Academic literature on the topic 'Principle of annuality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Principle of annuality"
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Nielsen, Sarah R., and Alyson L. Lavigne. "Principal evaluation in the United States: A national review of state statutes and regulations." education policy analysis archives 28 (September 28, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.28.5097.
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The growing recognition of how much principals matter for student learning and how they make a difference has fueled the need to ensure that effective principals are leading every school. One way to achieve this is through principal evaluation, which has experienced significant changes in the last decade. We conducted a national exploratory study (50 states) to document the trends in and provide an illustration of the current situation of states’ principal evaluation policies and practices. Using literature-based themes, our analysis of state statutes and regulations revealed that a majority of states have policies requiring at least one literature-based element. Only four (8%) states had statutes and/or regulations regarding allelements of principal evaluation that have been noted in the literature. Student achievement measures were the most common component—required in 66% of states. In addition, most states required principal evaluators to be trained and principals to be evaluated annually. We propose that future research focuses on the validity and reliability of measures and models used for principal evaluation—two aspects rarely addressed in principal evaluation policies—to ensure principal performance is meeting the needs of students, teachers, and schools.
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Sanjaya, Umar Haris, and Tedy Kuswara. "Implementation of Personality Principle in the Termination of Village Ground Treasure Utilization No. 143/1728 Between PB. Rancah Karya and Catur Tunggal Village Government." SHS Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185406002.
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This research focused on the implementation of personality principle, it is one of the basic principles in making agreement. The object of study happened in lease agreement between lessee of shop building (ruko) and operator (PB. Rancah Karya) where it is absolutely breach because of negligence by operator. The case rises when operator did not fulfill the annually payment of village ground treasure toward village government. The annually payment is part of obligation also belong to operator as the compensation toward village ground utilization, it is based on village agreement between both of are. The violation of annual payment make the consequences that operator should leave the utilization against village ground. The utilization of it turns in back to village government. Afterward village government modified several clauses that are stated in lease agreement. Moreover, those modifications of clauses disserve the lessee. Lessee argued that they made lease agreement with operator (PB. Rancah karya) but not the village government. This research is using context of problems how the implementation of personality principle in the context of lessee, operator (PB. rancah karya), and village government in village ground utilization, research result that operator and village government both are did not apply personality principle. Whereas the utilization of village ground deliver back from operator to village government, both of are not recognizing the existence of lessee.
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Suprun, Tatyana, and Mihail Kryukov. "The 7th Tatiana’s Round Table: LUDI PRINCIPIA (Overview of the Annual Interdisciplinary Event)." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2015, no. 5 (2015): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201559.
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The paper off ers an overview of the 7th Tatiana’s Round Table held annually at the Faculty of Economics’ Centre of Language and Culture. Participants looked into the issues related to the optimum conditions for the research activity in academia in general and application of gaming methods in economic education in particular.
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Bol, Jasmijn C., and Jeremy B. Lill. "Performance Target Revisions in Incentive Contracts: Do Information and Trust Reduce Ratcheting and the Ratchet Effect?" Accounting Review 90, no. 5 (2015): 1755–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51050.
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ABSTRACT In this study, we examine a setting where principals use past performance to annually revise performance targets, but do not fully incorporate the past performance information in their target revisions. We argue that this situation is driven by some principals and agents having an implicit agreement where the principal “allows” the agent to receive economic rents from positive performance-target deviations that are the result of superior effort or transitory gains by not revising targets upward, while the agent “accepts” target revisions by not restricting output when these revisions are the result of structural changes in the operation's true economic capacity. Although both the principal and the agent can benefit from an implicit agreement, we argue that for the implicit agreement to be maintainable, the principal either needs information on the cause of the performance-target deviation or there needs to be trust between the principal and the agent. Using archival data across multiple years and independent bank units, we find a pattern of ratchet attenuation and output restriction that is consistent with the existence of implicit agreements for those principal-agent dyads where information asymmetry is sufficiently reduced or mutual trust exists. Data Availability: Data used in this study cannot be made public due to a confidentiality agreement with the participating firm.
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Karianga, Hendra. "New Paradigm for Local Financial Management: A Review of Local Budgeting System." Hasanuddin Law Review 2, no. 3 (2016): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v2i3.700.
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Fiscal decentralization gives authority to the head of region and regional parliament to manage the local budget. The outcomes of the research indicate that the Good Financial Governance principle has been subject to frequent study in its understanding as a new paradigm for local financial management. As it turns out in practice, however, it has certain weaknesses, particularly in view of the accountability and legitimacy aspects of its establishment. In fact, the local budget has become a vehicle for corruption by the state administration is in the center of power, local autonomy shift some corruptor from the center to the local. The issue is how to manage the local budget in order to minimize corruption. If the commitment of the management of local budget is based on new principles in the local financial management, it believed that the local budget is governed annually by the local government will lead to the people’s welfare in the region. Based on such view, the Good Financial Governance principles appears to be the ideal approach to be applied in managing the local budgeting system.
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Janiszewski, Sławomir. "Principals of Financial Modelling." Foundations of Management 3, no. 2 (2011): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10238-012-0043-6.
