigación comienza situando histórica y conceptualmente la subsanación, para luego analizarla dentro del contexto de la teoría de la invalidez procesal y concluir estudiando sus aspectos procedimentales más relevantes. Todo lo anterior, con el objetivo de elaborar un estudio sistemático de una institución que ha adquirido gran trascendencia práctica, pero ha gozado de poca atención por parte de la doctrina.This work is about the correction of the procedural defects in the Spanish civil procedure. It is based on the assumption that the correction is a priority mechanism to eliminate imperfections, over the invalidity or rejection, which is explained by the anti-formalist inspiration of the current procedural system and, at least with respect to the actions of part by the influence of effective judicial protection as a constitutional right. The research begins by situating historically and conceptually the correction. Then, it analyzes the correction within the context of the theory of procedural invalidity and concludes by studying its most important procedural aspects. The objective is to develop a systematic study of an institution that has acquired great practical importance, but has enjoyed little attention by the doctrine.
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Andrade, José Undário. "A adequação do procedimento judicial ao caso concreto: reaproximação entre o direito material e o processo." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6607.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-25The present study has as its object the study of the power of the civil court and judges to tailor the procedure provided by law to the case. If one side of the legislator 's duty to create the necessary procedures for protection of the right materials provided abstractly, it seems necessary to understand that it is also given to the magistrate, and some uniquely contoured on a theoretical level, a related power so that it can perform precisely the same activity. We believe that this possibility is due to the Brazilian legal and constitutional system, which besides allowing the general control of the constitutionality of laws, including under the rules of procedure; expressed the need to reach the constitutional dictates of a timely judicial review and above all effective, it also has to be better suited to resolve the factual issues that are brought to the Judiciary. Was this attempted rapprochement between the substantive and procedural law, through the study of differentiated guardianships, as well as the principles of instrumentality and fungibility, which moved us to try to establish criteria for this adequacy is reached by the judge in his activity, preserved since the constitutional principles and parameters. That's what we intend to identify and propose
Este trabalho tem como objeto o estudo do poder do juiz cível de adequar o procedimento previsto em lei ao caso concreto. Se de um lado o legislador tem o dever de criar os procedimentos necessários à tutela do direito material abstratamente previsto, entendemos parecer necessário que seja também conferido ao magistrado, excepcionalmente e com alguns contornos definidos no plano teórico, um poder correlato para que ele possa realizar concretamente essa mesma atividade. Entendemos que essa possibilidade é decorrência do próprio sistema jurídico-constitucional brasileiro, que além de permitir o controle difuso da constitucionalidade das leis, inclusive, sob as regras de procedimento; expressa a necessidade de que para o alcance dos ditames constitucionais de uma tutela jurisdicional tempestiva e, sobretudo efetiva, tenha também ela de ser adequada para melhor resolver as questões fáticas que são postas ao Poder Judiciário. Foi essa tentativa de reaproximação entre o direito material o processo, passando pelo estudo das tutelas diferenciadas, bem como de princípios como o da instrumentalidade e da fungibilidade, que nos moveu a tentar estabelecer critérios para que essa adequação seja alcançada pelo juiz em sua atividade, desde que preservados os princípios e parâmetros constitucionais. É o que pretendemos identificar e propor
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Schwaller, Émilie. "La protection des droits fondamentaux des entreprises en droit des aides d'Etat." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA019/document.
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Dans l’Union européenne, la nécessité de mieux protéger les droits fondamentaux favorise la recherche d’un nouvel équilibre entre équité et efficacité procédurales. La thèse examine les incidences de ce phénomène en droit des aides d’État, qui se caractérise par sa technicité et sa sensibilité politique, puisqu’il confie à la Commission le droit exclusif d’autoriser ou d’interdire les aides que les États membres projettent de verser à certaines entreprises. Bien que celles-ci soient en principe reconnues comme des sujets de droit fondamental, le contrôle des aides d’État fait figure d’exception, puisqu’il n’offre quasi-aucune garantie procédurale lors de la phase administrative, apparaît souvent imprévisible aux entreprises et retient une norme de contrôle juridictionnel largement perfectible, tant en matière de légalité que d’exécution. Ce constat plaide pour une réforme, dont l’étude examine quelques pistesIn the European Union, the need to better protect fundamental rights calls for research into finding a new balance between procedural fairness and efficiency. The thesis examines the impact of this phenomenon in State aid law which is characterized by its technical nature and its political sensitivity since it confers on the Commission the exclusive right to authorize or prohibit aids that Member States plan to grant to certain companies. Although these businesses are in principle recognized as legal persons in regards to fundamental rights, the State aid control is an exception since it offers almost no procedural guarantees during the administrative phase, often appears unpredictable to companies and maintains a standard of judicial control that could be considerably improved, both in terms of legality and enforcement. This observation argues for a reform that the study examines in the following lines of thought
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Roig, Mateo Betlem. "Los casos inaudita parte." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406008.
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The legal provision that the Spanish legislator makes about absence at trial is adequate and proportionate to its ultimate goal, which is to fully guarantee the rights of those who are party to a process in all branches of the law. This conclusion can be reached not only by studying existing Spanish procedural legislation on the matter, but also by examining the procedural rules of other European states on the same issue.
