Dissertations / Theses: 'Principle of Autonomy'

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Chivikova, Anastasia. "Exceptions to the principle of autonomy of independent guarantees." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633077.

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The Thesis is on the exceptions to the principle of autonomy of independent guarantees. Its broad aims are to assess the present approach in England and suggest directions for reform. The research employs a comparative analysis of the common law jurisdictions, in particular, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and the US. The rationale and effects of the principle of autonomy are examined. The Thesis argues that, even though the principle plays an important role in commerce, it is not paramount and could be breached in limited circumstances. The justifications, status and scope of the exceptions such as fraud, illegality, unconscionability and breach of the underlying contract are evaluated. It is submitted that English law fails to provide adequate safeguards against unscrupulous use of independent guarantees. Thus, it is suggested that the law should be reformed to allow interference with the principle of autonomy, where the beneficiaries' demands abuse legal rights or breach the underlying contracts. Moreover, in order to ensure the practical effectiveness of the exceptions, it would be necessary to relax the traditional restrictive approach to the availability of injunctive relief.

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Amaefule, Chumah. "The exceptions to the principle of autonomy of documentary credits." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3831/.

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This thesis critically appraises the exceptions to the principle of autonomy in documentary credits. In appraising the exceptions, the central theme pursued is to address the question whether the application of the exceptions to the principle of autonomy is satisfactory. In addressing this general question, the study pays special attention to English law on documentary credits. However, the thesis also looks at the comparable position in other common law jurisdictions, such as United States, Canada, Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Recently, in the different jurisdictions, opinion has not been consistent on what constitutes exceptions to the principle of autonomy in letters of credit. Apart from the traditional exception of fraud, recent English decisions to some extent have recognised illegality and express contractual restrictions on a beneficiary’s right to draw on a credit as compelling grounds on which the autonomy doctrine would be ignored. In other jurisdictions, other exceptions such as nullity and unconscionability have emerged. This dissertation assesses all these exceptions to the principle of autonomy with the aim of answering the question whether these exceptions facilitate documentary credits’ practice or as argued in some quarters, undermine the assurance of payment promised the seller/beneficiary.

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Smith, Nicholas. "Private Rule Following and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1429884767.

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Abu-Hajiar, Rehab. "Biomedical ethics in cultural diversity : the principle of autonomy in Islamic culture." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13100527/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13100527/?lang=0.

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This study examines how the concepts of biomedical ethics are considered in Islam and how historical Islamic medical scholars treated the concept of ethics in their practice of medicine. Moreover, this research explores the principle of autonomy in biomedical ethics as a factor in Islamic practice of medicine. The issue of autonomy in medical practice is an important topic of discussion requiring examination of the methods of its adaptation and application in Muslim-majority countries. The value and significance of this topic continues at a global level, involving Muslim communities in Non-Muslim countries experiencing religious and social diversity. The fieldwork of this study was conducted in Turkey, Jordan and Gaza Strip, Palestine, investigating the subject matter with practitioners in health care sectors as well as with leading academics, researchers, non-government organizations and policymakers. The results indicate that the principle of autonomy is not fully implemented in the three countries from an Islamic perspective.
博士(グローバル社会研究)
Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies
同志社大学
Doshisha University

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De, Villiers Suzanne. "The principle of respect for autonomy and the sterilization of people with intellectual disabilities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53148.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The implementation of eugenic policies reached its peak during the zo" century when thousands of people with intellectual disabilities and other "undesirable qualities" were involuntary sterilized. Although most of the eugenic policies have been removed, countries such as South Africa, still make legally provision for the involuntary sterilization of people with intellectual disabilities. Torbjërn Tannsjë (1998) used the "argument from autonomy" to argue that involuntary sterilization practices are wrong because it involves compulsion. According to him, society should never interfere with people's reproductive choices and people should never be required to qualify for the right to have children. The aim of this assignment was to systematically assess the "argument from autonomy" as far as the policy of involuntary sterilization of people with intellectual disabilities is concerned. To this end, the concept of autonomy and the principle of respect for autonomy are discussed and applied to the intellectually disabled. It is argued that autonomy and respect for autonomy are useful concepts to apply to some people with intellectual disabilities. These individuals should not be automatically assumed to be incompetent, but their competence needs to be determined on an individual level, with reference to the complexity of the decision to be made. Special effort is needed from health care professionals to obtain (where possible) informed consent from people with intellectual disabilities. The application of the principle of respect for autonomy to matters of reproduction leads to the conclusion that people with severe to profound levels of disability, are unable to provide informed consent for sexual intercourse. Therefore some form of paternalistic protection is needed for these individuals. People with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities who are however competent to consent to sexual intercourse should never be prohibited from procreation by means of involuntary sterilization. State interference in matters of reproduction should be limited to interventions where (i) children are seriously harmed by parents and (ii) to protect those who are incompetent to consent to sexual interactions with others. Apart from these exceptions, the intellectually disabled is entitled to the same procreative rights as all other citizens.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die implementering van eugenetiese beleid het gedurende die 20 ste eeu 'n hoogtepunt bereik met die onwillekeurige sterilisering van duisende persone met intellektuele gestremdhede en ander "ongewensde kwaliteite". Alhoewel meeste van die eugenetiese wetgewing verwyder is, maak lande soos Suid-Afrika steeds wetlik voorsiening vir die onwillekeurige sterilisasie van persone met intellektuele gestremdhede. Torbjërn Tannsjo (1998) maak gebruik van die "outonomie argument" om te argumenteer dat onwillekeurige sterilisasie praktyke onaanvaarbaar is omdat dit dwang bevat. Hy voer aan dat die samelewing nooit in die reproduktiewe keuses van mense behoort in te meng nie en dat dit nooit vir mense nodig moet wees om vir ouerskap te kwalifiseer nie. Die doel van hierdie werkstuk was om sistematies die "outonomie argument" te analiseer ten opsigte van die beleid van die onwillekeurige sterilisasie van persone met intellektuele gestremdhede. Met hierdie doel voor oë word die konsep outonomie en die beginsel van respek vir outonomie bespreek en toegepas op die intellektueel gestremde persoon. Daar word aangevoer dat outonomie en respek vir outonomie nuttige beginsels is om in ag te neem in kwessies rakende intellektueel gestremdes. Hierdie individue moet nie outomaties as onbevoeg beskou word nie, maar hul bevoegdheid moet eerder op 'n individuele basis beoordeel word, inaggeneem die kompleksiteit van die besluit wat geneem moet word. Voorts word daar van gesondheidsorgpersoneel verwag om moeite te doen met die verkryging van oorwoê toestemming (waar moontlik) by persone met intellektuele gestremdhede. Die toepassing van die beginsel van respek vir outonomie op aspekte rakende reproduksie, lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat persone met ernstige intellektuele gestremdhede nie in staat is om toestemming tot seksuele omgang te verleen nie. Dus, is 'n vorm van paternalistiese beskerming in hierdie gevalle aangedui. Persone met intellektuele gestremdhede wat egter wel bevoeg is om toestemming tot seksuele omgang te verleen, moet nooit weerhou word van voortplanting deur middel van onwillekeurige sterilisering nie. Inmenging deur die staat in kwessies rakende reproduksie moet beperk word tot intervensies waar (i) kinders ernstige skade berokken word en (ii) die beskerming van persone wat onbevoeg is om toestemming tot seksuele interaksies met ander te verleen, benodig word. Afgesien hiervan, is die intellektuele gestremde persoon geregtig op dieselfde reproduktiewe regte as alle ander landsburgers.

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Waxman, Sacha. "The pre-conception welfare principle : a case against regulation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-preconception-welfare-principle-a-case-against-regulation(a7979c10-f61c-4d86-9635-35adfe81b4ed).html.

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This thesis focuses on the use of a child welfare principle in human assisted reproduction in the UK, as contained in section 13 (5) of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (as amended). Given the principle is applied prior to conception, I argue that it should be distinguished from the familiarly known child welfare principle in child law and thus my focus is on the pre-conception welfare principle (PCWP). The aim of this thesis is to provide an argument for abolition of the PCWP from UK regulation. This thesis aims to add to the debate and complement the existing body of legal and philosophical literature which has critically analysed the function of the PCWP from various perspectives. It does so by highlighting the importance of terminology throughout the work and focusing on the broader implications of the PCWP in practice. I argue that the implications of the PCWP go far beyond its position in the legislation and in order to substantiate that central argument, I separate the function of the PCWP assessment into distinct categories of harm based regulation. Before doing so, however, I critically analyse the development of the PCWP; I consider its function as a regulatory method and I challenge whether it has a defendable ethical position in the current framework. Overall, I argue against the PCWP and the harm threshold rationale underpinning it in practice. In Part I, I first set out the background to this type of research and explain why this work is important for challenging unjustified state intervention on reproductive choice. Second, I set the scene by outlining the development of the welfare principle in child law; the legislative chronology of the PCWP and the function of Principles Based Regulation (PBR) in the current regulatory framework. This entails setting out a number of assumptions, arguments and debates surrounding the concepts of welfare and harm and how these have been framed in regulation; in addition to setting out a central theme of this thesis, which is an argument that the regulation of the PCWP does not meet requisite standards of consistent, transparent, objective, proportionate and contextually-sensitive regulation. These assumptions and vii arguments are vital for understanding the basis on which this work challenges the suitability of the PCWP in the current regulatory framework. Part II of the thesis contains the papers and delivers the arguments against the PCWP in sequence. The overall aim of Part II is to present the central argument of the thesis and answer the research questions set out in the introduction. To accomplish this, the thesis first explores how the borders of child welfare have been defined by child law and judge-made law in wrongful life cases or cases involving the withdrawal or withholding of treatment from sick children. This is followed by a chronological and comparative legislative assessment of the development of the regulation of child welfare in the context of the PCWP. This develops into the main argument of the thesis which demonstrates the application of PCWP in practice departs from benchmark standards of better regulation. The thesis moves on to provoke a fresh debate on the relationship between pre-conception child welfare and the familial and genetic harm thresholds which are mandated by the PCWP assessment. The concept of harm is explored in a philosophical sense and the arguments culminate in a contention that no single philosophy underpins the PCWP, and that there is therefore no good reason to retain a principle which is problematic in both a functional and substantive sense. The thesis concludes with an overview of the progression of the main themes in this thesis, as well as identifying some promising opportunities for future research which have arisen as a result of this work.

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Cornejo, Amoretti Leandro. "John Stuart Mill and the paternalism issue." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118423.

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The present investigations study the John Stuart Mill thinking and his position towards paternalism justification, taking into account the harm principle elaborated in his book “On Liberty”. Two are the objectives of this paper. In first place, the anti - paternalist tesis sustained by this autor will be analyzed to identify deficiencies and limitations. In second place, it is sought to determine to what extent they actually opposed such interventions, to verify the accuracy of that somewhat extended belief that sees Mill a strong opponent of paternalism. It is concluded that the defects of Mill’s theses are explained in good account due to an excess of optimism in the capacities of human beings for self-regulation, a strong skepticism about the capacity of the State to achieve effective paternalistic measures, granting From an excessively strong and unrealistic weight to individual autonomy, among other erroneous considerations. It is also concluded that it is not correct to say that John Stuart Mill has maintained an extremely broad or almost absolute antipaternalistic thesis. Although his famous principle of harm makes it impossible to validate many measures of this nature, a more detailed review of his entire work shows that Mill admitted the validity of many interventions in adults.
La presente investigación estudia el pensamiento de John Stuart Mill y su posición alrededor de la justificación del paternalismo, tomando en consideración el principio de daño elaborado en su obra “Sobre la libertad”. Dos son los objetivos de este trabajo. En primer lugar, se analizarán las tesis anti-paternalistas sostenidas por este autor para identificar sus deficiencias y limitaciones. En segundo lugar, se busca determinar hasta qué punto dichas tesis realmente se opusieron a dichas intervenciones, para verificar la exactitud de aquella creencia algo extendida que considera a Mill como un fuerte opositor del paternalismo. Se concluye que los defectos de las tesis de Mill se explican en buena cuenta debido a un exceso de optimismo en las capacidades de los seres humanos para la auto-regulación, un fuerte escepticismo sobre la capacidad del Estado para lograr medidas paternalistas efectivas, el otorgamiento de un peso excesivamente fuerte e irrealista a la autonomía individual, entre otras consideraciones erróneas. Asimismo se concluye que no es correcto afirmar que John Stuart Mill haya sostenido una tesis anti-paternalista sumamente amplia o casi absoluta. Si bien su famoso principio de daño permite excluir de validez a muchas medidas de dicha naturaleza, una revisión más detallada de toda su obra permite mostrar que Mill admitió la validez de muchas intervenciones en adultos.

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Davidson, Alan. "A comparative analysis and evaluation of the development of the principle of autonomy in the neoteric letter of credit transaction /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16928.pdf.

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Стрельченко, Дмитро, and Dmytro Strelchenko. "Методика підготовки учнів 8 класу до розв’язування нестандартних завдань з інформатики (на прикладі участі у конкурсі «Бобер»)." СумДПУ імені А. С. Макаренка, 2017. http://repository.sspu.sumy.ua/handle/123456789/2624.

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Розглянуто окремі завдання Всеукраїнського конкурсу з інформатики «Бобер». Визначено їхню мету, а також сприйняття учнями. Представлено власні розробки завдань які зможуть зацікавити учнів та розв’язання яких безпосередньо пов’язане з формуванням пізнавальної активності та самостійності у школярів.
The individual tasks of the all-Ukrainian contest in Informatics "beaver". Identifies their goals and perception of students. Presented self-developed assignments that will interest students and the solution of which is directly connected with formation of cognitive activity and independence of pupils.

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Echewodo, Christian Chidi. "Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2405.

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There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance.

However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide"

However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.

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Janjon, Yasmin. "Implementeringen av ICT-direktivet i den svenska rätten : En europarättslig studie om företagsintern förflyttning med hänsyn till principen om god förvaltning och den processuella samt institutionella autonomin." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36431.