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Principals of Financial ModellingThe financial statements submitted by each company annually reflect their financial performance in the past but are also utilized to forecast the future results in quantitative and realistic frames. The aim of the following elaboration is to thoroughly research all the issues related to financial modelling. The author step by step introduces the reader with theoretical and practical assumptions related to forecasting of respectively, the profit & loss account, balance sheet account and cash flow statement. All of the issues are illustrated with excel spreadsheets that were prepared exclusively for this article purposes.
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Alkier, Romina. "PRECONDITIONS TO FULLER CROATIAN INTEGRATION IN EU TOURISM." Tourism and hospitality management 11, no. 2 (2005): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.11.2.15.
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In the coming years, the number of tourist trips from and within the European Union can be expected to grow, as a result of ongoing integration processes, and also because it is becoming simpler and cheaper to travel. According to the WTO, tourism will grow at a moderate rate of four per cent annually in average, and by 2020 the number of tourist arrivals worldwide will reach 1.6 billion, of which 717 million tourist arrivals will be to Europe. Out of this number, more than half a million will be to present-day EU countries. Given the EU’s continuing enlargement, clearly this number will continue to increase, and with it the global importance of the EU. The EU’s tourist policy in the years to come will increasingly become better, more imaginative and more efficient. Regardless of the unchanging subsidiary principle, this policy will continue to develop, gradually adapting to new opportunities. The principles of the sector tourist policy are already being carried out in practice by all EU members, and any country aspiring to become a part this association will not only need to incorporate these principles, but respect them as well. Croatia is one of the countries which has embraced this orientation in tourism and it is aiming to address this “European challenge” at the level of market relations, taking efforts to avoid the pitfalls and threats of tourism marginalisation, given the harsh competition and protectionist measures existing within the EU.
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Bogacheva, O. V., and O. V. Smorodinov. "Key budgetary principles and exclusions in international practices of budgetary governance." Finance and Credit 26, no. 3 (2020): 600–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.26.3.600.
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Subject. After the 2008–2009 global financial crisis, new elements and trends in budgetary governance have been developing within the framework of new budgetary principles reflected in budgetary law in most of OECD countries. These novelties resulted from profound reforms at the end of the 1990s–early 2000s. Exclusions from key budgetary principles are used much more extensively in modern budgetary practices iof OECD, especially, exclusions from principles of annuality, universality and unity. Objectives. The article is to study budgetary principles and exclusions applied to modern budget governance in the OECD countries. Methods. The study is based on general methods of analysis and synthesis as well as the e method of comparative analysis. Results. A unification trend in basic budgetary principles is considered to have become more evident in the OECD countries after the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. In the mean time, exclusions from budgetary principles make budgetary governance more flexible. We also highlight several relevant cases in budgetary practices of Russia. Conclusions. Considering both trends in modern budgetary practice in the OECD countries – unification of basic budgetary principles and legal exclusions, we suppose these countries attempt to find solutions to current budgetary and socio-economic challenges. Exclusions from the key budgetary principles are also applied in Russia but, contrary to OECD practices, they are not always written in legislation. Such a situation undermines the efficiency of budgetary planning and governance.
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Rhodes, P. J. "The Organization of Athenian Public Finance." Greece and Rome 60, no. 2 (2013): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383513000053.
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Most of this article will be concerned with the institutional organization of Athens’ public finances, but to provide the background to that I begin with some basic facts about income and expenditure. Athens’ finances, and Athenian administration generally, were on a larger scale and more complex than those of most Greek states – partly because Athens itself was an exceptionally large state, with a territory of 1,000 square miles (2,600 square kilometres) and a body of adult male citizens numbering perhaps 60,000 before the Peloponnesian War and 30,000 after; and partly because, in addition to its domestic business, for much of the fifth century Athens had the business of the Delian League to deal with and for forty years in the fourth century it had the business of its Second League. The Delian League was without precedent in the Greek world as an alliance founded with a view to ongoing warfare, and as an alliance to which many members from the beginning and almost all members after a while made contributions by annual cash payments ofphoros(‘tribute’). Athens thus needed to develop skills in managing large and small sums of money to a much greater extent than other states. Athens’ administration depended largely on annually appointed officials, and our evidence gives prominence to the principle of accountability and to various accounting procedures; but, although Athens applied the principles in its own way, the principles were not distinctively Athenian or distinctively democratic: the use of rotating officials and of accounting procedures was widespread in Greek states of varying political complexions.
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Friedman, Jannice. "The Evolution of Annual and Perennial Plant Life Histories: Ecological Correlates and Genetic Mechanisms." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 51, no. 1 (2020): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024638.
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Flowering plants exhibit two principal life-history strategies: annuality (living and reproducing in one year) and perenniality (living more than one year). The advantages of either strategy depend on the relative benefits of immediate reproduction balanced against survivorship and future reproduction. This trade-off means that life-history strategies are associated with particular environments, with annuals being found more often in unpredictable habitats. Annuality and perenniality are the outcome of developmental genetic programs responding to their environment, with perennials being distinguished by their delayed competence to flower and reversion to growth after flowering. Evolutionary transitions between these strategies are frequent and have consequences for mating systems and genome evolution, with perennials being more likely to outcross with higher inbreeding depression and lower rates of molecular evolution. Integrating expectations from life-history theory with knowledge of the developmental genetics of flowering and seasonality is required to understand the mechanisms involved in the evolution of annual and perennial life histories.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Principle of annuality"
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Castro, Isabel Cristina da Mota. "As imparidades em IRC e a importância do princípio da anualidade." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/27798.