Apparent in the legal decisions examined in this doctoral thesis, which number more than forty, are the criteria established by the Spanish Constitutional Court and Supreme Court for the requirements that must be met by the service of judicial documents in order to be considered duly performed and thus guarantee the rights of the parties to the process, in particular those of the party in absentia.
Another of the key questions explored by this thesis are cases in which foreign nationals are handed over after a request is issued by another State that makes use of international legal cooperation mechanisms, both in cases of extradition and the European Arrest Warrant. I will focus in particular on the latter by examining some of the most notable resolutions of the European Court of Human Rights in this regard. Framework Decision 2009/299 is established as an effective mechanism to overcome the problems the aforementioned hand over can sometimes create and, ultimately, to ensure the mutual recognition of decisions rendered without the person concerned appearing at trial.La previsión legal que hace el legislador español sobre la ausencia en juicio es adecuada y proporcionada a la finalidad última de la misma que no puede ser otra que asegurar la plena garantía de los derechos de los que son partes en el proceso en todos los órdenes jurisdiccionales. A esta conclusión es posible llegar no solamente después de estudiar la legislación procesal española existente en la materia sino también examinando la regulación procesal que sobre el mismo particular realizan otros estados europeos. En las resoluciones que se examinan en esta tesis doctoral, algo más de cuarenta, es dable apreciar el criterio fijado por el Tribunal Constitucional y también por el Tribunal Supremo en materia de requisitos que deben reunir los actos de comunicación para que se consideren debidamente realizados y garanticen así los derechos de las partes en el proceso y sobre todo del ausente. Otra de las cuestiones capitales de esta tesis es lo relativo a los casos en los que se realizan entregas de nacionales ante el requerimiento efectuado por otro estado en uso de mecanismos de cooperación jurídica internacional, tanto casos de extradición como de Ordenes Europeas de Detención y Entrega, deteniéndome en especial en éste último supuesto y examinando alguna de las resoluciones del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos que en esta materia destacan. La Decisión Marco 2009/299 se erige como un mecanismo de eficacia fundamental para superar los problemas que produce en ocasiones la referida entrega y en definitiva, el reconocimiento mutuo de resoluciones dictadas sin la comparecencia en juicio de la persona afectada.
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Le, Soudéer Mathieu. "Le contrôle du respect des droits fondamentaux par la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne en matière de procédures applicables aux pratiques anticoncurrentielles." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020056.
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Le contrôle juridictionnel des droits fondamentaux, en matière de procédures applicables aux pratiques anticoncurrentielles, s'inscrit dans un contexte marqué par l'affirmation de la dimension répressive et la diversification des modalités de mise en oeuvre du droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles. Par ailleurs, la protection des droits fondamentaux constitue un impératif incontournable au sein de l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne. Les juridictions de l'Union sont confrontées à deux enjeux principaux.Le premier, essentiellement procédural, réside dans l'encadrement du déroulement et de l'articulation des procédures servant la mise en oeuvre effective des articles 101 et 102 TFUE. Les juges de l'Union doivent concilier, d'une part, la protection des droits fondamentaux dont le respect sous-tend le caractère équitable des procédures et, d'autre part, la préservation de l'efficacité des procédures. Sur ce point, l'amélioration progressive de la protection des droits des entreprises n'épuise pas une priorité accordée aux impératifs d'efficacité et d'effectivité.Le second défi, de nature institutionnelle, tient au respect des exigences découlant du droit à un procès équitable. Le maintien du système institutionnel au sein duquel la Commission concentre différents pouvoirs est subordonné à l'affermissement d'un contrôle juridictionnel répondant à certains impératifs. Ainsi,un droit fondamental commande une intensification du contrôle exercé sur certaines décisions. En outre, les droits fondamentaux constituent des instruments utiles,permettant aux juges de l'Union de consolider un contrôle juridictionnel approfondi et objectifThe judicial control of fundamental rights, in the field of EU antitrust proceedings, has developed in a context characterized by the increasing importance ofthe repressive side and the diversification of procedures serving the enforcement of EU provisions applying to anticompetitive conducts. Besides, the protection of fundamental rights has become an unavoidable imperative within the EU legal order.The EU courts are expected to cope with two main challenges.The first one is essentially procedure-oriented and lies in the way the various procedures applying to articles 101 and 102 TFUE are to be legally carried on and combined. The EU judicature is supposed to reconcile, on the one hand, the protection of fundamental rights that strengthen the fairness of procedures and, on the other hand, the quest for procedural efficiency. In that respect, the progressive enhancement of the protection of stakeholders' rights does not completely compensate for the priority still granted to the objectives of efficiency and effectiveness. The second one rather is of an institutional nature and regards the respect of the structural requirements stemming from the right to a fair trial. The upholding ofthe current institutional system that provides the EU Commission with substantial powers depends on the capabality of the control exerted by the EU courts to meet certain requirements in terms of completeness and intensity. Thus, a fundamental principle appears to be the initial driving force of a significant strengthening of the judicial control. Moreover, fundamental rights have proven to be instrumental in enabling the EU judges to deploy an in-depth and objective control
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Couronne, Vincent. "La compétence procédurale des États-membres de l'Union Européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010260/document.