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This master thesis examines Directive 2014/66/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals in the framework of an intra-corporate transfer, the so-called ICT-directive and its corresponding rules in the Swedish legal framework with a main point on the principles of good administration. This issue is deliberated in relation to the direct effect of the European Union and the national procedural and institutional autonomy to determine whether the Directive’s procedural safeguards have been implemented satisfactorily. The principle of good administration has a wide comprehension and therefore, in this thesis, the focus is on the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially and fairly, an obligation of the administration to give reasons for its decisions and a right to be heard in the Directive and the corresponding rules of the Swedish utlänningslagen (2005:716) and utlänningsförordningen (2006:97) also with consideration to the Swedish förvaltningslagen (1986:223) and the new förvaltningslagen (2017:900). This master thesis is based on the legal-judicial and comparative law approaches to solve the legal problems that arise after the national implementation of this Directive. Finally, criticism has been directed towards the principle of good administration in the Union law and Swedish law.
I denna magisteruppsats analyseras Europaparlamentets och rådets direktiv 2014/66/EU om villkor för inresa och vistelse för tredjelandsmedborgare inom ramen för företagsintern förflyttning av personal, det så kallade ICT-direktivet (Intra-Corporate Transfer) och de motsvarande reglerna i den svenska rätten med tonvikt på principen om god förvaltning. Ämnet behandlas i förhållande till Europeiska unionens direkta effekt och den nationella processuella och institutionella autonomin för att undersöka huruvida direktivets rättssäkerhetsgarantier har implementerats på ett tillfredställande sätt. Principen om god förvaltning har en bred förståelse och i denna uppsats sätts fokus på omsorgsprincipen, motiveringsskyldigheten och rätten att bli hörd i ICT-direktivet och de motsvarande reglerna i den svenska utlänningslagen (2005:716) och utlänningsförordningen (2006:97) samt med beaktande av förvaltningslagen (1986:223) och den nya förvaltningslagen (2017:900). Magisteruppsatsen tillämpar den rättsdogmatiska och komparativrättsliga metoden för att lösa de juridiska problemen som uppkommer vid den nationella implementeringen av ICT-direktivet. Slutligen har kritik riktats till principen om god förvaltning i unionsrätten och i den svenska rätten.

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Kotavuopio, Olsson Riitta Anneli. "Beslutsfattning och kontroll : Rektors upplevda autonomi i Sverige och i Finland." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373864.

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Guiresse, Marguerite. "Le principe juridique de confiance mutuelle entre États membres en droit de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU2074.

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Le principe juridique de confiance mutuelle entre États membres existe, je l’ai rencontré », serait-on tenté d’écrire. L’étude matérielle du droit de l’UE révèle de solides fondations juridiques tandis que l’extraction et l’analyse de l’objet, sans équivalent en droit national ou international, révèlent sa valeur juridique propre et indéniable. À travers la preuve de sa nature juridique, l’ingénieuse construction de droit de l’UE qu’est le principe de confiance mutuelle apparaît. Elevée au rang de principe existentiel et constitutionnel par la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne (CJUE), la confiance mutuelle conditionne le fonctionnement, voire même l'autonomie de l’ordre juridique de l'Union. L’examen révèle ses effets juridiques limités et encadrés. Il reste néanmoins un principe indépassable. Il constitue un véritable enjeu pour la triple légitimité de l’Union s’articulant autour de l’efficacité de la construction, du respect de la protection des droits fondamentaux et de la reconnaissance de la place majeure donnée aux États membres. En soulignant la fragilité de l’UE, le principe peut également apparaitre comme une faiblesse inhérente de l’Union. L’analyse du système de la construction européenne à la lumière du principe permet non seulement d’éclairer les failles de l’un et l’autre mais également d’aborder d’une manière originale des questions relatives à la nature ou l’avenir de l’Union
The legal principle of mutual trust between Member States exists, I have encountered it many times ", one would be tempted to write. The study of EU law reveals the principle’s solid legal foundations while the extraction and analysis of the object reveals its own undeniable legal value. It has no equivalent in national, international, or European union law. Through the proof of its legal nature, the ingenious construction of EU law that the principle of mutual trust is appears. Raised to the rank of an existential and constitutional principle by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), mutual trust conditions the functioning and the autonomy of the EU's legal order. Its examination reveals its limits and limited legal effects. Nevertheless, it remains an unsurpassable principle. It constitutes a real issue for the threefold legitimacy of the Union. By underlining the fragility of the EU, it may appear to be an inherent weakness of the Union. By analysing the system of European integration in light of the principle, it is possible to shed light on the shortcomings of both. It also provides an original approach to questions relating to the nature of the EU

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GUIMARAES, GUILHERME AVELAR. "FEDERATIVE POLITICAL AUTONOMY AND CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION: THE RECENT ROLE OF THE BRAZILIAN SUPREME COURT (STF) AS THE FEDERATION´S ARBITRATOR IN LIGHT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23411@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Com a engenhosa sobreposição constitucional de espaços políticos autônomos, de cidadãos comuns, num único território nacional, os Founding Fathers inauguraram o federalismo moderno. Tal revolução manifestou, em ato, a potência de uma multidão que desejou constituir novas realidades – mais comuns e plenas –, e novos modos de viver e decidir. Em sua fórmula original – de inspiração liberal, democrática, pluralista, igualitária e solidária –, o equilíbrio federativo confiou à União Federal apenas questões merecedoras de especial agilidade, unidade ou uniformidade – como, e.g., a declaração de guerra, a cunhagem de moedas, e padronização de pesos e medidas. Mantiveram-se descentralizadas todas as demais competências políticas das antigas colônias, recém-libertas. Desde então, uma tendência centralista e homogeneizadora, acentuada pelas exigências do Estado-social, desvia o federalismo da sua natureza limitadora do poder, protetora da liberdade, conciliadora de interesses gerais e específicos, e afirmativa de um locus privilegiado de cidadania. Nesta dissertação, o conflito irreconciliável entre a radicalidade inovadora do poder constituinte e as estruturas conservadoras que produz, a cada vez que altera a realidade, é o contexto em que se avalia eventual instrumentalidade da nossa jurisdição constitucional em relação a um federalismo centralizador, paternalista, quase nominal, no qual restariam aos entes subnacionais poucas e vigiadas liberdades. Nessa investigação, a recente fiscalização dos espaços políticos federativos pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, à luz dos pressupostos teóricos, indica a posição da Corte nas disputas federativas de poder, e sua releitura, especialmente sob a perspectiva do princípio da subsidiariedade – expressão federativa das ideias de diversidade e solidariedade – revela outras possibilidades interpretativas.
With the ingenious constitutional superposition of autonomous political spaces of common citizens into a single national territory, the Founding Fathers have inaugurated the modern federalism. This revolution has expressed, in act, the power of a multitude that wished to establish new realities – more common and full – and new ways of living and making decisions. In its original formula – from a liberal, democratic, pluralistic, egalitarian and caring inspiration – the federal balance entrusted to the Federal Government only issues deserving special promptitude, unity or uniformity – e.g., the declaration of war, coinage, and the standardization of weights and measures. All other political powers of the former colonies, recently freed, remained decentralized. Since then, a centralist and homogenizing trend, accentuated by the demands of the Welfare State, diverts the federalism from its power-limiting, protector of freedom, conciliator of general and specific interests, and guarantor of a privileged locus of citizenship nature. In this dissertation, the irreconcilable conflict between the groundbreaking radical nature of the constituent power and the conservative structures it produces every time it changes the reality is the context in which it is evaluated any possible instrumentality of our constitutional jurisdiction in relation to a centralized and paternalistic, almost nominal, federalism in which only a few and monitored freedoms would remain for the subnational entities. In this investigation, the recent surveillance of federal political spaces by the Brazilian Supreme Court, in light of theoretical assumptions, indicates the position of the Court in federative disputes for power, and their rereading, especially from the perspective of the principle of subsidiarity – federative expression of the ideas of diversity and solidarity – reveals other interpretational possibilities.

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Rossouw, Theresa Marie. "Identity, personhood and power : a critical analysis of the principle of respect for autonomy and the idea of informed consent, and their implementation in an androgynous and multicultural society." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19906.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Autonomy and informed consent are two interrelated concepts given much prominence in contemporary biomedical discourse. The word autonomy, from the Greek autos (self) and nomos (rule), originally referred to the self-governance of independent Hellenic states, but was extended to individuals during the time of the Enlightenment, most notably through the work of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. In healthcare, the autonomy model is grounded in the idea of the dignity of persons and the claim people have on each other to privacy, self-direction, the establishment of their own values and life plans based on information and reasoning, and the freedom to act on the results of their contemplation. Autonomy thus finds expression in the ethical and legal requirement of informed consent. Feminists and multiculturalists have however argued that since autonomy rests on the Enlightenment ideals of rationality, objectivity and independence, unconstrained by emotional and spiritual qualities, it serves to isolate the individual and thus fails to rectify the dehumanisation and depersonalisation of modern scientific medical practice. It only serves to exacerbate the problematic power-differential between doctor and patient. Medicine is a unique profession since it operates in a space where religion, morality, metaphysics, science and culture come together. It is a privileged space because health care providers assume responsibility for the care of their patients outside the usual moral space defined by equality and autonomy. Patients necessarily relinquish some of their autonomy and power to experts and autonomy thus cannot account for the moral calling that epitomizes and defines medicine. Recognition of the dependence of patients need not be viewed negatively as a lack of autonomy or incompetence, but could rather reinforce the understanding of our shared human vulnerability and that we are all ultimately patients. There is however no need to abandon the concept of autonomy altogether. A world without autonomy is unconceivable. When we recognise how the concept functions in the modern world as a social construct, we can harness its positive properties to create a new form of identity. We can utilise the possibility of self-stylization embedded in autonomy to fashion ourselves into responsible moral agents that are responsive not only to ourselves, but also to others, whether in our own species or in that of another. Responsible agency depends on mature deliberators that are mindful of the necessary diversity of the moral life and the complex nature of the moral subject. I thus argue that the development of modern individualism should not be rejected altogether, since we cannot return to some pre-modern sense of community, or transcend it altogether in some postmodern deconstruction of the self. We also do not need to search for a different word to supplant the concept of autonomy in moral life. What we rather need is a different attitude of being in the world; an attitude that strives for holism, not only of the self, but also of the moral community. We can only be whole if we acknowledge and embrace our interdependence as social and moral beings, as Homo moralis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Outonomie en ingeligte toestemming is twee nou verwante konsepte wat beide prominensie in moderne bioetiese diskoers verwerf het. Die woord outonomie, van die Grieks autos (self) en nomos (reël), het oorspronklik verwys na die selfbestuur van onafhanklike Griekse state, maar is in die tyd van die Verligting uitgebrei om ook na individue te verwys, grotendeels deur die werk van Immanuel Kant en John Stuart Mill. In medisyne is die outonomie model gegrond op die idee van die waardigheid van die persoon en die beroep wat mense op mekaar het tot privaatheid, selfbepaling, die daarstelling van hulle eie waardesisteem en lewensplan, gebasseer op inligting en redenasie, en die vryheid om op die uitkoms van sulke redenasie te reageer. Outonomie word dus vergestalt in die etiese en wetlike bepaling van ingeligte toestemming. Feministe en multikulturele denkers beweer egter dat, siende outonomie gebasseer is op die Verligting ideale van rasionaliteit, objektiwiteit en onafhanklikheid, sonder die nodige begrensing deur emosionele en spirituele kwaliteite, dit die individu noodsaaklik isoleer en dus nie die dehumanisering en depersonalisering van moderne wetenskaplike mediese praktyk teenwerk nie. As sulks, vererger dit dus die problematiese magsverskil tussen die dokter en pasiënt. Die beroep van medisyne is ‘n unieke professie aangesien dit werksaam is in die sfeer waar geloof, moraliteit, metafisika, wetenskap en kultuur bymekaar kom. Dit is ‘n bevoorregde spasie aangesien gesondheidswerkers verantwoordelikheid vir die sorg van hulle pasiënte aanvaar buite die gewone morele spasie wat deur gelykheid en outonomie gedefinieer word. Pasiënte moet noodgedwonge van hulle outonomie en mag aan deskundiges afstaan en outonomie kan dus nie genoegsaam die morele roeping wat medisyne saamvat en definieer, vasvang nie. Bewustheid van die afhanklikheid van pasiënte hoef egter nie in ‘n negatiewe lig, as gebrek aan outonomie of onbevoegtheid, beskou te word nie, maar moet eerder die begrip van ons gedeelde menslike kwesbaarheid en die wete dat ons almal uiteindelik pasiënte is, versterk. Dit is verder nie nodig om die konsep van outonomie heeltemal te verwerp nie. ‘n Wêreld sonder outonomie is ondenkbaar. Wanneer ons bewus word van hoe die konsep in die moderne wêreld as ‘n sosiale konstruk funksioneer, kan ons die positiewe aspekte daarvan inspan om ‘n nuwe identiteit te bewerkstellig. Ons kan die moontlikheid van self-stilering, ingesluit in outonomie, gebruik om onsself in verantwoordelike morele agente te omskep sodat ons nie slegs teenoor onsself verantwoordelik is nie, maar ook teenoor ander, hetsy in ons eie spesie of in ‘n ander. Verantwoordelike agentskap is afhanklik van volwasse denkers wat gedagtig is aan die noodsaaklike diversiteit van die morele lewe en die komplekse aard van die morele subjek. Ek voer dus aan dat die ontwikkeling van moderne individualisme nie volstrek verwerp moet word nie, siende dat ons nie na ‘n tipe premoderne vorm van gemeenskap kan terugkeer, of dit oortref deur ‘n postmoderne dekonstruksie van die self nie. Ons het verder ook nie ‘n nuwe woord nodig om die konsep van outonomie in die morele lewe mee te vervang nie. Ons het eerder ‘n ander instelling van ons menswees in die wêreld nodig; ‘n instelling wat streef na volkomendheid, nie net van onsself nie, maar ook van die morele gemeenskap. Ons kan slegs volkome wees wanneer ons ons interafhanklikheid as sosiale en morele entiteite, as Homo moralis, erken en aangryp.