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As imparidades, no Código do Imposto Sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas (CIRC), a par de outros gastos, em respeito pelo princípio da anualidade, concretizam o princípio geral da dedução dos gastos incorridos pela empresa, enquanto corolário do princípio de tributação do lucro real.
Com o presente trabalho, é nosso objetivo dar um contributo para aclaração de uma das matérias onde o Direito Fiscal mais se afasta do Direito Contabilístico: - o direito à dedução no Imposto Sobre o Rendimento das Pessoas Coletivas do gasto por perdas em imparidade em ativos correntes, e, embora não constituindo matéria divergente, evidenciar a importância do cumprimento do princípio da anualidade e trilhar um caminho para determinação de soluções, dentro do que a lei consigna, perseguindo o pensamento vertido em frases de Charles-Louis de Secondat, “Quando vou a um país, não examino se há boas leis, mas se as que lá existem são executadas, pois boas leis há por toda a parte.” e Claude Frédéric Bastiat, “A lei é a força comum organizada para agir como obstáculo à injustiça; em suma, a lei é a justiça.”, a bem da certeza e segurança jurídica dos destinatários e daqueles, que, no cumprimento das suas atribuições, têm de aferir da aplicabilidade, em conformidade com os normativos legais.<br>Impairments in the Corporate Income Tax Code (CIRC), along with other expenses, in compliance with the principle of annuality, give effect to the general principle of deduction of expenses incurred by the company as a corollary of the principle of taxation of real income.
With the present work, it is our objective to make a contribution to clarify one of the subjects where the Tax Law most distances from Accounting Law: - the right to deduction in the Tax on the Income of the Collective Persons from the expense for impairment losses on current assets , and although not constituting a divergent matter, to emphasize the importance of fulfilling the principle of annuity and to follow a path to \etermination of solutions, within which the law states, following the thought expressed in phrases of Charles-Louis de Secondat, "When I go to a country, I do not examine whether there are good laws, but whether those there are enforced, for good laws are everywhere." and Claude Frédéric Bastiat, "Law is the common force organized to act as an obstacle to injustice; in short, the law is justice.", for the sake of the certainty and legal certainty of the addressees and those who, in the performance of their duties, have to assess applicability in accordance with legal regulations.
Books on the topic "Principle of annuality"
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Bagnoli, Luca, ed. La lettura dei bilanci delle Organizzazioni di Volontariato toscane nel biennio 2004-2005. Firenze University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-640-2.
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This study, emerging from workshop activity carried out as part of the course on ECONOMY AND ADMINISTRATION OF CO-OPERATION AND NON-PROFIT, represents an examination of the economic-financial dimension of the work of the Tuscan voluntary organisations. It is inserted within an articulated research process devoted to an analysis of the accountability of these third sector agents, in the awareness that voluntary work has always been an important factor in civil progress. More specifically, the economic and financial information made available to the provinces as a result of the obligation on the voluntary organisations to deposit the annual financial statement has been fully exploited. This compliance has thus been transformed from a mere bureaucratic procedure into an opportunity for a collective cognitive enrichment through collection at regional level, reclassification and the aggregate analysis of the economic and financial data relating to the management reports (profit and loss accounts) of the voluntary organisations for 2004-2005. This has made it possible to underscore the nature and provenance of the economic and financial resources that accrue annually to such bodies, as well as the principal productive factors "consumed" in the performance of their activities.
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Areeda, Phillip E., and Herbert Hovenkamp. Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application (Supplemented Twice Annually). 2nd ed. Aspen Publishers, 1995.
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Silverman, Debra T., Stella Koutros, Jonine D. Figueroa, Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson, and Nathaniel Rothman. Bladder Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0052.
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In the United States, an estimated 74,000 new cases of bladder cancer and 16,000 deaths occur annually. Because of favorable survival, approximately 578,000 persons are alive after diagnosis. Recurrence after treatment is common, necessitating lifelong surveillance and care, making bladder cancer the most costly malignancy from diagnosis to death. The median age at diagnosis has increased from 67 years in 1980 to 73 years in 2008–2012. Incidence rates rise dramatically with age, suggesting that as the US population ages, the burden of bladder cancer in the United States will continue to grow. Worldwide over 1.3 million cases are estimated to occur annually. Cigarette smoking is the principal known cause of bladder cancer, along with various chemical exposures. Recent studies suggest that, over the past two decades, the risk for current smokers has increased from three times the risk of nonsmokers to about four to five times the nonsmoker risk.
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Green, Adèle C., and David C. Whiteman. Ultraviolet Radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0014.
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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the principal cause of over 95% of keratinocyte cancers (basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin), the most common cancers in white populations worldwide. UV radiation also causes an estimated 60%–90% of cutaneous melanoma, the cancer affecting the skin’s pigment-producing cells. In addition, UV radiation is the major cause of many eye diseases, including ocular cancers and cataract, the commonest cause of blindness, and is responsible for the underlying changes in skin aging, on which billions of dollars are spent annually in efforts to repair the damage. The sun is the principal source of human exposure to UV radiation. However, artificial sources are encountered in a wide range of industrial and medical settings, and increasingly from commercial tanning facilities. By the late twentieth century, nearly epidemic increases in skin cancer incidence had occurred in white populations, especially in Australia and New Zealand.