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L'autonomie procédurale est la dénomination erronée du phénomène réel qu'est la subsidiarité juridictionnelle. La I agi que veut que I' on parie a, termes de compétences, puisque I a subsidiarité régule leur exercice entre les États membres et l'Union. En matière de subsidiarité juridictionnelle relative aux modalités procédurales de mire en œuvre du droit de l'Union, il s’agit ainsi de compétence procédurale. La conséquence majeure de ce glissement notionnel est une relecture de l'ensemble de la jurisprudence de la Cour dans ce domaine. Cette relecture donne à voir plusieurs éléments qui, mis bout à bout donnait une nouvelle logique d'ensemble à la jurisprudence de la Cour. Tout d'abord, équivalence et effectivité, qui sont traditionnellement considérées comme régulant cette compétence procédurale du juge national , ne sont pas des principes mais des critères. Il ne sont par ailleurs pas les seuls à exercer cette fonction de régulation de l'exercice de la compétence et sont concurrencés par le droit à un protection juridictionnelle effective. Cette relecture montre alors que l'effectivité est un frein à la primauté du droit d l'Union en droit interne. Par ailleurs, le juge de Luxembourg prend a, compte depuis les premières années des exigence des États membres désireux de s’affranchir ponctuellement du critère d'effectivité. Ce mouvement est en fait une intégration de leur identité nationale, érigée en justification corrigeant le contenu même de cette effectivité. En d'autres termes, les États membres peuvent de plus en plus avancer des motifs d' intérêt général pour justifier le non-respect de l'effectivité du droit de l'UnionProcedural autonomy is a term often misused when talking about the very real phenomenon “judicial subsidiarity”. It is more accurate to talk in terms of competence considering the principle of subsidiarity regulates the role they play between Member States and the Union. As such, when discussing judicial subsidiarity in relation to the procedural aspects of implementing EU law, one should talk about procedural competence. This change in meaning ultimately leads to a revision of all relevant case law. Such a review brings to light a number of elements that, when juxtaposed, reveal an overarching rationale behind the Court's rare law. First, both equivalence and effectivity, long perceived as regulators of procedural competence national judges, are not in fact principles but criteria. Furthermore, they are not the only regulating criteria as the right to an effective judicial protection also comes into play. It then becomes apparent that effectivity is an obstacle to EU law having primacy over national law. Moreover, for a long time the ECJ has taken into account requests made by Member States to, on occasion, bypass the criteria of effectivity. As such, the ECJ accepts that national identity can serve as corrective justification of the very content of effectivity. In other words, Member States can put forward more and more arguments in the name of “public interest” to justify non-compliance with EU law effectivity
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Villanueva, González Martín. "SUNAT: Torpedeando a la Marina Mercante Nacional." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117147.
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In this article, the author describes the problems that come through the Peruvian shipping companies because of misinterpretations made by the tax authority about the scope of the Law for reactivation and promotion of the National Merchant Marine; to harmful tax collection procedures and poor debt settlement system controversies between taxpayers and the Tax Administration.En el presente artículo, el autor describe los problemas por los que viene atravesando las empresas navieras peruanas debido a las equivocadas interpretaciones que realiza la Administración Tributaria acerca de los alcances de la Ley de reactivación y promoción de la Marina Mercante Nacional; a los perjudiciales procedimientos de cobranza de deudas tributarias, y al deficiente sistema de solución de controversias suscitadas entre los contribuyentes y la Administración Tributaria.
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Núñez, del Prado Chaves Fabio. "Demystifying myths: Economic analysis of double hearings in the Peruvian civil process." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/108752.
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Inside the Peruvian civil process, there are warranties that seek to protect the rights of the persons who come to it. Since these warranties are affirmed in the Peruvian Constitution and in international human rights treaties, they are considered as fundamental rights. One of them is the right to a second hearing.The present essay is a constructive critic of the principle of the right to appeal. The hypothesis consists in proving, through an economic analysis, that the second hearing does not play a role in our legal system.Dentro del proceso civil peruano, existen garantías que buscan la protección de los derechos de las personas que acuden al mismo.Estas garantías, al estar consagradas en laConstitución peruana y en tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos, son con-sideradas derechos fundamentales. Una de ellas es la doble instancia.El presente ensayo es una crítica constructiva al principio de doble instancia. La hipótesis que se sustenta consiste en acreditar a través de un análisis económico que la doble instancia no cumple una función en nuestro sistema jurídico.
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Dávila-Suárez, Carlos-Mario. "La formation du contrôle juridictionnel de l’administration en droit colombien et l’influence du droit français : essai sur les obstacles à l’accès à la justice contentieuse-administrative et sur la protection effective des droits des administrés." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020004.