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16

Bensmaine-Coeffier, Sophie. "Le principe d'autonomie des universités françaises." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAD003/document.

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Toute nation fait désormais face à un lieu commun selon lequel, le développement et la qualité de son fonctionnement dépendront plus que jamais du niveau de son enseignement supérieur, tant du point de la formation que de sa recherche et sa valorisation. Si en France, l’enseignement supérieur est fortement marqué par le poids de l’Etat, et de la conception du service public, force est de constater qu’il fait aujourd’hui face à de nombreuses évolutions marquantes : l’augmentation de l’offre et de la demande, la diversification des enseignements à la fois dans les domaines à enseigner et dans les méthodologies d’enseignement, la mise en concurrence.Le modèle français doit être repensé, dans le respect de ce qui fait l'essence même des universités, à savoir la liberté académique. Il faut alors penser ce qu’est l’action de l’Etat dans le domaine de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche
Every nation now faces a commonplace that the development and the quality of its performance depend more than ever on the level of its higher education, both in terms of the training of its research and its valuation. If in France, higher education is strongly influenced by the weight of the State, and the concept of public service, it is clear that today face many significant developments: the rise of supply and demand, diversification of teaching in both areas to teach and teaching methodologies, the introduction of competition.The French model has to be redesigned, respecting what makes the essence of universities, namely academic freedom. You have to remember what the action of the State in the field of higher education and research

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17

Passos, Júnior Vicente da Cunha. "A possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da solidariedade para a ampliação do conceito de superendividamento." Faculdade de Direito, 2018. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/25877.

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O tema da presente pesquisa é a possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da solidariedade para a ampliação do conceito de superendividamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi perquirir se o princípio da solidariedade extraído da Constituição Federal de 1988 seria capaz de ampliar o conceito de superendividamento, diante da importância dessa situação e pela constância desse problema em tempos de crises econômicas. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em três partes. Na primeira discorreu-se sobre as modificações ocorridas na teoria geral dos contratos, abordando o atual papel dos princípios contratuais na sociedade, tendo em vista que o superendividamento é significativamente causado por relações contratuais, especialmente as de fornecimento de crédito ou, até mesmo em outros tipos de contrato que comprometam sua capacidade de honrar seus compromissos. Na segunda parte, analisou-se a situação do hiperconsumo e o superendividamento, com o objetivo de demonstrar quais as relações que existem entre tais figuras, e apresentando qual o posicionamento doutrinário sobre o superendividamento, já que será proposta a ampliação do conceito deste instituto. Por fim, no último capítulo, buscou-se demonstrar que o princípio da solidariedade, com amparo no princípio da dignidade humana e preocupado com a preservação do mínimo existencial, pode servir de fundamento para a ampliação do conceito de superendividamento, para que outras pessoas possam receber a tutela legal protetiva de seus direitos em situações ainda não admitidas pela doutrina nem pelo Projeto de Lei 3.515/2015 que trata do tema, razão pela qual sugerimos a ampliação do conceito para o superendividamento.
The present research's theme is the possibility of expansion of the concept of over-indebtedness by the application of the principle of solidarity. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to inquire if the principle of solidarity extracted from Brazil's Constitution of 1988 is apt to extend the concept of over-indebtedness, considering the importance of the situation and the constancy that it occurs during economic crisis. To archive so, the research was divided in three parts. The first discussed about the modifications that happened to the contract theory, approaching the current role from the contractual principles in society, contemplating that the over-indebtedness is significantly caused by contractual relations, especially as credits supply or, even by contracts that compromise the ability to honor its obligations. At the second part, was analyzed the hyperconsumerism and the over-indebtedness, aiming to demonstrate the relation between the figures, and displaying what is the doctrinal position about over-indebtedness, since there will be proposed a extension of its concept. Lastly, in the final piece, was attempted to show that the principle of solidarity, as an assistance in the principle of the human dignity and the concern about the preservation of the minimum existential, can be used as foundation for an expansion of the concept of over-indebtedness, so that other people can receive the legal protection of their rights in situations not yet admitted not even by Bill nº 3515/2015 that contains the theme, reason that suggests extends the concept for over-indebtedness.

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18

Zenunovic, Alma. "Betaltjänstdirektivets inverkan på svensk rätt och dess processuella och institutionella autonomi." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19902.

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Denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är ämnad att behandla implementeringen av direktivet om betaltjänster på den inre marknaden i svensk rätt. Betaltjänstdirektivet är väsentlig vid inrättande av den inre marknaden inom EU:s medlemsstater, då alla inre gränser skall avlägsnas för att möjliggöra fri rörlighet för varor, personer, tjänster och kapital; i det sammanhanget blir det viktigt med en modern och konsekvent rättslig ram för betaltjänster på EU-nivå. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka implementeringen av de processuella och materiella bestämmelser i betaltjänstdirektivet som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och därtill medlemsstaternas processuella och institutionella autonomi. Till de frågor som analyseras hör tolkning av begreppet god förvaltning och hur de utvalda principerna kan identifieras i svensk rätt genom implementeringen av direktivet. God förvaltning i denna uppsats förstås i vid mening som ett begrepp motsvarande vad enskilda har rätt att förvänta sig av det berörda förvaltningsorganet vid handläggning av ett enskilt ärende. Uppsatsen har visat att direktivet innehåller ett flertal bestämmelser som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och som reglerar hur svenska myndigheter skall handlägga ärenden inom direktivets tillämpningsområde. Uppsatsen har också kunnat påvisa en tydlig påverkan på Sveriges processuella och institutionella autonomi.

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Mouallem, Ziad. "Le principe du contradictoire, cause de contrôle étatique des sentences arbitrales internationales." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020030.

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Le principe du contradictoire post-arbitral en matière d’arbitrage international est établi dans la majorité des systèmes juridiques. Toutefois, les décisions des juges étatiques montrent que l’adhésion générale à ce concept masque d’importantes différences concernant sa portée et son application. Cette thèse ne vise point à établir une description théorique du contenu du principe, elle propose une analyse qualitative, dont l’objectif essentiel est la vérification de son individualité, et non le fait qu’il est une simple application du principe civiliste classique. Loin de constater l’adoption définitive d’un concept arbitral autonome, la solution retenue démontre l’opportunité et, donc, le besoin de sa légitimation, ayant un impact direct sur la circulation des sentences arbitrales internationales. En fin de compte, hors de tout encadrement statique, il y a lieu de détecter, à travers la progression de l’étude, une évolution logique et une activité d’apurement au niveau du droit comparé. Cette évolution, d’un principe classique vers un concept arbitral international, à lecture contractuelle et non-statutaire, contenant une règle d’égalité, puis vers un outil technique en état de disparition, ne peut que dévoiler la période d’agonie dans laquelle se place le concept en cause. Cet aboutissement ne contribue pas seulement à souligner les errements conceptuels préjudiciables en jurisprudence comparée, il concourt également à marquer l’un des traits les plus émancipatoires du processus arbitral international. Dans cette optique, une telle conjoncture participerait à l’accélération de la privatisation de la justice arbitrale internationale
The post-arbitral adversarial principle in international arbitration is established in most legal systems. However, decisions of state judges show that general support for this concept masks significant differences in terms of its scope and application. This thesis does not aim to outline a theoretical description of the principle’s content ; it provides a qualitative analysis, the main objective of which is to ascertain its individuality, and not the fact that it is a mere application of the classic civil principle. Far from establishing the definitive adoption of an autonomous arbitral concept, the solution demonstrates the appropriateness and, therefore, the need for its legitimation, and has a direct impact on the movement of international arbitral awards. Ultimately, beyond any static framework, through the progress of the study, a logical development and regularisation activity with respect to comparative law should be detected. This development, from a classical principle to an international arbitration concept, to a contractual and non-statutory reading, containing a rule of equality, and thereafter to a technical tool which is disappearing, can only reveal the death throes in which the concept in question finds itself in. This outcome not only serves to highlight the detrimental conceptual errors in comparative case law, it also helps to mark one of the most emancipatory features of the international arbitration process. In this respect, such a situation would contribute to the accelerated privatisation of international arbitration proceedings

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Aboukdir, Anwar. "The timing of the passing of property and risk under the English Sale of Goods Act 1979, the CISG and the Libyan law : the interplay between the principle of party autonomy and the default rule." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25353.

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This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the issues relating to the passing of property and risk under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and English Law (SGA). The passing of property and risk plays a central role in the area of international legislation in relation to sales contracts. These elements can be the most significant components in contracts of sale between parties, whether in the international or domestic field. The reason is founded on their legal nature and the close relationship between them. The passing of property and risk has been a central issue for practitioners, judges and lawyers dating back to the Roman period and several ideas have been proposed to resolve it. Where the situation is different for contracts of sale in relation to the passing of property and risk, whether in the domestic or international field, it still creates many unresolved problems, because of ongoing changes in the field of modern commerce, which may contribute to unfair implications between the parties. It has been observed in this thesis that both English law and the CISG adopt the party autonomy principle, where the intention of the parties - whether in relation to the passing of property or risk - is the basic rule. However, the difference lies in the default rules. While English law involves default substitutional rules, which apply in cases where there is an absence of an expressed or implied indication regarding the intention between the parties, the CISG lacks such default rules regarding the transfer of property, which could be viewed as its main weakness, although the CISG does involve such provisions with respect to the transfer of risk. This thesis willdiscusses, the legal nature of the rules in relation to the passing of property and risk, and the role of the party autonomy principle, and the impacts and legal difficulties that might arise through the application of these rules, whether they are default rules or based on the party autonomy principle. It will also examine the legal gaps and weaknesses of both legal systems in an attempt to identify such legal difficulties and to find appropriate solutions and remedies.

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21

Schmidt, Neto André Perin. "A superação do dogma da vontade e o novo paradigma da confiança nos contratos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115062.

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La tesi propone una rilettura della teoria di negozio giuridico dall'inclusione della fiducia al centro di supporto fattuale per generare una prospettiva plurale e riflessiva della volontà. Intendiamo analizzare i contratti da un nuovo paradigma, a dimostrazione che l'inclusione della nozione di fiducia nel negozio giuridico, non solo in seguito alla dichiarazione di intenti, ma permettendo a questa analisi riflessiva, risposte a molte domande lasciate dalla teoria dello fatto giuridico che, cresciuto in un ambiente liberale, stabilito la volontà individuale delle parti come un singolo elemento che compone il centro del nucleo di un negozio giuridico. Oggi, la società di massa, i contratti di adesione e contrattazione elettronica, richiedono una revisione dei concetti di base della teoria generale del diritto civile. Così, questa tesi si propone analizzare, non solo la volontà delle parti in modo isolato, ma la fiducia (dalla nozione di vertrauen di diritto tedesco) che le manifestazioni del desiderio reciproco e usi del traffico causa in entrambi i contraenti. Pertanto, al cuore del negozio giuridico non sarebbero le uniche manifestazioni di volontà, ma un consenso che si verifica in modo dinamico, variabile a seconda degli altri elementi, la coniugazione tra l'espressione della volontà di un contraente e di fiducia reciproca e ha causato il consenso dell'altro contraente e la fiducia, legittimo affidamento, ha causato nel primo, considerando le circostanze aziendali. L'obiettivo è quello di studiare il rilassamento del principio di autonomia, che, pur essendo la base del diritto contrattuale, ai nostri tempi dovrebbero dare luogo ad una reinterpretazione della teoria del negozio giuridico, al fine di adattarlo alla realtà delle relazioni sociali, adattando le teorie classiche per includere le nozioni di funzione sociale del contratto, buona fede oggettiva, l'equilibrio economico delle patti, ecc, nella sua struttura teorica.
A tese propõe uma releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico a partir da inclusão da confiança no núcleo do suporte fático a gerar uma ótica plural e reflexa da vontade. Pretende-se a análise dos contratos a partir de um novo paradigma, demonstrando a inclusão da noção de confiança no negócio jurídico, não apenas acompanhando a manifestação de vontade, mas permitindo a análise reflexiva desta. Assim, deve responder a muitas dúvidas deixadas pela teoria do fato jurídico que, criada em um ambiente liberal, estabelecia a vontade individual das partes como único elemento a compor o cerne do núcleo de um negócio jurídico. Hoje, a sociedade de massas, os contratos de adesão e as contratações eletrônicas demandam uma revisão dos conceitos-base da teoria geral do direito civil. Esta tese pretende analisar, não apenas a vontade das partes de maneira isolada, mas a confiança (a partir da noção de vertrauen do direito alemão) que as manifestações de vontade recíprocas e os usos do tráfico provocam em ambos os contratantes. Portanto, no cerne do negócio jurídico não estariam apenas as manifestações da vontade, mas o consenso que se dá de modo dinâmico, variando de acordo com os outros elementos, conjugação entre a manifestação de vontade de um contratante, a confiança provocada no outro e a manifestação de vontade do outro contratante e a confiança, a legítima expectativa, provocada no primeiro, considerando-se as circunstâncias negociais. O objetivo do trabalho é estudar a flexibilização do princípio da autonomia da vontade que, apesar de ser a base do direito contratual, hodiernamente deve ensejar a releitura da teoria do negócio jurídico, a fim de adaptá-la à realidade das relações sociais e adequá-la às teorias clássicas ao incluir noções de função social do contrato, boa-fé objetiva, equilíbrio econômico dos pactos, etc., em sua estrutura teórica.
The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business from the inclusion of the trust at the core of factual support to generate a plural and reflexive perspective of will. We intend to analyze the contracts from a new paradigm, demonstrating that the inclusion of the notion of trust in the legal business, not just following the declaration of intent, but allowing this reflective analysis, answers many questions left by the theory of legal fact who, raised in a liberal environment, established the individual will of the parties as a single element composing the core of the nucleus of a legal business. Today, mass society, contracts of adhesion and electronic contracting, demand a review of the basic concepts of the general theory of civil law. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze, not only the will of the parties in an isolated way, but confidence (from the notion of vertrauen in German law) that the manifestations of reciprocal desire and uses of traffic cause in both contractors. Therefore, at the heart of the legal business would not be the only manifestations of the will, but a consensus that occurs dynamically, varying according to the other elements, conjugation between the expression of the will of a contractor and trust in each other caused, and the consent from the other contractor and the trust, the legitimate expectation, caused on the first, considering the business circumstances. The objective is to study the flexibilization of the principle of freedom of choice, which, despite being the basis of contract law, in our times should give rise to a reinterpretation of the theory of legal business in order to adapt it to the reality of social relations, adapting the classical theories to include the notions of social function of the contract, objective good faith, economic balance of the pacts, etc., in his theoretical framework.