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Retter, Andrew. Management of the bone marrow transplant recipient in ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0375.
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Bone marrow transplants are an exciting and rapidly evolving area of haematology providing life-saving therapy to many patients and the number performed annually is increasing. Transplants are generally not considered as first line therapy due to their inherent toxicity and high rate of complications. The patients tend to have more heavily pre-treated disease with it attendant toxicities and a decreased physiological reserve. Admission rates vary between series from 15 to 30%. It is increasingly important that intensivists are aware of the basic principles of bone marrow transplantation and its’ possible morbidities. There are two types of transplant autologous transplants, where the patient’s own stem cells are returned to them and transplants from a donor. Only allogeneic transplants are associated with graft-versus-host disease. Allograft recipients also require immunosuppression to prevent transplant rejection. It is essential that this immunosuppression is continued when patients are admitted to intensive care. Transplant patients are always severely immunocompromised and prone to prolonged periods of neutropenia. They routinely receive antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial prophylaxis, which must be continued on their admission. They remain vulnerable to unusual infections presenting in an atypical fashion. It is essential to have both a very low clinical threshold of suspicion for infection and detailed local protocols established to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy. Although traditionally poor, the prognosis is slowly improving.
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Taji, Acram, and John Reganold. Organic Agriculture. Edited by Paul Kristiansen. CSIRO Publishing, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094604.
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With global revenue surpassing twenty-five billion dollars annually, organic agriculture is a highly visible and rapidly growing component of agricultural production. In Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, Paul Kristiansen, Acram Taji, and John Reganold, and their international group of contributors scientifically review key aspects of organic agriculture. At the intersection of research, education, and practice, the contributors look at the organic agricultural movement’s successes and limitations. 
 The first half of this book critically evaluates the agricultural production of both plants and livestock in organic farming systems. All major aspects of organic agriculture are explored, including historical background and underlying principles, soil-fertility management, crop and animal production, breeding strategies, and crop protection. This global and comprehensive overview also addresses the economic, social, and political aspects of organic farming. These include economics and marketing; standards and certification; environmental impacts and social responsibility; and research, education, and extension.
 The book is a unique and timely science-based international work documenting current practices in organic agriculture and evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. For more than two decades, research into organic methods by mainstream scientists has generated a large body of information that can now be integrated and used for assessing the actual impacts of organic farming in a wide range of disciplines. The knowledge of selected international experts has been combined in one volume, providing a comprehensive review of organic farming globally. 
 Researchers, teachers, extensionists, students, primary producers and others around the world who are interested in sustainable agriculture will find this book to be a valuable and reliable resource.
Book chapters on the topic "Principle of annuality"
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Dhingra-Kumar, Neelam, Silvio Brusaferro, and Luca Arnoldo. "Patient Safety in the World." In Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59403-9_8.
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AbstractPatient safety is a fundamental principle of health care. However, many medical practices and risks associated with health care are emerging as major challenges for patient safety globally and contribute significantly to the burden of harm due to unsafe care. Available evidence suggests hospitalizations in low- and middle-income countries lead annually to 134 million adverse events, contributing to 2.6 million deaths. About 134 million adverse events worldwide give rise to 2.6 million deaths every year. Estimates indicate that in high-income countries, about 1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care. This problem affects both high-income countries and low- and middle countries even if priorities and issues may differ. The most important adverse events concern medication procedures, healthcare-associated infections, surgical procedures, injection safety, blood transfusions, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and diagnostic and radiation errors. Since 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published its report “To err is human,” some progress has been made but patient harm is still a daily problem in healthcare. As a matter of fact, new threats are emerging due to population aging, along with new treatments and technologies which must be dealt with in addition to still-unresolved, long-standing problems. In this context, it is very important to adopt an international common strategy that creates networks, shares knowledge, programs, tools, good practices and develop and track indicators focusing on the specific priorities of each country and region.
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Brown, Alexander. "Narrow Versus Comprehensive Justification in Humanitarian Aid: A Case Study of the CERF." In International Development and Human Aid. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474414470.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a more comprehensive justification of the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) by supplementing conventional justifications with one of two fundamental principles of global morality: the Principle of Global Minimal Concern and Respect or the Principle of Global Equal Concern and Respect. Although CERF only accounts for around 4 per cent of total annual humanitarian funding, it represents a significant innovation in the way humanitarian aid is financed. The CERF is a standing fund of $500 million annually that can be called upon by UN frontline agencies and partner organisations to tackle humanitarian emergencies. While it is widely agreed that the CERF has made advances toward the objectives of timeliness, predictability and equity in emergency relief, questions remain unanswered about these objectives.
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Porretta, Pasqualina, and Santoboni Fabrizio. "Basel IV: The Challenge of II Pillar for Risk Management Function." In Risk Management [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96929.
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The book is based on Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP) is conducted annually by the Supervisory Authorities to verify that each bank (Significant/Less Significant) has implemented strategies, processes, capital, and liquidity assessment process appropriate to the business model and overall planning activity and risk governance system. Analysis of the aims, the features, and the different phases of SREP and the proportionality principles on which the Single Rulebook is based. Some reflections about proportionality principle of Single Rule Book and new skills required to Risk Management function. The research emphasised the need for a holistic approach also in Risk Management and the bank’s business activity.