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Dans la doctrine colombienne experte en la matière, il existe un lieu commun consistant à affirmer que tant le droit administratif colombien comme le droit du contentieux-administratif proviennent du droit français ou, au moins, celui-ci y a eu une forte influence dans son élaboration. Il est cependant nécessaire d'analyser cette thèse afin de déterminer la portée d'une telle influence. C'est ce à quoi tentera de répondre cette étude qui a pour but d’expliquer et de montrer la formation et le développement du contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration en Colombie dès la fin du XIX siècle et au cours du XX. Ce qui nous amènera à aborder les emprunts faits par le juge administratif colombien -notamment à la doctrine administrative française de la fin du XIX et de la première moitié du XXe siècle- et le rôle même de la doctrine colombienne de l'époque. D'emblée, il faut écarter ce que l'on ne traitera pas dans ce travail : d'une part le côté institutionnel, c'est-à-dire l'instauration et la formation du Conseil d'État colombien en tant que tel. Ceci en raison des maints travaux ont été consacrés par les chercheurs dans la matière ; d'autre part, l'aspect politique ou idéologique, car, si elle clair que celui-ci a joué un rôle important, notamment grâce à l'Union républicaine des années 1910 qui a impulsé la mise en marche du Conseil d'Etat colombien, ce sujet reste en dehors de notre champ d'études. Ainsi, cette recherche sera centrée sur deux aspects : l'aspect formel comprenant l'idée d'un juge administratif indépendant du pouvoir exécutif, sa technique et sa méthode ; et l'aspect de fond basé sur les recours contentieux-administratifs et les types de procès contentieux. L'objectif global de ce travail est de contribuer à la structuration ainsi qu'à la systématisation de la jurisprudence du droit administratif colombien, afin de tenter de donner de la cohérence et de la sécurité juridique et dans la pratique judiciaire et dans l'enseignement du droitThe French origins of Colombian administrative law and administrative judicial procedure is a common place among Colombian jurists. They claimed a strong influence from French legal culture in South American countries. However, it is necessary to analyze this hypothesis to determine the scope of such an influence. The present study will attempt to provide an answer, explaining the formation and development of the judicial review of public administration in Colombia, between latest nineteenth century and the present times. This will allow us to study the judicial and scholars’ Colombian legal transplants from French administrative law doctrine of the latest nineteenth and earlies twentieth century. Thus, this research is focus in two aspects. First, the formal aspect linked with the concept of administrative-judges, independent from executive branch, its technique, structure, and methods. And second, the substantive aspect based on remedies and judicial procedure from administrative law (including nullity, nullity and restauration of the breeder's right, Judicial Review of Government Contracts Disputes, and direct reparation). The main objective of this work is to structure and systematize Colombian administrative law, identifying the serious problems of access to administrative justice and rights protection
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Lamblém, Gláucia Aparecida da Silva Faria. "Execução coletiva dos direitos difusos, coletivos e individuais homogêneos reconhecidos em sentença face à efetividade da tutela jurisdicional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6713.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-23This study has the purpose of examining the limits of applicability of the procedural rules of the Code of Civil Procedure related to the execution of sentence in class action lawsuits. This is done through a reinterpretation of the constitutional principles of the process, from the perspective of maximum effectiveness of collective judicial protection because of the own protected material right. Considering that the effectiveness of judicial protection is closely connected to the implementation of judicial decisions, the topic is addressed in the context of execution of sentence in class actions for protection of diffuse, collective, and homogeneous individual rights. It is highlighted the judge's role in the fair adequacy of such rules to the concrete case. The study of execution of sentence under the collective jurisdiction is justified, since this leads the judicial decision to an end, being able to assess the practical impact of judicial protection. In this sense, the mass society and conflicts arising from it, allows violation to a plurality of rights, involving large numbers of subjects, thus requiring legal responses in accordance with the complexity of the factual situation. It is taken into account that the judicial response should not adhere to generic directions, requiring, therefore, the effective implementation of its controls, otherwise giving rise to the ineffectiveness of judicial protection. The theme of execution of sentence, interpreted in a broad sense, as all judicial decisions, shows fertile ground to scale the role of the judge and the influence of the executive mechanisms available on existing standards for the effectiveness of collective judicial protection. The examination of integrative rules of collective procedural microsystem, combined with those of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to the enforcement of court decisions and being in line with the constitutional principles of the process enables a true adequacy of the executive procedure in class actions such as to provide the effectiveness of collective judicial protection. In this context, the judge s role is essential to the effectiveness of judicial protection, not being limited to enforce the law and pronounce judgment on the merits, but to the exercise of a power of execution aimed to give effect to his/her own decisions
O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar os limites da aplicabilidade das normas procedimentais do Código de Processo Civil pertinentes à execução de sentença às ações coletivas, a partir de uma releitura dos princípios constitucionais do processo, sob a ótica da máxima efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva, em razão do próprio direito material tutelado. Considerando que a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional está intimamente ligada à concretização das decisões judiciais, o tema é abordado no âmbito das execuções de sentença coletiva para tutela de direitos difusos, coletivos e direitos individuais homogêneos, destacando a atuação do juiz na justa adequação dessas regras ao caso concreto. Justifica-se o estudo da execução de sentença no âmbito da jurisdição coletiva, uma vez que esta leva a termo a decisão judicial podendo aquilatar a repercussão concreta da tutela jurisdicional. Neste sentido, a sociedade de massa e os conflitos dela decorrentes, possibilitam a lesão a uma pluralidade de direitos, envolvendo um grande número de sujeitos, requerendo, portanto, respostas judiciais condizentes com a complexidade da situação de fato. Leva-se em consideração que a resposta judicial não deve ficar estagnada a comandos genéricos, exigindo-se, portanto, a implementação efetiva dos seus comandos, sob pena de inefetividade da tutela jurisdicional. A temática da execução de sentença, entendida esta de forma ampla, como toda decisão judicial, mostra-se um terreno fértil para dimensionar o papel do juiz e a influência dos mecanismos executivos disponibilizados nas normas existentes para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva. O exame das normas integrativas do microssistema processual coletivo, conjugadas com aquelas do Código de Processo Civil atinentes à execução de sentença, em consonância com os princípios constitucionais do processo permite uma verdadeira adequação do procedimento executivo nas ações coletivas de tal forma a conferir a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional coletiva. Neste contexto, o papel do juiz é essencial para a efetividade da tutela jurisdicional, não se limitando a aplicar a lei e pronunciar o juízo de mérito, mas também ao exercício de um poder de execução tendente a conferir eficácia às suas próprias decisões
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Icle, Virginia. "A morosidade da prestação jurisdicional e a efetivação do direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo: construindo alternativas possíveis." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2010. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3995.