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22

Rente, Eduardo Santos. "O resseguro no Direito Internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5925.

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O estudo descreve o resseguro no âmbito do Direito Internacional, partindo da constatação da pulverização dos riscos através do mercado global para abordar temas relevantes, tais como: a diferenciação entre resseguro internacional e contrato internacional de resseguro, os usos e costumes internacionalmente aceitos e a autonomia da vontade das partes como fundamento aos contratos de resseguro. São perquiridas também as fontes do direito ressecuritário no âmbito internacional. As relações jurídicas entre Estado e resseguradores e as relações contratuais entre seguradores e resseguradores devem ser regidos pela máxima boa-fé. Essa abordagem reporta-se a princípios consagrados no Direito Internacional do Investimento como padrão de referência para a regulação da atividade ressecuritária e como limite à intervenção dos Estados Descreve-se ainda o resseguro no Brasil, traçando um histórico evolutivo do monopólio à abertura do mercado e constatando algumas iniciativas nacionais do uso do seguro e do resseguro como ferramenta de atração e proteção de investimentos.
The study describes the reinsurance under international law, starting from the fact of the risks of spraying through the global market to approach relevant issues such as: the difference between international reinsurance and international reinsurance contract, international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law and part autonomy as a base to reinsurance contracts. It is also investigated the sources of international Reinsurance law. The legal relations between the state and reinsurers and contractual relations between insurers and reinsurers should be governed by the utmost good faith. This approach refers to the principles enshrined in International Law Investment as a reference standard for regulating the reinsurance activity and to limit the intervention of the States. It is also described the reinsurance in Brazil, an evolution from monopoly to open market and noting some national initiatives in the use of insurance and reinsurance as a tool for attraction and protection of investments.

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23

Pereira, Cunha Naiara. "Omsorgsprincipen vid ansökan om internationellt sydd : En studie av det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU)." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Juridik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40842.

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This paper addresses the principle of care in the recast asylum procedure directive (2013/32/EU). The purpose of the study has been to analyze how the principle of care is expressed in the directive regarding procedures for granting or rejecting asylum, as well as to analyze how the directive was implemented in Sweden. The recast asylum procedure directive aims to harmonize EU’s member states' procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection. Initially, this paper describes how the directive was created and how the principle of care is expressed in the directive and the meaning and content of the principle of care at EU level as well as its content and meaning according to Swedish law. To conclude, the Swedish implementation of the directive’s provisions directly connected to the principle of care will be discussed. The principle of care is one of the principles of good governance. The principles of good governance have been important in EU law to ensure legal protection for individuals when they are in contact with authorities of EU or Member States. In the analysis, what is found is that the principle of care can be divided into several sub-principles or requirements: individuals’ right to get their affairs treated; the obligation of authorities to investigate a request in an impartial manner; fair procedure and handling; authorities’ duty to take individual interests in consideration; authorities’ obligation to act within reasonable time and also other requirements regarding routines and procedure. Since a major part of this paper regards analyzing the relationship between EU law and national Swedish law, a discussion about the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy towards EU is also included. A conclusion is that the Swedish implementation of the directive's provisions related to the principle of care was deficient and that the directive itself restricts the Member States’ institutional and procedural autonomy.
Den här uppsatsen behandlar omsorgsprincipen i det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet (2013/32/EU). Syftet med arbetet är att analysera hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet avseende procedurer för beviljandet eller avslag av asyl, samt hur direktivet har genomförts i Sverige. Det omarbetade asylprocedurdirektivet syftar till att harmonisera EU- medlemsstaternas förfarande vid ansökan om internationellt skydd. Inledningsvis redogörs för hur direktivet skapades och hur omsorgsprincipen uttrycks i direktivet, vad omsorgsprincipen omfattar på EU-nivå, liksom principens omfattning i svensk rätt. Avslutningsvis analyseras genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser med anknytning till omsorgsprincipen i svensk rätt. Omsorgsprincipen är en av principerna om god förvaltning. Principerna om god förvaltning har varit viktiga inom EU-rätten för att säkerställa ett rättsskydd för enskilda när dessa är i kontakt med EU:s eller medlemsstaternas myndigheter. Analysen kommer fram till att omsorgsprincipen kan delas in i flera mindre principer eller krav: enskildes rätt att få sina angelägenheter behandlade; myndigheters skyldighet att på ett opartiskt sätt undersöka en begäran; rättvis procedur och handläggning; myndigheters skyldighet att väga in enskildes intresse; myndigheters skyldighet att agera inom rimlig tid; samt andra krav på handläggningsrutiner. Eftersom en huvuddel av den här uppsatsen handlar om att analysera relationen mellan EU-rätt och svensk rätt, förs också en diskussion om medlemsstaternas institutionella och processuella autonomi gentemot EU. Slutligen presenteras slutsatsen att det svenska genomförandet av direktivets bestämmelser som anknyter till omsorgprincipen varit bristande och att direktivet har begränsat såväl medlemsstaternas institutionella som processuella autonomi.

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Aguiar, Sérgio Miguel Pereira de. "O reforço da autonomia e gestão escolar no 1º ciclo do ensino básico da RAM: estudo de caso no concelho da Ribeira Brava." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6558.

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Tese de Mestrado em Administração Pública - Administração da Educação
Em Portugal, desde o final dos anos oitenta que se tem vindo a assistir a um conjunto de reformas educativas relacionadas com a mudança do papel do Estado no governo da educação. Na Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM) e tendo em conta a consagração da sua autonomia político-administrativa, desde 1979 que o Governo da República transferiu competências nos domínios da educação e investigação científica. Passados sete anos sobre a publicação do Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 21/2006/M que alterou o Decreto Legislativo Regional n.º 4/2000/M, que aprovou o regime de autonomia, administração e gestão dos estabelecimentos de educação e de ensino públicos na RAM, este diploma ainda não foi aplicado na íntegra aos estabelecimentos de educação e do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico. Considerou-se que seria um processo excessivamente pesado para as realidades das escolas deste nível de ensino. Atendendo a que o diploma salienta que a sua aplicação far-se-á num momento posterior, numa lógica que privilegie e valorize a identidade destas escolas e exclua a lógica da uniformidade burocrática e que também o recente Programa de Ajustamento Económico e Financeiro da Região Autónoma da Madeira (PAEF), apresenta algumas medidas de execução para o setor da educação, de onde se destaca, a reestruturação das estruturas escolares, tentamos indagar junto dos profissionais deste ciclo, em que medida é necessário efetuar um reforço da autonomia e gestão escolar nas Escolas Básicas do 1º ciclo com pré-escolar da RAM, tendo em vista, o aumento da eficácia e eficiência destas escolas, num quadro de valorização do papel dos indivíduos e do contexto social onde se inserem.Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta investigação teve um enfoque Qualitativo e Descritivo, através da realização de um Focus-Group. Recolhemos então a informação a partir de um grupo pré-determinado de 4 diretores de escolas do 1º ciclo do ensino básico do concelho da Ribeira Brava, com o objetivo de, por um lado, fazer um estudo mais detalhado sobre o problema e, por outro, mediante a adoção da técnica de análise de conteúdo, apresentar os dados e respetiva análise sob a forma de uma síntese descritiva, utilizando um enfoque indutivo de onde foi extraída toda a informação. Ao utilizarmos este método de recolha de informação pretendemos perceber se o modelo existente é desejado por parte dos diretores ou se pelo contrário, se resume a uma imposição da administração central. Os resultados da investigação sugerem que os diretores solicitam a concessão de mais autonomia e de maior poder de decisão, a nível pedagógico e financeiro. Contudo reforçam que têm a autonomia suficiente, no que concerne às opções organizacionais das suas escolas. Consideram que o modelo é adequado, embora a falta de autonomia financeira, alicerçada também em restrições económicas estejam a complicar o bom funcionamento das suas escolas. Desta forma, concluímos que embora se denote pouca vontade de mudança, um maior poder de decisão nos domínios pedagógico, curricular, administrativo e financeiro, só se poderia enquadrar neste nível de ensino com uma reformulação de base no seu modelo de funcionamento, implicando, por exemplo, a fusão de núcleos escolares e constituição de novos órgãos diretivos.
Portugal, since the late eighties has been witnessing educational reforms related to the changing role of the state in the education governance. In the Autonomous Region of Madeira (ARM) and taking into account the consecration of its political and administrative autonomy, since 1979 the Republic Government transferred education and scientific research competences. Seven years after the Regional Legislative Decree n.º 21/2006/M publication, amending the Regional Legislative Decree n.º 4/2000/M, which approved ARM’s educational and public teaching establishments autonomy, administration and management, has not yet been fully applied to educational establishments and to the 1st Cycle of Basic Education. It was considered an extremely hard process for school realities in this educational level. Taking into account that the statement refers implementation should happen later time, concerning a logic that privileges these schools identity and values and deleting bureaucratic uniformity and also the recent Economic Adjustment Programme and Finance of the Autonomous Region Madeira (EAPF) that presents some implementation measures for the education sector, where stands the school structures restructuration, it was tried to find out with this education level professionals to what extent is it necessary to perform an enhanced autonomy and school management in ARM preschools and 1st cycle Primary Schools, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of these schools by valorizing individuals role context and, also, the social context where they operate .From the methodological point of view, this research had a Qualitative and Descriptive approach, by a Focus–Group methodology. Data was collected from a predetermined group of 4 school principals 1st cycle of basic education in the county of Ribeira Brava, in one hand in order to make a more detailed study of the problem and on the other hand, by adopting the content analysis technique, to present data and the corresponding analysis in the form of a descriptive synthesis, through an inductive approach from where all the information was obtained. By applying this data collect method we want to see if the existing model is desired by the school principals or, if it’s only a central government’s imposition. Research results suggest that school principals would like to have more autonomy and empowerment in the educational and financial area. However, reinforce that they have enough autonomy in what concerns to their school organizational options. They also consider it an adequate model, although the lack of financial autonomy, due to economical restrictions means a difficulty while running their schools. Thus, we conclude that although the unwillingness to change, a pedagogical, curricular, administrative and financial power of decision could only fit this educational level if based on an operating model reformulation, implying, for example, educational centers fusion and new school governing bodies creation.

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DI, CARPEGNA BRIVIO ELENA. "Il concetto di Repubblica nella Costituzione italiana." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1231.

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La tesi di dottorato mira ad indagare la formazione e lo sviluppo del concetto di Repubblica nell’ordinamento costituzionale italiano. A tal fine viene presa in considerazione l’innovazione apportata dalla Costituzione repubblicana rispetto all’esperienza dello Stato moderno e si riscontra una forte connessione tra il concetto di Repubblica e la volontà politica di creare, nel secondo dopoguerra, un ordinamento che superi la tradizionale separazione tra Stato e società. Nella vigente Costituzione italiana ciò si traduce nel riconoscimento di un rilievo giuspubblicistico ad un ampio pluralismo sociale e nella creazione di uno Stato-ordinamento comprensivo tanto dello Stato-apparato quanto dello Stato-comunità. Il lavoro prosegue analizzando l’attualità del concetto di Repubblica in un contesto di rapporti sociali profondamente mutati rispetto al secondo dopoguerra ed in cui è il medesimo concetto di Stato ad essere oggetto di tensione. In questa prospettiva la forma repubblicana diviene la principale manifestazione di un principio unitario interno alla Costituzione, principio che viene declinato tanto a livello di ordinamento normativo quanto in relazione ai rapporti tra Stato e società.
The PhD thesis aims to inquire birth and growth of the Republic notion in the Italian constitutional system. The author assesses the innovation of the Italian republican Constitution compared to the whole experience of modern State and points out connections between the notion of Republic and the political will to create, after Second World War, a system which can overcome any distinction between State and society. The Italian Constitution implements this pattern giving a public position to a social pluralism and creating system including the state apparatus and the entire social community. Then, the thesis inquires the nowadays operation of the Republic notion with respect to social changes and state evolution. In this regard, the republican system is the main consequence of a principle of unity provided by the Constitution; this principle acts both in the normative order and in the relations between state and society.

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Conway, William. "The deep extent of mental autonomy." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1722.