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Doyle, D. John. "Ergonomic User Interface Desgin in Computerized Medical Equipment." In End-User Computing. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-945-8.ch036.
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Current statistics suggest that preventable medical error is a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality, being responsible for between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths annually, and resulting in injuries that cost between $17 billion and $29 billion annually. An important approach to tackling this problem is to apply system design principles from human factors engineering (ergonomics). By doing so, systems and equipment become easier for people to work with, ultimately reducing the frequency of errors. In particular, in the case of medical equipment, the design of the user interface can impact enormously on its successful use. In this chapter we consider some of the elements of good and bad medical equipment design, using examples drawn from the literature and elsewhere. The concept of ecological interface design is also discussed, and some practical design guidelines are provided.
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Doyle, D. John. "Ergonomic User Interface Design in Computerized Medical Equipment." In Human Computer Interaction. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-87828-991-9.ch034.
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Current statistics suggest that preventable medical error is a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality, being responsible for between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths annually, and resulting in injuries that cost between $17 billion and $29 billion annually. An important approach to tackling this problem is to apply system design principles from human factors engineering (ergonomics). By doing so, systems and equipment become easier for people to work with, ultimately reducing the frequency of errors. In particular, in the case of medical equipment, the design of the user interface can impact enormously on its successful use. In this chapter we consider some of the elements of good and bad medical equipment design, using examples drawn from the literature and elsewhere. The concept of ecological interface design is also discussed, and some practical design guidelines are provided.
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Warrell, Mary J., and David A. Warrell. "Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0085.
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The Rhabdoviridae are a large family of RNA viruses, two genera of which infect animals: the genus Lyssavirus contains rabies and rabies-related viruses that cause at least 55,000 deaths annually in Asia and Africa. The risks and problems posed by rabies and other lyssaviruses vary across the world. Viruses can penetrate broken skin and intact mucosae. Humans are usually infected when virus-laden saliva is inoculated through the skin by the bite of a rabid animal, usually a dog. Although the greatest threat to man is the persistent cycle of infection in stray dogs, several other terrestrial mammal species are reservoirs of infection. In the Americas, bat viruses and also classic type 1 rabies and insectivorous bats have become the principal vectors of infection to humans in the United States of America. Elsewhere in the world, there is increasing evidence of widespread rabies-related lyssavirus infection of bats.
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Mukhopadhyay, Arunabha, Samir Chatterjee, Debashis Saha, Ambuj Mahanti, and Samir K. Sadhukhan. "E-Risk Insurance Product Design." In Handbook of Research on Social and Organizational Liabilities in Information Security. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-132-2.ch004.
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An online business organization spends millions of dollars on firewalls, anti-virus, intrusion detection systems, digital signature, and encryption, to ensure minimal security breach. Nonetheless, a new virus or a clever hacker can easily compromise these deterrents, resulting in losses to the tune of millions of dollars annually. To minimize the financial loss, we propose that online businesses should invest in e-risk insurance products as a complementary alternative, above the network security appliances. In this work, we develop a Copula aided Bayesian Belief Network (CBBN) model, to assist insurance companies to design e-insurance products. The CBBN model does an e-vulnerability assessment (e-VA) and e-risk quantification (e-RQ). We first draw a casual diagram (BBN) stating the probable reason for security failure in an organization. We assume the marginal distributions for each of the nodes of the diagram. Using the CBBN model we compute the joint probability of the constituent nodes of the BBN. Next the conditional probability of each of the occurrences of the malicious event is arrived at. We then assume a loss distribution, and using the principles of collective risk modeling, we arrive at the expected severity of the attack. The e-risk insurance companies compute the premium, by charging an extra (i.e., overloading and contingency loading), over the expected severity of attack.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Peripheral Vascular Disease and Stroke." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0026.
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More than 25 million persons in the United States have at least one manifestation of atherosclerosis. Throughout the last 50 years, coronary arterial atherosclerosis has been the focus of basic and clinical investigation; however, the systemic nature of atherosclerosis must be acknowledged (Faxon et al., 2004). Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the principal cause of long-term disability in the United States. There are upward of 600,000 new or recurrent strokes annually. Black populations have a 40% higher stroke rate than white populations and experience a higher mortality. The clinical manifestations of aortic atherosclerosis include abdominal aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, penetrating aortic ulcer, intramural hematoma, and peripheral atheroembolization. Thoracic aortic aneurysms also occur in patients with atherosclerotic risk factors, but are less common. The age-adjusted prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is approximately 12% and may exceed 20% in persons greater than 70 years of age. An ankle–brachial index of less than or equal to 0.90 is 90% sensitive and 95% specific for PAD, identifying a patient population at risk for claudication, rest pain, skin ulceration, and critical leg ischemia, prompting amputation. A majority of patients with PAD have concomitant coronary artery disease (85%) and many have carotid artery disease (60%). Although the true prevalence of renal artery disease proceeding to clinical manifestations such as hypertension or renal insufficiency is unknown, autopsy series of patients with cerebrovascular disease and stroke have identified a high incidence of concomitant disease involving at least one renal artery. Vascular disease of the peripheral arterial circulation, most often caused by atherosclerosis and less commonly by vasculitis (or other nonatherosclerotic arteriopathies), is a chronic process that is responsible for progressive and, at times, incapacitating symptoms, disability, and limb loss. The arterial beds most frequently involved, in order of occurrence, are: . . . . • Femoropopliteal-tibial . . . . . . • Aortoiliac . . . . . . • Carotid and vertebral . . . . . . • Splanchnic and renal . . . . . . • Brachiocephalic . . .