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A proposta em desenvolver os processos judiciais sem dilações indevidas deve ser desenvolvida mediante práticas que estejam em concordância com os ditames Constitucionais. Para a concretização da tutela jurisdicional, é necessário que tais práticas, além de estarem em conformidade com a segurança do ordenamento jurídico e, capazes de efetivarem o direito fundamental a razoável duração do processo, contribuam, de forma efetiva, com os objetivos traçados pela Constituição. A audiência preliminar será investigada como um instrumento processual capaz de evitar dilações indevidas no decorrer dos processos, seja mediante a possibilidade de conciliação entre as partes, seja por meio do saneamento do processo. Permite a participação mais ativa dos agentes do processo, através do uso da oralidade. Neste sentido, compõe um sistema processual dinâmico, permitindo o “acesso à justiça” em sentido amplo, contemplando ao povo, a adjetivação de cidadão e difundindo a democracia participativa como proposta de Estado a ser adotada para a sociedade contemporânea. Nesse contexto, se pode vislumbrar que o dispositivo do art.331 do Código de Processo Civil Brasileiro, contribui com a efetividade do direito fundamental à razoável duração do processo, objetivando a redução da demora processual injustificável. Para tanto, cabe aos magistrados utilizarem-se de uma interpretação hermenêutica dos ditames constitucionais conjugada com os fatores externos que irão influenciá-lo. A problematização em questão pretende estudar a sociedade no momento atual, onde anseia pela consagração do direito fundamental ao processo em tempo razoável, o qual deve ser promovido por parte do Estado, já que o mesmo lhe consagrou constitucionalmente com o advento da EC 45/2004. Nesse contexto, cabe ao Estado responder pela demora injustificada dos tempos processuais. E a reparação deve manifestar-se através da indenização em favor do cidadão que teve seu direito tolhido, por conseqüência de um ato estatal, ou, no caso da audiência preliminar, sua inércia.
The proposal to develop the judicial procedures without undue delay should be developed through practices that are in accordance with the constitutional dictates. For the completion of judicial review, it is necessary that such practices, and comply with the safety of the legal system and able to enforce the fundamental right to a reasonable duration of the process, contribute, effectively, to the goals set by Constitution. The preliminary hearing will be investigated as a procedural tool that will prevent undue delays during the process, either through the possibility of conciliation between the parties, either through the restructuring process. Allows more active participation of the process’s, through the use of orality. In this sense, forms a dynamic procedural system, allowing "access to justice" in a broad sense, covering the people, the adjective of citizen participatory democracy and spreading as a proposed rule to be adopted to contemporary society. In this context, we can see that the machinery of article 331 of the Brazilian Civil Procedure Code, contributes to the effectiveness of the fundamental right of a reasonable duration of the process, aiming at the reduction of procedural delay unjustifiable. For this, use it to judges is a hermeneutic interpretation of constitutional principles coupled with external factors which will influence him, adopting the theory as formalism evaluative procedures. The questioning concerned intends to study the society at present, which yearns for the consecration of the fundamental right to process in reasonable time, which should be promoted by the state, since the constitutionally enshrined it even with the advent of constitutional emendment 45/2004. In this context, the State must answer for the undue delay of the procedural time. And the repair should be manifested through indemnity in favor of the citizen who had checked his right, as a consequence of a state act, or, if the preliminary hearing, his inertia.
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Forster, Ninon. "La responsabilité sans faute de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. https://www-stradalex-eu.passerelle.univ-rennes1.fr/fr/se_mono/toc/RESFAUE.
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Souvent invoquée dans les recours en indemnité devant la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne pour pallier les obstacles à l’engagement de la responsabilité extra-contractuelle de l’Union européenne, la responsabilité sans faute est un concept flou dont la définition, la nature et l’existence même sont contestées. L’étude de ce concept, à partir de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne, laisse cependant apparaître une construction prétorienne originale emprunte de l’influence des droits nationaux de la responsabilité publique. La responsabilité sans faute acquiert, au fil des arrêts rendus par la Cour de justice et le Tribunal, une consistance qui la fait apparaître comme une catégorie juridique regroupant plusieurs régimes de responsabilité dans lesquels la preuve d’une activité fautive des institutions de l’Union européenne ou de ses agents n’est pas nécessaire à l’engagement de sa responsabilité extra-contractuelle. La responsabilité sans faute peine cependant à s’imposer comme une voie de droit effective à disposition des particuliers en raison, d’une part, des réticences du juge à la reconnaître expressément comme un principe de responsabilité extra-contractuelle et, d’autre part, de l’interprétation rigoureuse des conditions de son bien-fondéOften invoked in actions for damages before the Court of Justice of the European Union to overcome obstacles to the engagement of the European Union's extra-contractual liability, nofault liability is a vague concept whose definition, nature and very existence are contested. However, the study of this concept, based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, reveals an original Praetorian construction based on the influence of national laws on public liability. Liability without fault has acquired, with the judgments of the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, a consistency which makes it appear to be a legal category comprising several liability regimes in which proof of wrongful activity by the institutions of the European Union or its agents is not necessary to engage in non-contractual liability. However, no-fault liability is hardly an effective legal remedy available to individuals because of the judge's reluctance to expressly recognize it as a principle of extra-contractual liability and because of the rigorous interpretation of the conditions of its validity
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エウニセ, アラス モレノ ナンシー, and Nancy Eunice Alas Moreno. "私企業に対する租税優遇措置等の裁判所による統制の研究 : アメリカ、スペイン及びメキシコの比較制度研究." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115595/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13115595/?lang=0.