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The central aim of this thesis is to argue that the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation presents a stronger constraint on what counts as a satisfactory statement of the relation between the mental and the physical than can be acknowledged within the metaphysical framework of non-reductive physicalism. Although the chief merit of non-reductive physicalism appears to be its ability to respect the irreducibility of mental concepts to physical concepts, whilst respecting the primacy of the physical ontology, I claim that its commitment to the principles of physicalism prevents that framework from being able to accommodate what I will refer to as the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation. The deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation manifests itself in the fact that the work carried out by mentalistic explanations is completely separate from the work carried out by physicalistic explanations. I claim that the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation cannot be recognised within a metaphysical framework which claims to recognise the primacy of the physical ontology because recopsing deep autonomy requires giving up the assumption that the mental must be related to the physical in the manner appropriate to discharging such metaphysical principles. I defend the claim that we can recognise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation if we take our successful explanatory practices as the starting point of our investigation, and only then revert to the question of how best to articulate the relation between the mental and the physical. My claim is that there is an intrinsic connection between the nature of the mental and the nature of human relationships, and I therefore suggest that the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation ought to be understood in connection with the autonomous nature of human relationships. The basic ideas in this thesis are derived by combining features of Wittgenstein’s rule following considerations with features of John MacMurray’s approach to human relationships. On the basis of this combination, I argue for the more specific claim that there is an intrinsic connection between what it means to say that an individual has the capacity to think and what it means to say that he has the capacity to be involved in various types of human relationships. This connection is then used to develop a non-causal account of human action to challenge the physicalist ’s causal account, which will be used to support the claim that mentalistic explanations are autonomous with respect to physicalistic explanations in the deeper sense. I conclude by arguing that the considerations which put us in position to recognise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation ought to constrain our statement of the relation between the mental and the physical, and I suggest that this statement should be consistent with the way in which mentalistic and physicalistic explanations carry out their work in our explanatory practices. I claim that individuals are subject to mentalistic explanations in so far as they have a life to live in the world with other people, and that individuals are subject to physicalistic explanations in so far as human beings are creatures whose life has a natural biological dimension. But rather than identifying the mental with the physical, and thereby compromise the deeper extent of the autonomous nature of mentalistic explanation, I suggest that this relation might be understood in terms of the fact that the mental is embedded in the dimension of human life which is constituted by the involvement of individuals in various types of relationshps with each other, and that the dimension of human life in which physicalistic explanations are operative is presupposed as the causal background which must be in place if individuals are to have such a life to live in the world.

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Teixidó, Prevosti Araceli. "Una crítica al principi d’autonomia des de la perspectiva de la psiconàlisi. El cas de la violència contra els professionals sanitaris." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454837.

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Al segle xx va canviar la manera d’entendre la medicina. Avui observem que el metge, abans respectat, és objecte de desconfiança, fins i tot d’agressions. Hipòtesi: després d’abandonar el paternalisme, la medicina s’orienta per l’autonomisme, però la manera de fer que infon aquest principi pot deixar sol el pacient perquè n’exclou el patiment. Aquesta exclusió promou la pèrdua d’autoritat del metge i problemes com el de les agressions. Al concepte d’autonomia, hi he contraposat el de gaudi: una raó no comuna introduïda per la vulnerabilitat del cos i la particular manera de cada subjecte d’enfrontar-lo. El gaudi sorgeix per la impossibilitat del llenguatge d’organitzar tota l’experiència del cos. El concepte lacanià de discurs mostra que les maneres de fer vincle organitzen aquest gaudi. El discurs capitalista nega la importància del vincle i proposa l’objecte com a remei. He contraposat dues versions del concepte de cos: la de la medicina és la d’un organisme que funcionaria com una màquina. La de la psicoanàlisi és la d’un cos que, travessat pel llenguatge, esdevé vulnerable però lliure d’elegir perquè deixa de ser orientat per l’instint: raó i cos s’influeixen mútuament. Qüestió rellevant: el pacient no pot exercir serenament la seva raó en ocasió de malaltia, aleshores, com podrà ajudar-lo el metge sense ser paternalista? Al concepte de paternalisme, hi he contraposat el de funció paterna. Més enllà de la imposició que el pare pot fer, introdueix el fill en el llenguatge: operació que li dona un lloc al món atès que el pare acull el seu gaudi, que el llenguatge no pot dir. La realitat subjectiva s’organitza des d’aquest punt. El sacerdot, antecedent del metge, operava des de la funció paterna perquè acollia el gaudi preservant un misteri. Fet aquest triple plantejament, he recollit onze casos d’agressió. Les converses amb els professionals mostren que en les agressions es transfereix al professional una energia que inicialment no li anava destinada. La transferència mostra que el gaudi del pacient s’adreça al metge. L’operació de la transferència consisteix a sostenir el vincle i fer passar a la paraula allò que el subjecte actua sense saber-ho. Així el gaudi troba una millor acomodació. Per altra banda, l’anàlisi ha mostrat que la reflexió no intervé en la resposta donada als pacients. La naturalesa de l’acte ens orienta cap al taller d’anàlisi retroactiva de les agressions per extreure’n la lògica. Els problemes de la paraula són el problema de la veritat. L’epistemologia i la moral es superposaren a l’inici de la filosofia i es separaren a mesura que el coneixement permeté un major domini del món. La veritat acabà concebent-se com a qüestió de decisió. En medicina, les decisions se centren en la perspectiva del metge, acompanyat pels comitès; la decisió del pacient es pren com una dada. La decisió del pacient no s’ha d’acompanyar? En psicoanàlisi, les decisions es centren en la perspectiva del pacient i s’acompanyen. Per abordar la qüestió de les decisions és essencial discernir la demanda del pacient. Actualment s’interpreta que els pacients només demanen ser curats. Aquest treball mostra que també consulten al metge i als professionals sanitaris per trobar respostes per al gaudi. El treball mostra que els problemes del gaudi no poden ser tractats per la ciència, però sí pel metge científic, si renuncia a una part del seu saber en favor d’un enigma que el pacient pugui interpretar amb ell.
In the xxth century, the way we understand medicine changed. Today, we notice that the doctor, formerly respected, is subject to suspicion and even to attacks. Hypothesis: after having abandoned paternalism, medicine is guided by autonomism, but the means of acting aroused by this principle may leave the patient alone because his or her suffering are excluded. I contrasted the concept of autonomy with the jouissance – an uncommon reason trigged by the vulnerability of the body and the particular manner each subject has to face it. The jouissance comes up in view of the impossibility for the language to organize the whole body experience. The lacanian concept of speech shows us that the different ways of bonding organize this jouissance. The capitalist speech denies the importance of the bond and proposes the object as a solution. I contrasted two versions of the concept of body one with the other – the one in Medicine, of an organism-machine body, and the one in Psychoanalysis, of a body that, pierced by language, becomes vulnerable but free to choose, because it stops orienting himself by instinct: reason and body affect one another. That’s a relevant issue – since the patient is unable to make use of their reasoning serenely under their illness, how shall the doctor help him or her without being paternalist? I contrasted the concept of paternalism with the paternal function. Beyond the imposition the father can carry out, he introduces his child to the language – an operation that gives them their place in the world since the father embraces their jouissance, which cannot be told by means of language. That’s the origin of subjective reality’s setup. The priest, before the doctor, operated from this paternal function, now that he embraced the jouissance while preserving a mystery. Once established this threefold approach, we gathered eleven cases of attack. Our talks with the concerned professionals show that, in the case of an attack, energy is transferred to the professional that wasn’t originally earmarked for him or her. Transference shows that the patient’s jouissance addresses the doctor. The transference operation consists on holding the bond and entrusting the speech with the subject’s action – unbeknownst to himself. That’s how their jouissance finds a best accommodation. Furthermore, our analysis showed that reflection is not taking part in the response to the patients. The act’s nature leads us towards the practice of a retrospective analysis of the attacks in order to deduce the logics behind them. The problems of speech are the problem of truth. Epistemology and morals overlapped at the beginning of philosophy’s history and diverged as knowledge allowed a deeper control over the world. Truth was eventually seen as a matter of decision. In Medicine, decision is focused on the doctor’s perspective, backed by the committees. The patient’s decision is seen as a piece of data – shan’t they be kept company? In Psychoanalysis, decision is focused on the patient’s perspective, who is taken company. Spotting the patient’s demand is essential to tackle the issue of decision. Nowadays, patients are assumed to be expecting to be dressed. Our work shows that they also look for medical attention or healthcare to have their jouissance responded to. This work shows that the jouissance’s problems cannot be dressed by science, but they can by the scientific doctor provided that he sacrificed a part of his or her knowledge in favour of an enigma that the patient is able to interpret together with him or her.

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Leonardatos, Harry. "Comparing Organizational Configurations of Principal Autonomy in Finland and New York." Thesis, State University of New York at Albany, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3737834.

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This exploratory study compares organizational configurations of principal autonomy in Finland and New York State. Evidence from Finnish school site visits and surveys distributed to principals in New York State and Finland is utilized to compare principal autonomy in two distinct educational settings.

The distinguishing feature of the U.S. school system is local control by school boards, which dates back to the colonial era (Wong & Langevin, 2005). This organizational setting contrasts from the educational system in Finland where the central government still holds statutory responsibility for education, but has decided to delegate decisions affecting the daily processes of a school to the principal and staff of each individual schools (Caldwell & Harris, 2006; Sabel, Saxenian, Miettinen, Kristensen, & Hautamäki, 2010). Finland was chosen for this study because of its recent success on PISA and the attention Finland has received from U.S. policymakers, reformers, professors, and the media. If the Finnish school system is a “miracle” as some proclaim (Darling-Hammond, 2010), then what can we learn from this organizational setting?

The hypothesis of this study is that principals in devolved and radically decentralized settings (e.g. New York State) possess less autonomy compared to principals in settings with a distinct educational center that allows decentralized decision-making at the local level (e.g. Finland). The research questions this study proposes to consider are: 1) To what extent do principals in devolved school systems (such as New York State) exercise autonomy when making decisions compared to principals in an educational system where authority is delegated by the central government (such as Finland)? 2) Is there a relationship between principal autonomy and the type of decentralization? 3) How does the type of decentralization affect a principal’s ability to act autonomously in making decisions?

To examine the validity of the hypothesis and to answer these research questions, principals from New York State and Finland were selected to answer an electronically administered survey similar to the School and Staffing Survey distributed by the U.S. Department of Education. An analysis of the survey results was utilized to help understand if a relationship exists between different organizational configurations and principal autonomy. I also went to visit schools in Finland and had the opportunity to meet with school principals and representatives of the OAJ (Trade Union of Education).

Principals were asked about their autonomy in making decisions related to personnel and instruction. My findings indicate that in almost all instances, principals in Finland enjoy a higher degree of autonomy than their counterparts in New York State. Principals in New York State, which operate in an educational atmosphere where different levels of government and bureaucratic entities ratify laws, pass policies, and make decisions that affect instruction and personnel, experience a lower degree of autonomy. In contrast, principals that work in a system, such as Finland’s, where the central government delegates authority to local educational agencies and allows the administration and staff of each school to make decisions indicate a higher degree of autonomy.

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Johnson, Daniel Nordwall. "Principal Vision, Environmental Robustness, and Teacher Sense of Autonomy in High Schools." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1321.

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This study focused on leadership and its correlates. Theory and research both point to the centrality of the principal's leadership role in school effectiveness. Yet, few studies of school leadership actually examine relationships among leadership variables. This study examined, from the perspective of high school teachers, three leadership correlates: principal vision, environmental robustness and teacher autonomy. Principal vision was conceptualized as the capacity of the principal to see the difference between what is and what might be, thus enabling others to accept and act on the possibilities of what might be. Environmental robustness was defined as the perceived dramatic content of the school structure. Teacher autonomy was referred to as the extent to which teachers perceived they were able to maintain professional discretion and independence in their classrooms. It is believed that these variables do not stand alone but are interwoven in the leadership discussion. Principal vision is only as powerful a concept as the context in which it is shared (environmental robustness) and the receptivity and willingness to respond to it by the followers (teacher sense of autonomy). This study examined the collective perspective that high school teachers have regarding these three variables. Data were collected from 1338 high school teachers in 34 public high schools in Oregon. The school was the statistical unit of analysis. Mean scores were calculated for each of the three variables and subscales within each variable. Data were statistically analyzed using the Pearson product moment correlation and ANOVA. The study hypothesized a significant positive relationship between principal vision and environmental robustness; principal vision and teacher autonomy; environmental robustness and teacher autonomy. Using the Pearson product moment correlation as the statistical test, positive relationships were observed for all three of the hypotheses. The strongest of the relationships was found between principal vision and environmental robustness. Although not as strong, a significant positive relationship was also found between environmental robustness and teacher autonomy. While principal vision and teacher autonomy demonstrated the weakest correlation, there were several significant relationships among the vision and autonomy subscales. This study found stronger correlations among the three variables at the high school than were found in an earlier study at the elementary level and explores reasons for those differences. This study also investigated relationships among the theoretical variables and several contextual variables including demographic and school improvement indicators. After data were collected and analyzed, several principals of participating schools were interviewed regarding visionary attributes of their leadership roles in their schools. These interviews provided a broader perspective in understanding and interpreting the findings. This study concluded by considering implications of the relationships among these three variables and their impact in creating and sustaining effective instructional leadership. Of significant interest were the implications for the hiring processes for high school principals.

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Palacios, Martínez Eric. "Autonomía privada, principio de legalidad y derecho civil." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2007. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116531.

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MALDONATO, LUCIA. "QUESTIONI DI ANTICIPAZIONE DELLA TUTELA PENALE A PARTIRE DAI REATI AMBIENTALI." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/61786.

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La tesi si propone l'obiettivo di investigare il ruolo che il diritto penale può avere nel fronteggiare i cosiddetti "problemi della modernità". In particolare, ci si interroga sulle reali capacità che lo strumento penalistico, attraverso i reati di pericolo astratto e delle fattispecie incentrate sul principio di precauzione, può avere nel garantire adeguata tutela ai sistemi ecologici. Il primo capitolo del lavoro è dedicato alla disamina critica delle posizioni dottrinali emerse in ordine alla definizione del pericolo quale elemento costitutivo della fattispecie, mentre il secondo si concentra sull'analisi del principio comunitario di precauzione, con l'obiettivo di segnalare i rischi dell'appiattimento della legislazione penale su tale principio. Nel corso dei successivi capitoli lo studio si concentra sulla complessa realtà della legislazione ambientale e vuole evidenziare, da un lato, come le fattispecie di pericolo astratto presunto mal si prestino a garantire opportuna salvaguardia al sistema complesso costituito dalle matrici ecologiche e, dall'altro, come la recente introduzione dei reati contro il bene ambiente all'interno del codice penale non abbia affatto rimediato ai diversi profili di ineffettività del sistema. In conclusione del lavoro, si propone un nuovo modello di gestione della questione ambientale, fondato su una più marcata valorizzazione dei profili di responsabilità della persona giuridica, unico soggetto realmente in grado di prevenire e contrastare i più gravi fatti di compromissione ambientale.
The thesis aims to investigate the role that criminal law can play in dealing with the so-called "problems of modernity". In particular, the paper investigates the real capabilities that the criminal instrument can have in guaranteeing adequate protection to ecological systems. The first chapter of the work is dedicated to the critical examination of the doctrinal positions in order to define danger as a constitutive element of the crime, while the second focuses on the analysis of the precautionary principle. In the following chapters, the study focuses on the complex reality of environmental legislation and aims to highlight, on one hand, how crimes of abstract danger cannot guarantee adequate protection to the complex system constituted by the ecological matrices and, on the other hand, how the recent introduction of crimes against the environment within the criminal code has not at all remedied the different profiles of ineffectiveness of the system. In conclusion, a new model of managing environmental issue is proposed, based on a more marked enhancement of the profiles of responsibility of the legal person, the only subject really able to prevent and counter the most serious facts of environmental compromise.