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Barber, James. "Biological solar energy." In Energy... beyond oil. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209965.003.0011.
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Oil, gas, and coal provide us with most of the energy needed to power our technologies, heat our homes, and produce the wide range of chemicals and materials that support everyday life. Ultimately the quantities of fossil fuels available to us today will dwindle, and then what? Even before that we are faced with the problem of increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the consequences of global warming (Climate Change, 2001). To address these issues it is appropriate to remind ourselves that fossil fuel reserves are derived from the process of photosynthesis. Plants, algae, and certain types of bacteria have learnt how to capture sunlight efficiently and convert it into organic molecules, the building blocks of all living organisms. It is estimated that photosynthesis produces more than 100 billion tons of dry biomass annually, which would be equivalent to a hundred times the weight of the total human population on our planet at the present time, and equal to about 100 TJ of stored energy. In this chapter we emphasize the enormity of the energy/carbon dioxide problem that we face within the coming decades and discuss the contributions that could be made by biofuels and developing new technologies based on the successful principles of photosynthesis. We will particularly emphasize the possibility of exploiting the vast amounts of solar energy available to extract hydrogen directly from water. The success of this energy generating and storage system stems from the fact that the raw materials and power needed to synthesise biomass are available in almost unlimited amounts: sunlight, water and carbon dioxide. At the heart of the reaction is the splitting of water by sunlight into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen (a ‘waste product’ of the synthesis) is released into the atmosphere where it is available for us to breathe and to use for burning our fuels. The ‘hydrogen’ is not normally released into the atmosphere as H2, but instead is combined with carbon dioxide to make organic molecules of various types.
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Taylor, Peter. "Catastrophes and insurance." In Global Catastrophic Risks. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198570509.003.0012.
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This chapter explores the way financial losses associated with catastrophes can be mitigated by insurance. It covers what insurers mean by catastrophe and risk, and how computer modelling techniques have tamed the problem of quantitative estimation of many hitherto intractable extreme risks. Having assessed where these techniques work well, it explains why they can be expected to fall short in describing emerging global catastrophic risks such as threats from biotechnology. The chapter ends with some pointers to new techniques, which offer some promise in assessing such emerging risks. Catastrophic risks annually cause tens of thousands of deaths and tens of billions of dollars worth of losses. The figures available from the insurance industry (see, for instance, the Swiss Re [2007] Sigma report) show that mortality has been fairly consistent, whilst the number of recognized catastrophic events, and even more, the size of financial losses, has increased. The excessive rise in financial losses, and with this the number of recognized ‘catastrophes’, primarily comes from the increase in asset values in areas exposed to natural catastrophe. However, the figures disguise the size of losses affecting those unable to buy insurance and the relative size of losses in developing countries. For instance, Swiss Re estimated that of the estimated $46 billion losses due to catastrophe in 2006, which was a very mild year for catastrophe losses, only some $16 billion was covered by insurance. In 2005, a much heavier year for losses, Swiss Re estimated catastrophe losses at $230 billion, of which $83 billion was insured. Of the $230 billion, Swiss Re estimated that $210 billion was due to natural catastrophes and, of this, some $173 billion was due to the US hurricanes, notably Katrina ($135 billion). The huge damage from the Pakistan earthquake, though, caused relatively low losses in monetary terms (around $5 billion mostly uninsured), reflecting the low asset values in less-developed countries. In capitalist economies, insurance is the principal method of mitigating potential financial loss from external events in capitalist economies. However, in most cases, insurance does not directly mitigate the underlying causes and risks themselves, unlike, say, a flood prevention scheme.
Conference papers on the topic "Principle of annuality"
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Shashkova, Nadezhda Sergeevna. "http://conferences.sseu.ru/lk_st.php?cnt=1&id_st=741&lang=ru&id_sect=30." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-309/312.
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The article is devoted to the actualization of the use of neuromarketing tools in trade marketing. in modern conditions, the number of promotional sales is growing annually. Consumers are increasingly less likely to purchase goods without promotions and discounts. This trend is unfavorable for the market, as it greatly reduces the growth in turnover from products sold. To solve this problem, it is necessary to focus on the importance of applying the principles of neuromarketing in the activities of companies
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Tawackoli, Wafa, Gemunu Gunaratne, Fazle Hussain, and Michael Liebschner. "Dynamic Response of Normal and Osteoporotic Trabecular Bone by Vibration Analysis." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81982.
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Osteoporosis afflicts about 200 million people worldwide; and osteoporotic fractures are in the millions annually in the US alone and cost tens of billions of dollars [1]. Characterization of bone quality in osteoporotic patients is important with respect to monitoring treatment efficacy, though currently quite limited. While some technical hurdles in developing a noninvasive diagnostic tool using low frequency vibration have been overcome, changes in the frequency response signal of bone have not been investigated at the various bone organizational levels. Our principal hypothesis is that the vibrational modes of bone tissue change significantly with the deterioration of bone micro-architecture and that these modes can be captured by noninvasive sensors.