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財政援助をコントロールする仕組みは、国によって様々であり、立法的な統制、行政的な統制又は司法的な統制等があるが、本稿では、特に、裁判所による財政支出の統制に焦点を当て、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国について検討する。本稿においては、主として、アメリカ合衆国、スペイン及びメキシコ合衆国の裁判所が、私企業に対する財政支出をどのような場合において違憲又は違法とするのか、又はどのような場合において合憲又は適法とするのかということを検討し、これらの国々の裁判所がその結論に到達するために、どのような要件又は判断基準に基づいて、財政支出を統制するのかということについて考察する。The mechanisms for controlling fiscal assistance vary from one country to another. Legislative, executive and judicial controls can be mentioned as broad examples of these mechanisms. This research will focus on the judicial control of fiscal expenditure in the United States of America, Spain and Mexico. It primarily examines in which cases financial expenditure on the private sector is declared unconstitutional or illegal and in which situations it is declared constitutional or legal by the American, Spanish and Mexican judiciary. It will also focus on an investigation of the legal requirements for fiscal stimulus, as well as in the judging criteria developed and used by the court of those countries to reach to those conclusions.
博士(法学)
Doctor of Laws
同志社大学
Doshisha University
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Silva, Pedro Miguel Amaral. "A tutela jurisdicional efectiva dos particulares contra actos administrativos da União Europeia." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90310.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoEste estudo e dissertação pretendem abordar algumas questões essenciais que, não raras vezes, são esquecidas aquando da análise dos meandros da Construção Europeia, designadamente os crescentes problemas advindos da gradual afirmação da União como grande Administração europeia, directa e centralizada por contraponto à administração indirecta dos Estados-membros.Neste labor, um problema em concreto sobressai, a saber, aquele que se prende com uma das questões quintessenciais dos nossos dias: o acesso à justiça, em particular à Justiça Administrativa.Nessa senda há que aprofundar, seriamente, o Princípio da Tutela Jurisdicional Efectiva, procurando encontrar as suas raízes e perceber o seu papel e preponderância no âmbito da União. Só assim poderemos invocá-lo como garantia prima facie dos particulares europeus face ao Direito, Instituições e, principalmente, face à acuação administrativa da UE.Para tal haveremos de contestar as soluções estabelecidas, questionando o papel do TJUE e os meios processuais ao seu dispor, bem como a legitimidade activa estabelecida nos Tratados, muito concretamente aquela que é plasmada aos particulares europeus.No escrutínio académico que pretendemos levar a cabo, impõe-se, designadamente, analisar os embaraços sentidos a nível processual e garantístico, tal como as soluções que actualmente se têm proposto mas que, no entanto, o são apenas em aparência, como sejam a rede de tribunais nacionais dos Estados-membros, ou a proposição da acção de responsabilidade por danos causados pela União.Neste seguimento, deitaremos mãos ao vasto catálogo de jurisprudência do TJUE, juízo tantas vezes sobranceiro na interpretação e moldagem do Direito originário Europeu, na tentativa, não só, de diagnosticar o mais fielmente possível o problema, mas também encontrar e propor as melhores e mais competentes soluções para o resolver.
This study and dissertation aim to address some key issues that are often overlooked when analysing the particularisms of the European Construction, predominantly, the growing problems stemming from the gradual assertion of the Union as a large European direct and centralized administration, in counterpoint to the indirect administration of Member States.In that work, a concrete problem stands out, namely, one that is related to one of the quintessential questions of our days: the access to justice, particularly the Administrative Justice.In this way, the Principle of an Effective Judicial Protection must be deepened, in search not only of its roots but also the role it plays within the Union. This is the only way we can rely on it as a real guarantee of European individuals against the Law, Institutions, and administrative activity of the EU.To do so, we will have to challenge the established solutions. That’s only possible by questioning the role of the CJEU, the procedural means at its disposal, as well as the locus standing established for them in the Treaties, specifically the one granted to European individuals.To undertake the academic scrutiny we intend, we need not only to analyse the procedural and guarantee-related embarrassments this problem generates, but also the solutions currently being proposed, such as the network of national courts of the Member States, or the action of compensation for damage caused by the Union, which are, nevertheless, solutions only in appearance.In order to do this, we will lay hands on the vast catalogue of jurisprudence of the CJEU, a judgment so often vital in the interpretation and shaping of European law. That will help us not only to diagnose the problem as faithfully as possible, but also to find the best and most competent remedies to solve it.