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Boussofara, Anissa. "Le principe d’interprétation autonome dans la Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR0010/document.

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L’étude de l’interprétation de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale de marchandises du 11 avril 1980 (CVIM) révèle la nécessité de la mise en œuvre d’un principe d’interprétation autonome, également affirmé dans d’autres instruments juridiques (conventions onusiennes, Principes UNIDROIT). Le principe d’interprétation autonome, inhérent au droit transnational, impose la prise en compte du caractère international des normes à interpréter ainsi que la promotion de leur uniformité d’application. Il s’agit ainsi d’assurer l’autonomie des termes du texte juridique à interpréter. Le comblement des lacunes du texte, qui constitue le second versant de l’interprétation juridique, est opéré par le recours aux principes généraux sous-tendant le texte. Le recours aux règles de droit interne n’aura lieu qu’en dernier ressort. L’étude se propose d’évaluer la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. A cette fin, il convient d’observer l’attitude du juge français lors de l’application du texte, non sans examiner la jurisprudence internationale ainsi que les sentences arbitrales l’appliquant également. Certaines dispositions et expressions conventionnelles ont été privilégiées afin d’examiner leur interprétation (par exemple : le contrat de fourniture, la contravention essentielle, le raisonnable, l’article 78 imposant l’application d’intérêts à toute somme due sans en fixer le taux). Le principe de bonne foi, guidant l’interprétation de la CVIM est également décortiqué dans sa relation avec l’interprétation de la CVIM. Il ressort de l’étude que la jurisprudence française méconnait le principe d’interprétation autonome lors de l’application de la CVIM. La comparaison avec d’autres juridictions montre que certaines d’entre elles font état d’une meilleure considération des règles d’interprétation édictées dans la Convention (Allemagne, Italie). La jurisprudence arbitrale révèle des sentences particulièrement enclines à la mise en œuvre du principe d’interprétation autonome sans que cette pratique ne soit uniforme. Les arbitres du commerce international sont souvent dotés d’une culture internationaliste et surtout, ils ne relèvent d’aucun ordre juridique national. Ils sont par conséquent beaucoup moins susceptibles d’être influencés par des références de droit interne et ainsi plus à même d’opérer une interprétation autonome des textes internationaux qu’ils mettent en œuvre. Ceci étant, l’affirmation explicite de l’application d’un principe d’interprétation autonome est quasiment inexistante dans la jurisprudence arbitrale comme dans celle des tribunaux étatiques.La présente étude a pour ambition d’élargir la connaissance du principe d’interprétation autonome par les interprètes du droit matériel uniforme en utilisant la CVIM comme support de démonstration. Le rôle du principe d’interprétation autonome sera fondamental dans l’expansion et la bonne application du droit uniforme. En effet, cette méthode d’interprétation est à même de respecter l’objectif du droit uniforme
When analyzing the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods adopted the 11 April 1980 (CISG), a principle of autonomous interpretation appears. This principle is stated in other legal texts (as United Nations conventions and UNIDROIT Principles). The principle of autonomous interpretation belongs to the transnational law and leads to take into account the international character of the legal provisions to be interpreted and to promote the uniformity of their application as “expressed” in the article 7 of the CISG. General principles underlying the CISG are used for gap-fillings which is the second side of legal interpretation. Using national laws is the ultimate resort.The principle of autonomous interpretation in the application of the CISG will be studied. For this purpose, judicial decisions and arbitral awards will be examined. Dispositions from the Convention have been chosen for their interpretation to be examined. The principle of good faith is also examined in its relation with the CISG interpretation. It will be observed that French case-law doesn’t acknowledge the principle of autonomous interpretation. Arbitral awards show a more important tendency to apply the principle of autonomous interpretation but there is no uniformity. The arbitrators in international trade have multicultural traditions and do not depend on a forum. Therefore they are less likely to be “influenced” by national “references” and so much more capable to interpret autonomously international dispositions. Nevertheless the “express” affirmation of a principle of autonomous interpretation is missing from arbitral awards and judicial decisions. This thesis aims to enlarge the acknowledgement of the principle of autonomous interpretation by the interpreters of uniform law using the CISG as a model. The function of the principle of autonomous interpretation will be fundamental to the expansion and to the correct application of uniform law. This method of interpretation is respectful of the objective of uniform law

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Meurant, Cédric. "L'interprétation des écritures des parties par le juge administratif français." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3026.

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En vertu de la règle du principe dispositif qui s’applique au procès administratif, le litige est la chose des parties : la matière de l’instance est fixée par les écritures que les parties rédigent et qu’elles soumettent au juge administratif. L’essence de l’office de ce juge consiste à trancher le litige en répondant juridiquement aux prétentions et à l’argumentation développées par les parties dans leurs écritures. L’étendue de son intervention est donc tributaire de la formulation des écritures qu’il devrait se borner à interpréter littéralement, et ce même lorsqu’elles sont maladroitement rédigées. Pourtant, le juge s’autorise à les interpréter extensivement ou restrictivement. Les raisons qui président à ce choix sont incertaines. L’un des enjeux de cette recherche est de les clarifier. Elle doit aussi déterminer l’étendue de ce pouvoir, et notamment son caractère – est-ce une faculté ou une obligation ? –, les éléments des écritures susceptibles d’être interprétés, les parties dont les écrits peuvent être appréciés, les méthodes mobilisées, ou encore ses limites et les contrôles auxquels il est soumis. Mais, à cause du rôle central des écritures dans le procès administratif, leur interprétation peut avoir d’importantes conséquences sur cette instance. Certaines interprétations peuvent même la déstabiliser. La recherche doit donc envisager les mécanismes permettant de corriger ces déséquilibres. En interprétant les écritures des parties, le juge participe à la fixation de la matière de l’instance. Dès lors, cette étude doit, plus fondamentalement, contribuer à déterminer l’auteur de cette substance : les parties ou le juge ?
According to the principle of party autonomy that rules the administrative trial, the litigation is the thing of the parties: the disputed matter is set out in the contentious writings the parties submit to the administrative judge. The essence of the office of this judge is to settle the disputed by legally answering the claims and arguments developed by the parties in their written pleadings. The scope of his intervention is therefore dependent on the wording of the contentious writings, which the judge should confine himself to literally interpreting, even when they are badly written. However, he allows himself to interpret them extensively or restrictively. The reasons for this choice are uncertain. One of the stakes of this research is to clarify them. It must also determine the scope of that power, and in particular its character - is it a possibility or an obligation? -, the elements of the written submissions likely to be interpreted, the parties whose writings can be assessed, the methods used, or its limits and the controls to which it is subject. But, because of the central role of the written pleadings in the administrative process, their interpretation can have important consequences on this instance. Some interpretations can even destabilize it. This research should therefore consider ways to correct such imbalances. In interpreting the parties’ written submissions, the judge participates in the determination of the disputed matter. Consequently, this study must, more fundamentally, contribute to determining the author of this matter: the parties or the judge?

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Dude, David Joseph. "Organizational commitment of principals: The effects of job autonomy, empowerment, and distributive justice." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2863.

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Organizational commitment has been a topic of extensive interest in the organizational behavior literature since the 1950's. It has been associated with workforce stability, decreased absenteeism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and decreased turnover. This study focuses on the relationships between organizational commitment and turnover; particularly amongst K-12 school principals. A principal of a school is much like the CEO of a company. Principals impact schools in many ways. They supervise staff, develop culture, implement and enforce rules, guide instruction and ensure that all students receive a quality education. The United States is facing a shortage of principals. Many principals are nearing retirement age. Others are simply choosing to leave the profession. In many cases there are shortages of applicants and/or qualified candidates for available positions. Many teachers hold administrative credentials but, for various reasons, choose not to pursue the principalship. School systems are facing difficulties filling principal positions. One potential solution is to endeavor to keep current principals on the job. Organizational commitment is highly correlated with intent to stay; promoting the suggestion that schools may retain principals for longer periods where organizational commitment is significantly higher. This study focuses on the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment. The study uses data from a web-based survey of 1,078 principals. The data were collected from K-12 principals in the Midwest United States. The sample includes elementary and secondary principals from public, private/parochial schools, and charter schools. Hypotheses regarding the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment were tested using multiple regression and path analysis. Increases in each of these variables were found to be significantly associated with increases in organizational commitment. In addition, some support was found for the moderating effects of distributive justice and demographic variables on the relationship between job autonomy and organizational commitment, and on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Implications for those who supervise principals are discussed. For instance, principals may be provided latitude and discretion in terms of the scheduling and sequencing of supervisory work, and may employ consultative, mutual-means approaches in principal evaluation. School systems should, moreover, provide appropriate professional development in order to increase feelings of self-efficacy. Recommendations for future research are also suggested, including replicating the study in other regions and with other organizational types, as well as including other variables, such as perceived organizational support, resistance to change, conflict, and teamwork.

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Duarte, Ícaro de Souza. "O reconhecimento do direito de informaçao na negociaçao coletiva como decorrencia da aplicaçao do principio da boa-fé objetiva." Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da UFBA, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10769.

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Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-15T13:31:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ícaro.pdf: 1400485 bytes, checksum: 9a85d13e281cdd5215883a5acf60312b (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T18:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ícaro.pdf: 1400485 bytes, checksum: 9a85d13e281cdd5215883a5acf60312b (MD5)
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O reconhecimento do direito de informação em decorrência da aplicação do princípio da boa-fé objetiva na negociação coletiva é condição necessária de uma negociação justa. No pós-positivismo jurídico a negociação coletiva não pode ser encarada de maneira isolada o que significa a irradiação dos efeitos do princípio da boa-fé objetiva sobre a negociação principalmente o reconhecimento da produção de deveres jurídicos anexos como é o caso do dever de informação que impõe a obrigação mútua para as partes negociantes prestarem as informações solicitadas sempre que pertinentes ao objeto da negociação coletiva. O objetivo central do presente trabalho é evidenciar o reconhecimento do direito de informação na negociação coletiva como decorrência da aplicação do princípio da boa-fé objetiva. Para o alcance desse objetivo adotou-se o método indutivo com enfoque predominante na pesquisa bibliográfica sendo que inicialmente será feito o delineamento dos pressupostos teóricos relacionados à perspectiva da autonomia privada coletiva e do princípio da boa-fé objetiva que serão constantemente visitados no decorrer do trabalho. Feito isso o raciocínio será manifestado no sentido de se reconhecer que a boa-fé objetiva incide sobre a negociação coletiva inclusive seus deveres anexos caso do direito de informação. Por fim o fenômeno será avaliado globalmente investigando seus aspectos jurídicos mais importantes e correlacionando-os com a perspectiva central do trabalho.
Salvador

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Charochak, Suzanne M. "Central Office Leaders' Role in Supporting Principal Autonomy and Accountability in a Turnaround District." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107995.

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Thesis advisor: Martin Scanlan
This qualitative case study explored the role of central office leaders in supporting autonomy and accountability in the Lawrence Public Schools. One of the key strategies of central office transformation is the creation of assistance relationships with principals (Honig et al., 2010), which serves as the conceptual framework for this study. Data was gathered from interviews with and observations of central office leaders and principals as well as a document review. The results of the study found that principals were granted broad autonomy in several areas of school leadership that resulted in improved student outcomes. Findings further noted that central office leaders engaged in assistance relationships and employed the key practices in their efforts to support principals. Principals reported that central office leaders employed these practices in each of the four decision-making areas of building leadership; budget, staffing, curriculum and assessment, and scheduling. While enacting autonomy for principals in building decision-making, central office leaders executed a “customer-service culture” of support. Recommendations include continual examination of assistance relationships among central office leaders in support of principals’ autonomy in the context of a turnaround district. Future researchers may continue to contribute to the growing body of literature by examining these findings and offering a longitudinal view of this practice. This strands’ findings may begin to provide insights into strategies that will add to school improvement efforts for chronically underperforming schools and districts
Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education

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Fleury, Sara. "Architecture de contrôle distribuée pour robot mobile autonome : principes, conception et applications." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165569.