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Ngwane, Knowledge Siyabonga Vusamandla, and C. N. Ngwane. "Effective administration of university leadership in a selected institution in Durban." In International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED Digital Library, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51415/10321/2521.
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University leadership and administration is a critical aspect as it is about the functioning of the entire institution. Effective and efficient administration of the university relies on the principal. Leading proponents encourage transformational leadership, moral stewardship, principal as an instructional leader, and principal as a communicator or community builder. Discovering effective leadership and administration mechanisms can help teach university decision and policy makers to implement leadership development which will lead to improved student achievement. The purpose of this article is to investigate the university senior leadership and its administration in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness holistically. The problem resulting to conducting of this study is the high level of both students and staff demonstrations annually in the selected university, these strikes end up affecting teaching, learning and research within the institution. The underlying question the study intends to address is: “Which factors hinder effective and efficient university administration?” Educational leadership changes from a managerial orientation to promote the significance of concentrating on the learning and teaching process and student success. Educational institution leaders’ competencies are always associated with continuous training and development they receive to make them better leaders. Hence, training and development in university leadership requires a systematic planning which will result to excellent institution education. In order to explain the phenomenon under study better, the Burns transformational theory founded by James MacGregor Burns will be utilised. The positivism paradigm is the philosophy adopted for this study. The survey will be conducted at the Durban University of Technology with the intention to address the question and the objective of the study. The questionnaires will be administered to 30 senior management members within the institution, including the Vice Chancellor and his Deputy, Deans, Directors and HODs.
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Cormier, Randy C., and David V. Dorling. "Technology Management Renewal at NOVA Gas Transmission." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2011.
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NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) is an industry leader in successfully applying new technology to meet business needs. The company has had a formal technology development program since 1983 and invests approximately $5.5 million annually towards developing and implementing beneficial new technology. Over the years, this leadership has provided tremendous value to NGTL’s customers, shareholders, employees and the communities in which it operates. In 1994, as part of the company’s re-engineering initiative, a high-level scoping effort identified several opportunities to further enhance the business value derived through the application of technology. To realize these opportunities, NGTL launched an effort to renew its processes for managing technology. Through this renewal effort, NGTL: 1) developed guiding organizational principles for managing technology, 2) established Key Technology Areas of focus, 3) re-structured its technology development organization, 4) leveraged best-practice concepts to improve the process of developing and implementing technologies, and 5) made significant progress in marketing the value of technological innovation across the organization. This paper will highlight NGTL’s technology management renewal effort including its historical context and rationale, the process used and the major outcomes.
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O’Sullivan, Maurice G., Briony Supple, and Marian McCarthy. "Cross cultural experiences of Chinese students studying Food Science in Ireland." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.10.
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Food science is the comprehensive study of food and beverages or more specifically the application of the scientific disciplines of the physical, biological, and chemical as well as engineering, microbiology and nutrition to the study of food and beverages to improve the sensory properties, safety, nutrition, functionality, sustainability and availability. UCC attracts diverse cross-cultural groups of students to degree programmes in Ireland annually including 3000 international students from over 100 countries (UCC, 2018). However, anecdotally, students were underperforming (grades lower than Irish students) for some of their formative assessments due to a lack of familiarity with the Irish teaching system. For this reason, it was decided to investigate, from first principals, the experiences of these Chinese students both from their Chinese and Irish experiential perspectives in order to determine areas that could be optimised to improve their integration and promote their holistic learning experiences. The action research findings of this present study will thus be used to optimise a new bespoke degree programme, specifically catered for Chinese students, that commenced in UCC in September 2017.
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Houghtaling, T. Kurt, and T. Eric Skidmore. "Justification for Onsite Transfer of Type B Packages After Extended Storage." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93649.
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This paper offers a practical means of qualifying previously loaded Type B packages for transportation onsite within the DOE complex after years of protected storage, while supporting the DOE program to maintain radworker dose as low as reasonable achievable (ALARA). Specifically, the paper discusses relevant packaging components and introduces part of a surveillance program carried out at the Savannah River Site supporting long-term storage of 3013-processed plutonium-bearing materials within closed 9975 packages and its application to DOE’s Equivalent Safety. Under normal service, maintenance is carried out annually to re-qualify the 9975 packagings for leak-tight transportation service. While in storage, however, annual maintenance was judged not to provide a significant increase in safety but to increase storage operation costs and to violate ALARA principles. Hence, a surveillance program was developed to investigate and confirm predictions of storage-related behavior for 9975 packaging materials, including the performance of O-ring seals and Celotex® insulation. The combination of analytical evaluations with surveillance data is shown sufficient to ensure that the 9975 packages can accommodate 1) time at storage temperature and 2) cumulative radiation dose without compromising subsequent performance under regulatory Normal Conditions of Transport or site-specific credible accident conditions.
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Chamizo, David J., Dean R. Campbell, Eric P. Jas, and Jay R. Ryan. "Rock Berm Design for Pipeline Stability." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83551.