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Rivera, Eva. "Procesně právní aspekty mediace v právu ES." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311812.
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Procedural aspects of mediation in EC law Eva Rivera, 2011 1 Abstract The objective of this dissertation is the determination of the significance of procedural aspects of mediation and the answer to the question to what extent it has been considered within European Union law. The research is based on the assumption that the acknowledgment of a procedural relevance of mediation is crucial for its overall effectiveness. Mediation is besides its feature as a communication technique becoming ever more important as a dispute resolution procedure for civil and commercial conflicts in Europe. In this context the role of mediation within and in relation to other procedures for the resolution of disputes has to be considered. While on one hand the terminology and the differences between mediation and other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) as well as certain judicial attempts of settling disputes may not always be easily determined, on the other hand, it can be stated that the ADR form of mediation is beyond its early stages and clearly shows its own procedural relevance. The comparison of European national jurisdictions in the field of mediation leads to a core definition of mediation as a voluntary process where a third person without the authority to pass a binding decision over the dispute between...
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Gouveia, Catarina Sofia Espírito Santo. "O Novo Regime Jurídico do Processo do Inventário (Lei n.º 23/2013, de 5 de Março). Problematização e questões de (In) competência." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83855.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoAtravés da Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 172/2007, de 6 de Novembro, prevê-se a desjudicialização do processo de inventário, pretendendo-se que este processo decorresse fora dos tribunais judiciais, dada a morosidade da sua resolução definitiva. Na verdade, devido aos sucessivos diplomas legais aprovados pela Assembleia da República, nesta matéria, criou-se um grande tumulto legislativo, suscitando alguma instabilidade quanto à correcta interpretação e aplicação das disposições legais presentes nos diplomas legais que antecederam a Lei n.º 23/2013. Desta forma, é necessário analisá-los para percebermos quais as verdadeiras e significativas alterações entre os vários regimes, percebendo quais os principais objetivos que visava o legislador. O novo Regime Jurídico do Processo de Inventário, consagrado na Lei 23/2013, encontra-se, ainda, num estado não muito clarificado, suscitando algumas dúvidas quanto à sua interpretação e aplicabilidade. Desta forma, iremos, numa primeira abordagem, proceder a uma análise de toda a tramitação do processo de inventário para que possamos definir quais as suas novidades em relação aos anteriores regimes, quais os principais objetivos do legislador, e por ultimo, tentar de alguma forma esclarecer algumas dúvidas que possam surgir na aplicabilidade do próprio regime jurídico. Na presente lei, o legislador optou pela transferência das competências dos juízes para os notários, afirmando-se este ultimo como a figura central do processo de inventário. Ora, importa saber o que acarreta esta alteração de competências, fazendo algumas questões pertinentes, de forma a tentar perceber qual o real papel do notário e do juiz e dos tribunais no presente regime jurídico.
Council of Ministers Resolution No. 172/2007, of 6 November, provides for the misjudgment of the inventory process, and it is intended that this proceeding be carried out outside the judicial courts, given the lengthy resolution of its final resolution. In fact, due to the successive legal acts approved by the Assembly of the Republic, in this matter, a great legislative turmoil has been created, provoking some instability as to the correct interpretation and application of the legal dispositions present in the legal texts that preceded the Law no. 23 / 2013. In this way, it is necessary to analyze them in order to perceive the real and significant changes between the different regimes, realizing the main objectives that the legislator aimed at.The new Legal Regime of the Inventory Process, enshrined in Law 23/2013, is also in a state not very clear, raising some doubts as to its interpretation and applicability. In this way, we will, in a first approach, analyze the whole process of the inventory process so that we can define what is new in relation to the previous regimes, what are the main objectives of the legislator, and finally, try to somehow clarify some doubts that may arise in the applicability of the legal regime itself.In the present law, the legislator chose to transfer the powers of the judges to the notaries, the latter being the central figure in the inventory process. It is important to know what this change of powers entails by asking some pertinent questions in order to try to understand the real role of the notary and the court and the courts in the present legal regime.
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Freire, Andreia Sofia Raposo. "Relatório de Estágio Curricular no Tribunal Judicial da Comarca dos Açores Secção de Família e Menores de Ponta Delgada, Ilha de São Miguel." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/97556.
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The present report was made based on the four months period I have spent in Ponta Delgada’s Family Court.
Bearing in mind the particularities of this court, I felt right a way interested in the work that was going on “behind the curtains” of all the reports that almost every day reached the magistrate's hand for his knowledge and that had a fundamental role in his decision.
It became obvious, from the beginning, that in this court, in addition to working with laws, we worked with people's lives, and with all the implications that this entails. Thus, it is intended, in addition to providing knowledge of the activities carried out during the internship, to provide a normative and concrete framework of the functions, activities and work of the Advisory Technicians of the Court’s Support Multidisciplinary TeamO presente relatório de estágio foi realizado com base no período de quatro meses passados no Tribunal de Família e Menores de Ponta Delgada. Tendo em conta as particularidades deste tribunal senti-me, desde logo, interessada pelo trabalho que decorria “por trás das cortinas” de todos os relatórios que quase todos os dias chegavam à mão do magistrado para seu conhecimento e que tinham um papel fundamental na sua decisão. Tornou-se óbvio, desde o início, que neste tribunal, para além de se trabalhar com leis, trabalhava-se com a vida das pessoas, e com todas as implicações que isso acarreta. Assim, pretende-se, para além de dar conhecimento das atividades realizadas ao longo do estágio, fazer um enquadramento normativo e concreto das funções, atividades e trabalhos dos Técnicos de Assessoria Multidisciplinar de Apoio aos Tribunais.