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Un robot mobile autonome doit réaliser des tâches non répétitives dans un environnement imparfaitement connu et non-coopératif, voire hostile. Dans ce contexte les missions attribuées au robot ne peuvent être définies que de façon abstraite et peu détaillée, et le robot doit être doté de moyens pour les interpréter, appréhender l'environnement, décider des actions adéquates et réagir aux événements asynchrones. Afin de concilier décision et réaction, l'architecture de contrôle proposée, c'est-à-dire la manière dont sont organisées les composantes logicielles du robot, comporte deux niveaux hiérarchiques : les niveaux décisionnel et fonctionnel. Ce second niveau, objet principal de la thèse, fournit l'ensemble des capacités opératoires du système (perception, modélisation, mouvements et actions). La première partie du mémoire présente l'architecture globale et fournit un état de l'art et une analyse critique focalisée sur l'organisation des systèmes réactifs. La seconde partie explicite les conditions requises au niveau de la couche fonctionnelle pour satisfaire l'autonomie, la réactivité et la programmabilité du robot. Ces caractéristiques, associées à la grande diversité et aux contraintes temporelles des fonctions opératoires, ont conduit à une structuration en modules. La formalisation structurelle, comportementale et fonctionnelle des modules a permis en particulier de concevoir des méthodes générales d'intégration de fonctions. Les fonctions ainsi encapsulées dans les modules composent un ensemble de services homogènes, réactifs et observables à la disposition du niveau décisionnel qui accomplit les tâches du robot en les combinant dynamiquement en un arbre d'activités. Les modules sont décrits et produits au moyen d'un langage de spécification associé à un générateur automatique nommé GenoM. La dernière partie présente trois intégrations complètes. La première concerne Hilare, un robot expérimental d'intérieur é quipé de nombreux capteurs et fonctionnalités. Des méthodes originales de localisation et de contrôle de déplacement pour véhicule non-holonome sont détaillées. La seconde porte sur la navigation en milieu naturel du robot tout terrain ADAM. La dernière, relative à la coopération multi-robots, a conduit à une simulation réaliste d'une quinzaine de robots (sous UNIX) et à une expérimentation réelle avec trois robots Hilare (sous VxWorks).

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Fleury, Sara. "Architecture de contrôle distribuée pour robots mobiles autonome : principes, conception et applications." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30121.

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Un robot mobile autonome doit realiser des taches non repetitives dans un environnement imparfaitement connu et non-cooperatif, voire hostile. Dans ce contexte les missions attribuees au robot ne peuvent etre definies de facon precise, et le robot doit etre dote de moyens pour les interpreter, analyser l'environnement, decider des actions adequates et reagir aux evenements asynchrones. Pour concilier decision et reaction, l'architecture de controle proposee comporte deux niveaux hierarchiques: les niveaux decisionnel et fonctionnel. Ce second niveau, objet principal de la these, fournit l'ensemble des capacites operatoires du systeme (perception, modelisation, mouvements, etc. ). La premiere partie du memoire presente l'architecture globale et fournit un etat de l'art et une analyse critique focalisee sur l'organisation des systemes reactifs. La seconde partie explicite les conditions requises au niveau de la couche fonctionnelle pour satisfaire l'autonomie, la reactivite et la programmabilite du robot. Ces caracteristiques, associees a la grande diversite et aux contraintes temporelles des fonctions operatoires, ont conduit a une structuration en modules. La formalisation structurelle, comportementale et fonctionnelle des modules a permis de concevoir des methodes generales d'integration de fonctions. Les fonctions ainsi encapsulees dans les modules composent un ensemble de services homogenes, reactifs et observables a la disposition du niveau decisionnel qui accomplit les taches du robot en les combinant dynamiquement en un arbre d'activites. Les modules sont decrits et produits au moyen d'un langage de specification associe a un generateur automatique de modules (g#e#nom). La derniere partie presente trois integrations completes. La premiere concerne hilare, un robot experimental d'interieur equipe de nombreux capteurs et fonctionnalites. Des methodes originales de localisation et de controle de deplacement pour vehicule non-holonome sont detaillees. La seconde porte sur la navigation en milieu naturel du robot tout terrain adam. La derniere, relative a la cooperation multi-robots, a conduit a une simulation realiste d'une quinzaine de robots (sous unix) et a une experimentation reelle avec trois robots hilare (sous vxworks)

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Figueroa, Gutarra Edwin. "El principio de «autonomía procesal». Notas para su aplicación material." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/95904.

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El presente artículo desarrolla un estudio del principio de «autonomía procesal», desde la posición por la defensa del mismo en razón de su vinculación con el concepto de tutela urgente que representan los derechos fundamentales. En esa perspectiva de orden material igualmente considera una posición moderada y propone un conjunto de reglas para un mejor desarrollo de esta concepción. Reconoce, asimismo, las posiciones críticas al respecto y las examina en una propuesta de complementariedad entre el derecho procesal y la «autonomía procesal» propiamente dicha.

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Aymard, Stephane. "Les principes de solidarité et d'autonomie à l'aune de la dépendance des personnes âgées." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1016.

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Est-il possible d’empêcher par un mécanisme solidaire que la dépendance médicale, soit le fait d’avoir besoin d’une aide pour effectuer les actes de la vie quotidienne, ne se transforme en dépendance sociale? Est-il possible que dans le même temps l’on parvienne à préserver l’idéal d’autonomie pour les personnes âgées dépendantes? Dans le contexte actuel, l’autonomie des personnes âgées dépendantes apparaît comme un véritable enjeu puisque celui-ci porte avec lui la possibilité pour ces personnes de rester maîtres de leur vie, aptes à prendre des décisions. Cette thèse examine la question de l’autonomie tant sous un angle théorique que pratique et montre sous quelles conditions son effectivité est possible. Plus particulièrement, cette thèse met en évidence (i) les conditions de réalisation de l’autonomie décisionnelle: disponibilité des aidants et aménagement de l’espace architectural, (ii) les enjeux notionnels autour du concept de dépendance: différenciation du concept d’autonomie, rapprochement avec celui de handicap, mise en avant de situations de dépendance (iii) les caractéristiques de la relation aidant-aidé qui oscille entre relation asymétrique et relation réciproque, (iv) l’importance du rôle joué par les acteurs individuels et institutionnels dans la réalisation de l’autonomie, (v) l’analyse des situations qui mettent à mal la liberté comme non-domination: consentement à l’entrée en institution, refus de soins, contention, attitude paternaliste, (vi) une éthique de la solidarité. Pour prémunir les personnes âgées contre des situations de domination sociale, il nous semble important d’appréhender celles-ci avant tout comme des personnes
Is it possible to avoid, through a solidarity mechanism, that medical dependence (needing help to perform daily activities) be converted into social dependence? Is it possible to do so in such a way that we preserve the ideal of autonomy for the dependent elderly? In the present context, the autonomy of the dependent elderly appears as a real challenge because it conveys the notion of an opportunity for these people to remain in control of their lives, able to make decisions. This thesis examines the question of autonomy both in theoretical and practical terms, and shows the conditions under which its effectiveness is possible. Specifically, this thesis highlights (i) the conditions of implementation for decision-making autonomy: the presence of caregivers and developments in architectural space, (ii) the notional issues surrounding the concept of dependency: differentiation of the concept of autonomy , connections with disability and, especially, situations of dependence (iii) the characteristics of the caregiver-relationship that oscillates between asymmetrical and reciprocal relationship, (iv) the important role played by individual and institutional actors in the achievement of independence, (v) the analysis of situations that undermine freedom as non-domination such as consent-giving (in connection with nursing homes), denial of care, coercive restraint, paternalism, (vi) the ethics of solidarity. In order to protect the elderly against social domination situations, it seems that our apprehension of them as individuals first is crucial

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Denimal, Marie. "La réparation intégrale du préjudice corporel : réalités et perspectives." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20017/document.

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Le principe de réparation intégrale du préjudice corporel démontre les limites de son application actuelle. Alors que notre système juridique paraît enclin à toutes les sollicitudes envers la victime, celui-ci manque largement à son but : la multiplicité des régimes d'indemnisation, l'hétérogénéité des méthodes d'évaluation et l'insuffisante fermeté des concepts mis en oeuvre apparaissent comme autant de facteurs de disparités entre les victimes. À l'appui d'une étude ouverte au droit international, aux solutions doctrinales ainsi qu'à une appréhension ajustée de la notion de victime; cette thèse oeuvre pour une autonomisation du droit du dommage corporel respectant les valeurs d'égalité, d'humanité et de justice de l'indemnisation propres au principe de réparation intégrale du préjudice corporel
The principle of full reparation for bodily injury demonstrates the limits of its current application. While our legal system seems inclined to all the requests to the victim, it largely misses its goal : the multiplicity of compensation schemes, heterogeneity assessment methods and insufficient firmness concepts implemented appear as factors of disparities between the victims. In support of an open study with international law, to the doctrinal solutions as well as an adjustedunderstanding of the concept of victim ; this thesis works for the empowerment of personal injury law respecting the values of equality, humanity and justice of compensation specific to the full compensation principle of reparation for bodily injury

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Gobbi, Florencia, and Aixa Yasmin Triay. "El principio de la autonomía de la voluntad en las contrataciones." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, 2015. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/7541.

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La autonomía de la voluntad privada es la facultad de los particulares de regir y ordenar su propia conducta mediante sus propias normas sin depender de nadie ni ser obligado a ello por algún impulso externo. Aplicado al ámbito de la contratación es un derecho incuestionable, que comprende la discrecionalidad de contratar o negarse a hacerlo, la de elegir con quien contratar y en última instancia decidir sobre la regulación del convenio. En la actualidad, este principio se encuentra en crisis, lo cual se debe a las restricciones que le son aplicadas. El deterioro actual del mismo afecta al contrato tanto en su formación como en los efectos jurídicos que produce y repercute de esta forma en la seguridad jurídica que ofrece el contrato a las partes intervinientes. Este trabajose orienta a la investigación de este tema, para estudiar el principio de la autonomía privada, su contenido, su relación con el Derecho Contractual, y para determinar los principales factores jurídicos y sociales que lo limitan en la regulación de las obligaciones contractuales civiles.
Fil: Gobbi, Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.
Fil: Triay, Aixa Yasmin. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas.

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Sadki, Cyrielle. "Le principe ne bis in idem et les sanctions disciplinaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0616.

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L'adage ne bis in idem déjà connu du droit romain est utilisé en procédure pénale, il a pour signification que nul ne peut être poursuivi deux fois pour les mêmes faits. Cette règle a pour objectif de garantir la protection des libertés individuelles notamment, la sécurité juridique et l'équité. En droit français, il est prévu à l’article 368 du code de procédure pénale que « aucune personne acquittée légalement ne peut plus être reprise ou accusée à raison des mêmes faits, même sous une qualification différente ». Ne bis in idem possède un édifice tridimensionnel déterminant le non-cumul des qualifications, des poursuites et des sanctions. Concernant l'aspect européen, le principe a été soumis par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a d'importants critères permettant de déterminer si l'on se trouve en situation de cumul des sanctions. La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a amorcé un changement dans l'interprétation française du cumul des sanctions. Le Conseil constitutionnel, prenant en considération la position de la haute cour européenne, a donné un nouveau tournant à la règle française. Un processus s'est alors engagé vers la refonte du champ d'application permettant d'étendre la règle à de nombreuses situations de cumuls et notamment aux sanctions disciplinaires. C'est en faisant application d'une jurisprudence évolutive et abondante que nous nous attacherons à démontrer que la règle pourrait également s'appliquer à certaines sanctions disciplinaires qui peuvent également être cumulées aux sanctions pénales
The adage ne bis in idem already known from Roman law is used in criminal proceedings, it means that no one can be prosecuted twice for the same facts. The purpose of this rule is to guarantee the protection of individual freedoms, including legal certainty and fairness. Under French law, article 368 of the code of criminal procedure provides that "no person who has been acquitted by law may be taken back or charged on the basis of the same facts, even under a different qualification". Ne bis in idem has a three-dimensional building determining the non-cumulation of qualifications, prosecutions and sanctions. Regarding the European aspect, the principle has been submitted by the European court of human rights has important criteria to determine if there is a situation of cumulation of sanctions. The European court of human rights has initiated a change in the French interpretation of the cumulation of sanctions. The Constitutional Council, taking into account the position of the High European court, has given a new turn to the French rule. A process has begun to redefine the scope of application to extend the rule to many cumulative situations including disciplinary sanctions. It is by applying an evolutionary and abundant jurisprudence that we will endeavor to demonstrate that the rule could also apply to certain disciplinary sanctions which can also be cumulated with the penal sanctions

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44

Lu, Xuan. "La question tibétaine et ses deux principales solutions depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040214.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude de la question tibétaine et des différents aspects sous lesquels elle est traitée : géographique, économiques, stratégiques et politiques. Nous étudions l’évolution des attitudes et les divergences d’opinion selon une polarisation allant du conservatisme au progressisme. Nous en mesurons les influences dans l’histoire récente et nous projetons les développements probables à court et moyen termes.- Cette thèse s’attache à démontrer que le Tibet reste un enjeu important pour la Chine et qu’à ce titre, la ligne de chemin de fer reliant le Qinghai au Tibet symbolise la politique et la solution chinoise vis-à-vis du Tibet. - Cette thèse s’attache à démontrer que le dalaï-lama est toujours considéré par les tibétains comme la seule instance à même de pouvoir résoudre les problèmes tibétains, et ceci en dépit des nombreuses crises auxquelles le chef spirituel a pu être confronté.- Enfin, cette thèse s’attache à démontrer que la société chinoise est en train d’évoluer vers une attitude plus progressiste. Sur cette question notamment, les intellectuels chinois ont acquis davantage d’influence que par le passé, influence qui pourrait, à l’avenir, se développer davantage. Ce travail, relevant d’un champ d’analyse pluridisciplinaire, couvre l’essentiel du XXème siècle et de l’époque actuelle. Il se focalise particulièrement sur la période postérieure aux années 1980, qui a été le témoin d’une internalisation plus poussée de la question tibétaine
This thesis focuses on the Tibetan issue in its various aspects: geographic, economic, strategic and political. We examine the evolution of attitudes and differences of opinion according to their polarization ranging from conservatism to progressivism. We assess their influences in recent history and we project the likely developments in the near future.- This thesis aims at showing that Tibet remains an important matter at stake for China. Hence the Qinghai-Tibet rail link embodies the Chinese national policy as well as the Chinese solution vis-à-vis Tibet.- This thesis aims at demonstrating that the Dalai Lama is still regarded by Tibetans as the key to the resolution of Tibetan problems despite the many crises the spiritual leader has had to face.- Finally this thesis aims at pointing out that the Chinese society is evolving towards a more progressive attitude. On this issue Chinese intellectuals have acquired more influence than before and this influence could develop even further in the future. This work belongs to an inter-disciplinary field of study and covers most of the 20th century and present times. It focuses especially on the post 1980’s period when the Tibetan issue became more international

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Mercedat, Ralph. "Légitimité et autonomie des principes d'UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80942.