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Stabilizing large diameter natural gas pipelines on the seabed against extreme hydrodynamic loading conditions has proven to be challenging in the northwest of Australia. Tropical storms, which affect the area annually between November and April, can generate wave heights exceeding 30 m and storm steady state currents of 2 m/s or more. Consequently, in shallow water depths, typically less than 40–60 m, subsea pipelines can be subjected to very high hydrodynamic loads, potentially causing significant lateral movement. To mitigate the risk of the pipeline suffering mechanical damage due to excessive lateral movement, quarried and graded rock is often dumped over the pipeline as a secondary stabilization solution. In order to satisfy functional requirements, the rock berm must comprise of a sufficiently large rock grading size and berm volume to withstand the design hydrodynamic loading such that the pipeline cannot break out of the berm. The design of rock berms for pipeline secondary stabilization has traditionally followed a deterministic approach that uses empirical equations for preliminary rock sizing, followed by small-scale physical modeling for design verification and optimization. Whilst the traditional approach can be effective in producing a robust rock berm design, opportunities for further optimization are inhibited by a lack of available data and an imperfect understanding of the failure mechanisms. This paper presents an overview of an improved approach for rock berm design optimization. A general overview of rock berms, the design principles, benefits and risks are also presented.
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Bynum, John D., David E. Claridge, and Jonathan M. Curtin. "Development and Testing of an Automated Building Commissioning Analysis Tool (ABCAT)." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90389.
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Experience has shown that buildings on average may consume 20% more energy than required for occupant comfort which by one estimate leads to $18 billion wasted annually on energy costs in commercial buildings in the United States. Experience and large scale studies of the benefits of commissioning have shown the effectiveness of these services in improving the energy efficiency of commercial buildings. While commissioning services do help reduce energy consumption and improve performance of buildings, the benefits of the commissioning tend to degrade over time. In order to prolong the benefits of commissioning, a prototype fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) tool intended to aid in reducing excess energy consumption known as an Automated Building Commissioning Analysis Tool (ABCAT) has been developed. ABCAT is a first principles based whole building level top down FDD tool which does not require the level of expertise and money often associated with more detailed component level methods. The model based ABCAT tool uses the ASHRAE Simplified Energy Analysis Procedure (SEAP) which requires a smaller number of inputs than more sophisticated simulation methods such as EnergyPlus or DOE-2. ABCAT utilizes a calibrated mathematical model, white box method, to predict energy consumption for given weather conditions. A detailed description of the methodology is presented along with test application results from more than 20 building years worth of retrospective applications and greater than five building years worth of live test case applications. In this testing, the ABCAT tool was used to successfully identify 24 significant energy consumption deviations in five retrospective applications and five significant energy consumption deviations in four live applications.
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Mahmoud, Seif, James S. Bennett, Mohammad H. Hosni, and Byron Jones. "Mapping the Potential for Infectious Disease Transmission in a Wide-Body Aircraft Cabin." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11377.
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Abstract With more than two billion passengers annually, in-flight transmission of infectious diseases is a major global health concern. It is widely believed that principal transmission risk associated with air travel for most respiratory infectious diseases is limited to within two rows of an infectious passenger. However, several passengers became infected despite sitting several rows away from the contagious passenger. This work thoroughly investigated the potential for disease spread inside airplane cabins using tracer gas to quantify airborne dispersion. Measurements were conducted in a full-scale, 11-row mock-up of a wide-body aircraft cabin. Heated mannequins to simulate passengers’ thermal load were placed on the cabin seats. Tracer gas was injected at the breathing level at four different hypothetical contagious passenger locations. The tracer gas concentration was measured radially up to 3.35 m away from the injection location representing four rows of a standard aircraft. A four-port sampling tree was used to collect samples at the breathing level at four different radial locations simultaneously. Each port was sampled for 30 minutes. A total of 42 tests were conducted in matching pairs to alleviate potential statistical or measurements bias. The results showed that the airflow pattern inside the mock-up airplane cabin plays a major role in determining tracer gas concentration meaning that the concentration at the same radial distance in different directions are not necessarily the same. Also, due to the air distribution pattern and cabin walls, concentrations at some seats may be higher than the source seat.
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Millrath, Karsten, and Nickolas J. Themelis. "Waste as a Renewable Source of Energy: Current and Future Practices." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55258.
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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) has been recognized by several states as a renewable source of energy. Worldwide, about 130 million tons of MSW are combusted annually in waste-to-energy facilities that produce electricity and steam for district heating and also recover metals for recycling. While being linked to environmental pollution prior to the implementation of Maximum Available Control Technology (MACT) regulations, Waste-to-Energy (WTE) was recently named one of the cleanest sources of energy by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). However, the WTE industry often faces resistance and preconceptions based on past experience rather than current performance. Due to economic considerations that do not include environmental benefits, most of the U.S. MSW still ends up in landfills despite the fact that for every ton of MSW landfilled greenhouse gas emissions increase by at least 1.2 tons of carbon dioxide. While implemented research and development strategies focused on emissions, there is still a tremendous need for more efficient yet durable combustion technologies including flue gas recirculation and oxygen enrichment, environmentally and economically competitive reuse options for WTE residues, and also public education. The importance of WTE in the universal effort for sustainable development and its need for research and development resources has led to the formation of the Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council. Its principal goal is to improve the economic and environmental performance of technologies that can be used to recover materials and energy from solid wastes. This paper provides an overview of the current worldwide WTE practices, predominant technologies, and current research for advancing WTE as a renewable source of energy in the U.S. and elsewhere.