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Cunha, Manuela João Araújo da. "A tutela jurisdicional efetiva dos particulares no contencioso da União Europeia: o recurso de anulação como realidade jurídica (ou ilusão prática?)." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/64065.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Direito da União EuropeiaA expressão “Cortina de Ferro” ficou popularizada pelo político britânico Winston Churchill para descrever a política de isolamento lançada pela União Soviética durante a Guerra Fria, aludindo à barreira imaginária, mas quase palpável, que dividia a Europa em dois blocos. Não se afigurará desproporcionado que nos apropriemos de tal metáfora para ilustrar a barreira existente entre os recorrentes particulares e o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia no âmbito dos recursos de anulação intentados ao abrigo do artigo 263.º do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia, isto porque apesar de também esta não ser uma barreira fisicamente edificada e visível a olho nu – como fora a fronteira histórica erguida através do muro de Berlim –, nem por isso deixa de se fazer sentir como tal. O recurso de anulação tem-se revelado um desafio exigente. Destinado à fiscalização da legalidade dos atos emanados pela União, quando tal decorre da iniciativa dos particulares (e nos casos em que eles não são os destinatários), faz depender essa possibilidade de condições cerceadoras, designadamente as da afetação direta e individual, e bem assim da necessidade de provar a afetação direta perante os atos regulamentares que não careçam de medidas de execução, determinando que se questione a efetividade do acesso dos particulares à justiça da União. Por fazerem descer a tal “cortina” – tão aparentemente simples de levantar, mas, na prática, quase sempre impenetrável –, aqueles critérios estão precisamente na génese da rejeição da maioria das ações de anulação intentadas por pessoas singulares e coletivas. É este o legado de uma orientação jurisprudencial (aparentemente mais do que consolidada) que impera desde a década de sessenta e que traduz a visão afunilada dos tribunais da União. Essa postura em nada se pode coadunar com uma União que se diz “de Direito” e que repousa, entre outros, na realização do princípio da proteção jurisdicional efetiva, erguido sob a bandeira de um sistema dito completo, coerente e multiforme de vias de recurso instituído pelos Tratados a fim de assegurar uma concretização plena do direito da União.
The term "Iron Curtain" became popularized by the British politician Winston Churchill to describe the isolation policy launched by the Soviet Union during the Cold War, alluding to the imaginary, yet almost palpable barrier that divided Europe into two main blocs. It does not seem disproportionate for us to use such a metaphor to illustrate the barrier between the private applicants and the Court of Justice of the European Union in actions for annulment brought under the Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. That is because although this is also not a physically built up barrier visible to the naked eye – as was the historic frontier erected through the Berlin Wall –, it does not cease to be felt as such. The action for annulment has proved to be a demanding challenge. Designed to ensure judicial review of the legality of European Union acts, when triggered by private applicants (and if the act is not addressed to them), this possibility is dependent on restrictive conditions, namely those of direct and individual concern, as well as on the need to prove direct concern when seeking the annulment of a regulatory act that does not entail implementing measures, leading to questioning the effectiveness of private individuals' access to judicial review. By bringing down such a "curtain" – so apparently simple to raise but in practice almost always impenetrable –, the classic understanding on those criteria is precisely the reason of the rejection of the majority of actions for annulment brought by natural and legal persons. This is the legacy of the (seemingly more than consolidated) jurisprudential orientation that has been in force since the 1960s, which translates the narrowed view of the Court. This attitude cannot be in any way compatible with a European Union that is called a "Union of law" and which is based on, inter alia, the observance of the principle of effective judicial protection erected under the banner of a complete, coherent and multiform system of remedies established by the Treaties in order to ensure full realization of the European Union’s Law.
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Ziegler, Friedrich. "Consumer protection law in the ongoing European internal energy market by the example of the Electricity Directive 2009/72/EC." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-342336.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis deals with the question about necessary conditions to achieve the objective of a high level of consumer protection in the context of the ongoing internal electricity market taking into account the grid-bound electricity supply, which is characterized by the natural monopoly of regulated networks as well as by competition for the homogeneous product electricity. It evaluates the relationship between effective competition and energy sector-specific consumer protection taking into account the energy-specific regulatory law and examines in detail the regulations of the Directive 2009/72/EC concerning consumer protection under the perspective of enabling the responsible and informed consumer to operate as a self-determined market participant and so shape the market actively towards its completion. After art. 114 TFEU as the existing central norm concerning the alignment of the internal energy market is distinguished from other possible competence rules like the new energy sector-specific competence title of art. 194 TFEU the requirements developed by the ECJ case law concerning art. 114 TFEU from the point of view of the energy sector-specific consumer protection are presented. The thesis clarifies both to what extent in Directive 2009/72/EC codified consumer rights are suitable to achieve...