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This thesis analyses three issues raised by the application of the general principles of law to commercial arbitration. First, it is essential to assess the core and the substance of the general principles of law. Our first hypothesis purports that the UPICC reduces considerably the uncertainty of the general principles of law in international trade. Secondly, an analysis of the nature of the UPICC is needed, in order to determine whether they have the essential features of a transnational norm and can thus escape the application of national legal norms. We will thus analyse the existing mechanisms to assure the autonomy, of PUCCI, from national law. Thirdly, we will analyse the legitimacy of the UPICC. In doing so, we shall refer to the concept of reflexive legimitacy, a legitimacy obtained through the consensus of the merchant community. This reflexive legitimacy over the UPICC is generally admitted. Two rules within the UPICC, however, raise doubts and concerns over their acceptability in the merchants' community: the hardship and the gross disparity provisions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Serrano, Peña Oscar. "El principio de autonomía regional en el tratado de la unión europea." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401103.

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En palabras del Consejo de Europa, el concepto de “democracia regional” es una de las aportaciones clave del pensamiento político del siglo veinte a la idea de democracia, tal y como es entendida en aquellos estados que mantienen como principios elementales de convivencia el Estado de derecho y el principio de legalidad. En este sentido, tanto el principio de subsidiariedad como la democracia regional son instrumentos jurídicos que sirven como canales de profundización de la democracia y coadyuvan a hacer del Estado en su conjunto una administración más eficaz, más participativa, y por tanto, más democrática. Desde esa óptica, siempre resultan de gran importancia todos aquellos estudios que colaboren al mayor conocimiento tanto de la autonomía regional como de su imbricación dentro de la organización territorial del Estado. A esos objetivos pretende servir esta tesis doctoral, y el campo de análisis escogido fue el Tratado de la Unión Europea y el papel que éste reserva a la autonomía regional en su cuerpo normativo. Entre los preceptos de mayor trascendencia política y jurídica del Tratado de la Unión Europea, por múltiples motivos, figura sin duda el artículo 4.2, el cual será la piedra angular del presente trabajo. En dicho artículo, entre invocaciones a la igualdad de los Estados miembros del tratado y el respeto a su soberanía nacional, se alude de forma expresa a la “autonomía regional”. Y se hace nada menos en uno de sus capítulos iniciales, en donde se establecen los principios rectores de la Unión. No sólo la mención expresa a un instrumento político-administrativo tan sensible e importante para la organización territorial del Estado, sino su colocación sistemática en el Tratado y los esfuerzos negociadores para su inclusión, en ese artículo precisamente, plantean la posibilidad de hallarnos, por primera vez, ante el reconocimiento de la autonomía regional en el derecho europeo, con todos los efectos legales inherentes a dicha declaración. La tesis que el autor presenta a concurso responde y desarrolla, a lo largo de cinco capítulos, la siguiente pregunta de investigación: El artículo 4.2 del Tratado de la Unión Europea que introduce la referencia a la autonomía regional ¿es un principio jurídico? y si esto es así, ¿qué efectos conlleva? En este trabajo de investigación se sostiene la hipótesis de que el principio de autonomía regional es un principio jurídico que, a través de su plasmación del artículo 4.2 del Tratado de la Unión Europea (Tratado de Lisboa) ha logrado alcanzar, además del reconocimiento explícito en el derecho originario europeo por vez primera, plenos efectos normativos, con obligaciones dirigidas tanto a las instituciones europeas como a los estados miembros de la Unión. Se trata, por tanto, de un reconocimiento normativo en el terreno del derecho internacional, del principio de autonomía regional por el que las regiones logran trascender su capacidad de autogobierno tradicional, hasta entonces limitado al ámbito nacional interno, para proyectarse con toda nitidez en el ámbito exterior europeo. Resulta desde luego un paso decisivo que marca un hito en el Derecho Internacional Público y en las relaciones internacionales por cuanto supone la irrupción normativa de nuevos actores con capacidad autónoma en la escena internacional, ni que sea a nivel regional europeo.
This thesis analyses the legal effects that come from the formal recognition or the principle of regional self-government in the Treaty on the European Union, especially from the article 4.2. Previously, the work makes an historical review to the concept of regional self-government through its development in the Council of Europe and its different chart projects. In addition to this, the thesis studies the difficulties that regional self-government has known in order to not have a legal definition in a European level, as the local self-government has got. In front of the lack of the concept, this investigation work builds a European concept of regional self-government, and afterwards analyses the recognition in the European primary law. Moreover, all the negotiations that made the result of the regional self-government mention on the Treaty, inside the European Convention, are here explained and every position of all the negotiators as well (European institutions, regional lobbies and State members representatives). In the next step and before to describe the legal effects that the recognition displays, the limits of the concept will be outlined and fixed its juridical nature. From this thesis can be deduced the conclusion that the regional self-government is a fundamental principle in European legal system. All the legal arguments are completely developed and all the European case law referred to the regional self-government are described as well. Finally, the principle of regional self-government will be connected with others related principles as the principle of subsidiarity, the principles of territorial solidarity or territorial cohesion, the principle of self-determination and the right to decide as well.

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Galatius, Jonas. "Det fria skolvalets legitimitet : En filosofisk analys om autonomins egenvärde, paternalistiska interventioner och rättviseteoretiska principer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162369.

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The name of this essay is The legitimacy of the free choice of school – a philosophical studyabout the value of autonomy in the context of paternalistic interventions and principles ofjustice. The aim of this essay is to examine how the free choice of school can be legitimizedthrough perspectives regarding principles of justice. The results show that the free choice ofschool can be legitimized from several different standpoints such as the intrisic value ofautonomy, the negative concept of freedom and the rights based perspective of equality.Further, the free choice of school can also be legitimized from an epistemic viewpoint aswell as through theories about fair processes and compensatory efforts. My ambition withthis study is to broaden the discourse surrounding the topic. A discussion based on ideas andprinciples is a valuable complement to the more common debate about outcome regardingthe free choice of school.
Denna uppsats heter Det fria skolvalets legitimitet – en filosofisk analys om autonominsegenvärde, paternalistiska interventioner och rättviseteoretiska principer. Syftet meduppsatsen är att undersöka hur och på vilka grunder det fria skolvalets legitimitet kanmotiveras utifrån ett rättviseteoretiskt perspektiv. Mina resultat visar att det fria skolvaletkan legitimeras utifrån ett antal olika utgångspunkter såsom autonomins intrinsikala värde,det negativa frihetsbegreppet och ett rättighetsbaserat perspektiv på jämlikhet. Det friaskolvalet kan också legitimeras utifrån ett epistemiskt perspektiv samt utifrån teorier omlegitima processer och kompensatoriska insatser. Min ambition med uppsatsen är att breddadiskussionen genom att angripa det valda området utifrån ett filosofiskt perspektiv då det iden politiska debatten kring det fria skolvalet tenderar att vara fokus på de faktiska utfallenav reformen. Min uppfattning är att en idéburen och principiell utgångspunkt i frågan är ettviktigt komplement som jag anser borde få större utrymme i debatten.

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Ejdeskog, Tim. "Direktiv 2001/18/EG om avsiktlig utsättning av GMO och dess inverkan på svensk rätt : en europarättslig studie om svensk institutionell och processuell autonomi samt principen om god förvaltning." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16937.

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This master's thesis on the subject of public law will deal with the implications ”Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms” might have on the Swedish legal system. The purpose of the directive is to harmonize the European Union States legislation regarding licensing of the deliberate release of GMO’s into the environment, this to maintain a high level of environmental protection and at the same time preserve the internal market of the European Union. The thesis will primarily examine how the provisions of the directive relating to the general principle of good administration have impacted the procedural autonomy of Sweden. It will also explore whether the provisions of the directive have impacted Sweden’s institutional autonomy. This study is to be regarded as the thesis’ main purpose. The master’s thesis will also briefly touch upon the general principle of good administration, procedural and institutional autonomy and the European Union law’s judicial relation to the member states. A summary of the legislation process preceding the directive on the deliberate release into the environment of GMO’s can also be found, it focuses on the discussions in the different Institutions of the European Union regarding the general principle of good administration. A similar summary of the Swedish implementation process of the directive is also included. The thesis shows that several provisions in the directive regarding the general principle of good administration have in fact impacted the Swedish procedural autonomy. It also shows that Swedish legislators has been forced to introduce new procedural rules into Swedish law in order to meet the demands of the directive on the deliberate release into the environment of GMO’s while implementing the directive. However, no major impact on the Swedish institutional autonomy has been noted. At the end of the thesis the results and whether or not there is a need for a codified and uniform European administrative law is discussed.

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CANDIDO, ALESSANDRO. "CONFINI MOBILI. IL PRINCIPIO AUTONOMISTA NEI MODELLI TEORICI E NELLE PRASSI DEL REGIONALISMO ITALIANO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/887.

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Il lavoro indaga lo sviluppo del principio di autonomia nella teoria e nelle prassi del regionalismo italiano, con lo scopo di dimostrare come oggi risulta piuttosto difficile individuare un modello preciso per l’Italia. Il regionalismo, infatti, è sempre stato considerato come fattore strumentale a perseguire obiettivi estranei all’autonomia, senza però trovare un adeguato riscontro nel concreto assetto dei rapporti tra centro e periferia. Come lo studio ha cercato di dimostrare, le motivazioni di tale difficoltà, di natura storica e, soprattutto, politica, si possono rintracciare ripercorrendo le tappe del movimento regionalista: dal periodo risorgimentale di formazione dello Stato italiano alla Costituente; dalla lunga fase di inattuazione delle Regioni alle riforme costituzionali del 1999 e del 2001. Dal quadro attuale emerge un diritto regionale “confuso”, immagine sbiadita (e stravolta) del disegno realizzato a grandi linee – e frettolosamente – con la modifica del Titolo V della Costituzione. La realtà dimostra che, per valorizzare il principio di autonomia regionale, occorrerebbe un cambiamento culturale nella classe dirigente italiana. Se ciò non dovesse accadere, il regionalismo (o, come confusamente viene oggi chiamato, il federalismo) rimarrebbe ancora a lungo privo di un modello.
The study investigates the development of the autonomy principle in the theory and praxis of the Italian regionalism. It aims at demonstrating the difficulty in finding an adequate model to Italy nowadays. In fact, regionalism has always been considered as an instrument to reach goals that are extrinsic to autonomy. Nevertheless, it is not to be found in the concrete structure of the relationship between State and regions. As the study intend to focus on, the historical and mainly political reasons can be found by following the different steps of the regionalist movement: from the Risorgimento, when the Italian state was born, to the Costituente; from the long period of failure in the realization of the regions to the constitutional reforms in 1999 and 2001. The current situation shows a “confused” regional law, a faded and upset image of the project hastily outlined by modifying the Titolo V of the Constitution. It is a matter of fact that a cultural change in the Italian ruling-class should be necessary in order to evaluate the principle of regional autonomy. Otherwise, regionalism (or federalism, as it is confusedly called today) would remain without a model for a long time.

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Martin, Anaëlle. "L'instrumentalisation du principe de subsidiarité, un révélateur de la nature juridique de l'Union européenne." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAA001.

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Du fait de son ambiguïté fondatrice, de ses connotations politiques et de son caractère relativement récent, le principe de subsidiarité, expressément consacré dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne par le traité de Maastricht, fait l’objet d’une instrumentalisation par de nombreux acteurs à des fins souvent contradictoires mais néanmoins cohérentes avec la nature juridique de l’Union. Si à l’évidence, sa consécration dans le droit primaire visait, à l’instar de celle du principe de proportionnalité, à rassurer les États membres et les citoyens européens de ce que l’action de l’Union se limiterait au strict nécessaire, le principe de subsidiarité était cependant porteur d’une charge quelque peu subversive en raison de sa dynamique potentiellement ascendante et de sa signification implicitement fédérale. Appliquer la subsidiarité, pour les institutions européennes qui sont les gardiennes de son respect, revient presque toujours à justifier l’intervention de l’Union au regard des objectifs de l’action envisagée et, partant, à disqualifier l’action des échelons inférieurs. Pour autant, et de façon assez paradoxale, l’instrumentalisation de la subsidiarité ne s’inscrit pas tant dans une dimension fédérale que fonctionnelle tant il est vrai que le fédéralisme cherche à promouvoir des valeurs comme l’autonomie et la diversité, ce que la subsidiarité, malgré les apparences, ne permet pas de garantir. Présentée comme un instrument de fédéralisation de l’Union européenne, la subsidiarité n’est, en réalité, qu’un instrument d’intégration puisqu’elle n’a jamais su s’extraire de la matrice fonctionnaliste qui caractérise la construction européenne depuis toujours
Due to its founding ambiguity, its political connotations and its relatively recent character, the principle of subsidiarity, expressly enshrined in the legal order of the European Union by the Treaty of Maastricht, is being instrumentalized by many actors for purposes that are often contradictory but nevertheless consistent with the legal nature of the European Union. While its consecration inprimary law, like that of the principle of proportionality, was obviously intended to reassure Member States and European citizens and ensure that the Union's action would be limited to what is necessary, the principle of subsidiarity was nevertheless some what subversive because of its potentially ascending dynamic and its implicitly federal content. Applying subsidiarity, for the European institutions which are the guardians of its observance, almost always means justifying the Union's intervention with regard to the objectives of the envisaged action and, therefore, disqualifying action by the lower levels of government. Paradoxically, however, the instrumentalization of the principle of subsidiarity is not so much « federal » as « functional », since federalism seeks to promote values such as autonomy and diversity, which subsidiarity, despite appearances, does not guarantee. Usually presented as an instrument of federalization of the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is in reality an instrument of integration since it has never been able to extricate itself from the functionalist matrix that has always characterized the construction of Europe

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Principle of Autonomy'

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